Avšír©Vwzk Evwyr : Bdwbu

AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ BDwbU
International Trade 8
f~wgKv
c„w_exi †Kv‡bv †`kB ¯^qsm¤ú~ Y© bq| †Kv‡bv GKK †`‡ki c‡¶ Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq me `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e bq|
cÖ‡Z¨K †`k wbR †`‡ki we`¨gvb cÖ vK…wZK m¤ú`, cÖhyw³, Rjevqy, †fŠ‡MvwjK myweavi †cÖw¶‡Z cY¨-†mev Drcv`‡b
we‡klvwqZ nq| c„w_exi mKj †`‡ki my‡hvM-myweav Ges Drcv`b mgvb bq| d‡j wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ Drcv`‡b
N‡U êwPÎ¨, wewbgq, ¯’ vwcZ nq evwYwR¨K m¤úK©| GKvwaK †`k hLb wb‡R‡ì cÖ‡qvR‡b AvBbMZ cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g
cY¨-†mev †jb‡`‡bi GKwU we‡kl m¤ú‡K© Ave× nq, Zv‡K AvšÍR© vwZK evwYR¨ e‡j| AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î
we‡klxKi‡Yi d‡j kªgwefv‡Mi Dchy³ eënvi, g~ja‡bi mwVK cÖ‡qvM I ¸YMZ DrKl©Zv e„w× Ges mgMÖ c„w_exi
Drcv`b †fvM Kivi my‡hvM e„w× cvq Ges AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi Dbœqb Kg©KvÛ GwM‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
Gfv‡e N‡U wek¦vqb hvi gva¨‡g mgMÖ wek¦e¨vcx wbweo mvgvwRK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi Øviv `~iZ¡ n«vm cvq|
BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 8 w`b
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 8.1: AvšÍR© vwZK evwY‡Rï aviYv
cvV 8.2: AvšÍR©vwZK I Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨
cvV 8.3: evsjv‡`‡ki AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ cwieZ©‡bi aviv
cvV 8.4: evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb I Avg`vwb `ªe¨
cvV 8.5: evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb Dbœqb bxwZ
cvV 8.6: ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨, evwYR¨ I wewb‡qvM
cvV 8.7: wek¦vqb I evsjv‡`k
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV 8.1 AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï aviYv

Concept of International Trade
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_© xiv-
 AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï ¸iæZ¡ we‡køl Y Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~jcvV-
AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï msÁv

weÁvb I cÖhyw³we`¨vq hZB kx‡l© Ae¯’vb KiæK †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev †`k GKv Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj `ªe¨ ms¯’vb Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| Ab¨ e¨w³ ev †`‡ki Drcvw`Z cY¨-†mev Zvi wb‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡ i¶v Ges Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡ qvRb| G aviYv
n‡ZB AvšÍR©vwZK wewbgq eë¯’v Z_v evwY‡Rï m~ÎcvZ nq| †`‡ki mxgvbv †cwi‡q `y ev Z‡ZvwaK ¯^vaxb I
mve©‡fŠg †`‡ki g‡a¨ AvBbMZ cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g `ªe¨ I †mevi wewbgq m¤úbœ n‡j Zv‡K AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ e‡j|
we‡k¦i †Kv‡bv GKwU †`‡ki mv‡_ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †`‡ki ev GKvwaK †`‡ki êa cÖwµqvq †h evwYR¨ P‡j, Zv‡K
AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, International trade is the exchange of goods or resources among
the countries. A_©vr wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ `ªe¨ I m¤ú‡ì wewbgq‡K AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ e‡j| cÖ vPxbKvj n‡ZB
BD‡iv‡ci ewY‡Kiv c„w_exi wewfbœ AÂ‡j K‡jvbx ¯’vcb K‡i eëmv-evwYR¨ ïiæ K‡i| Bsj¨v‡Ûi wkí wecø‡ei ci
Pjgvb AvšÍR© vwZK evwY‡Rï cÖK…w Z cwieZ©b nq, MwZ I AvIZv e„w× cvq| g~jZ ZLb n‡ZB c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k
bZzb bZzb cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ I Drcv`b †KŠkj Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï cÖmvi N‡U|
AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï wfwË
c„w_ex‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡kiB we`¨gvb m¤ú` Ges Drcv`b ¶gZv mxgve×| wewfbœ †`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb, Rjevqy,
cÖvK…w ZK m¤ú‡ì cv_©K¨, ¯^-¯^ †`‡k DcKi‡Yi cÖvPzh© Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡i Drcv`b ev `ywU wfbœ †`‡k `y wU wfbœ `ªe¨
Drcv`‡b Av‡cw¶K e¨q myweav †fvM Kivi Kvi‡Y AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ msNwUZ nq| `ywU †`‡ki g‡a¨ DcKi‡Yi
mnRjf¨Zv, `¶Zv I Drcv`‡bi g‡a¨ we‡klxKiY Ges kªg wefvMB n‡jv AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï g~j wfwË| †h †`k
†h `ªe¨wU †ewk Drcv`b K‡i Zvi DØ„Ë Ask ißvwb K‡i wewbg‡q cÖ‡ qvRbxq Ab¨vb¨ `ªe¨ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †`k n‡Z
Avg`vwb K‡i| Gfv‡e cvi¯úwiK myweavi wfwË‡Z `y ev Z‡ZvwaK †`k evwY‡R¨ wb‡qvwRZ n‡j Zv‡K AvšÍR© vwZK
evwYR¨ e‡j| AvšÍR© vwZK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î wb‡gœv³ kZ© Avek¨K :
1. GKwU wbw`©ó mgq we‡eP¨,
2. Kgc‡¶ `yw U †`k I GK ev GKvwaK cY¨ cÖ‡qvRb,
3. †`kmg~n ¯^vaxb-mve©‡ fŠg nIqv cÖ‡qvRb,
4. `yw U c„_K miKvi, e¨vsK I gy `ªv eë¯’ v we`¨gvb,
5. `ywU †`‡k c„_K evwYR¨bxwZ we`¨gvb I
6. cY¨-†mev wewbg‡q wjwLZ Pzw³ Avek¨K|
BDwbU AvU c„ôv-196

A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï ¸iæZ¡
AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ GKwU †`‡ki m¤ú` e„w×‡Z I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb‡K bvbvfv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| welqwU
†h‡Kv‡bv GKwU †`‡ki †cÖw¶‡Z Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j mn‡R Abyaveb Kiv hvq| †hgb, evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z G
evwY‡Rï ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| wb‡P evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv :
1. m¤ú‡ì DËg eënvi : AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï gva¨‡g DbœZ hš¿cvwZ I cÖhyw³we`¨v Avg`vwbi d‡j wb‡R‡ì
cÖvK…w ZK m¤ú`¸‡jvi DËg eënv‡ii Øviv Drcvw`Z `ª‡eï evRvi we¯Í„Z n‡j †`‡ki cÖvK…w ZK m¤ú‡ì cwic~Y©
eënvi Kiv m¤¢e nq|
2. Drcv`b e„ w× : c„w_exi cÖ‡Z¨K †`k wb‡R‡ì m¤ú` I DcKiY cÖvwßi myweav, `¶Zv Abymv‡i m‡e©v”P
Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ wjß †`k¸‡jvi †gvU Drcv`b e„w×i gva¨‡g mgMÖ c„w_exi †gvU Drcv`b
e„w× cvq| D³ †`kmg~‡ni wkí cÖ wZôv‡bi AvqZb e„w ×i Kvi‡Y cÖw Zôvbmg~n Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K e¨q ms‡KvPb*
myweav †fvM K‡i|
3. DØ„Ë cY¨ ißvwb : †Kv‡bv †`k Zvi cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq †ewk `ªe¨ Drcbœ K‡i, AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï gva¨‡g
DØ„Ë cY¨ we‡`‡k ißvwb K‡i Avq e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i| AvšÍR© vwZK evwYR¨ Qvov evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ Zvi DØ„Ë cY¨
Kv‡R jvMv‡bv m¤¢e bq| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©b xwZ‡Z Gi ¸iæZ¡ wb‡P Q‡Ki gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
cY¨ ißvwb Avq (wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi)
mvj 2004-05 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
cÖv_wgK cY¨ 648 1267 1310 1380 1266
wkíRvZ cY¨ 8006 23035 25717 28798 29922
†gvU 8654 24302 27027 30177 31209
[m~Î : evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK mgx¶v-2016]
Dc‡ii QK †_‡K †evSv hvq, AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ Ask †bIqvi d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb Avq µgvb¦‡q e„w× cv‡”Q|
4. Abyrcvw`Z `ªe¨ †fv‡Mi myweav : †Kv‡bv †`k †Kv‡bv we‡kl `ªe¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI AvšÍR©vwZK
evwY‡Rï gva¨‡g Ab¨ †`k †_‡K Zv Avg`vwb K‡i †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb—evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi, †mjvB †gwkb,
†iwd«Rv‡iUi cÖf…w Z Avg`vwb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avevi cvU, Pv, Pvgov Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k ißvwb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5. g~jabx `ªe¨ Avg`vwb : evsjv‡`‡ki b¨vq `wi`ª †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ g~jabx `ª‡eï cÖ‡qvRb wKšÍz wb‡R‡ì
cÖhyw³‡Z Ávb I m¤ú‡ì mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y Gi~c `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi KvVv‡gv ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wKšÍz AvšÍR©vwZK
evwYwR¨K myweav jv‡fi gva¨‡g Kg Li‡P g~jabx `ªe¨ Avg`vwb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
6. AZ¨vek¨Kxq Avg`vwb : AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï d‡j evsjv‡`k AZ¨vek¨Kxq †fvM¨cY¨ †hgb—Lv`¨`ªe¨,
IlyacÎ, wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨`ªe¨ Avg`vwb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
7. Lv`¨ NvUwZ c~iY : evsjv‡`‡k cÖvq cÖwZ eQiB Lv`¨ NvUwZ _v‡K| G NvUwZ c~iY Kivi Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK
evwYwR¨K myweav _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| KviY NvUwZKvjxb mg‡q GKvwaK †`k †_‡K Lv`¨ Avg`vwb K‡i Zv c~iY Kiv nq|
8. KvwiMwi I cÖhyw³MZ Ávb : evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Abybœ Z Ges ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z KvwiMwi I cÖhyw³MZ
Áv‡bi Afve i‡q‡Q| GgZve¯’ vq Gme †`k ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï gva¨‡gB wk‡ívbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq KvwiMwi
Ávb I cwiPvjbv `¶Zv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|
* Af¨šÍixY e¨q ms‡KvPb : dv‡g©i AvqZb evo‡j m~² kªg wefvM cÖeZ©b Kiv m¤¢e, cÖPzi KuvPvgvj µq Ki‡Z nq, mnR k‡Z© FY
cvIqv hvq, ch©vß g~jab Øviv AZ¨vaywbK hš¿cvwZ µq Kiv hvq, DcRvZ `ªe¨ eënvi Kiv hvq, d‡j Drcv`b e¨q n«vm cvq|
evwn¨K e¨q ms‡KvPb : †Kv‡bv GjvKvq wkívÂj Gi cÖmvi NU‡j cÖ‡Z¨K wkíB G‡K A‡bï wbKU n‡Z wKQz myweav †fvM K‡i|
GQvov miKv‡ii Ki I fZz©wK myweav jvf, M‡elYv cÖ wZôvb ¯’vcb, hvZvqvZ I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi Dbœqb BZ¨vwì d‡j mKj wkíB
jvfevb nq Ges Zv‡ì wbR¯^ e¨q n«vm cvq|
9. †fv³v‡ì myweav : AvšÍR© vwZK evwY‡R¨ wjß †`‡ki †fv³vMY Kg g~‡j¨ DbœZgv‡bi cY¨`ªe¨ I †mev †fvM
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
10. †`kxq evRvi m¤úªmviY : AvšÍR© vwZK evwY‡Rï Kvi‡Y wek¦e¨vcx †`kxq evRvi m¤úªmvi‡Yi my‡hvM e„w×
cvq| d‡j Drcv`bKvix‡ì Drcv`b ¶gZv Ges gybvdv DfqB e„w× cvq|
11. g~ja‡bi MwZkxjZv e„w × : evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ GKvwaK †`‡ki evwYwR¨K myweavi Kvi‡Y g~ja‡bi Avg`vwb
I ißvwbi gva¨‡g Gi MwZkxjZv e„w× cvq|
12. gvbe m¤ú` ißvwb : AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ wjß †`kmg~n kªgkw³ ev gvbem¤ú` ißvwbi gva¨‡g cÖPzi
ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi gva¨‡g †`kxq kªgevRv‡ii †eKviZ¡ n« vm cvq, `¶ZvI e„w× cvq|
13. wbf©ikxjZv n«vm : AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv jvfevb n‡j ax‡i
ax‡i A_©bxwZ ¯^wbf©i n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï Dci wbf©ikxjZv n«vm cvq|
14. Riæwi Ae¯’v †gvKvwejv : cÖvK…wZK `y‡h© vM, N~wY©So, mvgyw`ªK R‡jv”Q¦vm cÖ f…wZ Kvi‡Y Riæwi Ae¯’v †`Lv
w`‡j Ab¨ †`k n‡Z cÖ‡ qvRbxq `ªe¨vw` Avg`vwb K‡i A_ev AvšÍR© vwZK mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g AwZ mn‡RB Gi~c
msKU †gvKvwejv Kiv hvq| mv¤úª wZKKv‡j B‡›`v‡bwkqv, _vBj¨vÛ, kªxj¼v, fviZmn K‡qKwU †`‡k ÔmybvwgÕ cieZx©
†h gvbweK wech© q †`Lv †`q †m‡¶‡Î AvšÍR© vwZK mn‡hvwMZv `y‡h© vM †gvKvwejvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| GwU
AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï c‡iv¶ cÖfve ejv hvq|
15. `¶Zv e„w× : AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ wjß †`k¸‡jvi Drcv`‡bi `¶Zv e„w× cvq| KviY G ai‡bi Drcv`KMY
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ Kg Li‡P DbœZgv‡bi `ª e¨ Drcv`‡b wb‡qvwRZ nq|
16. Ávb I ms¯‹…wZi cÖmvi : ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï d‡j wewfbœ †`k ci¯ú‡ii Nwbô ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m Ges Gi
d‡j wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ Ávb I ms¯‹…wZi cÖmvi N‡U|
17. GK‡PwUqv Kvievi cÖwZ‡iva : ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï Øviv †`‡ki g‡a¨ GK‡PwUqv Kviev‡ii m¤úªmviY †iva
Kiv m¤¢e|
18. ißvwb wbf©i Dbœqb : AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ †Kv‡bv †`k ißvwb wbf©i n‡j ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi †hvMvb e„w× cvq,
†UKmB (Sustainable) A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z nq|
19. AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv e„w× : AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï d‡j wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ evwYwR¨K †jb‡`‡bi gva¨‡g
wk¶v, ms¯‹…wZ, Ávb-weÁv‡bi Av`vb- cÖ`vb N‡U| d‡j evwY‡R¨ wjß †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †mŠnv`©¨ I mn‡hvwMZv e„w×
cvq| Gfv‡e AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I m¤úªxwZ AwR© Z nq| 2007-08 A_©eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡k N~wY© So I R‡jv”Q¦vm ÔwmWiÕ
AvNvZ nvbvi ci cÖ vYnvwbmn †h wech©q †`Lv †`q, AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úª `v‡qi D`vi mn‡hvwMZvi d‡j Zv KvwU‡q IVv
m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv ¯^‡ívbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœ qb
GKvšÍfv‡eB AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï Dci wbf©ikxj| Gi gva¨‡g Rbkw³i gvb Dbœqb, wk‡íi weKvk mvab,
RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb I ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv AR©b meB m¤¢e| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœ qb †KŠkj ê‡`wkK
FYwbf©i bv n‡q ê‡`wkK evwYR¨wbf©i nIqv DwPZ|
wkÿv_©xi KvR
AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï ¸iæZ¡mg~n Dc¯’ vcb Kiæb|
mvims‡¶c
 AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ : `y ev Z‡ZvwaK ¯^vaxb-mve©‡ fŠg †`‡ki g‡a¨ AvBbMZ cÖ wµqvi gva¨‡g `ªe¨ I
†mevi wewbgq m¤úbœ n‡j Zv‡K AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ e‡j|

A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.1
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
K) †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i evwYR¨ L) GKvwaK †`‡ki g‡a¨ evwYR¨
M) GK †Rjvi m‡½ Ab¨ †Rjvi evwYR¨ N) ivRavbxi m‡½ evwYR¨
2| evsjv‡`‡ki ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï êwkó¨ Kx?
K) AbyK‚j evwYR¨ kZ© L) wkíRvZ `ªe¨ ißvwb
M) Avg`vwb e¨q Kg N) Rbkw³ ißvwb
3| AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î †KvbwU mwVK?
K) m¤ú‡ì DËg eënvi wbwðZ nq bv L) GK‡PwUqv Kvievi cÖwZ‡iva nq
M) Abyrcvw`Z `ªe¨ †fv‡M Amyweav nq N) AZ¨vek¨Kxq `ªe¨ Avg`vwb Kiv hvq bv
4| AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ Kvh©Ki n‡Z cÖ‡qvRb
K) `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †`k L) GKB †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgv‡iLv
M) Awfbœ gy`ªv N) miKvwi bxwZi Awfbœ Zv
5| AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï d‡j
K) we‡k¦i †gvU Drcv`b e„w× cvq L) m¤ú‡ì mwVK eënvi m¤¢e nq bv
M) DØ„Ë cY¨ AeëüZ _v‡K N) Lv`¨ NvUwZ ev‡o
6| AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ Kx msNwUZ nq?
K) ivR¯^bxwZi cv_©K¨ †bB L) ivR‰bwZK cÖfve †bB
M) gy`ªv I e¨vsK eë¯’vi cv_©K¨ N‡U N) †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvi ¸iæZ¡ †bB
7| AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) m¤ú‡ì DËg eënvi nq bv L) DØ„Ë cY¨ ißvwb
M) Abyrcvw`Z `ªe¨ †fv‡Mi Amyweav N) †`kxq evRvi m¤cÖmviY nq bv
8| evsjv‡`‡ki ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï êwkó¨ Kx?
K) g~jab `ªe¨ ißvwb L) Rbkw³ ißvwb
M) AbyK‚j evwYR¨ kZ© N) Avg`vwb e¨q ¯^ í
9| mv¤cÖw ZKKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K n‡”Q
i. Pvgov I PvgovRvZ `ª‡eï ißvwb e„w×
ii. wkíRvZ `ª‡eï ißvwb e„w ×
iii. AcÖPwjZ c‡Yï ißvwb e„w×
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
10| AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ m¤úbœ nIqvi Rb¨ Avek¨K n‡jvÑ
i. `ywU †`k I GKwU cY¨
ii. `yw U †`k I `yw U cY¨
iii. `y wU †`k I GKB gy`ªv eë¯’v
 DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 11 I 12 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b :

