Sambungan Chapter 2.3

10.
Strain Transformation
10.6 MATERIAL-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS
Generalized Hooke’s law

• With σy applied, element contracts with a strain ε‘’x
in the x direction, σy
ε ' ' x = −υ
E
• Likewise, With σz applied, a contraction is caused
σz
in the z direction, ε ' ' ' x = −υ
E
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 71

10. Strain Transformation

• By using the principle of superposition,
[
ε x = σ x − υ (σ y + σ z )
1
E
]
1
[
ε y = σ y − υ (σ x + σ z )
E
] (10 - 18)
[
ε z = σ z − υ (σ x + σ y )
1
E
]


• If we apply a shear stress τxy to the element,
experimental observations show that it will deform
only due to shear strain γxy. Similarly for τxz and γxy,
τyz and γyz. Thus, Hooke’s law for shear stress and
shear strain is written as
1 1 1
γ xy = τ xy γ yz = τ yz γ xz = τ xz (10 - 19)
G G G

Relationship involving E, υ, and G

• We stated in chapter 3.7:
E
G= (10 - 20)
2(1 + υ )
• Relate principal strain to shear stress,
τ xy
ε max = (1 + υ ) (10 - 21)
E
• Note that since σx = σy = σz = 0, then from Eqn
10-18, εx = εy = 0. Substitute into transformation
Eqn 10-19, γ xy
ε1 = ε max =
2
10.1 PLANE STRAIN
• As explained in Chapter 2.2, general state of strain

in a body is represented by a combination of 3
components of normal strain (εx, εy, εz), and 3
components of shear strain (γxy, γxz, γyz).
• Strain components at a pt determined by using
strain gauges, which is measured in specified
directions.
• A plane-strained element is subjected to two
components of normal strain (εx, εy) and one
component of shear strain, γxy.

10.1 PLANE STRAIN
• The deformations are shown graphically below.

• Note that the normal strains are produced by
changes in length of the element in the x and y
directions, while shear strain is produced by the
relative rotation of two adjacent sides of the
element.

Strain
10.1 PLANE STRAIN
• Note that plane stress does not always cause plane

strain.
• In general, unless υ = 0, the Poisson effect will
prevent the simultaneous occurrence of plane strain
and plane stress.
• Since shear stress and shear
strain not affected by Poisson’s
ratio, condition of τxz = τyz = 0
requires γxz = γyz = 0.

10.2 GENERAL EQNS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION
Sign Convention
• To use the same convention as
defined in Chapter 2.2.
• With reference to differential
element shown, normal strains
εxz and εyz are positive if they
cause elongation along the x Gamma = -ve
and y axes
• Shear strain γxy is positive if the interior angle AOB
becomes smaller than 90°.

Sign Convention
• Similar to plane stress, when measuring the normal
and shear strains relative to the x’ and y’ axes, the
angle θ will be positive provided it follows the
curling of the right-hand fingers, counterclockwise.
Normal and shear strains
• Before we develop the
strain-transformation eqn for
determining εx;, we must determine
the elongation of a line segment dx’
that lies along the x’ axis and
subjected to strain components.


• Components of line dx and dx’ are elongated and
we add all elongations together.
δx' = ε x dx cosθ + ε y dy sin θ + γ xy dy cosθ
• From Eqn 2.2, the normal strain along the line dx’
is εx’ =δx’/dx’. Using Eqn 10-1,
ε x ' = ε x cos 2 θ + ε y sin 2 θ + γ xy sin θ cosθ (10 - 2)


• To get the transformation equation for γx’y’, consider
amount of rotation of each of the line segments dx’
and dy’ when subjected to strain components.
Thus,
δy ' = −ε x dx sin θ + ε y dy cosθ − γ xy dy sin θ


• Using Eqn 10-1 with α = δy’/δx’,
α = (− ε x + ε y )sin θ cosθ − γ xy sin 2 θ (10 - 3)
• As shown, dy’ rotates by an amount β.


