Foundation Design

Foundation
- Also called substructure
- Placed below the surface of the
ground
- Transmits the loads to the soil or
rock
 Foundation Design
Two Criteria for Foundation Adequacy
A. Geotechnical
Foundation must be:
1. Be deep enough to reach soil strong
enough to carry the loads
2. Have enough area to distribute the
load to the soil

B. Structural
Must pass all structural failure such as:
1. Two-way shear
2. One-way shear
3. Flexure
 Foundation Design
Types of Foundation
A. Shallow Foundation

1. Spread Footing – Also called isolated

footing, distributes the load from a
single column to the soil, usually
square or rectangular in shape
 Foundation Design
Types of Foundation
A. Shallow Foundation

2. Strip Footing – Long in one direction

that is parallel to the wall that will be
carried
 Foundation Design
Types of Foundation
A. Shallow Foundation

3. Combined Footing – Used when

two columns are too close and
their individual required spread
foundations will overlap
 Foundation Design
Types of Foundation
A. Shallow Foundation
4. Mat Foundation – Similar to combined footing but maybe used for more
number of columns and when shear walls are present
 Foundation Design
Types of Foundation
B. Deep Foundation
1. Bored Piles – Holes are drilled on the
ground then concrete is cast in place.
 Foundation Design
Types of Foundation
B. Deep Foundation
2. Driven Piles – Piles are precast then
driven on site, there are different
methods such as drop hammer or by
hydraulics
 Foundation Design
15. A column, 400x400mm in dimension is
subjected to an axial service dead load of 600kN
and axial service live load of 350kN. Design its
spread foundation using concrete with specified
concrete compressive strength of f’c = 21 MPa,
and 16mm reinforcements with fy = 276 MPa.
The foundation is to rest on the soil 1.5m below
ground, has an allowable bearing capacity of
250kPa and weighs 18kN/m3. Assume a 1000

thickness of 500mm for the footing.

500
Note: In actual application, thickness of footing is not given.
An initial thickness is assumed, typically at least 300mm.
Thickness may gradually be increased until it is computed to
be safe.
 Foundation Design
Solution: A. Geotechnical Capacity C1=400 C2=400mm
Use service loads for design of footing. PD=600kN PL=350kN
P  PD  PL f’c = 21Mpa fy=276MPa
db=16mm Df=1.5m
P  600  350 qa=250kPa γs=18kN/m3.
ti=500mm
P  950kN
For convenience, a value called the effective allowable
bearing capacity is computed. It is the computed by
subtracting the area loads from the allowable bearing
capacity instead of adding the said loads to the service
loads. 1000

qe  qa   s  D f  t    ct
qe  250  18 1.5  0.5   23.5  0.5  500

qe  220.25kPa
P
q
A
 Foundation Design
Solution: A. Geotechnical Capacity P  950kN C1=400 C2=400mm
Let q=qe to determine minimum required footing dimensions qe  220.25kPa PD=600kN PL=350kN
f’c = 21Mpa fy=276MPa
P
qe  db=16mm Df=1.5m
qa=250kPa γs=18kN/m3.
A ti=500mm
Since there is no restraint, it is best to use square footing
2.1m
A  B2
950
220.25 
B2
1000
B  2.08  2.1m
2.1m
500
 Foundation Design
Solution: B. Two-Way Shear Capacity
Two-way shear is also called with a more descriptive term, punching shear. Punching shear failure of spread footing
refers to the action where the column “punches” a hole on the footing slab.

Typical spread footing Idealization of punching shear How elements are separated by
punching shear
 Foundation Design
Solution: B. Two-Way Shear Capacity
For simplicity, the diagonal failure is converted into rectangular failure. The diagonal failure is approximately 45
degrees, meaning, it would have a run equal to its depth (effective depth). Since it is converted to rectangular, the
average is taken. The outside of failure line, instead of around the value of “d”, will be d/2 in the simplified case. For
footings, there are two effective depths, one for each direction. One direction of rebars has to be placed on top of the
other, since they can’t be physically on the same level. For punching shear, the average value of the two effective
depths are used to give both consideration.