AÄy I iÄy `yB fvB| `yRbB eëmvqx| AÄyi KviLvbvq Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ XvKvmn mviv †`‡k wewµ nq| iÄyi KviLvbvq
Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ hy³ivR¨ I KvbvWvq weµq nq|
11| AÄyi eëmv‡K Kx ejv nq?
K) AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ L) Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨
M) LyPiv eëmv N) cvBKvwi eëmv
12| iÄyi eëmv‡qi Kvi‡Y
i. ê‡`wkK gy `ªv AwR©Z nq
ii. K~U‰bwZK m¤úK© †Rvi`vi nq
iii. wekê vRv‡i †`‡ki m¤§vb e„w× cvq
 wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co–b Ges 13 I 14 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b :
†KivgZ Avjx GB ermi n‡¾ wM‡q g°v-gw`bvi gv‡K© U¸‡jv‡Z evsjv‡`wk Av‡gi Rym †`L‡Z †c‡jb| G‡Z
wZwb LyeB Me©‡eva Ki‡jb|
13| †`k `yBwU wjß
K) Af¨šÍixY evwY‡R¨ L) AvšÍR© vwZK evwY‡R¨
M) Avg`vwb evwY‡R¨ N) ißvwb evwY‡R¨
14| D³ evwY‡Rï d‡j
i. ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AwR© Z nq
ii. wØ-cvw¶K m¤úK© e„ w× cvq
iii. †`‡ki mve©‡ fŠgZ¡ ¶zYœ nq
K) i I ii L) ii I iii M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii

A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
cvV 8.2 AvšÍR©vwZK I Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨

International and Intra-regional Trade
D‡Ïk¨
 AvšÍR©vwZK I Af¨šÍixY evwY‡Rï g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~jcvV-
Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR© vwZK evwYR¨

Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ (Intra-regional Trade) : GKB †`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡ji g‡a¨ A_ev GKB †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki AvIZvaxb
wewfbœ AÂ‡ji g‡a¨ `ªe¨ I †mev wewbg‡qi j‡¶¨ msNwUZ evwYR¨‡K Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ e‡j| A_©vr GKB RvwZfz³
gvby‡li g‡a¨ `ªe¨ I †mevi wewbgq msµvšÍ A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj‡K Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ e‡j| †hgb—evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i
XvKv, PÆMÖvg, wm‡jU, ivRkvnx, Lyjbv I h‡kvi Ges Ab¨vb¨ kni I MÖvgvÂ‡ji g‡a¨ †hi~c evwYR¨ P‡j, Zv‡K
Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ e‡j| Gi~c evwYR¨ GKB gy`ªv, ivR¯^bxwZ I †`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ nq|
AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ (International Trade) : wewfbœ mve©‡fŠg †`‡ki g‡a¨ `ªe¨ I †mevi wewbgq AvBbMZ
cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ n‡j Zv‡K AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ e‡j| A_©vr wewfbœ RvwZfz³ gvby‡li g‡a¨ `ªe¨ I †mevi
wewbgq msµvšÍ A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj‡K AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ e‡j| †hgb—evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki †h
ai‡bi evwYR¨ P‡j, Zv AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨| Gi~c evwYR¨ c„_K c„_K gy`ªv I ivR¯^bxwZ, AvšÍR©vwZK evwYwR¨K
wbqg-Kvby‡bi Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ nq|
Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR© vwZK evwY‡Rï g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

AvÂwjK kªgwefvM ev we‡klxKiY Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï g~j wfwË n‡jI AviI KwZcq cv_©K¨ Df‡qi
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR© vwZK evwY‡Rï cv_©K¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
cv_©‡Kï welq Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨
1. msÁv GKB †`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡ji g‡a¨ `ªe¨ I wewfbœ mve©‡fŠg †`‡ki g‡a¨ `ªe¨ I †mevi
†mevi wewbgq‡K Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ e‡j| wewbgq‡K AvšÍR© vwZK evwYR¨ e‡j|
2. †fŠ‡MvwjK Af¨šÍixY evwY‡R¨ †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgv AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgv AwZµg
mxgv AwZµg nq bv| nq|
3. Dcv`v‡bi GKB †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ Rjevqy, mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ, fvlv
MwZkxjZv Dcv`vbmg~n kªg, g~jab I D‡`¨v³v Gm‡ei cv_©‡Kï Kvi‡Y Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vbmg~n
AZ¨šÍ MwZkxj nq| mn‡R MwZkxjZv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
4. gy`ªv I e¨vsK Af¨šÍixY evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î gy`ªv I e¨vsK AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨
eë¯’v eë¯’vi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ ev Amyweavi gy`ªv I e¨vsK eë¯’vi †¶‡Î cv_©K¨ m„wó nq|
m„wó nq bv| KviY G eë¯’vq wewfbœ gy`ªvi g‡a¨ wewbgq nvi
wbi~c‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

5. miKvwi bxwZ GB evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î miKvwi bxwZi †Kv‡bv ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î miKvwi bxwZi wewfbœ Zv
wewfbœZv †bB, Af¨šÍixY evwY‡Rï Dci i‡q‡Q| Gi~c evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î eû †`k AskMÖnY
mswkøó †`‡ki miKv‡ii m¤ú~Y© cÖ fve K‡i weavq wewfbœ †`‡ki miKv‡ii wewfbœ cÖKvi
i‡q‡Q| bxwZ I D‡Ïk¨ evwY‡Rï Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i|
6. evwYR¨ bxwZ Af¨šÍixY evwY‡R¨ evwYR¨ bxwZi cwieZ©b AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï Rb¨ c„_K evwYR¨ bxwZ
nq bv| cÖ‡qvRb| G‡¶‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡ki Rb¨ c„_K c„_K
evwYR¨ bxwZi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
7. cÖvK…w ZK GKB †`‡ki g‡a¨ cÖvK…w ZK m¤ú‡ì wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì êwkó¨MZ
m¤ú` †Zgb êwkó¨MZ cv_©K¨ †bB| h‡_ó cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| G Kvi‡Y AvšÍR© vwZK
evwY‡Rï m„wó|
8. evRvi GKB †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i evRv‡ii g‡a¨ wewfbœ †`‡ki evRvi¸‡jv iv‡óªi c„_K c„_K
mvgvwRK iæwP, cQ›`, ivóªxq ixwZ-bxwZ mxgvbvi Øviv c„_KxK…Z| mvgvwRK iæwP, cQ›`,
Gm‡ei †Zgb †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ j¶ Kiv hvq ivóªxq bxwZ Gm‡ei Øviv GK †`‡ki evRv‡ii m‡½
bv| Aci †`‡ki evRv‡ii cv_©K¨ j¶ Kiv hvq|
9. †fv‡Mi Af¨šÍixY evwY‡Rï gva¨‡g †fv‡Mi AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï gva¨‡g †fv‡Mi cwigvY,
cwigvY cwigvY, †fvM Af¨vm w¯’i _v‡K| †fvM Af¨vm cwiewZ©Z nq| KviY G‡¶‡Î
Abyrcvw`Z `ªe¨ †fv‡Mi my‡hvM m„wó nq|
10. †jb‡`‡bi Af¨šÍixY evwY‡R¨ †jb‡`‡bi fvimv‡gï AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î †jb‡`‡bi mgm¨v
fvimvg¨ †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †bB| †ek RwUj I wPišÍb| G i~c evwY‡R¨ †jb‡`‡bi
fvimv‡gï mgZv ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ gy`ªvi Aeg~j¨vqb,
gy`ªv ms‡KvPb, Avg`vwb wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw` c`‡¶c
MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|
11. wbqš¿Y Af¨šÍixY evwYwR¨K Kvh©µg Aev‡a AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î ivóªxq wewa-wb‡la
cwiPvwjZ nq| Av‡ivwcZ nq|
12. mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ GKwU mve©‡fŠg iv‡óªi AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ wewfbœ mve©‡ fŠg †`‡ki g‡a¨
Af¨šÍ‡i msNwUZ nq| msNwUZ nq|
13. ¯^wbf©iZv Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ m¤cÖmviY, êwPÎ¨g‡qi ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï d‡j A‡bK †¶‡Î †`k
d‡j †`k ¯^ wbf©i nq| ciwbf©ikxj n‡q c‡o| †hgbÑAvg`vwb wbf© i †`k|
14. iæwP I Af¨šÍixY evwY‡R¨ wewfbœ AÂ‡ji g‡a¨ wewfbœ †`‡ki gvby‡li iæwP, cQ›` I mvgvwRK
cQ›` gvby‡li iæwP I cQ‡›ì †Zgb cv_©K¨ ixwZbxwZ ci¯úi †_‡K c„_K|
_v‡K bv|
15. Drcv`b GKB †`‡ki †fZ‡i KviLvbv AvBb, kªg c¶všÍ‡i wewfbœ †`‡ki Drcv`b eë¯’v wewfbœ
eë¯’v I ivR¯^bxwZ BZ¨vw` cÖvq GKB iKg ai‡bi nq e‡j AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ wewfbœ †`‡ki
_v‡K| g‡a¨ GKB ai‡bi `ª‡eï Drcv`b e¨‡qi g‡a¨
h‡_ó cv_©K¨ j¶ Kiv hvq|
16. cwienb I Af¨šÍixY evwY‡R¨ cwienb e¨q AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ cwienb e¨q Zzjbvg~jK
wegv Zzjbvg~jK Kg Ges wegv eë¯’v AwaK Ges wegv eë¯’v eva¨Zvg~jK|
eva¨Zvg~jK bq|
17. ivR‰bwZK Af¨šÍixY evwY‡Rï †Zgb ivR‰bwZK AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î cÖvq ivR‰bwZK
cÖfve cÖfve †bB| cÖfve †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z nq|

A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
18. c„_K cÖ‡Z¨K †`kB wbR wbR RvZxq miKvi AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ wjß †`k¸‡jv‡Z c„_K RvZxq
RvZxq Øviv cwiPvwjZ| ZvB Af¨šÍixY evwY‡Rï miKvi we`¨gvb _vKvq evwY‡Rï †¶‡ÎI c„_K Ges
miKvi †¶‡Î c„_K bxwZi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| ¯^vaxb bxwZ AbymiY Kiv nq| A_©bxwZwe` †ebnvg
h_v_©B e‡jb, ÒAvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î c„_K
ZË¡ †Kb? `ywU k‡ã Gi KviY n‡jv—RvZxq
miKvi|Ó “(Why a separate theory of
International Trade? The reason in two words,
is National Government.”—Benham)
GQvov, Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ bM` A_ev av‡i µq-weµq nq| wKš‘ AvšÍR© vwZK evwY‡R¨ †jb‡`b e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g
msNwUZ nq| AvšÍR©vwZK NUbvcÖevn (DcmvMixq hy×, êwk¦K g›`v, Av‡gwiKvi UzBb-UvIqvi aŸsm ev `w¶Y-c~e©
Gwkqvq ev c~e© Gwkqvq mybvwgi AvNvZ) Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i bv; wKš‘ Gm‡ei gva¨‡g AvšÍR©vwZK
evwYR¨ cÖfvweZ nq| Af¨šÍixY evwY‡Rï Rb¨ Ab¨ †`‡ki mv‡_ K‚U‰bwZK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †bB, wKš‘
AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï Rb¨ Zv cÖ‡qvRb|
K¬vwmK¨vj A_©bxwZwe`M‡Yi `„wó‡Z Dfq evwY‡Rï g‡a¨ †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb _vK‡jI AvaywbK
A_©bxwZwe`MY g‡b K‡ib, Dfq evwY‡Rï wfwË GK nIqvq Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï g‡a¨ †h cv_©K¨
we`¨gvb Zv g~j Z gvÎvMZ—†kª wYMZ bq| Aa¨vcK evwU©j Inwjb (Bertil O'hlin) Gi g‡Z, ÒAf¨šÍixY evwY‡Rï
m¤úªmviYB n‡jv AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨| G `yÕai‡bi evwY‡Rï g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ †bB|Ó
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K my¯úó †h, Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï g‡a¨ h‡_ó cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb hv g~jZ
gvÎvMZ, †kªwYMZ bq| Dfq evwY‡Rï g‡a¨ Gme cv_©‡Kï ìæb A_©bxwZwe`MY AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ we‡køl‡Yi
Rb¨ c„_K evwYR¨ ZË¡ cÖ `vb K‡ib|
wkÿv_©xi KvR
AvšÍR©vwZK I Af¨šÍixY evwY‡Rï g‡a¨ `kwU cv_©K¨ D‡jøL Kiæb|
mvims‡¶c
K) AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ : Kgc‡¶ `yÕwU †`k, c„_K miKvi, miKvwi bxwZi wewfbœZv, wfbœ e¨vsK I gy`ªv
eë¯’v, c„_K evwYR¨bxwZ cÖ‡qvRb nq|
L) Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ : GKB †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i, GKB miKvi I miKvwibxwZi gva¨‡g, GKB e¨vsK eë¯’v I
evwYR¨bxwZi Aax‡b Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ cwiPvwjZ nq|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| Af¨šÍixY evwY‡R¨ Kx msNwUZ nq?
K) Dcv`vbmg~n MwZkxj bq L) evwYR¨bxwZ GKB _v‡K
M) †fvM Af¨vm cwiewZ©Z nq N) †jb‡`‡bi mgm¨v RwUj
2| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †`‡ki g‡a¨ msNwUZ evwYR¨‡K Kx ejv nq?
K) Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ L) AvšÍR© vwZK evwYR¨
M) AvÂwjK evwYR¨ N) RvZxq evwYR¨

 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b :
ingvb mv‡ne igRvb gv‡m †mŠw` Avi‡ei †LRyi wK‡bwQ‡jb| cieZ© x‡Z n‡R wM‡q g°vi †`vKv‡b ch© vß
evsjv‡`wk Rym †`L‡Z †c‡jb| GUv †`‡L wZwb AZ¨šÍ Avbw›`Z n‡jb|
3| †`k `yw U wjß
K) AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ L) Af¨šÍixY evwY‡R¨
M) Avg`vwb evwY‡R¨ N) ißvwb evwY‡R¨
4| D³ evwY‡Rï myweav n‡jv
i. ê‡`wkK gy `ªv AwR©Z nq
ii. K~U‰bwZK m¤úK© †Rvi`vi nq
iii. †`‡ki m¤§vb e„ w× nq

A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
cvV 8.3 evsjv‡`‡k AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ cwieZ©‡bi aviv

Trends in International Trade in Bangladesh
D‡Ïk¨
 Z_¨ I Dcv‡Ëi wfwË‡Z evsjv‡`‡k AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ cwieZ©‡bi aviv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb evwY‡Rï êwkó¨ I eZ©gvb Ae¯’v e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 evsjv‡`‡ki Avg`vwb evwY‡Rï êwkó¨ I eZ©gvb Ae¯’v e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~jcvV-
evsjv‡`‡ki AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ cwieZ©‡bi aviv

AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î evsjv‡`k cÖw ZK‚j Ae¯’vi m¤§yLxb n‡jI eZ©gv‡b RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z AvšÍR© vwZK
evwY‡Rï ¸iæZ¡ µgvb¦‡q e„w× cv‡”Q| mv¤úªwZKKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ wewfbœgyLx cwieZ©b cwijw¶Z
nq| G mg‡q wek¦ evwY‡R¨ cwieZ©‡ bi aviv Ges †`kxq evwYR¨ bxwZ‡Z cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Avgv‡ì ê‡`wkK
evwY‡Rï MwZcÖK…wZ cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï MwZcÖK…w Z Ges evwY‡Rï mv¤úªwZK
cwieZ©b I MwZaviv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
1. cÖe„w×i MwZaviv : wek¦ A_©b xwZ cÖe„w×i avivq wdi‡jI cÖe„w ×i MwZ GLbI mymsnZ nqwb| Dbœ Z †`kmg~‡ni
A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i MwZaviv kw³kvjx n‡jI weKvkgvb evRvi I Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni A_©bxwZi cÖe„w×i nvi 2011
mvj †_‡K µgvMZ n«vm cvq| AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv Znwej (IMF) Gi me©‡kl cÖK vwkZ World Economic Outlook,
April 2016 Abyhvqx 2016 mv‡j wek¦ A_©b xwZi Mo cÖe„w× 3.2 kZvsk, 2017 mv‡j 3.5 kZvs‡k ùvov‡Z cv‡i
e‡j IMF c~e© vfvm K‡i‡Q|*
g›`v-cieZx© cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ Ny‡i ùvov‡bvmn wRwWwc cÖe„w×i nvi 6 kZvs‡ki E‡aŸ©
AR©b Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q| GiB avivevwnKZvq 2015-16 A_©eQi I 2016-17 A_©eQ‡i cÖe„w× AwR©Z
n‡q‡Q 7 kZvs‡ki AwaK|*1
2. ißvwb I Avg`vwb cwiw¯’w Z : 2008-09 mg‡qi g›`v cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K wek¦ A_©bxwZ †ewi‡q Avmvi mv‡_ mv‡_
evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb LvZ MZ 2010-11 A_©eQ‡i my`„p Ae¯’ v‡b †cŠu‡Q †hLv‡b ißvwb cÖe„w × n‡q‡Q c~e©e Zx© A_©eQ‡ii
Zzjbvq 41.47 kZvsk| 2013-14 I 2014-15 A_©eQ‡i ißvwb cÖe„w× wQj MZ eQ‡ii Zzjbvq h_vµ‡g 11.70
kZvsk I 3.4 kZvsk|
2013-14 A_©eQ‡ii †gvU Avg`vwb e¨‡qi cwigvY ùvwo‡q‡Q 40,616.50 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi hv c~e©eZx©
eQ‡ii GKB mg‡qi Zzjbvq kZKiv 19.17 fvM †ewk| D‡jøL¨ 2013-14 A_©eQ‡i †gvU Avg`vwb e¨‡qi cwigvY
wQ‡jv 45,190.2 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi hv c~e©eZx© A_©e Q‡ii GKB mg‡qi Zzjbvq 11.26 kZvsk †ewk|
3. †`kwfwËK ißvwb-Avg`vwb Kvh©µg : †`kwfwËK ißvwb Kvh©µg ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, hy³ivóª
evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb c‡Yï e„nr evRvi| 2015-16 A_©eQi RyjvB-†deªæqvwi mg‡q †gvU ißvwbi kZKiv 18.54 fvM
* m~Î : evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK mgx¶v-2016, c„. xix