• Using identities sin (θ + 90°) = cos θ,
cos (θ + 90°) = − sin θ,
β = (− ε x + ε y )sin (θ + 90°) cos(θ + 90°) − γ xy sin 2 (θ + 90°)
= −(− ε x + ε y )cosθ sin θ − γ xy cos 2 θ
• Thus we get
γ x' y ' = α − β
(
= −2(ε x − ε y )sin θ cosθ + γ xy cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) (10 - 4)


• Using trigonometric identities sin 2θ = 2 sinθ cosθ,
cos2θ = (1 + cos2θ )/2 and sin2θ + cos2θ = 1, we
rewrite Eqns 10-2 and 10-4 as
εx + ε y εx −ε y γ xy
ε x' = + cos 2θ + sin 2θ (10 - 5)
2 2 2
γ x' y ' ⎛εx − ε y ⎞ γ xy

= −⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ sin 2θ + cos 2θ (10 - 6 )
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2


• If normal strain in the y direction is required, it can
be obtained from Eqn 10-5 by substituting (θ + 90°)
for θ. The result is
ε y' = − cos 2θ − sin 2θ (10 - 6)
2 2 2

Principal strains
• We can orientate an element at a pt such that the
element’s deformation is only represented by
normal strains, with no shear strains.
• The material must be isotropic, and the axes along
which the strains occur must coincide with the axes
that define the principal axes.
• Thus from Eqns 9-4 and 9-5,
γ xy
tan 2θ p = (10 - 8)
εx −ε y

Principal strains
2 2
εx + ε y
⎛ ε x − ε y ⎞ ⎛ γ xy ⎞
ε1, 2 = ⎜⎜± ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (10 - 9)
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Maximum in-plane shear strain
• Using Eqns 9-6, 9-7 and 9-8, we get
⎛εx − ε y ⎞
tan 2θ s = −⎜
⎜ γ
⎟
⎟
(10 - 10)
⎝ xy ⎠
γ 2 2
⎛ ε x − ε y ⎞ ⎛ γ xy ⎞
max
in - plane
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (10 - 11)
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

• Using Eqns 9-6, 9-7 and 9-8, we get
εx + ε y
ε avg = (10 - 12)
2

EXAMPLE 10.1
A differential element of material at a pt is subjected to
a state of plane strain εx = 500(10-6), εy = − 300(10-6),
which tends to distort the element as shown.
Determine the equivalent strains acting on an element
oriented at the pt, clockwise 30° from the original
position.
Gamma xy = 200 (10^-6)
Strain = Distortion length / Actual lengh

Distortion length = Strain X Actual length

EXAMPLE 10.1 (SOLN)
• Since θ is counterclockwise, then θ = –30°, use
strain-transformation Eqns 10-5 and 10-6,
ε x' = + cos 2θ + sin 2θ
2 2 2
=⎢⎡
⎣
500 + (− 300 )⎤ −6
2 ⎥⎦ 10 ( )
⎡
+⎢
⎣
500 − (− 300 )⎤ − 6
2 ⎥
⎦
10 cos(2(− 30°)) ( )
( )⎤⎥ sin(2(− 30°))
⎡ 200 10−6
+⎢
⎣ 2 ⎦
ε x ' = 213 10−6
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
( ) 20
EXAMPLE 10.1 (SOLN)
• Since θ is counterclockwise, then θ = –30°, use
strain-transformation Eqns 10-5 and 10-6,
γ x' y ' ⎛εx − ε y ⎞ γ xy
= −⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ sin 2θ + cos 2θ
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
⎡ 500 − (− 300 )⎤
= −⎢ ⎥ sin (2(− 30°))
⎣ 2 ⎦
+
( )
200 10− 6
cos(2(− 30°))
2
( )
γ x ' y ' = 793 10−6

EXAMPLE 10.1 (SOLN)
• Strain in the y’ direction can be obtained from Eqn
10-7 with θ = –30°. However, we can also obtain εy’
using Eqn 10-5 with θ = 60° (θ = –30° + 90°),
replacing εx’ with εy’
⎡
ε y' = ⎢
⎣
500 + (− 300 )⎤ −6
2 ⎥⎦ 10 ( )
__ ⎡
+⎢
⎣
500 − (− 300 )⎤ −6
2 ⎥⎦ 10 cos ( )
( 2(60 °
-30 deg
))
+⎢
__
⎡ 200 10 −6 ⎤
( )
⎥ sin (2(60°))
-30 deg
⎣ 2 ⎦
ε y ' = −13.4 10−6 ( ) 22
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
EXAMPLE 10.1 (SOLN)
• The results obtained tend to deform the element as
shown below.

EXAMPLE 10.1 (SOLN)
• The results obtained tend to deform the element as
shown below. Y
Normal strain x = +ve

(elongation)
Normal strain y = -ve
(contraction)
Shear strain = +ve

(contracted angle < 90 deg)
30 deg cw

EXAMPLE 10.2
a state of plane strain defined by εx = –350(10-6),
εy = 200(10-6), γxy = 80(10-6), which tends to distort the
element as shown. Determine the principal strains at
the pt and associated orientation of the element.