C1+dave
d/2 C1 d/2

d/2
C2+dave
d/2C2
Simplifying punching shear failure
 Foundation Design
Solution: B. Two-Way Shear Capacity
Ultimate load combination must be used since concrete will
PU C1=400 C2=400mm
PD=600kN PL=350kN
f’c = 21Mpa fy=276MPa
be designed by USD db=16mm Df=1.5m
PU  1.2 PD  1.6 PL qa=250kPa γs=18kN/m3.
ti=500mm B  2.1m

PU  1.2(600)  1.6(350)
PU  1280kN
Compute the bearing stress due to the ultimate load

Pu Note how it is higher than the allowable 1000

qU  since it is due to factored loads. Note
B2 also how the area loads are not
1280 computed. Calculations using ultimate
qU  loads will be unaffected by area loads 500
2.12 since it will simply be cancelled out by
qU  290.25kPa the reaction at the base. It was only
important in bearing capacity since the
allowable needs to be compared to the qU
total service load that is being carried.
 Foundation Design
Solution: B. Two-Way Shear Capacity
C1=400 C2=400mm
Compute the average effective depth PU PD=600kN PL=350kN
d ave  t  cc  db f’c = 21Mpa fy=276MPa
db=16mm Df=1.5m
qa=250kPa γs=18kN/m3.
d ave  500  75  16 ti=500mm PU  1280kN
B  2.1m qU  290.25kPa

d ave  409mm
The process is to compute the punching shear force and punching
shear capacity (punching shear design strength) and compare them.
Either one may be done first. There are two ways to compute the
punching shear force. External forces from either of the simplified VUPresult
separated elements can be used. qU
First method and the one suggested for solving is using the
column and the punched portion of the slab.
Vup  Pu  qu  c1  d ave  c2  d ave 
qU

Vup  1280  290.25  0.4  0.409  0.4  0.409 

Vup  1090.04 kN
 Foundation Design
Solution: B. Two-Way Shear Capacity
C1=400 C2=400mm
Second method uses the punctured slab. PU PD=600kN PL=350kN
f’c = 21Mpa fy=276MPa
Vup  qu  B 2   c1  d ave  c2  d ave   db=16mm Df=1.5m
qa=250kPa γs=18kN/m3.
ti=500mm PU  1280kN
Vup  290.25  2.12   0.4  0.409  0.4  0.409   B  2.1m qU  290.25kPa
Vup  1090.04 kN

Vup  1090.04 kN VUPreact

VUPresult VUPresult
qU

VUPreact
qU
 Foundation Design
Solution: B. Two-Way Shear Capacity
C1=400 C2=400mm
Determine the design strength of the footing for punching PD=600kN PL=350kN
f’c = 21Mpa fy=276MPa
shear. Use Table 422.6.5.2 for the allowable shear stress vc db=16mm Df=1.5m
qa=250kPa γs=18kN/m3.
ti=500mm PU  1280kN
0.33 f 'c (a)
B  2.1m qU  290.25kPa
Vup  1090.04 kN

 2
Least of (a), (b)
0.17 1    f 'c (b)

 
and (c)
VUP
 d
0.083  2  s   f 'c (c)

 bo 
 s = 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge columns, and 20 for
corner columns
VNP
 = the ratio of long side to short side of the column,
concentrated load, or reaction area
 Foundation Design
Solution: B. Two-Way Shear Capacity
Determine the design strength of the footing for punching Comparing the old code to the new code, there
shear. Use Table 422.6.5.2 for the allowable shear stress vc was only one allowable shear stress before.
1
f 'c
0.33 f 'c (a) 3
It will be noticed that it is basically the same as
formula (a). Formula (a) is twice the one way shear
 2 capacity. In the old code as well (1/3 vs 1/6 of f’c).
Least of (a), (b)
0.17 1    f 'c (b) Now to discuss the two new additional formula. If
 
and (c)
analyzed, (b) will reduce to the one-way shear
capacity if β is very high. It will occur for a strip
 d footing which is indeed only prone to one-way
0.083  2  s   f 'c (c)
shear. Formula (c) is new, it takes into account
 bo  the change in behavior of the shear failure for
 s = 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge columns, and 20 for edge and corner columns.
It may be thought that most old footings are
corner columns
under designed since these formula were not
 = the ratio of long side to short side of the column, present before. However, it will be noticed that
concentrated load, or reaction area the allowable stresses from (b) and (c) are high
compared to (a) for most cases.
 Foundation Design
Solution: B. Two-Way Shear Capacity
C1=400 C2=400mm
c d PD=600kN PL=350kN
  1 ave f’c = 21Mpa fy=276MPa
c2  d ave db=16mm Df=1.5m
qa=250kPa γs=18kN/m3.
 1 ti=500mm PU  1280kN
B  2.1m qU  290.25kPa
Determine the punching perimeter, bo Vup  1090.04 kN

bo  2  c1  d ave   2  c2  d ave 
bo  2  400  409   2  400  409 
bo  3236mm
Substitute values to get vc VUP
vc  0.33 1.0  21  1.51225MPa Use