*1. weweGm Gi mvgwqK wnmve; ˆ`wbK cÖ_g Av‡jv, RbKÉ 06.04.2016 Bs

hy³iv‡óª ißvwb n‡q‡Q| Gici BBDfy³ †`k Rvg©vwb (kZKiv 14.53 fvM), hy³ivR¨ (kZKiv 11.14 fvM) I d« vÝ
(kZKiv 5.23 fvM)|
†`kwfwËK Avg`vwb c‡Yï ch©v‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq, 2015-16 A_©eQ‡ii RyjvB-wW‡m¤î mg‡q †`‡ki
Avg`vwbi †¶‡Î Px‡bi Ae¯’ vb kx‡l© (†gvU Avg`vwb e¨‡qi kZKiv 23.9 fvM); wØZxq I Z…Zxq Ae¯’ v‡b i‡q‡Q
h_vµ‡g fviZ (kZKiv 13.6 fvM) Ges wmsMvcyi (kZKiv 5.4 fvM)|
4. bZz b evRvi A‡š^lY : cY¨ eûgyLxKiY I bZz b evRvi A‡š^l‡Yi Rb¨ BZtc~‡e© †NvwlZ cÖ ‡Yv`bv c¨v‡K‡R DwjøwLZ
New Market Exploration Assistance Gi AvIZvq D‡`¨v³v‡ì ewa©Z mnvqZv cÖ `vb Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ bZzb
evRvi wn‡m‡e Rvcvb, `w¶Y †Kvwiqv, `w¶Y Avwd«Kv I Zzi‡¯‹ evsjv‡`‡ki cY¨ ißvwbi evRvi m„ wó n‡q‡Q|
5. ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi wiRvf© : 2012-13 A_©eQ‡ii ïiæ †_‡K ê‡`wkK gy`ªv evRv‡i cÖe vmx‡ì cvVv‡bv †iwgU¨vÝ
I ißvwb Av‡qi cwigvY e„w× Ges Avg`vwbi cwigvY n«vm cvIqvi Kvi‡Y ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi ewntcÖe v‡ni Zzjbvq
AšÍtcÖe v‡ni cwigvY e„w× cvq| d‡j ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi w¯’wZ e„w× †c‡q 19 GwcÖj 2017 Zvwi‡L ùvovq cÖ vq 32
wewjqb (32,466 wgwjqb) gvwK©b Wjvi| eZ©gv‡b G w¯’w Z AviI e„w× †c‡q 33 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi
AwZµg K‡i‡Q|
6. ê‡`wkK gy`ªv wewbgq nvi : 31 †g 2003 n‡Z evsjv‡`‡k fvmgvb ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi wewbgq eë¯’ v cÖeZ©‡bi
ci UvKvi g~j¨gv‡b †Zgb A¯^vfvweK †Kv‡bv Aw¯’ wZkxjZv †`Lv hvqwb hv †`‡ki myôz A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vcbv‡K
wb‡`©k K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k evRviwfwËK fvmgvb wewbgq nvi eë¯’v Pvjy _vKvq ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi wewbgq nvi evRv‡i
gy`ªvi Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi wfwË‡Z wba© vwiZ nq|
ißvwb Avq I †iwgU¨v‡Ý cÖe„ w× Ges Avg`vwb n«v‡mi Kvi‡Y AwZ m¤cÖw Z gvwK©b Wjv‡ii Pvwn`v K‡g‡Q| d‡j
evRv‡i UvKv Wjv‡ii wewbgq nv‡ii †¶‡Î gvwK©b Wjv‡ii wecix‡Z UvKvi g~j¨ wKQz Uv e„ w× †c‡q‡Q|
7. U¨vwid n«vmKiY : miKv‡ii Avg`vwb bxwZi mylg ev¯Íe vq‡bi my‡hvM m„wói wbwgË 2000-01 A_©eQi †_‡K
evsjv‡`k †gv÷ †dfviW †bkb (MFN) U¨vwid nvi AbymiY K‡i Avm‡Q| †`kxq wk‡íi `¶Zv e„w×i j‡¶¨ Ges
wek¦e¨vcx Avg`vwb ïé n«v‡mi cÖwµqvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L evsjv‡`‡ki Avg`vwb ïénvi n«vm Kivi †h cÖwµqv
1991-1992 A_©eQ‡i ïiæ Kiv n‡qwQ‡jv Zv 2013-14 mv‡jI Ae¨vnZ ivLv n‡q‡Q|
8. WweøDwUI I evsjv‡`k : eûcvw¶K evwYR¨ eë¯’vq evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKZi m¤ú„³Zvi j‡¶¨ evwYR¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi-
wek¦evwYR¨ ms¯’v (WTO) †mj KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ mKj cÖKvi Kvh©µ‡g evsjv‡`k cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Avm‡Q|
 gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi evRv‡i ¯^‡ívbœ Z †`‡ki ˆZwi †cvkvKmn Ab¨vb¨ c‡Yï ïégy³ cÖ‡ekvwaKv‡ii j‡¶¨
hy³ivóª KZ…©K cÖYxZ New Partnership for Trade Development Act (NPDTA) G AšÍfy©w³i gva¨‡g evwYR¨¯^v_©
msi¶‡Yi wel‡q †Rvi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡”Q|
 ¯^‡ívbœ Z †`kmg~‡ni evwYwR¨K m¶gZv e„w×i j‡¶¨ 6wU AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi (WweDwUI, AvsKUvW,
AvBwUwm, BDGbwWwc, wek¦e¨vsK, AvBGgGd) †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M MwVZ Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF)
Process G evsjv‡`k b‡f¤î, 2009 G †hvM`vb K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`k PZz_©ev‡ii g‡Zv MZ 19 †deªæqvwi 2015 n‡Z
18 †deªæqvwi 2016 ch©šÍ LDC Coordinatorship Gi `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi welqwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
9. ißvwb êwPÎ¨KiY : mv¤úªwZKKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb evwYR¨ KvVv‡gv‡Z h‡_ó êwPÎ¨ G‡m‡Q| AZx‡Z
Avgv‡ì ißvwb evwYR¨ ïay cvU, Pv, Pvgov cÖf…w Z KwZcq K…wlcY¨ wb‡q MwVZ wQj| wKšÍz eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki
ißvwb evwY‡R¨ Gme `ª‡eï cvkvcvwk gvQ, ˆZwi I †nvwmqvwi †cvkvK, wngvwqZ wPswo, UvUKv dj, ZvRv dzj,
cvnvwo ZuvZ e¯¿, Agm„Y nxiv, †flR Ilya, Ilywa Dw™¢ `, kvK-mewR Ges n¯ÍwkíRvZ `ªe¨ cÖf…wZ AcÖPwjZ cY¨
ms‡hvwRZ n‡”Q Ges AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i Gme c‡Yï Pvwn`vI µgk e„w× cv‡”Q|

A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
10. AcvURvZ `ª‡eï ißvwb e„w× : Avgv‡ì ißvwb evwY‡R¨ AcvURvZ `ª‡eï ißvwbi cwigvY c~e©v‡c¶v e„w×
†c‡q‡Q| 1972-73 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb Av‡q AcvURvZ `ª‡eï Ae`vb wQj 10 kZvs‡kiI Kg| wKšÍz
eZ©gv‡b Zv e„ w× †c‡q cÖvq 96 fv‡M DbœxZ nq|
11. wkíRvZ `ª‡eï ißvwb : ¯^vaxbZvi ci evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU ißvwb `ª‡eï kZKiv 80 fvMB wQj KuvPvgvj I
K…wlRvZ `ªe¨| eZ©gv‡b ißvwb Av‡qi cÖvq 90 kZvsk wkíRvZ `ªe¨ †_‡K AwR©Z nq|
12. AcÖPwjZ c‡Yï ißvwb e„w× : evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU ißvwb Av‡q AcÖPwjZ c‡Yï ißvwbi cwigvY c~e©v‡c¶v
e„w× †c‡q‡Q| cÖPwjZ cY¨vw` QvovI eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki ˆZix †cvkvK, n¯Íwkí, cvb-mycvwi, kvKmewR, djg~j
cÖf…w Z AcÖPwjZ c‡Yï ißvwb µgvMZ e„w× cv‡”Q|
13. mvK©fz³ †`‡ki mv‡_ evwYR¨ : mvK© msMVb cÖwZôvi ci mvdUv I mvwUk-Gi gva¨‡g mvK©fz³ †`‡ki mv‡_
evwYR¨ m¤úK© eû¸Y cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ fviZ, cvwK¯Ívb, †bcvj, kªxj¼v, fzUvb I
gvjØx‡ci Nwbô evwYwR¨K m¤úK© M‡o I‡V‡Q| G QvovI Gwkqv c¨vwmwdK †UªW GwMÖ‡g›U (AvcUv); wUwcGm-
IAvBwm; †W‡fjwcs-8, weg&m‡UK (BIMSTEC) mn A‡bK AvÂwjK evwYwR¨K †Rv‡U AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wewfbœ
†`‡ki mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki evwYwR¨K m¤úK© my`„p n‡q‡Q|
14. †emiKvwi Lv‡Z evwYR¨ : ¯^vaxbZvi ci evsjv‡`‡ki ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï AwaKvsk miKvwi wbqš¿‡Y _vK‡jI
eZ©gv‡b ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ †`‡ki †emiKvwi LvZ‡K µgea©gvb nv‡i my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`vb Kiv n‡”Q|
15. g~jabx `ª‡eï Avg`vwb : evsjv‡`‡ki wk‡í ¯^w bf©iZv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ g~jabx `ª‡eï Avg`vwb‡K AMÖvwaKvi
†Ìqv n‡”Q| G‡¶‡Î †jŠn, B¯úvZ, KjKâv, hš¿cvwZ, IlyacÎ, †fvR¨‡Zj I ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ cÖ f„wZ AwaK
cwigv‡Y Avg`vwb K‡i _v‡K|
16. wejvmRvZxq `ª‡eï Avg`vwb n«vm : mv¤úªwZKKv‡j wejvmRvZxq `ª‡eï Avg`vwb wbiærmvwnZ Kivi j‡¶¨ Gme
`ª‡eï Dci D”Pnv‡i Avg`vwb ïé Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z miKv‡ii ivR¯^ I g~jabx `ª‡eï Avg`vwb e„w× cv‡e|
17. wbR¯^ cwienb eë¯’v : ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ wbR¯^ cwienb eë¯’vi Dci †Rvi †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| Avg`vwb
bxwZ 1997-2002-G KZ¸‡jv kZ© mv‡c‡¶ evsjv‡`wk cZvKvevnx Rvnv‡R cY¨ cwien‡bi eë¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q|
18. Rbkw³ ißvwb : G‡`‡ki ißvwb evwY‡R¨ Rbkw³ ißvwb GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ms‡hvRb| êwk¦K g›`vi Kvi‡Y 2011
A_©eQ‡i kªgkw³ ißvwb wKQzUv n«vm †c‡jI miKv‡ii K~U‰bwZK cÖwµqv †Rvi`viKiYmn wewfbœ D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi d‡j
kªgkw³ ißvwb µgvš^‡q e„w× cv‡”Q| AvšÍR©vwZK kªgevRv‡ii Pvwn`vi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© `¶ Rbkw³ M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨
National Skill Development Council-†K AviI Kvh©Ki, kªwgK ißvwb‡Z Avw_©K mnvqZv Ges cÖevmx evsjv‡`wk‡ì
†`‡k wewb‡qvM myweav m¤cÖmvi‡Yi j‡¶¨ ÔcÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vsKÕ ¯’vcb, kªgkw³ ißvwb e„w×‡Z mnvqK f~wgKv ivL‡Q|
mv¤úªwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki Rbkw³ ißvwb e„w× cvIqvq ißvwb Av‡qi cwigvY µgvMZ e„w× cv‡”Q|
mviwY : we‡`‡k Kg©iZ evsjv‡`wk‡ì †cÖwiZ A_©
A_© eQi 2002-03 2003-04 2011-12 2012-13 2014-15
wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi 3062 3372 12843.43 14461.2 15316.91
Drm : evsjv‡`k e¨vsK; ev. A_©. mgx¶v-2016|
19. evwYR¨ we‡K›`ªxKiY : ¯^vaxbZvi c~e©vci mgvRZvwš¿K †`k¸‡jvi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki evwYwR¨K m¤úK©
_vK‡jI eZ©gv‡b cvðv‡Zï abZvwš¿K †`kmg~n QvovI Avwd«K v I ga¨cÖv‡Pï wewfbœ †`‡ki m‡½ ivR‰bwZK I
evwYwR¨K m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq|
20. ißvwb bxwZ‡Z cwieZ© b : ißvwb evwYR¨ Ôgvwë-dvBevi G¨v‡iÄ‡g›UÕ (MFA) †KvUv eë¯’ v 1 Rvby qvwi
2005 ZvwiL †_‡K wejyß nIqvq eZ©gv‡b AwaKZi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi m¤§yLxb n‡”Q| G Ae¯’vq miKvi Zzjbvg~jK