EXAMPLE 10.2 (SOLN)
Orientation of the element
From Eqn 10-8, we have
γ xy 80(10−6 )
tan 2θ p = =
ε x − ε y (− 350 − 200 )(10−6 )
Thus 2θ p = −8.28° and − 8.28° + 180° = 172°, so that
θ p = − 4.14° and 85.9°
Each of these angles is measured

positive counterclockwise, from the
x axis to the outward normals on
each face of the element.
EXAMPLE 10.2 (SOLN)
Principal strains
From Eqn 10-9,
2 2
εx + ε y ⎛ ε x − ε y ⎞ ⎛ γ xy ⎞
ε1, 2 = ± ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
(− 350 + 200) 10 ) ⎡
( 2⎤
( )
−6 2
= ±⎢ ⎛ − 350 − 200 ⎞ + ⎛ 80 ⎞ 10− 6
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
2 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
( )
= −75.0 10− 6 ± 277.9 10− 6 ( )
ε1 = 203(10−6 ) ε 2 = −353(10−6 )

EXAMPLE 10.2 (SOLN)
Principal strains
We can determine which of these two strains deforms
the element in the x’ direction by applying Eqn 10-5
with θ = –4.14°. Thus
ε x' = + cos 2θ + sin 2θ
2 2 2
=⎜⎛
⎝ 2
⎟ 10 + ⎜
⎠ ⎝ 2
( )
− 350 + 200 ⎞ −6 ⎛ − 350 − 200 ⎞ −6
⎠
( )
⎟ 10 cos(− 4.14°)
+
80 10−6 ( )
sin 2(− 4.14°)
2
ε x ' = −353 10 ( ) −6

EXAMPLE 10.2 (SOLN)
Principal strains
Hence εx’ = ε2. When subjected to the principal strains,
the element is distorted as shown.

EXAMPLE 10.3
a state of plane strain defined by εx = –350(10-6),
εy = 200(10-6), γxy = 80(10-6), which tends to distort the
element as shown. Determine the maximum in-plane
shear strain at the pt and associated orientation of the
element.

EXAMPLE 10.3 (SOLN)
Orientation of the element
From Eqn 10-10,
⎛εx − ε y ⎞
tan 2θ s = −⎜ ⎟=− ( − 350 − 200 ) 10 ( )
−6
⎜ γ
⎝ xy ⎠
⎟ 80 10 −6
( )
Thus, 2θ s = 81.72° and 81.72° + 180° = 261.72°, so that
θ s = 40.9° and 130.9°
Note that this orientation is 45° from that shown in
Example 10.2 as expected.

EXAMPLE 10.3 (SOLN)
Applying Eqn 10-11,
γ max
ε − ε 2
γ 2
⎛ x y⎞ ⎛ xy ⎞
in - plane
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎡ ⎛ − 350 − 200 ⎞2 ⎛ 80 ⎞2 ⎤ − 6
=⎢ ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ 10 ( )
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
γ max ( )
= 556 10−6
in - plane
γ max
The proper sign of in - plane can be obtained by applying
Eqn 10-6 with θs = 40.9°.
EXAMPLE 10.3 (SOLN)
γ x' y' ε x − ε y γ xy
= sin 2θ + cos 2θ
2 2 2
⎛
=⎜
⎝
− 350 − 200 ⎞ − 6
2
⎟ 10 sin 2(40.9°)
⎠
( )
+
80 10 ( )cos 2(40.9°)
−6
2
γ x ' y ' = 556 10−6 ( )
Thus γ max tends to distort the element so that the
in - plane
right angle between dx’ and dy’ is decreased (positive
sign convention).
EXAMPLE 10.3 (SOLN)
There are associated average normal strains imposed
on the element determined from Eqn 10-12:
ε avg =
ε x + ε y − 350 + 200 −6
2
=
2
( )
10 = −75 10− 6 ( )
These strains tend to
cause the element to contract.

*10.3 MOHR’S CIRCLE: PLANE STRAIN
• Advantage of using Mohr’s circle for plane strain

transformation is we get to see graphically how the
normal and shear strain components at a pt vary
from one orientation of the element to the next.
• Eliminate parameter θ in Eqns 10-5 and 10-6 and
2
rewrite as γ
2 ⎛ xy ⎞
(ε x − ε avg ) + ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = R 2 (10 - 13)
⎝ ⎠
where
2 2
εx + ε y ⎛ ε x − ε y ⎞ ⎛ γ xy ⎞
ε avg = R = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Procedure for Analysis

Construction of the circle
• Establish a coordinate system such that the
abscissa represents the normal strain ε, with
positive to the right, and the ordinate represents half
the value of the shear strain, γ/2, with positive
downward.
• Using positive sign convention for εx, εy, and γxy,
determine the center of the circle C, which is located
on the ε axis at a distance εavg = (εx + εv)/2 from the
origin.