 2
vc  0.17 1   1.0  21  2.33711MPa
 1
 40  409   VNP
vc  0.083  2   1.0  21  2.68363MPa
 3236 
 Foundation Design
Solution: B. Two-Way Shear Capacity
C1=400 C2=400mm
Determine the design strength PD=600kN PL=350kN
f’c = 21Mpa fy=276MPa

Vnp   vc bo d ave db=16mm Df=1.5m

qa=250kPa γs=18kN/m3.
ti=500mm PU  1280kN
Vnp  0.75 1.51225  3236  409  B  2.1m qU  290.25kPa
Vup  1090.04 kN

Vnp  1501.12kN > Vup  1090.04 kN Safe

Among the structural design check, punching shear is

typically checked first. Based on typical results that punching
shear is the failure mode that governs for the required
VUP
thickness. For example, if bending reinforcement are
designed, then thickness needs to be increased afterwards
after checking in punching, computations have to be
repeated.

VNP
 Foundation Design
Solution: C. One-Way Shear Capacity
One-way shear is also called beam shear. Based on the code, critical shear can be taken at d distance from the face
of the support. It must also be noted that beam shear must be checked on two directions.

Typical spread footing Idealization of beam shear Simplification of beam shear failure. Per
code, critical shear is allowed to be
computed at d distance.
 Foundation Design
Solution: C. One-Way Shear Capacity
Since the footing is square, dimensions on both directions are PU C1=400 C2=400mm
PD=600kN PL=350kN
“B”. However, to not get confused which B is being used, f’c = 21Mpa fy=276MPa
db=16mm Df=1.5m
dimensions will be distinguished as B1 and B2. qa=250kPa γs=18kN/m3.
B1  c1 2.1  0.4 ti=500mm PU  1280kN
L1    0.85m B  2.1m qU  290.25kPa

2 2
d 16
d1  t  cc  b  500  75   417mm
2 2
L1
L3  L1  d1  850  417  433mm d1 L3
1000

There are also two ways to compute the shear force, but using
the slab separated from the column is definitely better.
Vu1  qu L3 B2 500

Vu1  290.25  0.433 2.1

Vu1  263.92kN 1
Students may also think of determining the shear diagram
instead. But the “cutting” or “isolation” method is easier for this
qU
application.
 Foundation Design
Solution: C. One-Way Shear Capacity
L1  0.85m C1=400
Determine the beam shear capacity for the first direction. PU C2=400mm
L3  0.433m P =600kN P =350kN
d1  417 mm f’ = 21Mpa f =276MPa
D L

Concrete capacity is as discussed in beam shear design. c y

Vn1   0.17 f 'c B2 d1

db=16mm Df=1.5m
qa=250kPa γs=18kN/m3.
ti=500mm PU  1280kN
Vn1  0.75  0.17 1.0  21  2100  417 B  2.1m qU  290.25kPa
Vu1  263.92kN

Vn1  511.65kN > Vu1  263.92kN safe

Similar to design of suspended slabs, analysis can be
performed using the full width of the section or a unit strip. The L1
1000
important step is to be consistent on the width used for the
load and capacity.
d1 L3

500

qU
 Foundation Design
Solution: C. One-Way Shear Capacity
Do the same check for the other direction. Take note how the PU C1=400 C2=400mm
PD=600kN PL=350kN
second effective depth will be shallower since the steel bars f’c = 21Mpa fy=276MPa
db=16mm Df=1.5m
cannot be physically on the same level. qa=250kPa γs=18kN/m3.
B2  c2 2.1  0.4 ti=500mm PU  1280kN
L2    0.85m B  2.1m qU  290.25kPa

2
3 16 
2
3d
d 2  t  cc  b  500  75   401mm
2 2
L2
L4  L2  d 2  850  401  449mm d2 L4
1000

Vu 2  qu L4 B1
500

Vu 2  290.25  0.449  2.1 2

Vu 2  273.68kN qU
 Foundation Design
Solution: C. One-Way Shear Capacity
L2  0.85m C1=400
PU C2=400mm
L4  0.449m P =600kN P =350kN
d 2  401mm f’ = 21Mpa f =276MPa
D L
c y

Vn 2   0.17 f 'c B1d 2

db=16mm Df=1.5m
qa=250kPa γs=18kN/m3.
ti=500mm PU  1280kN
Vn 2  0.75  0.17 1.0  21  2100  401 B  2.1m qU  290.25kPa
Vu 2  273.68kN