myweav‡K (Comparative Advantage) cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK myweavq (Competitive Advantage) i~cvšÍ‡ii j‡¶¨ ißvwb
bxwZ (2006-2009) ev¯Íevqb K‡ib|
21. †jb‡`b fvimvg¨*1 cwiw¯’wZ : 2014-15 A_©eQ‡i RyjvB-gvP© mg‡q †`‡ki evwYR¨ NvUwZi cwigvY wQj
7148 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi| c~e©e Zx© A_©eQ‡ii GKB mg‡q NvUwZi cwigvY wQj 4,559 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi|
mvwe©K †jb‡`b fvimvg¨ :
(wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi)
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15*
-656 494 5128 5483 1445
* mvgwqK : wW‡m¤î-2014 ch©šÍ
22. I‡qR Avb©vim w¯‹g : 1974/75 mvj †_‡K evsjv‡`‡k G w¯‹g Pvjy Kiv nq| we‡`‡k Kg©iZ evsjv‡`‡ki
bvMwiK‡ì DcvwR©Z A_© mwVKfv‡e eënv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ I‡qR Avb©vim w¯‹g cÖewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| cÖe vmx evsjv‡`wk‡ì
AwR©Z ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi mvnv‡h¨ Zv‡ì evsjv‡`wk cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g Ges miKv‡ii Avg`vwb bxwZi gva¨‡g KwZcq
wba©vwiZ cY¨ Avg`vwb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
23. GK‡PwUqv cÖfve n«vm : eZ©gv‡b Avg`vwb evwY‡R¨ GK‡PwUqv cÖ fve wejy ß K‡i †QvUeo mKj
Avg`vwbKviK‡ì‡K mgvb my‡hvM-myweav cÖ `vb Kiv n‡”Q|
24. kw³kvjx gy`ªv GjvKvi mv‡_ evwYR¨ : c~‡e© cvDÛ-÷vwj©s-w`bvi GjvKvi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki evwYwR¨K m¤úK©
AwaK wQj| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b Gi cvkvcvwk Wjvi-BD‡iv GjvKvi mv‡_ evwY‡Rï cwigvY eû¸Y cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb evwY‡Rï êwkó¨ I eZ©gvb Ae¯’v
evsjv‡`‡ki AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ cwieZ©‡bi aviv n‡Z ißvwb I Avg`vwb evwY‡Rï êwkó¨ Ges eZ©gvb Ae¯’v
m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq| †hgbÑ
K. mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb evwY‡Rï KvVv‡gv‡Z h‡_ó êwPÎ G‡m‡Q| bZzb bZzb A‡bK cY¨ G ZvwjKvq
AšÍf³y© n‡”Q|
L. evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb evwY‡R¨ eZ©gv‡b A-cvURvZ `ª‡eï ißvwbi cÖvavb¨ e„w× cv‡”Q|
M. K…wlRvZ `ª‡eï cwie‡Z© wkíRvZ `ª‡eï ißvwb c~ev© ‡c¶v eûMY e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
N. µgvMZfv‡e AcÖPwjZ c‡Yï ißvwb e„w× cv‡”Q|
O. c~‡e©i A`¶, ¯^í`¶ Rbkw³ ißvwbi cvkvcvwk eZ©gv‡b `¶ Rbkw³ ißvwbi cwigvY e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
P. ißvwb bxwZ‡K AvaywbKvqb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GKmgq evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb evwYR¨ wQj cvU I cvURvZ cY¨ wbf©i| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb evwY‡Rï
e„nËg Ask `Lj K‡i‡Q ˆZwi †cvkvK I bxUIqvi cY¨| Gici i‡q‡Q Pvgov I PvgovRvZ `ªe¨, †nvg †U·UvBj,
cvURvZcY¨, wngvwqZ Lv`¨, K…wlRvZ cY¨, cÖ‡KŠkj mvgMÖx Ges Ab¨vb¨| †`k wfwËK ißvwb Kvh©µg ch©v‡jvPbv
Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, hy³iv‡óª evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb c‡Yï e„nr evRvi (†gvU ißvwbi 18.5%)| hy³iv‡óª ißvwbK… Z cÖavb
cÖavb cY¨mg~n n‡jv : ˆZwi †cvkvK, wbU Iq¨vi, wngvwqZ wPswo, K¨vc, †nvg †U·UvBj BZ¨vw`| evsjv‡`kx cY¨
ißvwbi †¶‡Î hy³iv‡óªi ci Rvg© vwb (14.5%), hy³ivR¨ (11.1%) I d«vÝ (5.2%)|*
1
* . GKwU wbw`©ó Avw_©K eQ‡i we‡eP¨ †`‡ki mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK †jb‡`‡bi (`„k¨gvb + A`„k¨gvb) avivevwnK wnmve‡K
†mB †`‡ki †jb‡`‡bi wnmve ev †jb‡`‡bi DØ„Ë e‡j| wKš‘ ïay gvÎ `„k¨gvb cY¨`ª‡eï Avg`vwb I ißvwbi wnmve †`Lv‡bv n‡j
Zv‡K evwY‡Rï fvimvg¨ e‡j| †hgbÑ
(K) ißvwb evwYR¨ = Avg`vwb evwYR¨ = `„k¨gvb evwY‡Rï fvimvg¨
(L) †mevg~jK ißvwb = †mevg~jK Avg`vwb = A`„k¨gvb evwY‡Rï fvimvg¨
(M) `„k¨gvb evwY‡Rï fvimvg¨ + A`„k¨gvb evwY‡Rï fvimvg¨ = PjwZ wn‡m‡ei Lv‡Z fvimvg¨ ev, †jb‡`‡bi fvimvg¨|
* ev. A_©. mgx¶v 2017, c„. 72|
A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
evsjv‡`‡ki Avg`vwb evwY‡Rï êwkó¨ I eZ©gvb Ae¯’v
K. wkíRvZ `ªe¨ Avg`vwb : evsjv‡`k mvaviYZ wkíRvZ `ªe¨vw` Avg`vwb K‡i| †hgb— †jŠn, B¯úvZ, †c‡Uªvj,
Kqjv, wm‡g›U, IlyacÎ, ivmvqwbK `ªe¨, KviLvbvi hš¿cvwZ cÖ f…wZ| 2008-09 I 2014-15) A_©eQ‡i cÖavb
cÖv_wgK cY¨, wkíRvZ cY¨ Ges g~jabx hš¿cvwZ eve` †gvU Avg`vwb e¨q h_vµ‡g 22,507 Ges 40,704 wgwjqb
gvwK©b Wjvi|
L. Avg`vwb e¨q-Gi Zzjbvq ißvwb Avq ¯^ í : evsjv‡`‡ki A_©b xwZ AwZgvÎvq Avg`vwbwbf©i| Rbmvavi‡Yi
RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ †fvM¨cY¨ Ges `ª~Z wk‡ívbœ q‡bi j‡¶¨ wkíRvZ cY¨ I g~jabx hš¿cvwZ eve`
Avg`vwb e¨q w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q| wKšÍz †m Zzjbvq cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i ˆZwi †cvkvK, cvU I
cvURvZ cY¨, Pv, Pvgov, wngvwqZ Lv`¨ cÖ f…wZ ißvwb K‡i `ª~Z Avq e„ w× Kiv hv‡”Q bv| KviY AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i
Gme AwaKvsk cY¨-`ª‡eï Pvwn`v w¯’w Z¯’ vcK wKšÍz †hvMv‡bi †¶‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki cÖw Z‡hvMx A‡bK kw³kvjx †`k
i‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ fviZ, Pxb, kª xjsKv, wf‡qZbvg, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, gvj‡qwkqv, cvwK¯Ívb cÖ f…wZ †`k ißvwbi †¶‡Î
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖw Z‡hvMx|
M. Lv`¨ Avg`vwb : evsjv‡`k K…wlcÖa vb †`k nIqv m‡Ë¡I K…wli wbgœ Drcv`bkxjZvi Rb¨ GLv‡b Lv`¨k‡mï
cwigvY cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Kg nq| cÖwZ eQi evsjv‡`k‡K we‡`k n‡Z 30 j¶ †_‡K 40 j¶ †gwUªK Ub Lv`¨km¨
Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq|
N. wejvm`ª‡eï Avg`vwb n«vm : evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b wejvm`ª‡ eï Avg`vwb A‡bK n«vm †c‡q‡Q| G‡¶‡Î
Avg`vwb ZvwjKvq AZ¨vek¨Kxq `ªe¨mvgMÖx, wk‡í eënvh© Ku vPvgvj, KjKviLvbvi hš¿cvwZ I LyPiv hš¿ vsk cÖf…w Zi
Dci AMÖvwaKvi cÖ `vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wejvm`ª‡eï Avg`vwb n« vm K‡i g~jabx `ªe¨ Avg`vwb Kiv evsjv‡`‡ki evwYR¨
bxwZi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨|
O. cÖwZK‚j evwYR¨ kZ© : AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î evsjv‡`k ¯^í g~‡jï K…wlRvZ cY¨`ªe¨ ißvwb K‡i wKšÍz
D”P g~‡jï g~jabRvZ `ªe¨mvgMÖx Avg`vwb K‡i| GRb¨ evwYR¨ kZ© memgqB evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ wZK‚‡j _v‡K|
P. I‡qR Avb©vim w¯‹g : G‡`‡ki ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ nj I‡qR Avb© vim w¯‹‡gi cÖe Z©b| G
w¯‹‡gi Aax‡b cÖevmx evsjv‡`wk‡ì AwR© Z ê‡`wkK gy`ªv Øviv we‡`k †_‡K wewfbœ cY¨mvgMÖx Avg`vwb Kiv nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î ißvwb A‡c¶v Avg`vwb e¨q AwaK| A_©vr evwYR¨ NvUwZ we`¨gvb|
†`kwfwËK Avg`vwb c‡Yï ch© v‡jvPbvq Px‡bi Ae¯’vb kx‡l© (29.2%) i‡q‡Q| wØZxq I Z…Zxq Ae¯’ v‡b i‡q‡Q
h_vµ‡g fviZ (12.8%) I Rvcvb (4.6%)| weMZ K‡qKeQ‡ii Z_¨vbymv‡i Avg`vwbK…Z cÖavb cÖ v_wgK `ªe¨mg~n
nj Mg, Pvj, Acwi‡kvwaZ †c‡Uª vwjqvg, ˆZjexR| g~jabx hš¿mvgMÖxmn cÖa vb wkíRvZ Avg`vwb cY¨mg~n nj myZv,
†c‡Uª vwjqvgRvZ cY¨mvgMÖx †fvR¨ ˆZj, mvi, †÷cj dvBevi Ges wK¬sKvi|
Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq, mv¤úªw ZKKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï MwZcÖK…w Z‡Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwieZ©b mvwaZ
n‡q‡Q| ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ miKvwi Lv‡Zi cÖ vavb¨ µgk n«vm †c‡q †emiKvwi LvZ †mB ¯’vb `Lj K‡i‡Q|
wkÿv_©xi KvR
(K) evsjv‡`‡ki AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ Kx ai‡bi cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡”Q? eY©bv Kiæb|
(L) evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb evwY‡Rï êwkó¨ I eZ©gvb Ae¯’ vi ¯îƒc we‡kølY Kiæb|
(M) evsjv‡`‡ki Avg`vwb evwY‡Rï êwkó¨ I eZ©gvb Ae¯’ v e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
 mv¤cÖw ZKKv‡j ißvwb êwPÎ¨Ki‡Yi gva¨‡g wkíRvZ I AcÖPwjZ c‡Yï ißvwb e„w× Ges g~jabx `ª‡eï
Avg`vwb e„w× †c‡q‡Q| wejvm`ª‡eï Avg`vwb A‡bK n« vm †c‡q‡Q|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| evsjv‡`wk c‡Yï m‡e©v”P Avg`vwb I ißvwbKviK †`k¸‡jv h_vµ‡g
K) Av‡gwiKv I fviZ L) Av‡gwiKv I Pxb M) fviZ I Av‡gwiKv N) Pxb I Av‡gwiKv
2| ißvwb e„w×i Rb¨ miKv‡ii c`‡¶c Kx n‡Z cv‡i?
K) ïé e„w× L) fZz© wK n«vm M) fZz©wK e„w× N) R¡vjvwbi `vg e„w×
3| ißvwbgyLx wk‡íi gva¨‡g
K) RvZxq HwZn¨ i¶v cvq L) gaëZx© `vjvj‡ì cÖ fve n« vm cvq
M) cwjø A_©bxwZi weKvk N‡U N) †`‡ki gh©v`v e„w× cvq
4| ißvwb e„w×‡Z †h eë¯’ v †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i
i. ißvwb Av‡qi Dci Ki †iqvZ
ii. ißvwb FY e„w×
iii. Lv`¨`ªe¨ Avg`vwb
5| evsjv‡`‡k Avg`vwb e¨q ißvwb Avq A‡c¶v †ewk nIqvi KviY
i. evsjv‡`k K…w l cÖa vb †`k
ii. kªgwbf©i wkí Drcv`‡b RwoZ
iii. ißvwb cY¨ †ewk
 wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co–b Ges 6 I 7 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
Rbve mvjvg mv‡ne XvKvi weL¨vZ Ôjvj-meyRÕ Mv‡g©›Um cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjK| wKQzw`b hver †`‡k D”P gy`ªvùxwZi
Kvi‡Y Zvi cÖw Zôv‡bi Drcvw`Z c‡Yï Drcv`b e¨q I `vg DfqB e„w × cv‡”Q| Gi d‡j wZwb Zvi Drcvw`Z
c‡Yï evRvi nviv‡bvi Avk¼vq i‡q‡Qb|
6| DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ DfqB e„w× cvIqvi d‡j
K) ißvwb e„w × cv‡e L) ißvwb n« vm cv‡e
M) Avg`vwb n« vm cv‡e N) c‡Yï Pvwn`v e„w× cv‡e
7| DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq n‡jv
i. ˆZwi †cvkv‡Ki ch© vß DcKiY mieivn
ii. Drcv`b e¨q n« vm Kiv
iii. Drcv`b e„w× Kiv

A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
cvV 8.4 evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb I Avg`vwb `ªe¨

Export Items and Import Items of Bangladesh
D‡Ïk¨
 evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb I Avg`vwb `ªe¨¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~jcvV-
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ißvwb `ªe¨*

evsjv‡`k K…wlcÖ avb †`k nIqvq G‡`k cÖavbZ wk‡íi Ku vPvgvj I K…wl`ªe¨ ißvwb K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e mv¤úª wZKKv‡j
evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb evwY‡Rï MwZcÖK…w Z‡Z †ek cwieZ© b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ißvwb `ªe¨‡K
`yfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v :
(K) cÖPwjZ ißvwb `ªe¨mg~n (Traditional Export Goods) I
(L) AcÖPwjZ ißvwb `ªe¨mg~n (Non-Traditional Export Goods)|
eZ©gvb wek¦evRv‡i wewfbœgyLx Pvwn`vi †cÖw¶‡Z Drcv`b ev mieivn Lv‡ZI Gi cwigvYMZ Ges gvÎvMZ
cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| G †cÖw¶‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb `ªe¨mg~n‡K `yfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v—(i) cÖ v_wgK cY¨ Ges (ii)
wkíRvZ cY¨| cÖv_wgK c‡Yï g‡a¨—wngvwqZ Lv`¨, Pv, K…wlRvZ cY¨, KuvPv cvU Ges Ab¨vb¨| wkíRvZ c‡Yï
g‡a¨—I‡fb †cvkvK, wbUIq¨vi, Pvgov, cvURvZ cY¨, mvi I ivmvqwbK `ªe¨, RyZv, wmivwgK mvgMÖx, cÖ‡KŠkj
`ªe¨vw`, †c‡Uª vwjqvg DcRvZ, n¯Í wkíRvZ `ªe¨ Ges Ab¨vb¨|
wb‡P cÖPwjZ Ges AcÖPwjZ ißvwb `ª‡eï weeiY †Ìqv n‡jv :
(K) cÖPwjZ ißvwb `ªe¨mg~n
evsjv‡`k †h mKj `ªe¨ mPivPi wek¦evRv‡i ißvwb K‡i Avm‡Q, †m¸‡jv‡K cÖPwjZ ißvwb `ªe¨ e‡j| cÖPwjZ
ißvwb `ªe¨mg~n wbgœi~c :
(i) KuvPvcvU : evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb `ª‡eï g‡a¨ KuvPv cvU Ab¨Zg| cÖw Z eQi G‡`‡k cÖ vq 25 j¶ GKi Rwg‡Z
cvU Pvl nq, cÖvq 75 j¶ †ej cvU Drcbœ nq| †`kxq Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi ci cÖwZ eQi cÖvq 15-18 j¶ †ej cvU
we‡`‡k ißvwb Kiv nq| 2012-13 Ges 2014-15 A_©eQ‡i G Lv‡Z ißvwb †_‡K Avq nq h_vµ‡g 230 Ges 112
wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi|
(ii) Pv : eZ©gv‡b 167wU Pv evMv‡b cÖvq 53 nvRvi †n±i Rwg‡Z Pv Pvl nq Ges cÖwZ eQi cÖvq 50.00 wgwjqb
†KwR Pv Drcvw`Z nq| Gi d‡j †`‡ki Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi ciI eQ‡i cÖ vq 30 wgwjqb †KwR Pv we‡`‡k ißvwb K‡i
cÖPyi ê‡`wkK gy`ªv Avq K‡i| hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, ivwkqv, cvwK¯Ívb, KvbvWv, Rvcvb, A‡÷ªwjqv, wgmi, Rvg©vwb,
eyj‡Mwiqv, †cvj¨vÛ cÖ f…wZ †`k evsjv‡`‡ki Pv-Gi cÖavb †µZv| 2012-13 Ges 2014-15 A_©eQ‡i G Lv‡Z
ißvwb Avq nq h_vµ‡g 2 Ges 3 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi|
* m~Î : evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK mgx¶v-2016

(iii) Pvgov : evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© ißvwb‡hvM¨ cY¨ n‡jv Pvgov I PvgovRvZ `ªe¨| evsjv‡`‡ki
Miæ, gwnl, QvMj, †fov cÖ f…w Z cïi Pvgov gv‡b I ¸‡Y Dbœ Z| ZvB we‡`‡k Gi e¨vcK Pvwn`v i‡q‡Q| fviZ,
ivwkqv, weª‡ Ub, Rvcvb, Rvg© vwb, BZvwj, †cvj¨vÛ cÖf…w Z †`‡k Ku vPv I cvKv Pvgov ißvwb K‡i evsjv‡`k
ê‡`wkK gy `ªv Avq K‡i| 2012-13 Ges 2014-15 A_© eQ‡i G Lv‡Z Avq nq h_vµ‡g 400 I 1131 wgwjqb
gvwK© b Wjvi|
(iv) KvMR, wbDRwcÖ›U I KvMRRvZ `ªe¨ : evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ißvwb cY¨ n‡jv KvMR, wbDRwcÖ›U
I KvMRRvZ `ªe¨| G‡`‡ki KvMR wgj¸‡jv‡Z cÖPyi KvMR I wbDRwcÖ›U cÖ¯zÍ Z nq Ges bvbv ai‡bi KvMRRvZ
`ªe¨ ˆZwi nq| G LvZ n‡Z evsjv‡`k cÖwZ eQi cÖ vq 3-4 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi Avq Ki‡Q| fviZ, cvwK¯Ívb,
nv‡½wi, †cvj¨vÛ, Bivb, gvqvbgvi cÖf…wZ †`‡k KvMR, wbDRwcÖ›U I nvW©‡evW© ißvwb Kiv nq|
(v) b¨vc_v, dv‡b©m A‡qj I weUzwgb : evsjv‡`k †c‡Uªvwjqvg I wm½vcy‡i Aew¯’ Z †mj B÷vb© †c‡Uªvwjqvg wjt
†Kv¤úvwbi mv‡_ Pyw³e× n‡q †hŠ_ cÖ‡Póvq evsjv‡`k PÆMÖ vg¯’ B÷vb© widvBbvwi wjwg‡UW-G Acwi‡kvwaZ LwbR
†Zj I †c‡Uª vwjqvg †kvab K‡i| GLv‡b DcRvZ wn‡m‡e b¨vc_v I dv‡b©m †Zj Drcvw`Z nq hv †`‡ki Pvwn`v
c~i‡Yi ci ißvwb Kiv nq| GQvov †`‡k ˆZwi weUzwgbI ißvwb Kiv nq| 2012-13 Ges 2014-15 A_©eQ‡i G
Lv‡Z AwR©Z Av‡qi cwigvY h_vµ‡g 314 I 78 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi|
(L) AcÖPwjZ ißvwb `ªe¨mg~n
wKQyw`b c~‡e©I †hme `ªe¨ evsjv‡`k †_‡K we‡`‡k ißvwb Kiv n‡Zv bv, wKšÍz mv¤úªw ZKKv‡j ißvwb Kiv nq,
Zv‡K AcÖPwjZ `ªe¨ ejv nq| Gme `ª‡eï g‡a¨ ˆZix †cvkvK, †nvwmqvwi `ªe¨, wngvwqZ Lv`¨, n¯ÍwkíRvZ `ªe¨,
K…wlRvZ `ªe¨ †hgb— kvKmewR I djg~j, ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ cÖf…w Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨| mv¤úªwZK wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU
ißvwb‡Z AcÖPwjZ `ª‡eï Ae`vb kZKiv cÖvq 80 fv‡MiI †ewk| wb‡P evsjv‡`‡ki K‡qKwU AcÖP wjZ ißvwb
`ª‡eï msw¶ß weeiY †Ìqv n‡jv :
1. ˆZix I †nvwmqvwi †cvkvK : evsjv‡`‡ki AcÖP wjZ ißvwb `ª‡eï g‡a¨ ˆZix †cvkvK ê‡`wkK gy`ª v
AR©‡ bi †¶‡Î AvkvZxZ mvdj¨ AR© b K‡i‡Q| eZ© gv‡b G LvZ‡K AcÖP wjZ ej‡j fzj n‡e| KviY I‡fb
†cvkvK Ges wbUIq¨vi wg‡j GwU †gvU ißvwb Av‡qi g‡a¨ GKK e„nËg LvZ| BD‡ivc, Av‡gwiKv, A‡÷ªw jqv,
Avwd«K v I ga¨cÖv‡Pï †`kmg~‡n, evsjv‡`‡ki ˆZix c¨v›U, kvU©, R¨v‡KU cÖ f…w Zi h‡_ó Pvwn`v i‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki ˆZix †cvkvK Ges wbUIq¨vi-Gi gvb DbœZ nIqvq Gi Pvwn`v Ges ißvwb Avq µgvMZ e„ w×
cv‡”Q| 2012-13 I 2014-15 A_© eQ‡i G LvZ †_‡K ißvwb Avq AwR© Z nq h_vµ‡g 21,516 I 25,492
wgwjqb gvwK© b Wjvi|
2. wngvwqZ Lv`¨ : evsjv‡`‡ki Aci GKwU cÖ a vb ißvwbRvZ `ª e¨ n‡jv wngvwqZ Lv`¨mvgMÖx| evsjv‡`k
cÖ w Z eQi cÖP yi cwigvY grm¨ I wngvwqZ wPswo, e¨v‡Oi cv, ïu UwK cÖ f…w Z ißvwb K‡i cÖvq 1000 †KvwU UvKvi
AwaK ê‡`wkK gy `ªv AR© b K‡i| Gme `ª e¨ mvaviYZ hy³ ivóª, hy³ivR¨, Pxb, BZvwj, fviZ, nj¨vÛ I wm½vcy‡i
ißvwb Kiv nq| 2012-13 I 2014-15 A_©e Q‡i G Lv‡Z AwR© Z Avq h_vµ‡g 544 I 568 wgwjqb gvwK©b
Wjvi|
3. kvKmewR I djg~j : mv¤úªwZKKv‡j evsjv‡`k wewfbœ K…wlRvZ cY¨ †hgb—kvKmewR, djg~j, cvb,
mycvwi, †MvjAvjy, gmjv cÖf…w Z ißvwb K‡i cÖPyi ê‡`wkK gy`ªv Avq K‡i _v‡K| ga¨cÖv‡Pï †`kmg~n, BD‡iv‡ci
wewfbœ †`kmg~n I fvi‡Z Gme `ªe¨ ißvwb K‡i|
4. n¯ÍwkíRvZ `ªe¨ : we‡k¦i evRv‡i evsjv‡`‡ki n¯Íwk‡íi h‡_ó myL¨vwZ Av‡Q| ZvB G Lv‡Z Avgv‡ì ißvwb
Avq µgk e„w× cv‡”Q| nv‡Z ˆZix Kv‡c©U, Aj¼vi I Ab¨vb¨ n¯Í wkí `ªe¨ ißvwb K‡i 2012-13 I 2014-15
A_©eQ‡i evsjv‡`k h_vµ‡g 6 Ges 9 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi K‡i DcvR©b K‡i|