Construction of the circle -ve
• Plot the reference pt A having coordinates (εx, γxy/2).

This pt represents the case for which the x’ axis
coincides with the x axis. Hence θ = 0°.
• Connect pt A with center C
of the circle and from the
shaded triangle determine
the radius R of the circle.
• Sketch the circle.

=+ve (elongation)
Principal strains =+ve (elongation)
• Principal strains ε1 and ε2 are

determined from the circle as
the coordinates of pts B and
D (γ = 0).
• Determine the orientation of the
plane on which ε1 acts by
calculating 2θp1, using trigonometry.
This angle is measured
counterclockwise from the radial
reference lines CA to CB.


Principal strains
• Remember that the rotation of θp1,
must be in this same direction,
from the element’s reference axis x to the x’ axis.
• When ε1 and ε2 are indicated as being positive as
shown earlier, the element shown here will elongate
in the x’ and y’ directions as shown by the dashed
outline.

*10.3 MOHR’S CIRCLE: PLANE STRAIN =+ve (elongation)

• Average normal strain and half the
maximum in-plane shear strain
are determined from the circle
as the coordinates of pts E and F.
• Orientation of the plane on which
τ max and ε act can be
in − plane avg
determined from the circle by
calculating 2θs1 using trigonometry.
This angle is measured clockwise
from the radial reference lines
CA to CF.

• Remember that the rotation of
θps
S1 1, must be in this same
direction, from the element’s

reference axis x to the x’ axis.
Strains on arbitrary plane
• Normal and shear strain components εx’ and γx’y’ for
a plane specified at an angle θ, can be obtained
from the circle using trigonometry to determine the
coordinates of pt P.

Strains on arbitrary plane
• To locate P, the known angle θ of
the x’ axis is measured on the
circle as 2θ. This measurement is
made from the radial reference line CA to the radial
reference line CA to CP. Remember that
measurements for 2θ on the circle must be in the
same direction as for the x’ axis.
• If value of εy’ is required, it can be determined by
calculating the ε coordinate of pt Q. The line CQ lies
180° away from CP and thus represents a rotation of
90° of the x’ axis.
Method 1: Intersection at the circle perimeter
𝛶/2 y
x’
𝛶max/2 y’
θ = 45 ccw Maximum in-plane
V= (εx, 𝛶/2) x
V shear strain
εave.dy’
θs
θp
εave.dx’
ε2, εmin x’
C
εave
ε1, εmax ε x’
Principal
Strains εy' εx'
x’
y’ 𝛶x’y’/2) y’
y’
x’
𝛶min/2
Principal Strains
x’ x’
1
Method 2: Intersection at the center of circle
y
𝛶/2
y’
𝛶max/2
Maximum in-plane
Method 1 shear strain
εave.dy’
Plane shear strain

𝛶x’y’/2)
x
ε ave.dx’
θs
x’
εx'
ε2, εmin
εave
C
2θ = 90o
ε1, εmax ε
2θp
εy' y y
2θs
V= (εx, -𝛶/2) y’ Method 1

y V x
x’
𝛶min/2 θp
x
y’
x’ Principal Strain
θ = 45 ccw
x
x’
2
EXAMPLE 10.4
State of plane strain at a pt represented by the
components εx = 250(10-6), εy = –150(10-6), and
γxy = 120(10-6). Determine the principal strains
and the orientation of the element.

EXAMPLE 10.4 (SOLN)
The ε and γ/2 axes are
established as shown. Note
that the positive γ/2 axis must
be directed downward so that
counterclockwise rotations of
the element correspond to
counterclockwise rotation
around the circle, and vice
versa. Center of the circle is located on the axis at
ε avg =
250 + (− 150 ) − 6
2
( )
10 = 50 10−6 ( )
EXAMPLE 10.4 (SOLN)
Since γxy/2 = 60(10-6), the
reference pt A (θ = 0°) has
coordinates [250(10-6), 60(10-6)].
From shaded triangle, radius
of circle is CA:
R= [ (250 − 50) + (60) ](10 ) = 208.8(10 )

2 2 −6 −6

EXAMPLE 10.4 (SOLN)
Principal strains
The ε coordinates of pts B and D
represent the principal strains.
They are
( ) ( )
ε1 = (50 + 208.8) 10−6 = 259 10−6
ε 2 = (50 − 208.8)(10−6 ) = −159(10−6 )
The direction of the positive principal strain 1 is

defined by the counterclockwise 2θp1, measured from
the radial reference lines CA to CB.