Vn 2  492.02kN > Vu 2  273.68kN safe

L2
1000
d2 L4

500

qU
 Foundation Design
Solution: D. Flexural Capacity
L1  0.85m C1=400
Flexural design also has to be performed in two directions.
PU C2=400mm
L3  0.433m P =600kN P =350kN
d1  417 mm f’ = 21Mpa f =276MPa
D L

Critical moment for a spread footing will occur at the face of c y

db=16mm Df=1.5m
the column. Drawing the moment diagram can be done but qa=250kPa γs=18kN/m3.
simply isolating is easier. Moment is directly solvable by ti=500mm PU  1280kN
B  2.1m qU  290.25kPa
interpreting the footing as an inverted cantilever. There is
also again an option to use the whole width or a unit strip.
For flexure, unit strip method will be demonstrated.
1
M u1  qu L12 L1
2 1000

1
M u1  (290.25)(1)(0.85) 2
2 500

M u1  104.85 kNm
1

qU
 Foundation Design
Solution: D. Flexural Capacity L1  0.85m C1=400 C2=400mm
Computation for design strength is similar to a slab. Footing is PU L3  0.433m P =600kN P =350kN
d1  417 mm f’ = 21Mpa f =276MPa
D L

considered to be singly reinforced with a single layer for each c y

db=16mm Df=1.5m
direction. The pre-derived formula for the design moment qa=250kPa γs=18kN/m3.
strength is typically used. Though it has several conditions for ti=500mm PU  1280kN
B  2.1m qU  290.25kPa
use, all are usually met during typical conditions. For certainty, M u1  104.85 kNm
one may check, specifically if the slab is tension controlled. In
actual structural design, checking the conditions is not much
additional work because of automated spreadsheets.
Unlike shear, instead of checking whether the design strength is
safe against the ultimate load, for flexure, reinforcement will be
L1
1000
designed so that the design strength is at least equal to the
ultimate load.
  f 
 M n1  1 f y bd12 1  1 y  500

let  M n1  M u1  1.7 f 'c 

2   276  
104.85 106  0.90 1  276 1000  417  1  1
 1.7  21 
1

qU
 
1  2.4748 103
 Foundation Design
Solution: D. Flexural Capacity
L1  0.85m C1=400
Technically speaking, the assumptions must be next
PU C2=400mm
L3  0.433m P =600kN P =350kN
d1  417 mm f’ = 21Mpa f =276MPa
D L

checked. However, it is typically not done. If it is desired to c

1  2.4748 103 db=16mm Df=1.5m
y

be check, for ease, I have derived a formula for steel ratio qa=250kPa γs=18kN/m3.
required to meet the tension controlled condition. ti=500mm PU  1280kN
B  2.1m qU  290.25kPa
3 0.85 f 'c M u1  104.85 kNm
TCMAX  1
8 fy
3 0.85  21
TCMAX  0.85 L1
1000
8 276
TCMAX  0.020615 > 1  2.4748 103 Correct
assumption
Check for the minimum reinforcement required as well
d1 500
 g1  1
t
417
 g1  2.4748 103 1

500 qU
 g1  2.0640 103 > 0.002
 Foundation Design
Solution: D. Flexural Capacity
L1  0.85m C1=400
PU C2=400mm
L3  0.433m P =600kN P =350kN
As1  1bd1  2.4748  103 (1000)(417) d1  417 mm f’ = 21Mpa f =276MPa
c
D
y
L

1  2.4748 103 db=16mm Df=1.5m

qa=250kPa γs=18kN/m3.
As1  1031.95mm 2 ti=500mm PU  1280kN
B  2.1m qU  290.25kPa
M u1  104.85 kNm
As1 Ab

b s1
 L1
162 1000
1031.95 4

1000 s1
500

s1  194.84mm  175mm
1

qU
 Foundation Design
Solution: D. Flexural Capacity
Designing the other direction
1 L2  0.85m C1=400
Mu2  PU C2=400mm
qu L2 2 d 2  401mm PD=600kN PL=350kN
2 f’c = 21Mpa fy=276MPa
db=16mm Df=1.5m
1
M u 2  (290.25)(1)(0.85) 2 qa=250kPa γs=18kN/m3.
ti=500mm PU  1280kN
2 B  2.1m qU  290.25kPa