A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
5. mvi I ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ : evsjv‡`k †_‡K cÖw Z eQi wKQy cwigvY A‡kvwaZ I cwi‡kvwaZ mvi Ges ivmvqwbK
`ªe¨ ißvwb Kiv nq| fviZmn cÖw Z‡ekx K‡qKwU †`‡k mvaviYZ Gme `ªe¨ ißvwb Kiv nq| G LvZ n‡Z evsjv‡`k
2012-13 I 2014-15 A_©eQ‡i h_vµ‡g 93 Ges 112 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi K‡i DcvR©b K‡i|
6. †UwiUvI‡qj I †¯úkvjvBRW& †U·UvBj : evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb evwY‡R¨ †UwiUvI‡qj I †¯úkvjvBR&W
†U·UvBj bZzb ms‡hvRb| G Lv‡Z ißvwbi cwigvY µgvb¦‡q e„w× cv‡”Q| 2014-15 A_©eQ‡i GLv‡Z 107 wgwjqb
gvwK©b Wjvi Avq K‡i|
7. RyZv : evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb evwY‡R¨ mv¤úªw ZK ms‡hvRb n‡jv Ry Zv ißvwb| fwel¨‡Z G Lv‡Zi m¤¢vebv AviI
D¾¡j| 2012-13 I 2014-15 A_©eQ‡i G LvZ †_‡K AwR© Z Avq h_vµ‡g 419 I 190 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi|
8. wmivwgK mvgMÖ x : cÖw Z eQi wmivwgK mvgMÖ x ißvwb K‡i evsjv‡`k cÖP yi ê‡`wkK gy `ªv Avq K‡i|
2009-10 I 2014-15 A_© e Q‡i GLvZ n‡Z Avq nq h_vµ‡g 30.78 I 43 wgwjqb gvwK© b Wjvi|
9. Ab¨vb¨ `ªe¨ : DcwiD³ `ªe¨mg~n QvovI AviI wKQy AcÖPwjZ cY¨mvgMÖx evsjv‡`k †_‡K ißvwb n‡q _v‡K|
G ai‡bi `ª‡eï g‡a¨ †c‡Uªvwjqvg DcRvZ, w`qvkjvB, ¸o, cv‡U©·, †iqb, BwÄwbqvwis `ªe¨vw`, eB cy¯K Í ,
mvgwqKx, wdPvi wdj¥, †ikg BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨| 20012-13 Ges 2014-15 A_©eQ‡i G Lv‡Z AwR©Z Av‡qi
cwigvY h_vµ‡g 1800 I 544 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi|
wek¦g›`v cwiw¯’ wZ n‡Z DËi‡Yi †cÖ¶ vc‡U evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb LvZ Zvi Ae¯’ vb my`„p K‡i‡Q| 2012-13
A_©eQ‡i ißvwbi cwigvY ùvwo‡q‡Q 27,027 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi hv c~e©eZx© A_©eQ‡ii GKB mg‡qi Zzjbvq 11.2
kZvsk †ewk|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki G mKj `ªe¨ AwaK cwigv‡Y ißvwb K‡i ê‡`wkK gy`ªv
AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j Drcv`b eûgyL xKiY Ges Drcv`b LiP Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kgv‡Z n‡e| †gvU Drcv`b e„w× I `ª‡eï
¸YMZgvb DbœZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
mv¤úªwZK Z_¨-ißvwb Avq :
wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z cY¨ ißvwb Avq †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
`ªe¨mg~n †gvU ißvwb (wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi)
2011-12 2012-13 2014-15
K. cÖv_wgK cY¨mg~n
1. KuvPv cvU 266 230 112
2. Pv 3 2 3
3. wngvwqZ Lv`¨ 598 544 568
4. K…wlR cY¨ 304 351 339
5. Ab¨vb¨ cÖv_wgK `ª e¨mg~n 96 183 244
L. wkíRvZ cY¨
6. cvURvZ cY¨ 701 801 757
7. Pvgov I PvgovRvZ `ªe¨ 330 400 1131
8. b¨vc_v, dv‡b©m A‡qj I weUzwgb 275 314 78
9. ˆZix †cvkvK 9603 11040 13065
10. wbUIq¨vi 9486 10476 12427
11. ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ 103 93 112

12. RyZv 336 419 190

13. n¯ÍwkíRvZ `ªe¨ 5 6 9
14. BwÄwbqvwis `ªe¨ 376 368 447
15. Ab¨vb¨ wkí cY¨ 1820 1800 544
me©‡gvU ißvwb 24302 27027 31209
Drm : ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡iv; ev. A_©. mgx¶v-2016|
evsjv‡`‡ki Avg`vwb `ªe¨

`wi`ª I Rbeûj evsjv‡`‡ki wecyj cwigvY Avg`vwbK…Z cY¨mvgMÖx‡K cÖa vbZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb—
(K) ˆ`bw›`b eënvh© `ªe¨ ev †fvM¨cY¨ (Consumer’s Goods), (L) wk‡íi cÖ‡qvRbxq KuvPvgvj (Industrial Raw
Materials) Ges (M) g~jabx `ªe¨ (Capital Goods)| GQvovI Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨ Avg`vwb Kiv nq| wb‡P
G‡ì weeiY †Ìqv n‡jv :
(K) †fvM¨cY¨ : evsjv‡`k K…wlcÖ avb †`k nIqv m‡Ë¡I Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq| ZvB evsjv‡`k‡K wecyj
cwigvY †fvM¨cY¨ Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq| G Lv‡Z Avg`vwb e¨‡qi cwigvY µgvb¦‡q e„w × cv‡”Q|
cÖavb cÖa vb †fvM¨cY¨mg~‡ni weeiY wb‡P †Ìqv n‡jv :
(i) Lv`¨km¨ : evsjv‡`‡k cÖ wZ eQi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwigvY Pvj, Mg cÖf…w Z Lv`¨km¨ Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq| †hgb—
mvj Avg`vwbi cwigvY (wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi wnmv‡e)
2001-02 186 (Pvj I Mg)
2005-06 418 (Pvj I Mg)
2007-08 1411 (Pvj I Mg)
2012-13 726 (Pvj I Mg)
2013-14 1,465 (Pvj I Mg)
2014-15 1,491 (Pvj I Mg)
(ii) ˆZjexR : evsjv‡`‡ki Pvwn`vbyh vqx ˆZjexR Drcv`b nq bv| ZvB cÖwZ eQi we‡`k †_‡K ˆZjexR
Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq| 2012-14 Ges 2014-15 A_©eQ‡i ˆZjexR Avg`vwbi Rb¨ h_vµ‡g 242 I 434 wgwjqb
gvwK©b Wjvi e¨q nq|
(iiii) Acwi‡kvwaZ †c‡Uªvwjqvg : evsjv‡`‡ki Avg`vwb c‡Yï g‡a¨ Acwi‡kvwaZ †c‡Uª vwjqvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
2012-13 Ges 2014-15 mg‡q evsjv‡`‡k G Lv‡Z e¨q nq h_vµ‡g 1102 Ges 316 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi|
(iv) Ku vPv Zzj v : evsjv‡`k we‡`k n‡Z KuvPv Zzj vI Avg`vwb K‡i| 2012-13 Ges 2014-15 mv‡j KuvPv Zzj v
Avg`vwbi Rb¨ h_vµ‡g 2005 I 2296 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi e¨q Kiv nq|
(L) wkíRvZ `ªe¨mg~n : evsjv‡`k †hme wkí`ªe¨ Avg`vwb K‡i †m¸‡jv wbgœi~c :
(i) †fvR¨‡Zj : evsjv‡`k cÖw Z eQi †fvR¨‡Zj Avg`vwbi Rb¨ cÖPyi cwigvY ê‡`wkK gy`ªv e¨q K‡i|
2012-13 I 2014-15 mg‡q †fvR¨‡Zj Avg`vwbi Rb¨ G Lv‡Z e¨q nq h_vµ‡g 1402 I 924 wgwjqb gvwK©b
Wjvi|
(ii) †c‡UªvwjqvgRvZ `ªe¨ : evsjv‡`‡k Lye mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y †c‡Uªvwjqvg mvgMÖx Drcbœ nq| ZvB cÖwZ eQi wecyj
ê‡`wkK gy`ªv e¨q K‡i †c‡Uª vwjqvg mvgMÖx Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq| 2012-13 Ges 2014-15 mg‡q G Lv‡Z e¨q nq
h_vµ‡g 3642 I 2076 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi|

A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
(iii) mvi : evsjv‡`k cÖw Z eQi †ekwKQy cwigvY mvi Avg`vwb K‡i| Aek¨ G‡`‡k A‡bK¸‡jv mvi KviLvbv
Av‡Q| wKšÍz GLbI mvi Drcv`‡b ¯^qsm¤ú~ Y©Zv AR© b Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| 2012-13 I 2014-15 mg‡q G Lv‡Z e¨q
nq h_vµ‡g 1188 I 1339 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi|
(iv) wK¬sKvi : evsjv‡`k‡K AZx‡Z cÖwZ eQi we‡`k n‡Z cÖPyi cwigvY wm‡g›U Avg`vwb Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| eZ©gv‡b
evsjv‡`k G Lv‡Z cÖvq ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© nIqvq Gi KuvPvgvj wK¬sKvi Avg`vwb e¨q `ª“Z n«vm cv‡”Q| 2012-13 Ges 2014-
15 A_©eQ‡i wK¬sKvi Avg`vwb Lv‡Z e¨q nq h_vµ‡g 487 Ges 638 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi|
(v) myZv : †cvkvK I e¯¿wk‡íi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k cÖw Z eQi cÖPyi cwigvY KviLvbvq Drcvw`Z my Zv Avg`vwb K‡i|
G Lv‡Z †gvU Avg`vwb e¨‡qi 7% †_‡K 9% e¨q nq| 2012-13 I 2014-15 mg‡q G Lv‡Z e¨q nq h_vµ‡g
1356 I 1851 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi|
(vi) †÷cj dvBevi : †cvkvK wk‡íi cÖ‡qvR‡b evsjv‡`k‡K cÖw Z eQi wecyj cwigvY †÷cj dvBevi Avg`vwb
Ki‡Z nq| 2012-13 I 2014-15 mg‡q G Lv‡Z e¨q nq h_vµ‡g 454 I 1078 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi|
(M) g~jabx `ªe¨ : K…wl I wkíLv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b evsjv‡`k‡K D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwigvY g~jabx `ªe¨, †hgb—
KjKâv, hš¿cvwZ, hš¿vsk, K…wl hš¿cvwZ, †gvUiMvwo, †ijMvwo, BwÄb cÖf…w Z Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq| 2012-13 I
2014-15 mg‡q G Lv‡Z e¨q nq h_vµ‡g 1835 I 3321 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi|
G QvovI evsjv‡`k wPwb, wkï Lv`¨, wmMv‡iU, ZvgvK, wmé e¯¿, Kqjv, †K‡ivwmb †Zj, Uvqvi, wUDe, ieviRvZ
`ªe¨mvgMÖx, †XDwUb, WªvB‡mj e¨vUvwi, †eªKI‡qj, ej, weqvwis, ê`y¨wZK evj¦, †gvUi mvB‡Kj, mvB‡Kj, ¯‹zUvi, Nwo,
†iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, †iwd«Rv‡iUi, GqviKzjvi, eB, cÎcwÎKv, Pjw”PÎ, G·‡i wdj¥ BZ¨vw` Avg`vwb K‡i _v‡K|
2005-06 mvj †_‡K 2014-15 mvj ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ Lv‡Z Avg`vwb e¨q Ges †gvU Avg`vwb e¨q wbgœi~c :
`ªe¨mg~n 2005-06 2006-07 2011-12 2012-13 2014-15
(K) cÖavb cÖ v_wgK cY¨mg~n : 1854 2069 4149 4075 4537
Pvj 117 180 288 30 508
Mg 301 401 613 696 983
ˆZj exR 90 106 177 242 434
Acwi‡kvwaZ †c‡Uª vwjqvg 604 524 987 1102 316
KuvPv Zzjv 742 858 2084 2005 2296
(L) cÖa vb wkíRvZ cY¨mg~n : 3002 3568 9263 8529 7906
†fvR¨ †Zj 473 583 1644 1402 924
†c‡Uª vwjqvgRvZ cY¨ mvgMÖ x 1400 1709 3922 3642 2076
mvi 342 357 1381 1188 1339
wK¬sKvi 210 240 504 487 638
†÷cj dvBevi 76 97 428 454 1078
myZv 501 582 1384 1356 1851
(M) g~jabx hš¿mvgMÖx : 1539 1929 2005 1835 3321
(N) Ab¨vb¨ cY¨ (EPZ mn) 8,351 9,591 20,099 19645 24940
me©‡gvU (K+L+M) : 14746 17157 35516 34084 40704
kZKiv cwieZ©b 12.2 16.4 5.5 -4.0 0.1

evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨mvgMÖ x Avg`vwb K‡i _v‡K| Gme †`‡ki g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨
n‡jv Pxb Gici fviZ, gvj‡qwkqv, wm½vcyi Ges hy³ivR¨, hy³ivóª, Rvcvb, ivwkqv, cvwK¯Í vb, Rvg© vwb, KvbvWv,
d«vÝ, Bivb, BivK, †cvj¨vÛ, eyj‡Mwiqv, nv‡½wi, gvqvbgvi, _vBj¨vÛ, ga¨cÖvP¨ cÖf…w Z cÖ avb|
µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi bvbvwea Pvwn`v wgUv‡bvi cÖ‡qvR‡b eZ©gv‡b G‡`‡ki ißvwbi †P‡q Avg`vwbi cwigvY
AwaK| m¤ú‡ì mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y Avgv‡ì wbR¯^ Drcv`‡bi cwigvY ch©vß bq, G Kvi‡Y cÖwZ eQi µgea©gvb
nv‡i evsjv‡`k evwYR¨ NvUwZi m¤§yL xb n‡”Q|
wkÿv_©xi KvR
evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb I Avg`vwb `ªe¨¸‡jvi GKwU m~wP ev ZvwjKv ˆZix Kiæb|
mvims‡¶c
evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨Ñ
(K) ißvwb `ªe¨ : cÖP wjZ `ªe¨ n‡jvÑ KuvPvcvU, Pv, Pvgov, KvMR, b¨vc_v, dv‡b©m A‡qj I weUzwgb|
AcÖPwjZ `ªe¨ n‡jvÑ ˆZix I †nvwmqvwi †cvkvK, wngvwqZ Lv`¨, n¯ÍwkíRvZ `ªe¨ I kvKmewR-
djg~j|
(L) Avg`vwb `ªe¨ : †fvM¨cY¨ †hgbÑ Lv`¨km¨, ˆZjexR, Acwi‡kvwaZ †c‡Uªvwjqvg, KuvPv Zzjv cÖf„wZ| wkíRvZ
`ªe¨ †hgbÑ †fvR¨‡Zj, †c‡UªvwjqvgRvZ, mvi, wK¬sKvi Ges g~jab `ªe¨|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| †KvbwU AcÖP wjZ ißvwb cY¨?
K) ˆZwi †cvkvK L) KuvPv cvU
M) Pv N) Pvgov
2| evsjv‡`‡ki ˆZwi †cvkvK ißvwb‡Z e„nr evRvi †KvbwU?
K) ga¨cÖvP¨ L) hy³ivR¨
M) BBD N) hy³ivóª
3| evsjv‡`wk c‡Yï m‡e©v”P Avg`vwb I ißvwbKviK †`k¸‡jv h_vµ‡g
K) Av‡gwiKv I fviZ L) Av‡gwiKv I Pxb
M) fviZ I Av‡gwiKv N) Pxb I Av‡gwiKv
4| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖa vb ißvwb `ªe¨¸‡jv Kx?
K) ˆZwi †cvkvK I Pvgov L) cÖmvabx I KvMR
M) ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ I †fvR¨ †Zj N) LwbR †Zj I Pv
5| evsjv‡`‡k ißvwb evwY‡Rï Dbœqb †Kvb ms¯’ vwUi `vwqZ¡?
K) RvZxq ißvwb KvDwÝj L) ißvwb Dbœqb †dvivg
M) ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡iv N) ißvwb Dbœ qb K‡c© v‡ikb
6| evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb evwY‡R¨ eZ©gv‡b †Kvb wk‡íi wbi¼zk cÖvavb¨ i‡q‡Q?
K) †cvkvK wkí L) cvU wkí
M) Pv wkí N) Pvgov wkí