EXAMPLE 10.4 (SOLN)
Principal strains
We have tan 2θ p1 = 60
(250 − 50)
θ p1 = 8.35°
Hence, the side dx’ of the
element is oriented
counterclockwise 8.35°.
This also defines the direction of ε1.
The deformation of the element is also shown.

EXAMPLE 10.5
State of plane strain at a pt represented by the
components εx = 250(10-6), εy = –150(10-6), and
γxy = 120(10-6). Determine the maximum in-plane
shear strains and orientation of the element.
Gamma Max/2
Gamma Min/2

EXAMPLE 10.5 (SOLN)
Half the maximum in-plane shear strain and average
normal strain are represented by the coordinates of
pts E and F on the circle. From coordinates of pt E
(γ x' y ' )
( )
max
in - plane
= 208.8 10−6
2
(γ x' y ' ) = 418(10−6 )
max
in - plane
ε avg = 50(10−6 )

EXAMPLE 10.5 (SOLN)
To orientate the element, determine the clockwise
angle 2θs1 from the circle,
2θ s1 = 90° − 2(8.35°)
θ s1 = 36.6°
Since shear strain defined from pt E
on the circle has a positive value and
average normal strain is also positive,
corresponding positive shear stress
and positive average normal stress
deform the element into dashed
shape as shown.

EXAMPLE 10.6
State of plane strain at a pt represented by an
element having the components εx = –300(10-6),
εy = –100(10-6), and γxy = 100(10-6). Determine the
state of strain on an element oriented 20° clockwise
from this reported position.

EXAMPLE 10.6 (SOLN)
Construction of circle
The ε and γ/2 axes are
established as shown.
Center of circle is on
the ε axis at
ε avg ⎛
=⎜
⎝
− 300 − 100 ⎞ − 6
2
⎟
⎠
10 = −200( )
10 −6
( )
Coordinates of reference pt A is [300(10-6), 50(10-6)].
Radius CA determined from shaded triangle,
[
R = (300 − 200 )2 + (50 )2 10−6 = 111.8 10−6]( ) ( )
EXAMPLE 10.6 (SOLN)
Strains on inclined elements
As we orient element 20° clockwise, first establish a
radial line CP, 2(20°) = 40° clockwise, measured from
CA (θ = 0°). Coordinates of pt P (εx’, γx’y’/2) are
obtained from the geometry of the circle.
−1⎛ 50 ⎞
φ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 26.57°
⎝ (300 − 200 ) ⎠
ε
Thus x ' = − ( 200 + 111 .8 cos13 .43 ° ) 10 −6
= −( )
309 10( )
−6
= −(111.8 sin 13.43°)(10 )

γ x' y ' −6
2
γ x ' y ' = −52.0(10−6 )
EXAMPLE 10.6 (SOLN)
Strains on inclined elements
Normal strain εy’ can be determined from the ε
coordinate of pt Q on the circle. Why?
( ) ( )
ε y ' = −(200 − 111.8 cos13.43°) 10−6 = −91.3 10−6
As a result of these strains, the

element deforms relative to the
x’, y’ axes as shown.

Sambungan Chapter 2.3

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10.

Generalized Hooke’s law

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 71

Generalized Hooke’s law

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 72

Generalized Hooke’s law

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 73

Relationship involving E, υ, and G

• As explained in Chapter 2.2, general state of strain

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 3

• The deformations are shown graphically below.

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 4

• Note that plane stress does not always cause plane

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 5

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 6

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 7

Normal and shear strains

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 8

Normal and shear strains

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 9

Normal and shear strains

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 10

Normal and shear strains

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 11

Normal and shear strains

γ x' y ' ⎛εx − ε y ⎞ γ xy

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 12

Normal and shear strains

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 13

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 14

Maximum in-plane shear strain

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 16

Strain = Distortion length / Actual lengh

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 19

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 21

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 23

Normal strain x = +ve

Shear strain = +ve

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 23

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 24

Each of these angles is measured

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 26

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 27

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 28

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 29

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 30

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 33

• Advantage of using Mohr’s circle for plane strain

Procedure for Analysis

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 35

Procedure for Analysis

• Plot the reference pt A having coordinates (εx, γxy/2).

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 36

• Principal strains ε1 and ε2 are

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 37

Procedure for Analysis

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 38

Procedure for Analysis

Procedure for Analysis

direction, from the element’s

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 40

Plane shear strain

V= (εx, -𝛶/2) y’ Method 1