M u 2  104.85 kNm
  f 
 M n 2  2 f y bd 2 2 1  2 y 
let  M n 2  M u 2  1.7 f 'c 
2   276   L2
104.85 106  0.90 2  276 1000  401 1  2 
1000
 1.7  21
 2  2.6805 10 3  
d2
 g 2  2 500
t 401
 g 2  2.6805 103
500 2

 g 2  2.1498 103 > 0.002 qU

 Foundation Design
Solution: D. Flexural Capacity
L2  0.85m C1=400
PU C2=400mm
As2   2bd 2  2.6805 103 (1000)(401) d 2  401mm PD=600kN PL=350kN
f’c = 21Mpa fy=276MPa
db=16mm Df=1.5m
As2  1074.88mm 2 qa=250kPa γs=18kN/m3.
ti=500mm PU  1280kN
B  2.1m qU  290.25kPa
As2 Ab  2  2.6805 103

b s2
 L2
162 1000
1074.88 4

1000 s2
500
s2  187.06mm  175mm
2

qU
 Foundation Design
Solution:

Summary (Using Number of Spacing)

Width Length Thickness Embedment Bar Diam Bar Spacing

Footing B L t Df db Short Long

mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

F-1 2100 2100 500 1500 16 175 175

L
Df Df

t t

B L
B
 Foundation Design
Solution:

Summary (Using Number of Bars) Based on rounded spacing

Width Length Thickness Embedment Bar Diam Bar Spacing

Footing B L t Df db Short Long

mm mm mm mm mm pcs pcs

F-1 2100 2100 500 1500 16 12 12

L
Df Df

t t

B L
B
 Foundation Design
Solution:

Summary (Using Number of Bars) Based on unrounded spacing

Width Length Thickness Embedment Bar Diam Bar Spacing

Footing B L t Df db Short Long

mm mm mm mm mm pcs pcs

F-1 2100 2100 500 1500 16 11 12

L
Df Df

t t

B L
B
16. Two columns, 300x300mm in dimension are
3m (clear) apart. Note that the outer face of the
left column is 150mm away from the property
line. The left column is subjected to an axial
service dead load of 185kN and axial service live
load of 125kN. The right column is subjected to
400kN dead load and 380kN live load. A
surcharge live load of 4.8kPa is expected to be
loaded on the 100mm thick slab on grade above
the foundation. The soil is 18kN/m3 in density
and has an allowable bearing capacity of 200kPa.
Design the foundation as combined footing
embedded by 2m and will be 600mm thick. Use
concrete having compressive strength of 21MPa
and 12mm reinforcement with yield strength of
276MPa.
 PD1=185kN PD2=400kN wL=4.80kPa ws=18kN/m3 db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm
PL1=125kN PL2=380kN tsog=100mm Df=2m f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm
Solution: A. Geotechnical qa=200kPa t=600mm fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm P
P1  PD1  PL1 P2  PD 2  PL 2
P1  185  125 P2  400  380
P1  310kN P2  780kN
P  P1  P2 Locate resultant force by finding the location
where it would produce the same moment
P  310  780 anywhere as the separate loads do. It may
also be thought of as performing Varignon’s
P  1090kN Theorem for simplicity. q
 C   C 
Px  P1  L1  1   P2  L1  C1  L2  3 
 2  2 
 0.3 
1090 x  310  0.15  
 2 
 0.3 
780  0.15  0.3  3  
 2 
x  2.66147 m
 PD1=185kN PD2=400kN wL=4.80kPa ws=18kN/m3 db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm
PL1=125kN PL2=380kN tsog=100mm Df=2m f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm
Solution: A. Geotechnical qa=200kPa t=600mm fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm
x  2.66147 m
In order to have uniform bearing pressure, the resultant force
must be located at the center of the footing. Therefore:
L  2x
L  2  2.66147 
L  5.32294m
Typical procedure would round up the value of foundation length.
However, for this discussion, it is proposed that the length not be q
rounded up yet because that would shift the center of the footing
slightly away from the resultant force.
L3  L   L1  C1  L2  C3 
L3  5.32294   0.15  0.3  3  0.3
L3  1.57294m
qe  qa  wL  wctsog  ws  D f  t   wct
qe  200  4.8  23.5  0.1  18  2  0.6   23.5  0.6 
qe  153.55kPa
 PD1=185kN PD2=400kN wL=4.80kPa ws=18kN/m3 db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm
PL1=125kN PL2=380kN tsog=100mm Df=2m f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm
Solution: A. Geotechnical qa=200kPa t=600mm fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm
P
q
BL
1090
153.55  Let q=qe
B  5.32294 
B  1.33360  1.350m

q
 PD1=185kN PD2=400kN wL=4.80kPa ws=18kN/m3 db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm
PL1=125kN PL2=380kN tsog=100mm Df=2m f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm
Solution: B. Punching qa=200kPa t=600mm fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm

