KI

PASACADEMY
G/Scshor
tnotesforgrad
es i
x
 Pl
easeCopythenotesonyourExerc
iseb
ook

Tes
tforac
idi
candb
asi
coxi
des

I
ndi
cat
ors I
nac
idi
csol
uti
on I
nbas
ics
olut
ion

Li
tmusPap
er Red Bl
ue

Phenol
pht
hal
ein Col
orl
ess Pi
nk/
Red

Met
hylOr
ange Red Yel
low

Met
hylRed Red Bl
ue

i
i)ACI
DS
Defi
nitionofac idsandb ases
a.Ar rheni usDef /n
Acid:ar ec ompound st hationizeshy
dr ogenion(H+)i
nwatersol
ution
+ 2-
H2SO4 +H2O 2H + SO4
Base:ar ec ompound st hationizeshydroxidei
on(OH-)inwat
ersoluti
on
+
NaOH +H2O Na + OH-
b.Br ons tedandLower yDef /n
Acids
: ar ep rotond onor s
Bases :ar ep rotonac cep t
or s
c.Lewi sDef /n
Acids
: ar eelect r
onac ceptors
Bases :ar eelect rond onors

Examplesofs omec ommonac

ids
Inorgani
cac id
s Organicac i
ds
HCl–hy drochloricaci
d But yr
icacid–f oundinb utter
H2SO4–s ulf uri
cac i
d Aceticacid–foundi nvinegar/achet o
HNO3–ni t r
icac i
d St
ear i
cacid–f oundinf atsandoi l
H2CO3–c arbonicacid Lacti
cac i
d–f oundinmi lk
HF-hy drofluoricacid Citri
cac i
d–f oundi nci
trusf ruit
slikelemon,
orange
Malli
cacid–f oundinap ple
Formicacid–f oundinant sandb ees
Uricaci
d–f oundi nur i
ne
Tanicacid–f oundint eaandc offee
 Proper t
iesofac ids
 Haveb i
ttert as te
 Changet hec ol orofindicators
 Reac twit hac t ivemetalst oreleasehy drogengas
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
 HavePH<7
 Arec orros iv
e
 Areel ectrolyt es
 Neut rali
zesb as esandb asicoxides
Ca(OH) 2 + H 2SO4 CaSO4 + H2O
Na2O +2HCl 2NaCl + H2O
+
 Releas eH i nwat ersolution
H2SO4 +H2O 2H+ + SO42-
 Reac twit hc ar bonates,bicarbonat esreali
zingCO2gas
2HNO3 + NaCO3 NaNO3 + H2O + CO2
HCl + NaHCO3 NaCl +H2O + CO2

St
rengthofacids
- Dependson–d egreeofi onization
-Concent rationofhy dr
ogenion
-PH-Val ue
- St r
ongacidsd i
ssoci
ates /
ionizescomp l
etel
yinwater
,havehighhydrogen
concent
rati
onandhav ePH<4.
- Weakac i
dsdissoci
ates/ionizesp ar
tial
lyinwater
,havelowhyd
r ogen
c
oncentrat
ionandhav ePHb etween4and7.

Preparat i
onofacids
- Byt heac t
ionofwateronac
idanhy d r
ides
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
P2O5 + H2O 2H3PO4
- Byd irectcombi
nati
onofmetalsandnon-metal
s
H2 + Cl 2 2HCl
H2 + S H2S

Somecommonaci
d sandt heirus es
1)H2SO4
 Maki ngf ertil
izer
 Maki ngexp losives
 Maki ngd rugs ,dyes,p aints,detergent s
 Pic
kl ingofi ronands teel
 Inleads torageac c
umul at
or s(maki ngc arbat
teri
es)
,et
c
2)HCl
 Pi
ckl
ing
 Pr
epar ationofd r
ugs ,dy e,chlori
ne,p hotographi
cchemi
cal
s
 Pr
epar ationofgl ucos e,s tar
c h,gl
ues,p aints
  I
ndi
ges
tionoff
oodi
nours
tomac
h

3)HNO3
 makingfertil
izer
 makingexpl
os ives(
TNT,Tr
ini
trogl
ycer
ine)
 forneutral
ization