A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
7| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖa vb Avg`vwb `ªe¨ n‡jv
K) cvURvZ `ªe¨ L) PvgovRvZ `ªe¨
M) wk‡íi KuvPvgvj N) K…wl DcKiY
8| †KvbwU evsjv‡`‡ki cÖPwjZ ißvwb `ªe¨?
K) ˆZwi †cvkvK L) wngvwqZ Lv`¨
M) PvgovRvZ `ªe¨ N) cvb my cvwi
9| †fvR¨‡Zj †Kvb ai‡bi Avg`vwbK…Z cY¨?
K) cÖv_wgK L) wkíRvZ
M) g~jabx N) Ab¨vb¨
10| evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb evwY‡R¨ ˆZwi †cvkvK wk‡íi Ae`vb µgk
i. n«vm cv‡”Q
ii. e„w× cv‡”Q
iii. ¯’wei i‡q‡Q
K) i L) ii M) iii N) ii I iii
 wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 11 I 12 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
Rbve mvjvg mv‡ne XvKvi weL¨vZ Ôjvj-meyRÕ Mv‡g©›Um cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjK| wKQzw`b hver †`‡k D”P gy`ªvùxwZi
Kvi‡Y Zvi cÖw Zôv‡bi Drcvw`Z c‡Yï Drcv`b e¨q I `vg DfqB e„w × cv‡”Q| Gi d‡j wZwb Zvi Drcvw`Z
c‡Yï evRvi nviv‡bvi Avk¼vq i‡q‡Qb|
11| DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ DfqB e„w× cvIqvi d‡j
K) ißvwb e„w × cv‡e L) ißvwb n« vm cv‡e
M) Avg`vwb n« vm cv‡e N) c‡Yï Pvwn`v e„w× cv‡e
12| DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq n‡jv
i. ˆZwi †cvkv‡Ki ch© vß DcKiY mieivn
ii. Drcv`b e¨q n« vm Kiv
iii. Drcv`b e„w× Kiv

cvV 8.5 evsjv‡`‡k ißvwb Dbœqb bxwZ

Export Promotion Policy in Bangladesh
D‡Ïk¨
 evsjv‡`‡k ißvwb bxwZi j¶¨mg~n D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 evsjv‡`‡k ißvwb evwYR¨bxwZ m¤cÖm vi‡Yi Dcvq eY©b v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ißvwb Dbœq‡b evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii M„nxZ c`‡¶cmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~jcvV-
ißvwb Dbœqb bxwZ

†`‡ki e¨vcK Rb‡Mvwôi Kg©ms¯’ vb I 2021 mv‡ji g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k‡K ga¨g Av‡qi †`‡k DbœxZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨
ißvwb evwY‡R¨ MwZkxjZv Avbqb I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK wek¦ evwY‡R¨ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’ vb my`„pKiYmn †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK
Kg©KvÛ‡K weKwkZ Kivi †¶‡Î ißvwb bxwZi f~wgKv Ab¯^ xKvh©| ißvwbgyLx wk‡íi Drcv`b ¶gZv e„w×, ißvwb
c‡Yï ¸YMZgvb I cÖwZ‡hvMx g~j¨ wbwðZ Kiv, cY¨ eûgyLxKiY I evRvi m¤cÖmviY, m¤¢vebvgq Z_¨cÖhyw³ wfwËK
cY¨ I †mev ißvwbi cÖwZ we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb, AMÖvwaKvi wba©viY, ißvwb m¤cÖmvi‡Y we‡`k¯’ evsjv‡`k `~ Zvev‡m
†dvKvj c‡q›U wba©viY, evwYwR¨K DBsmg~‡ni Kvh©µg‡K MwZkxj Kiv, mswkøó †`‡ki miKvwi I eëmv cÖw Zôv‡bi
mv‡_ wbweo m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjvi wel‡q ißvwb bxwZ 2015-2018-G ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†`‡ki ißvwb evwYR¨ cÖm v‡i miKvi mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| G D‡Ï‡k¨ †`‡k AwaK cwigv‡Y kªg wbf©i
ißvwb wkí ¯’vcb, kªwgK‡ì `¶Zv e„w×i Rb¨ e¨vcK I mg‡qvc‡hvMx cÖw k¶Y cÖ`vb, ißvwb‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨
wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖ‡Yv`bv cÖ `vb, mnR k‡Z© I ¯^í my‡` FY cÖ`vb, AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb, ißvwbgyLx wk‡í
AvšÍR©vwZK gv‡bi Kgcø v‡qÝ wbwðZ Kiv, M¨vm, we`y¨r, cvwb BZ¨vw` mieiv‡ni eë¯’v mnRxKiY, ißvwb c‡Yï
gvb wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ AZ¨vaywbK cix¶vMvi ¯’vcb, cY¨ wfwËK wkí GjvKv ev K¬ v÷vi M‡o †Zvjv, ißvwb wk‡íi cðvr
I AMÖms‡hvM wkí ¯’vc‡b mnvqZv cÖ`vb, evRvi m¤cÖm vi‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ †`‡k AvšÍR© vwZK evwYR¨ †gjvq
AskMÖnYmn wewfbœ Kg©m~wPi Av‡qvRb, ißvwbKviK‡ì‡K Zuv‡ì cY¨ Drcv`‡bi †¶‡Î bZzb bZzb cÖhyw³i Z_¨ I
wewfbœ evRvi m¤ú‡K© nvjbvMv` Z_¨ wbqwgZfv‡e mieivnKiY, mnRfv‡e ißvwb c‡Yï KuvPvgvj msMÖ‡ni eë¯’ v,
PÆMÖvg I gsjv mvgyw`ªK e›`‡ii mvgwMÖK Dbœq bmn gvjvgvj Lvjvm I MÖn Y c×wZ mnRxKiY, cvbMuvImn Ab¨vb¨
b`x e›`‡ii Dbœqb I Pvjy Kivi eë¯’v MÖnY Ges ißvwb evwY‡Rï mKj Kvh©µg mnRxKi‡Yi welq ißvwb bxwZ
2015-2018 †Z AšÍf³ y© Kiv n‡q‡Q| D‡jøL¨, Gev‡ii bxwZ‡Z ICT, Jla, jvBU BwÄwbqvwis cY¨, G‡MÖv-cÖW v±,
†flR mvgMÖ x, RvnvR wbg© vY wkí‡K D`xqgvb m¤¢vebvgq LvZ wnmv‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡k-ißvwb bxwZi j¶¨
evsjv‡`‡k ißvwb bxwZi g~j j¶¨mg~n n‡jv :
1. wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v, Pvi †`kxq (evsjv‡`k-fviZ-†bcvj-fy Uvb) m¤¢ve¨ Dc-AvÂwjK †hvMv‡hvM
(Connectivity), êwk¦K Ae¯’ vi †cÖw¶Z I cÖ‡qvR‡bi mv‡_ msMwZ †i‡L evwYR¨ eë¯’v‡K (Trade regime)
hy‡Mvc‡hvMx I D`vixKiY Kiv;
2. AvMvgx 2021 m‡bi g‡a¨ ißvwb Avq 60 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjv‡i DbœxZKi‡Yi j¶¨vwfgyL x Kvh©µg MÖn Y;

A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
3. 2021 mv‡ji g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k‡K ga¨ Av‡qi †`‡k DbœxZ Kivi j‡¶¨ lô I mßg-cÂevwl©K x cwiKíbv
Ges †cÖw¶Z cwiKíbvi Av‡jv‡K ißvwb e„w×, cY¨ evRvi m¤cÖm viY I cY¨ eûgyL xKiY Ges wewfbœ †`‡ki mv‡_
†hŠw³Kfv‡e evwYR¨ fvimv‡gï Dbœqb;
4. †`‡ki e¨vcK Rb‡Mvwôi Kg©ms¯’ vb m„wói gva¨‡g `vwi`ª¨ gy³ evsjv‡`k Movi cÖZ¨‡q Dw™¢` I Dw™¢`RvZ
cY¨, AcÖPwjZ cY¨mn me ai‡bi cY¨ ißvwb e„w ×| K›Uª v± dvwg©s-Gi gva¨‡g GKwU Kgcø v‡q›U mieivn †PBb
cÖwZôv Kiv;
5. cÖwZ‡hvMx g~‡j¨ gvbm¤§Z cY¨ ißvwbi eë¯’v Kiv, gvb hvPvB c×wZi wek¦gv‡b Dbœqb mva‡bi wel‡q
mgwš^Z Kvh©µg MÖnY, c‡Yï gvb Dbœq b, Dbœ Z, jvMmB I cwi‡ek evÜe cÖhyw³i eënvi DrmvwnZKiY, D”Pg~‡jï
ißvwb cY¨ Drcv`b I wWRvB‡bi DrKl© mvab;
6. ißvwbgyLx wk‡íi Kgcøv‡qÝ wbwðZ Kivi gva¨‡g ißvwb evwYR¨ wbwe©NœKiY I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK wek¦
evwY‡R¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb my`„pKiY;
7. ißvwb‡Z ICT mn †mev Lv‡Zi Ask e„w ×, B-Kgvm© I B-Mf‡b©Ý eënvi K‡i ißvwb evwY‡R¨ MwZkxjZv
Avbqb;
8. kªgwbf©i ißvwb cY¨ Drcv`‡b DrmvwnZ Kiv| ißvwbgyLx wkí I evwY‡R¨ bvix‡ì m¤ú„³ Zv e„ w×;
9. ißvwb e„w×i myweav‡_© we`y¨r, cvwb, M¨vmmn AeKvVv‡gvMZ myweav mnRjf¨ Kiv, e›ìmg~‡ni m¶gZv e„w×
I e›ìgyLx †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’ vi Dbœqb;
10. miKvwi-†emiKvwi Askx`vwiZ¡, ißvwb eûgyLxKiY I cÖvwZôvwbKKi‡Yi Rb¨ B‡Zvg‡a¨ cÖwZwôZ weR‡bm
cÖ‡gvkb KvDwÝ‡ji msL¨v e„w× I Kvh©µg †Rvi`vi Kiv;
11. ê‡`wkK wgkbmg~n‡K AwaKZi evwYRëvÜe K‡i †Zvjv;
12. evsjv‡`‡ki c‡Yï eªvwÛs Kiv;
13. evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki D‡`¨v‡M AwaKZi evwYRëvÜe e¨vswKs eë¯’v M‡o †Zvjv Ges ißvwb evwY‡R¨
A_©vq‡bi †¶‡Î d¨v±wis mvwf©m‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv;
14. Avg`vwb weKí wkí cÖwZôvb M‡o Zz‡j ißvwb evwY‡Rï m¤cÖmviY; Ges
15. ißvwb evwYR¨ e„w×‡Z ißvwb wbf©i ê‡`wkK wewb‡qvM DrmvwnZKiY|
ißvwb evwYR¨ m¤cÖmvi‡Yi Dcvq

evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv GKwU mgm¨v RR©wiZ †`‡ki eûgyLx mgm¨vi mgvavb Z_v `ª æZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖPyi
cwigvY ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi cÖ‡qvRb| ZvB †`‡ki ißvwbi cwigvY e„w× K‡i AwaK ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g
A_©‰bwZK ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b KivB evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ißvwb bxwZi g~j j¶¨| G j‡¶¨ miKvi ißvwb Avq e„w×i
Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| ißvwb evwYR¨ m¤cÖm vi‡Y evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii M„nxZ c`‡¶c :
1. ißvwb msµvšÍ RvZxq KwgwU : evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb evwY‡Rï mgm¨vewj `ªæZ mgvavb Ges ißvwb m¤ú‡K©
mwVK w`Kwb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡bi j‡¶¨ ißvwb msµvšÍ GKwU RvZxq KwgwU MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB KwgwU ev KvDwÝj
†emiKvwi LvZ‡K ißvwb †¶‡Î AwaKZi mymsMwVZ Kivi gva¨‡g cY¨ Dbœqb I wecYb m¤úªmvi‡Yi D‡Ï‡kÏ KvR
K‡i|
2. ißvwb Dbœ qb ey¨‡iv cybM©Vb : †`‡ki ißvwb Dbœqb cÖ‡Póv‡K AviI †Rvi`vi Kivi j‡¶¨ m¤úª wZ miKvi
†`‡ki ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡iv‡K GKwU ¯^ vqËkvwmZ K‡c© v‡ik‡b Dbœ xZ K‡i|

3. ïé †iqvZ : ißvwb evwY‡R¨ Drmvn`v‡bi Rb¨ ißvwbKviK‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq KuvPvgvj Avg`vwbi Dci Ges
ißvwbi cY¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ eëüZ Ku vPvgv‡ji Dci n‡Z AveMvwi ïé cÖ Z¨vnvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgbÑißvwbKviK
wkí cÖwZôvb I wbewÜZ wkí cÖw Zôvb KZ…©K Avg`vwbK… Z g~jabx hš¿cvwZ Ges hš¿vsk; Jla I †U·UvBj wkí Ges
K…wlLv‡Z eëüZ Ku vPvgvj/DcKiY, Kw¤úDUvi Ges wPwKrmv hš¿cvwZ; msev`cÎ I mvgwqKx cÖK vkbvq eëüZ
wbDRwcÖ ›U, K…wlKv‡R eënvh© KxUbvkK Ges nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi KZ…©K Avg`vwbK…Z hš¿cvwZi †¶‡Î ïé †iqvZ
myweav cÖ `vb Kiv n‡”Q|
4. we`y¨r I M¨v‡mi `vg n«vm : ißvwbgyLx wk‡íi Drcv`b LiP n«v‡mi j‡¶¨ D³ wk‡í eëüZ we`y¨r I M¨v‡mi
`vg n«vm Kiv n‡q‡Q|
5. evRvi mv‡f© : we‡`‡k Avgv‡ì `ª‡eï Rb¨ AviI AwaK Ges DËg evRvi Lyu‡R †ei Kivi Rb¨ ißvwb
Dbœqb ey¨‡iv B‡Zvg‡a¨B wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi we‡klÁ‡ì mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ AvšÍR© vwZK evRv‡ii Dci mv‡f©
m¤úbœ K‡i‡Q| †m Abyhvqx eZ©gv‡b ißvwb e„w×i Rb¨ eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
6. UvKvi g~j¨gvb †hŠw³KxKiY : Avgv‡ì ißvwb Kvh©µg‡K †Rvi`vi Kivi cÖ‡qvR‡b UvKvi ev¯ÍewfwËK
g~j¨gvb wba©vi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ eZ©gv‡b UvKvi i~cvšÍiKiY eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
7. Avg`vwb bxwZ D`viKiY : ißvwbgyL x wk‡íi cÖ‡ qvRbxq KuvPvgvj Avg`vwbi c×wZ c~ e©v‡c¶v A‡bK D`vi I
mnR Kiv n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi Dci êwk¦K A_©‰bwZK g›`vi cÖfve †gvKvwejvq MwVZ Uv¯‹‡dv‡m©i mycvwi‡ki †cÖw¶‡Z
MZ 2008-09 A_©eQ‡i cÖ‡Yv`bv c¨v‡KR-1 Ges 2009-10 A_©eQ‡i cÖ‡Yv`bv c¨v‡KR-2 †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Gi cvkvcvwk wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi mv‡_ m¤úvw`Z Pyw³ Ges ißvwb mnvqK wkí cÖw Zôvbmg~‡ni Rb¨ Ku vPvgvj
Avg`vwb c×wZ mnR Kivi gva¨‡g †`kxq ißvwb‡K my `„p wfwË cÖ `v‡bi D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ msMwZc~ Y©fv‡e wZb eQi
†gqvw` Avg`vwb bxwZ cÖY qb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
8. U¨v· nwj‡W : evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwbgyLx wk‡íi `ªæZ cÖmv‡ii j‡¶¨ wkíbxwZi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L U¨v· nwj‡W
myweav cÖ `vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
9. AvqKi myweav : cvU I cvURvZ `ªe¨, Pv cÖf…w Z cÖPwjZ ißvwb `ªe¨ QvovI AcÖP wjZ ißvwb `ª‡eï Av‡qi
Dci, miKvi AvqKi wi‡e‡Ui myweav cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| d‡j AcÖ PwjZ cY¨vwì ißvwb DrmvwnZ n‡e Ges e„w× cv‡e|
10. ißvwb FY : †`‡ki ißvwb evwYR¨‡K Drmvn cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ miKvi ißvwbKviK‡ì‡K ¯^í my‡` cÖ‡qvRbxq
cwigvY FY`v‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i‡Q| d‡j ißvwbKviK‡ì Rb¨ F‡Yi wbðqZv e„w × †c‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b ißvwb
F‡Yi cwigvYI e„w × Kiv n‡q‡Q|
11. c„_K †µwWU jvBb ¯’vcb : wmAvBGmfz³ †`kmg~‡n AcÖPwjZ c‡Yï ißvwb m¤úªmvi‡Yi j‡¶¨
ißvwbKviK‡ì‡K ch©vß A_© mieiv‡ni Rb¨ c„_K †µwWU jvBb ¯’ vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
12. we‡`k åg‡Yi myweav : ißvwb c‡Yï wecYb cÖ‡Póv †Rvi`vi Kivi j‡¶¨ we‡`k åg‡Yi Rb¨ mnR k‡Z©
ê‡`wkK gy`ªv cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges bZzb I ¶z`ª ißvwbKviKMY ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡ivi Aby‡gv`bµ‡g
eëmvq msµvšÍ Kv‡R we‡`k ågY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
13. †µwWU KvW© cÖeZ©b : ißvwbKviK‡ì evwYwR¨K ågY‡K SzuwKwenxb, m¤§vbRbK I gh©v`vm¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨
Zv‡ì AbyK‚‡j eivÏK…Z ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi wecix‡Z †µwWU KvW© cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q|
14. evwYR¨ cÖwZwbwa`j †cÖiY : we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k evsjv‡`wk `ª‡eï Pvwn`v wbi~cY I evRvi m„wói Rb¨
miKvi wewfbœ mgq we‡`‡k evwYR¨ cÖw Zwbwa`j †cÖiY K‡i _v‡K|