Pu  1.2 PD1  1.6 PL1  1.2 PD 2  1.6 P L 2

Pu  1.2 185   1.6 125   1.2  400   1.6  380 
Pu  1510kN
The next step is non-standard but is the most logical possible. An
effective load factor is to be computed since using the standard
load factors would change the behavior of the foundation (i.e. the
bearing pressure would not be uniform).
Pu   eff P
1510   eff 1090 
 eff  1.38532
Pu1   eff P1 Pu 2   eff P2
Pu1  1.38532  310  Pu 2  1.38532  780 
Pu1  429.45kN Pu 2  1080.55kN
Pu 1510
qu    210.13kPa
BL 1.35  5.32294 
Pu1  429.45kN qu  210.13kPa wL=4.80kPa ws=18kN/m3 db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm
Pu 2  1080.55kN tsog=100mm Df=2m f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm
Solution: B. Punching qa=200kPa t=600mm fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm

d ave  t  cc  db  600  75  12  513mm

For punching shear of Column 1, it might be too near the edge to
develop ordinary punching perimeter. Checking:

d ave  513 
L1 150mm     256.2mm   Behavior is
2  2  edge column

 d 
Vup1  Pu1  qu  C1  ave  L1   C2  d ave 
 2 
 0.513 
Vup1  429.45  210.13  0.3   0.15   0.3  0.513
 2 
Vup1  308.75kN
 d 
bo1  2  C1  ave  L1    C2  d ave 
 2 
 0.513 
bo1  2  0.3   0.15    0.3  0.513  2.226m
 2 
Pu1  429.45kN qu  210.13kPa wL=4.80kPa ws=18kN/m3 db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm
Pu 2  1080.55kN d ave  513mm tsog=100mm Df=2m f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm
Solution: B. Punching qa=200kPa t=600mm fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm

Vnp1   0.33 f 'c bo1d ave

Vnp1  0.75  0.331.0  21  2226  513
Vnp1  1295.17kN > Vup1  308.75kN Pass

 2
Vnp1   0.17 1    f 'c bo1d ave
 
 2 
Vnp1  0.75  0.17  1   1.0  21  2226  513
  0.3 / 0.3  
Vnp1  2001.63kN
 d
Vnp1   0.083  2  s   f 'c bo1d ave
 bo 
 30  513 
Vnp1  0.75  0.083  2   1.0  21  2226  513
 2226 
Vnp1  2903.70kN
Pu1  429.45kN qu  210.13kPa wL=4.80kPa ws=18kN/m3 db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm
Pu 2  1080.55kN d ave  513mm tsog=100mm Df=2m f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm
Solution: B. Punching qa=200kPa t=600mm fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm

Vup 2  Pu 2  qu  C3  d ave  C4  d ave 

Vup 2  1080.55  210.13  0.3  0.513 0.3  0.513

Vup 2  941.66kN
bo 2  2  C3  d ave   2  C4  d ave 
bo 2  2  0.3  0.513  2  0.3  0.513  3.252 m
Pu1  429.45kN qu  210.13kPa wL=4.80kPa ws=18kN/m3 db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm
Pu 2  1080.55kN d ave  513mm tsog=100mm Df=2m f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm
Solution: B. Punching qa=200kPa t=600mm fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm

Vnp 2   0.33 f 'c bo 2 d ave

Vnp 2  0.75  0.331.0  21  3252  513
Vnp 2  1892.14kN > Vup 2  941.66kN Pass

 2
Vnp 2   0.17 1    f 'c bo 2 d ave
 
 2 
Vnp 2  0.75  0.17  1   1.0  21  3252  513
  0.3 / 0.3  
Vnp 2  2924.21kN
 d
Vnp 2   0.083  2  s   f 'c bo 2 d ave
 bo 2 
 40  513 
Vnp 2  0.75  0.083  2   1.0  21  3252  513
 3252 
Vnp 2  3954.72kN
Pu1  429.45kN qu  210.13kPa db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm L3  1.57294m
Pu 2  1080.55kN f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm
Solution: C. Beam Shear fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm
db
d1  t  cc 
2
12
d1  600  75   519mm
2
d
d 2  t  cc  db  b
2
12
d 2  600  75  12   507mm
2
Vn1   0.17 f 'c Bd1
Vn1  0.75  0.17  21 1350  519  Vud1 Vud2 Vud3 Vud4

Vn1  409.37 kN
Vn 2   0.17 f 'c Ld 2
Vn 2  0.75  0.17  21  5322.94  507 
Vn 2  1576.81kN
Pu1  429.45kN qu  210.13kPa db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm L3  1.57294m d1  519mm
Pu 2  1080.55kN f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm Vn1  409.37 kN d 2  507mm
Solution: C. Beam Shear fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm V n 2  1576.81kN

L1 150mm   d1  519mm  There is no Vud1

Vud 2  qu B  L1  C1  d1   Pu1
Vud 2  210.13 1.35  0.15  0.3  0.519   429.45
Vud 2  154.57 kN  Vn1  409.37kN Pass

Vud 3  qu B  L1  C1  L2  d1   Pu1

Vud 3  210.13 1.35  0.15  0.3  3  0.519   429.45

Vud 3  402.00kN  Vn1  409.37kN Pass
Vud1 Vud2 Vud3 Vud4

Vud 4  qu B  L3  d1 
Vud 4  210.13 1.351.57294  0.519 
Vud 4  298.98kN  Vn1  409.37kN Pass
Pu1  429.45kN qu  210.13kPa db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm L3  1.57294m d1  519mm
Pu 2  1080.55kN f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm Vn1  409.37 kN d 2  507mm
Solution: C. Beam Shear fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm V n 2  1576.81kN

B  C2
L4 
2
1.35  0.3
L4 
2
L4  0.525m
Vud 5  qu L  L4  d 2 

Vud 5  210.13  5.32294  0.525  0.507 

Vud5

Vud 5  20.13kN  Vn 2  1576.81kN Pass

Pu1  429.45kN qu  210.13kPa db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm L3  1.57294m
Pu 2  1080.55kN f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm d1  519mm
Solution: D. Bending fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm d 2  507 mm

1
M u1  qu BL12
2
1
 210.131.35 0.15
2
M u1 
2
M u1  3.1913kNm
1 C
qu B  L1  C1   Pu1 1
2
Mu2 
2 2
Vud1 Vud2 Vud3 Vud4
1 0.3
 210.131.35 0.15  0.3  429.45
2
Mu2 
2 2
M u 2  35.70kNm
Pu1  429.45kN qu  210.13kPa db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm L3  1.57294m
Pu 2  1080.55kN f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm d1  519mm
Solution: D. Bending fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm d 2  507 mm

Pu1  qu Bx
429.45  210.13 1.35  x
x  1.51388m
1  C 
M u 3  qu B  x   Pu1  x  L1  1 
2

2  2
1
 210.131.351.51388
2
M u3 
2
 0.3 
429.45 1.51388  0.15   Vud1 Vud2 Vud3 Vud4

 2 

M u 3  196.23kNm
Pu1  429.45kN qu  210.13kPa db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm L3  1.57294m
Pu 2  1080.55kN f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm d1  519mm
Solution: D. Bending fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm d 2  507 mm

1 C
qu B  L3  C3   Pu 2 3
2
Mu4 
2 2
1 0.3
 210.131.351.57294  0.3  1080.55
2
Mu4 
2 2
M u 4  335.47kNm
1
qu B  L3 
2
M u5 
2
Vud1 Vud2 Vud3 Vud4
1
 210.131.351.57294 
2
M u5 
2
M u 5  350.93kNm
Pu1  429.45kN qu  210.13kPa db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm L3  1.57294m
Pu 2  1080.55kN f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm d1  519mm
Solution: D. Bending fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm d 2  507 mm

1 3 0.85 f 'c
M u6  qu BL4 2 TCMAX  1
2 8 fy
3 0.85  21
1
M u 6   210.131.57294  0.525
2

2 TCMAX  0.85
M u 6  45.55kNm 8 276
TCMAX
Correct
 0.020615
  f  assumption
 M n1  1 f y Bd12 1  1 y 
 1.7 f 'c  t
let  M n1  M u1 1min   g min
d1
2   276  
3.1913 106  0.90 1  276 1350  519  1  1 500
 1.7  21  1min  0.002
  519
1  3.53400 105
1min  1.92678 103
1min  1 Use 1min
Pu1  429.45kN qu  210.13kPa db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm L3  1.57294m
Pu 2  1080.55kN f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm d1  519mm
Solution: D. Bending fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm d 2  507 mm