A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
15. AvšÍR©vwZK †gjv I cÖ`k©b x‡Z †hvM`vb : evsjv‡`wk c‡Yï e¨vcK cÖPvi I cÖmv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ miKvi wewfbœ
†`‡ki AvšÍR© vwZK †gjv I cÖ`k© bx‡Z miKvwi I †emiKvwi ißvwbKvix cÖ wZôvbmg~‡ni AskMÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v
MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
16. ißvwb cvid‡g©Ý jvB‡mÝ : †`‡ki ißvwb evwYR¨‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ miKvi ißvwbKviK‡ì‡K
AwZwi³ Avg`vwb jvB‡mÝ cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
17. we‡`‡k evwYwR¨K Awdm †Lvjv : ißvwb e„w×i D‡Ï‡k¨ miKvi jÛb, IqvwksUb, wcwKs, w`wjø, †UvwKI,
KjKvZv, wm½vcyi cÖf…w Z eo eo kn‡i evwYwR¨K Awdm Ly‡j‡Q|
18. evwYR¨ Pyw³ m¤úv`b : evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb e„w×i Rb¨ miKvi c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki mv‡_ evwYR¨ Pyw³
m¤úv`b K‡i‡Q|
19. cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi Dbœqb : miKvi ißvwb e„w×i j‡¶¨ †`‡ki cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi
h‡_ó Dbœqb mvab K‡i‡Q|
20. RvZxq ißvwb †gjvi Av‡qvRb : ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡ivi D‡`¨v‡M miKvi RvZxq ißvwb †gjvi Av‡qvRb K‡i _v‡K|
21. wek¦ evwYR¨ †K›`ª wbg©vY : ißvwb Dbœ qb I m¤úªmvi‡Yi Rb¨ AeKvVv‡gvMZ my‡hvM-myweav m„wói D‡Ï‡k¨
XvKvq GKwU wek¦ evwYR¨ †K›`ª ¯’ vc‡bi wm×všÍ nq|
22. ißvwb Dbœ qb Znwej MVb : bZzb ißvwbKviK m„wó Ges G Kv‡R mvwe©K mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`v‡bi j‡¶¨ evwYR¨
evÜe (Business friendly) cwi‡ek m„wói Rb¨ miKvwi Ges †emiKvwi D‡`¨vM mgwb¦Zfv‡e †Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| G
j‡¶¨ ißvwb `ª‡eï Drcv`b, Dbœqb, eûgyLxKiY, wecYb Z_v ißvwbi mvwe©K DrKl©Zv mva‡bi Rb¨ ißvwb Dbœqb
Znwej MVb Kiv nq|
23. cyi¯‹v‡ii eë¯’v : ißvwb e„w×‡Z Drmvn`v‡bi Rb¨ miKvi m‡e©v”P m¤§vbm~PK ivóª cwZi Uªwd, mb` I
Ab¨vb¨ cyi¯‹vi cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
24. gš¿Yvjq MVb : miKvi ißvwbi mv‡_ m¤úwK© Z gš¿Yvjq MVb K‡i‡Q hv‡Z ißvwbi cwigvY e„w× K‡i
ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi Avq evov‡bv hvq|
ißvwb Dbœq‡b evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii M„nxZ c`‡¶cmg~n n‡jv :
1. ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡ivÕi (Bwcwe) cÖvwZôvwbK `¶Zv I Kg©¶gZv e„w×, Kv÷gm KZ…©c¶, mgy`ª I ¯’j e›ì
KZ…©c¶, grm¨ Awa`ßi, K…w l m¤cÖmviY Awa`ßi, weGmwUAvB, Pv †evW© Ges wewfbœ eëmvqx msMV‡bi m¶gZv
wewbg©v‡Y mnvqZv cÖ `vb Kiv Ges mgwš^Z Kvh©µg MÖnY;
2. weGmwUAvB-Gi Dbœqb mvab;
3. M‡elYv Kvh©µ‡g evsjv‡`k U¨vwid Kwgk‡bi ms‡hvM m„wó;
4. B‡KvbwgK wW‡cøv‡gwm †Rvi`vi K‡i we‡`‡k Aew¯’Z evsjv‡`k wgkbmg~n‡K AvaywbKvqb I hy‡Mvc‡hvMx
Kiv;
5. ißvwb m¤¢vebvgq c‡Yï Drcv`b I ißvwb DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ miKvwi I †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M
Drcv`b, c‡Yï eëmv I evwYR¨ e„w×i j‡¶¨ cY¨wfwËK MwVZ 6wU weR‡bm cÖ‡gvkb KvDwÝ‡ji Kvh©µg MwZkxj
Kivi cvkvcvwk cøvw÷K cY¨mn Ab¨vb¨ c‡Yï R‡bÏ cÖ‡qvRbvbyh vqx weR‡bm cÖ‡gvkb KvDwÝj MVb Kiv;
6. we‡`‡k c‡Yï Pvwn`v msµvšÍ gv‡K©U B‡›Uwj‡RÝ m¤úwK© Z Z_¨, cÖ wZ‡hvwMZvg~jK g~j¨, evRvi m¤cÖm viY,
D”PZi g~j¨ cÖvwß cÖf„w Z †¶‡Î Drcv`bKvix I ißvwbKviK‡ì‡K mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv Ges ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡iv‡Z
kw³kvjx M‡elYv I cÖ vwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv MVb;
7. A‡Uv‡gkb I B-Mf‡b© Ý cÖe Z©‡bi gva¨‡g ißvwb mn‡hvMx cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Kg©`¶Zv e„w×‡Z Ges ¯^”QZv I
Revew`wnZv wbwðZKi‡Y mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Kiv;

8. eëmvi e¨q Kwg‡q ißvwb cY¨mg~n‡K AwaKZi cÖwZ‡hvMx Kiv, Drcv`b e„w×, evRvi m¤cÖmviY Ges jxW
UvBg Kwg‡q Avbvi j‡¶¨ B-Kgvm©mn mKj AvaywbK cÖhyw³i m‡e©v”P eënv‡ii gva¨‡g mvgwMÖK evwYR¨ eë¯’v‡K
hy‡Mvc‡hvMx I Avay wbKxKi‡Y mnvqZv cÖ `vb Kiv;
9. ißvwb eûgyLxKi‡Y ißvwb evRvi I cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© ißvwbKviK‡ì‡K nvjbvMv` Z_¨ mieivn Kiv;
10. Drcv`bkxjZv e„w×i D‡Ï‡k¨ kªwgK, Kg©Pvix I eë¯’vcbvi mv‡_ mswkøó‡ì Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwk¶‡Yi
eë¯’v Kiv Ges Av‡iv LvZwfwËK cÖwk¶Y Bbw÷wUDU M‡o †Zvjv;
11. †UªwWs nvDm I ißvwb nvDmmn mswkøó cÖw Zôvbmg~‡ni cÖvwZôvwbK myweav e„w×i gva¨‡g ißvwb Dbœq‡b
Drmvn cÖ`vb Kiv;
12. c‡Yï gvb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯^ xK…Z mvwU© wd‡Kkb eë¯’v cÖw Zôvq mn‡hvwMZv cÖ `vb Kiv;
13. kªwgK‡ì Kg©¯’‡ji wbivcËvmn kªwgK‡ì AwaKv‡ii wel‡q ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv;
14. c‡Yï wWRvBb Dbœ q‡b cY¨wfwËK wWRvBb †m›Uvi ¯’vc‡b DrmvwnZ Kiv;
15. AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e cÖP wjZ evwYwR¨K/eëmvwqK DËg PP©v (best practice/ethical business) Abymi‡Y
DrmvwnZ Kiv;
16. AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨‡K mnvqZv Kivi j‡¶¨ GKK evZvqb †mev †K›`ª (Single Window Service Centre)
cÖeZ©b;
17. ißvwbKviK‡ì‡K organic cY¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ mvwe©K mnvqZv cÖ `vb Kiv;
18. ¶z`ª I gvSvwi wkí‡K we‡kl mnvqZv cÖ `v‡bi eë¯’ v Kiv;
19. Avg`vwbKviK †`kmg~‡ni Kg©c×wZi m‡½ ißvwbKviK‡ì cwiwPwZ e„w ×‡Z mnvqZv cÖ `vb Kiv;
20. A‡c¶vK… Z wbgœ my` nv‡i ißvwb FY cÖ`vbmn ißvwbKviK‡ì‡K wewfbœ Avw_©K I Avw_©K cÖ‡Yv`bv
(incentive) cÖ`vb Kiv;
21. ißvwb‡Z jxX UvBg Kwg‡q Avbvi Rb¨ e›ì eë¯’vcbvi Dbœq b, AeKvVv‡gv Dbœqb, cY¨ Lvjvm c×wZ
mnRxKiY I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi Dbœ qb Kiv Ges Iqvb÷c mvwf©m cÖeZ©b K‡i eëmvi e¨q (cost of doing
business) Kwg‡q Avbvi gva¨‡g ißvwbKviK‡ì cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi kw³ e„ w×i mnvqK c`‡¶c †bqv;
22. cY¨ cwiwPwZ (product branding) I eûgyLxKiY (diversification)-Gi Rb¨ bZzb bZz b evRvi A‡š^lY
D‡`¨v‡Mi AvIZvq wewfbœ †`‡k evsjv‡`kx c‡Yï GKK †gjv Av‡qvRb I AvšÍR©vwZK †gjvq †hvM`v‡bi †¶‡Î
ißvwbKviK‡ì‡K mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv, we‡`‡k evwYR¨ cÖw Zwbwa`j †cÖiY Kiv, we‡`k n‡Z AvMZ †µZv
cÖwZôvb/eëmvqx msMV‡bi mgš^‡q MwVZ evwYwR¨K wgkb MÖnY Ges c‡Yï evRvi study Kivi eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv;
23. we‡`‡k evsjv‡`kx cY¨ I †mev Lv‡Zi evRvi m¤cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨ hy³ivóªmn Ab¨vb¨ DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj
†`‡k ïégy³ evRvi myweav cvIqvi †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj D‡`¨vM MÖn Y Kiv;
24. `w¶Y Gwkqv I ga¨cÖvP¨mn Gwkqvi Ab¨vb¨ †`k I Avwd«Kvi wewfbœ †`k, eªvwRj, †gw·‡Kv, wPwj, `w¶Y
Avwd«Kv, ivwkqvmn wewfbœ wmAvBGm †`k, mvK©fy³ †`k, GmGwWwmfy³ (South African Developing
Countries) †`‡k cY¨ I †mev Lv‡Z ißvwb e„w×‡Z we‡kl D‡`¨vM †bqv, cÖe vmx evsjv‡`kx‡ì wbKU mgv`„Z
c‡Yï ißvwb e„w×i eë¯’ v MÖnY Kiv;
25. bZzb bZzb cY¨ Drcv`b, cY¨ eûgyL xKiY, AwaK cY¨ ißvwb BZ¨vw` Kg©Kv‡Ûi Rb¨ wewfbœ Lv‡Z cÖw Z eQi
†kªô ißvwbKviK‡ì‡K wmAvBwc gh©v`v I RvZxq ißvwb Uªwd cÖ`vb Kiv;
26. Ôißvwb msµvšÍ RvZxq KwgwUÕ KZ…©K cÖ wZ eQi wbqwgZfv‡e GK ev GKvwaKevi †`‡ki ißvwb cwiw¯’wZ
ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv Ges wewfbœ wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq w`K-wb‡`© kbv cÖ`vb Kiv;
27. Ôißvwb msµvšÍ RvZxq KwgwUÕ Gi wm×všÍ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ MwVZ ÔUv¯‹ †dvm©Õ KZ…©K wbqwgZfv‡e wm×všÍ
ev¯Íevqb AMÖMwZ gwbUwis I g~j¨vqb Kiv;
28. fvBm-†Pqvig¨vb, ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡iv-Gi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ GdwewmwmAvBmn †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi cÖwZwbwa mgš^‡q
MwVZ Ôißvwb gwbUwis KwgwUÕ KZ…©K ißvwbi wewfbœ mgm¨v wPwnZKiY I Zv mgvav‡bi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© mycvwik
cÖYqbc~e©K ev¯Íevq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ D”PZi ch©v‡q Dc¯’vcb Kiv; Ges
A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
29. mswkøó gš¿Yvjqmg~n I kxl© eëmvwqK msMV‡bi cÖwZwbwa‡ì mgš^‡q ißvwb bxwZ 2015-2018 gwbUwis-
Gi Rb¨ Ôißvwb bxwZ gwbUwis KwgwUÕ MVb, KwgwU KZ…©K ißvwb bxwZi ev¯Íe vqb AMÖMwZ ch©v‡jvPbv, cÖ‡qvRbxq
mycvwik cÖ `vb; Ges
30. evwYR¨ gš¿Yvj‡q ißvwb †mj cÖw Zôv|
wkÿv_©xi KvR
(K) evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb bxwZi j¶¨mg~n D‡jøL Kiæb|
(L) evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb evwYR¨ m¤cÖm vi‡Yi Dcvq eY©b v Kiæb|
(M) ißvwb Dbœq‡b evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii M„nxZ c`‡¶cmg~n eY©b v Kiæb|
mvims‡¶c
 ißvwb bxwZ : evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwbi cwigvY e„w× K‡i AwaK ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK
¯^qsm¤ú~Y© Zv AR©b KivB evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ißvwb bxwZi j¶¨|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| ißvwb bxwZ 2015-18 G Kx‡mi Dci ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q?
K) cÖwZ‡hvMx g~j¨ wbwðZ Kiv L) D”P my‡ì nvi
M) g~jab wbf©i wkí ¯’vcb N) Avg`vwbi Dci wbf©ikxjZv e„ w×
2| ißvwbgyLx wk‡íi gva¨‡g
K) RvZxq HwZn¨ i¶v cvq L) gaëZx© `vjvj‡ì cÖ fve n« vm cvq
M) cwjø A_©bxwZi weKvk N‡U N) †`‡ki gh©v`v e„w× cvq
3| ißvwb e„w×i Rb¨ miKv‡ii c`‡¶c Kx n‡Z cv‡i?
K) ïé e„w× L) fZz© wK n«vm
M) fZz©wK e„w× N) R¡vjvwbi `vg e„w×
4| ißvwb e„w×‡Z †h eë¯’ v †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i
i. ißvwb Av‡qi Dci Ki †iqvZ
ii. ißvwb FY e„w×
iii. Lv`¨`ªe¨ Avg`vwb

cvV 8.6 ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨, evwYR¨ I wewb‡qvM