As1  1bd1  1.92678 10 (1650)(519)  1650.00mm 2

3

As 1650
N1  1   14.59  15 pcs
Ab  2
12
4
B  2cc 1350  2  75 
s1    85.71mm
N1  1 15  1
smax  3h  3  600   1800mm
smax  450mm
smin  50mm
smin  db  12mm
4 4
smin  agg  25  33.33mm
3 3
Pu1  429.45kN qu  210.13kPa db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm L3  1.57294m
Pu 2  1080.55kN f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm d1  519mm
Solution: D. Bending fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm d 2  507 mm

Moment (kNm)
Moment
Mspos 3.19
(kNm)
Mu1 3.19 Msneg -35.70

Mu2 -35.70 LONG Mmpos 0

Mu3 -196.23 Mmneg -196.23

Mu4 335.47 Mepos 350.93

Mu5 350.93 Meneg 0

SHORT

Mu6 154.15 Mpos 154.15

Mneg 0
Vud1 Vud2 Vud3 Vud4

To scale moment diagram

Pu1  429.45kN qu  210.13kPa db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm L3  1.57294m
Pu 2  1080.55kN f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm d1  519mm
Solution: D. Bending fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm d 2  507 mm

2
Moment (kNm) 1  L  C L 
Moment Mu7  qu B  L1  C1  2   Pu1  1  2 
(kNm) Mspos 3.19 2  4  2 4
Mu1 3.19 Msneg -35.70 2
1  1   0.3 1 
Mu2 -35.70 Mmpos 0 M u7   210.131.35   0.15  0.3  3   429.45   3
LONG

Mu3 -196.23 Mmneg -196.23

2  4   2 4 
Mu4 335.47 Mepos 350.93
M u7  182.26kNm
Mu5 350.93 Meneg 0 2
1  3  C 3 
Mu6 154.15 M u 8  qu B  L1  C1  L2   Pu1  1  L2 
SHORT

Mpos 154.15
Mneg 0
2  4   2 42 
1  3   0.3 3 
M u 8   210.131.35   0.15  0.3  3   429.45   3
To scale moment diagram 2  4   2 4 
M u 8  3.317kNm

L2/4 L2/2 L2/4

Pu1  429.45kN qu  210.13kPa db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm L3  1.57294m
Pu 2  1080.55kN f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm d1  519mm
Solution: D. Bending fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm d 2  507 mm

2
Moment (kNm) 1  L  C L 
Moment Mu7  qu B  L1  C1  2   Pu1  1  2 
(kNm) Mspos 3.19 2  4  2 4
Mu1 3.19 Msneg -182.26 2
1  1   0.3 1 
Mu2 -35.70 Mmpos 0 M u7   210.131.35   0.15  0.3  3   429.45   3
LONG

Mu3 -196.23 Mmneg -196.23

2  4   2 4 
Mu4 335.47 Mepos 350.93
M u7  182.26kNm
Mu5 350.93 Meneg 0 2
1  3  C 3 
Mu6 154.15 M u 8  qu B  L1  C1  L2   Pu1  1  L2 
SHORT

Mpos 154.15
Mneg 0
2  4   2 42 
1  3   0.3 3 
M u 8   210.131.35   0.15  0.3  3   429.45   3
To scale moment diagram 2  4   2 4 
M u 8  3.317kNm

L2/4 L2/2 L2/4

Pu1  429.45kN qu  210.13kPa db=12mm C1=300mm C4=300mm
Pu 2  1080.55kN f’c=21MPa C2=300mm L1=150mm
Solution: D. Bending fy=276MPa C3=300mm L2=3000mm

Moment (kNm) b d ρ ρmax ρmin Ρuse As N S

Mspos 3.19 1350.00 519.00 3.5341E-05 0.024253 0.002312 2.3121E-03 1620.00 15 85.71
Msneg -182.26 1350.00 519.00 2.0503E-03 0.024253 0.002312 2.3121E-03 1620.00 15 85.71
Mmpos 0 - - - - - - - - -
LONG

Mmneg -196.23 1350.00 519.00 2.2102E-03 0.024253 0.002312 2.3121E-03 1620.00 15 85.71
Mepos 350.93 1350.00 519.00 4.0093E-03 0.024253 0.002312 4.0093E-03 2809.14 25 50.00
Meneg 0 - - - - - - - - -
SHORT

Mpos 154.15 5322.94 507.00 4.5514E-04 0.024253 0.002367 2.3669E-03 6387.53 57 92.37
Mneg 0 - - - - - - - - -

L  5322.94mm  5350 mm