Foreign Assistance, Trade & Investment
D‡Ïk¨
 evsjv‡`‡k ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï cÖ‡qvRbxqZv g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ MÖn‡Yi Amyweav we‡køl Y Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 evsjv‡`‡k ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï Dci wbf©ikxjZv n«v‡mi Dcvqmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ê‡`wkK wewb‡qvM m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 evsjv‡`‡k ê‡`wkK wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖfve we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~jcvV-
ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨
ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ ej‡Z GKwU †`‡ki Riæwi cÖ‡qvR‡b, A_©‰bwZK Dbœ q‡bi Rb¨ Lv`¨, Ilya, cÖKí, `vb, Aby`vb,
FY, Avw_©K I KvwiMwi †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi †`k ewnf~©Z mnvqZv MÖn Y Ges cÖ`vb Dfq‡K †evSvq|
ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï †kªwYwefvM
evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖw¶‡Z me ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨‡K wZb †kªwY‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ
(K) Lv`¨ mvnvh¨ : G‡¶‡Î ïay gvÎ Pvj Ges Mg‡K †evSv‡bv nq|
(L) cÖKí mvnvh¨ : †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i wewfbœ cÖKí ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z †h mvnvh¨ MÖnY ev cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv †evSvq|
†hgb : e½eÜz †mZz cÖKí, cÙv eûgyLx †mZz cÖKí, XvKv-PÆMÖvg Wvej †ij jvBb cÖKí, i~ccyi cvigvYweK we`y¨r cÖKí,
Mfxi mgy‡`ª †Zj-M¨vm AbymÜvb cÖKí, DËi-cwðg †mP cÖKí, grm¨ Dbœqb cÖKí cÖf„wZ|
(M) AcÖKí mvnvh¨ : AcÖKí mvnvh¨ ej‡Z bvbv ai‡bi cY¨mvgMÖxi mvnvh¨ cÖ vwß †evSvq| †hgbÑ †fvR¨ †Zj,
wUbRvZ `y a, Wvj, Ilya cÎ, K…w l hš¿cvwZ, mvi, Mfxi I AMfxi bjK‚ c cÖf„w Z|
GQvovI i‡q‡Q
mvgwiK mvnvh¨ : †Kv‡bv †`k Aci †Kv‡bv †`k n‡Z mvgwiK I cÖwZi¶v Lv‡Z †h me mvnvh¨ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K,
Zv‡K mvgwiK mvnvh¨ e‡j|
cÖZ¨¶ ê‡`wkK wewb‡qvM (FDI) : we‡kl K‡i wewfbœ abx †`‡ki cyuwRcwZiv †emiKvwifv‡e wewfbœ †`‡k
cÖZ¨¶fv‡e wewb‡qvM K‡i _v‡K| GwU GKwU AvKl©Y xq cÖvwß Ges eZ©g v‡b G ai‡bi cyuwR wewb‡qvM ev Avg`vwb
ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
Dc‡i DwjøwLZ mvnvh¨‡K Avevi wb‡gœv³fv‡e fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb
(i) `vb, Aby` vb I FY : `vb Kiv A_© ev `ªe¨ mvnvh¨ KL‡bv `vZv †`k‡K †diZ w`‡Z nq bv| MÖnxZv †`k‡K
`v‡bi A_© e¨‡qi LvZ ev Drm `vZv †`k wba© viY K‡i bv| Aby`vb †Kv‡bv we‡kl Lv‡Z e¨q wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ cÖ`vb Kiv
nq| G Aby`v‡bi A_©I †diZ w`‡Z nq bv| FY †Kv‡bv we‡kl Kg© ev cÖKí e¨q wbe© v‡ni Rb¨ MÖnY Kiv nq| F‡Yi
my` I Avmj `ywUB wba©vwiZ mg‡q †diZ w`‡Z nq|

A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
(ii) bM` mvnvh¨ I `ªe¨ mvnvh¨ : bM` mvnvh¨ ê‡`wkK gy`ªvq (Wjvi, BD‡iv, cvDÛ, B‡qb ...) Ges `ªe¨
mvnvh¨ÑPvj, Mg, hš¿cvwZ, mvi, civgk©K cÖf„w Z AvKv‡i cvIqv hvq|
(iii) kZ© hy³ I kZ©gy³ mvnvh¨ : †h mvnv‡hï mv‡_ bgbxq ev KwVb kZ©h³
y _v‡K Zv‡K kZ©hy³ mvnvh¨ Avevi
†h mvnv‡hï mv‡_ †Kv‡bvi~c kZ© hy³ _v‡K bv, Zv‡K kZ©nxb mvnvh¨ e‡j|
ê‡`wkK A_©‰bwZK mvnv‡hï A½xKvi I Aegyw³
eQi A½xKvi Aegyw³/e¨qb
Aby`vb FY †gvU Aby`vb FY †gvU
1971-72 512 98 610 245 26 271
1981-82 805 1117 1922 654 586 1240
1991-92 1140 775 1915 817 794 1611
2001-02 402 477 879 479 963 1442
2011-12 1441.37 3323.15 4764.52 587.99 1538.48 2126.47
2012-13 554.53 5300.07 5854.60 726.27 2084.72 2811.00
2013-14 497.82 5346.40 5844.22 680.73 2403.66 3084.39
Drm : ev. A_©. mgx¶v-2015, c„. 308
2014-15 A_©eQ‡i evsjv‡`k Aby`vb (557), FY (2472)mn †gvU 3029 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi MÖnY K‡i|
G †_‡K 188 (my`), 909 (Avmj)mn †gvU 1097 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi Avmj I my` cwi‡kva K‡i|*
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
evsjv‡`k Dcwb‡ewkK †kvlY, hy‡× weaŸ¯Í, Mwie, RbmsL¨vifv‡i AvµvšÍ cÖ vK…wZK `y‡h© vM KewjZ GKwU †`k|
eZ©gv‡b GL‡bv 31.50 fvM †jvK `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P emevm K‡i| RvZxq mÂq GDP Gi 29.01 fvM| †gvU
Dbœqb cwiKíbvq GL‡bv cÖvq A‡a©K A‡c¶v †ewk ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ Øviv †gUv‡bv nq| ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï wewfbœ
mgm¨v _vK‡jI wb‡gœv³ †¶‡Î Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q|
1. ¯^í mÂq I wewb‡qvM : evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl `wi`ª| Zv‡ì Kg Avq, Kg mÂq A_P †fvM AcwieZ©b xq ev
bvbv ai‡bi Drme wèm cvj‡b e¨q †ewk n‡q c‡o| RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ weavb K‡i Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨
†hi~c wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb Zv †`kxqfv‡e ms¯’ vb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv weavq ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ MÖn Y Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
2. Avg`vwb-ißvwb evwY‡Rï eëavb : evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Rbeûj Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvq ißvwb Avq A‡c¶v
Avg`vwb e¨q AwaK| evsjv‡`k K…w lRvZ cY¨ ißvwb K‡i hv ¯^ í g~‡jï c¶všÍ‡i Avg`vwb K‡i g~jab `ªe¨ I
wkíRvZ cY¨ hv D”P g~‡jï| µgvMZ jvMvgnxb Avg`vwb e¨q †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k‡K cÖw Z eQi FY mvnvh¨
MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|
3. Lv`¨ NvUwZ : evsjv‡`‡k cÖ wZ eQi cÖPzi cwigvY Lv`¨ NvUwZi d‡j Lv`¨ Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq| †h cwigvY
Lv`¨mvgMÖx Af¨šÍixYfv‡e Drcvw`Z nq Zv Øviv e¨vcK Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv m¤¢e nq bv| G‡¶‡Î ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨
Aek¨B cÖ‡qvRb n‡q c‡o|
GQvov K…wl‡Z AvaywbK cÖhy w³i cÖ‡qvM, hvZvqvZ I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’ vi Dbœqb, †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY m¤ú` AvniY,
†eKvi mgm¨v `~ixKiY, gvbe m¤ú` Dbœ q‡bi gva¨‡g Avay wbK cÖhyw³ we`¨vi cÖ‡ qvM cÖf„w Z †¶‡Îi Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨
cÖPiz wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb| ZvB mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡bi ¯^ v‡_©B ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ cÖ‡qvRb|
* ev. A_©. mgx¶v-2016

ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ MÖn‡Yi Amyweav
ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ A‡bK mgq MÖnxZv †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv-mve©‡ fŠgZ¡‡K ûgKx‡Z †d‡j| mvaviYZ `vZv †`k I ms¯’v
mvnvh¨ MÖnxZv †`‡ki Dbœqb Kg©m~Px‡K ev¯Íevq‡bi K_v e‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i Af¨šÍixY ivRbxwZ, ms¯‹…wZ, mf¨Zv‡K bó
K‡i| ZLb MÖnxZv †`‡k `vZv †`‡ki K…wó, mf¨Zv‡K cykBb K‡i| Gi d‡j mvnvh¨ MÖnxZv †`‡ki HwZn¨, mf¨Zvi
µgweKvk nvwi‡q hvq| ivRbxwZ Kzj wkZ n‡q mgvR I ivóª xq Rxe‡b Pig wek„•Ljv †b‡g Av‡m| Dbœq‡bi PvKv
mvg‡b AMÖmi bv n‡q `xN©‡gqv‡` A‡bK wcwQ‡q c‡o| A‡bK mgq †`k‡cÖgxK, Rbì`x ivóªbvqK‡K we‡`wk `vZv
†Mvôx Pµv‡šÍi gva¨‡g nZ¨v K‡i| RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †`k‡cÖ‡gi †PZbv hv‡Z RvMÖ Z bv nq, †miƒc Kg©m~wP Zviv
†Mvc‡b ev¯Íe vqb K‡i| µgvMZ ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ MÖnYKvix †`k AvZ¥gh©v`v nvwi‡q ciwbf©ikxj RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ
nq| †mRb¨ ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© fv‡jvfv‡e hvQvB Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h M„nxZ mvnvh¨ cÖ Z¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e
†`k I RbM‡Yi ¯^v_©we‡ivax †Kvb Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kx-bv? M„nxZ mvnvh¨ `xN©K v‡j RbM‡Yi Dci fvi m„wó
Ki‡e Kx-bv?
evsjv‡`‡k ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï Dci wbf©ikxjZv n«v‡mi Dcvq
`wi`ª, Rbeûj evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡bi MwZ‡K DaŸ©gyLx, avegvb Kivi j‡¶¨ cÖPzi cwigvY wewb‡qvM Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki wewb‡qvM cÖeYZv e„ w×i Rb¨ Af¨šÍixY m¤ú‡ì cwigvY AZ¨šÍ AcÖ Zzj weavq ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï
Dci wbf©ikxj n‡Z nq| ê‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨ wKQz †`vl-ÎæwU _vK‡jI Zv ¯^ í I ga¨‡gqv‡` Dbœqb Kg©KvÛ
ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e wbR¯^ A_©b xwZ‡K `xN©‡gqv‡` ¯^vej¤^x Kivi j‡¶¨ ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï Dci
wbf©iZv µgvš^‡q Kwg‡q Avb‡Z nq| ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï Dci wbf©ikxjZv n«v‡mi Dcvqmg~n wbgœiƒcÑ
1. Af¨šÍixY m¤ú‡ì AvniY I myôz eënvi : Af¨šÍixY m¤ú` AvniY e„w×, AcPq †iva, `¶ eënvi
wbwðZKiY Ges cÖ‡ qvR‡b we‡`‡k ißvwb K‡i †`wkq Avq e„w× Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Kqjv, cÖ vK…wZK M¨vm, ˆZj,
Pzbvcv_i, ebR I grm¨ m¤ú` BZ¨vw` Af¨šÍixY m¤ú‡ì AvniY e„w × Ges DËg eënvi mywbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. Dbœqb evÜe Avg`vwb I ißvwb bxwZ : †`wkq wk‡íi cÖmvi, we‡`‡k evRvi m„wói j‡¶¨ evsjv‡`wk
wgkb¸‡jv‡K AwaKZi mwµq Kivi gva¨‡g we‡`‡k evsjv‡`kx evwYR¨ †gjv Av‡qvRb Kiv, evwYR¨ msµvšÍ
AvšÍR©vwZK †mwgbvi-wm‡¤úvwRqv‡g Ask †bqv cÖ‡qvRb|
GQvov, we‡`wk wejvm `ªe¨ ev Kg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `ª‡eï eënvi wbiærmvwnZ Kivi j‡¶¨ †`‡k D³ `ª‡eï Avg`vwb
weKí `ª‡eï Drcv`b e„w× Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †`wkq wkí msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e Avg`vwb n« vm I ißvwb e„w×i
gva¨‡g ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï Dci wbf©ikxjZv n«vm cv‡e|
3. gy`ªvi Aeg~j¨vqb : evsjv‡`‡ki ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ †jb‡`b NvUwZ we`¨gvb| G NvUwZ `~i Kivi j‡¶¨
Avg`vwb e¨q n«vm I ißvwb Avq evov‡bv cÖ‡qvRb| G Rb¨ †`wkq gy`ªvi gvb ÔAeg~j¨vqbÕ Kiv n‡j ißvwb e„w×i
gva¨‡g Giƒc NvUwZ `~i n‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ MÖnY n« vm cv‡e|
4. Abyrcv`bkxj Lv‡Z e¨q Ges Drme e¨q n«vm : ciwbf©ikxjZv n« vm Kivi j‡¶¨ AcÖ‡qvRbxq wejvm `ª‡eï
AwZiwÄZ eënvi †iva, Abyrcv`bkxj Lv‡Z e¨q eÜ Ges Drme e¨q h_vm¤¢e ms‡KvPb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
5. †`wkq mÂq-wewb‡qvM e„w× : Rbeûj, K…wlR `ªe¨ A_ev cÖ v_wgK cY¨`ªe¨ Drcv`bKvix †`‡ki RbM‡Yi ¯^í
Avq, ¯^í mÂq, ¯^í wewb‡qvM Øviv ciwbf©ikxjZv `~i Kiv KwVb| GRb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Gme †`‡ki MÖv‡g M‡Ä
RbM‡Yi ¶z`ª ¶z`ª mÂq‡K mgwš^Z K‡i †`wkq mÂq-wewb‡qvM e„w× Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
GQvovI, †`wkq wewfbœ †emiKvwi ms¯’ v Dbœq b Kg©Kv‡Û we‡`wk mvnvh¨ MÖnY †_‡K weiZ _vKv cÖ‡ qvRb|
†eKvi, Aa©‡eKvi, QÙ‡eKvi RbMY‡K cÖhyw³MZ cÖ wk¶Y cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g gvbe m¤ú` ißvwb K‡i †`wkq Avq e„w×
Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡qvR‡b we‡`wk KwVb kZ©hy³ mvnvh¨ MÖnY bv K‡i, eÜz ivóª n‡Z kZ©nxb ev Zzjbvg~jK mnR k‡Z©
FY-mvnvh¨ MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| M„nxZ mvnv‡hï eënvi †hb h_vh_fv‡e nq, †mw`‡KI †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|

A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
m‡e©vcwi, †`‡ki RbM‡Yi ciwbf©ikxjZvi g‡bvfve cwieZ©b K‡i ¯^wbf©i avivq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡j,
¯^qswµqfv‡e ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï Dci wbf©ikxjZv n« vm cv‡e|
ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ I ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï Zzjbvg~jK ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e

ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ KwVb kZ©hy³, A‡bK †¶‡Î my‡ì nviI D”P, cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e `vZvi ¯^v_© msi¶Y Ges
MÖnxZv †`k‡K ciwbf©ikxj K‡i iv‡L| †ewkifvM mgq ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï mv‡_ †`kxq ivRbxwZ‡Z we‡`wkiv
ivR‰bwZK n¯Í‡¶c K‡i| Gi d‡j ¯^vaxbZv, mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ûgwKi gy‡L c‡o| G my‡hv‡M we‡`wk †`k ev `vZv
ms¯’v¸‡jv †`kxq ivRbxwZwe`‡ì‡K Zv‡ì G‡R›U ev `vjv‡j cwiYZ K‡i| Gi d‡j `xN©‡gqv‡` ciwbf©ikxjZv
Av‡iv e„w× cvq| we‡`wkiv Mwie gvbyl‡K †kvlY Kivi my‡hvM cvq|
wKš‘ evwYR¨ Gi~c ¶wZKi cÖ fve m„wó K‡i bv hw` ißvwbgyLx wkí kw³kvjx nq, †`k Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© _v‡K|
ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ I ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï Zzjbvg~jK myweav wb‡gœ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï myweav : Ôê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ me©`vB LvivcÕG e³e¨ mwVK bq| welqwU wbgœiƒc `„wó‡KvY †_‡K
we‡ePbv Kiv hvqÑ
(i) ch©vß g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv : AbybZ œ I Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni `ªæZ Dbœqb mva‡bi Rb¨ ch©vß g~jab Zv‡ì
nv‡Z †bB| Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ †h cwigvY g~jab cÖ‡qvRb Zv eva¨ n‡qB ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ n‡Z MÖnY
Ki‡Z nq|
(ii) AvaywbK wk¶vi cÖmvi : wPwKrmv weÁvb, cÖhyw³MZ wk¶v, Mfxi gnvmgy`ª Ges gnvKv‡k m¤ú` AvniY Ges
gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y Gi eënvi, hveZxq AvaywbK wk¶v‡K `wi`ª †`‡ki QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì Kj¨v‡Y eënvi evov‡Z n‡j
cÖ‡qvRb ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨|
(iii) e„nr AeKvVv‡gv wewbg©v‡Y : wegvb e›ì, Mfxi mgy`ª e›ì, gnvmoK I †ij jvBb Dbœqb, hgybv I cÙv
eûgyLx †mZz cÖKí ev¯Íevqb, e„nr we`y¨r cÖKí Giƒc e„nr AeKvVv‡gv wewbg©v‡Y ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i|
(iv) cÖhyw³ I we‡klÁ Áv‡bi Afve c~iY : `wi`ª Ges Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n e„nr cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi †¶‡Î
cÖ‡qvRb we‡klÁ Ges cÖhyw³ hv ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ wn‡m‡e abx I DbœZ †`k n‡Z msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
(v) cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© : ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï gva¨‡g wewfbœ †`‡ki mv‡_ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© Dbœqb, wbR †`‡ki
c‡Yï evRvi cÖmvi, Ávb I mvs¯‹…w ZK m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb, ê‡`wkK wewb‡qvM AvniY cÖ f„wZ wel‡q cwic~iK D‡`¨vM
wn‡m‡e f~wgKv iv‡L ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨|
ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï myweav : Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni Rb¨ UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade
and Development) Gi cÖ_g j¶¨ wQj Avg`vwb weKíb wkívq‡bi gva¨‡g †`k¸‡jv ¯^-wbf©ifv‡e M‡o DV‡e|
wKš‘ G bxwZ mdj bv nIqvq 1964 mv‡j UNCTAD m‡¤§j‡b ißvwbgyLx wkívq‡bi gva¨‡g ißvwb e„w×i Dci
†Rvi †`qv nq| ZLb aviYv n‡jv, ißvwb Avq evo‡j evwYR¨ eëavb K‡g Avm‡e| ¯^íKvjxb mg‡q ê‡`wkK
mvnvh¨, evwYR¨ eëavb, mÂq eëavb n«v‡m Kvh©Ki n‡jI `xN©Kvjxb mg‡q AvZ¥gh© v`vm¤úbœ RvwZ wn‡m‡e cÖw Zôv
jv‡fi Rb¨ mvnvh¨ bq evwYR¨B GKgvÎ j¶¨ nIqv DwPZ| ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï myweavmg~n n‡jv wbgœiƒc :
(i) Af¨šÍixY m¤ú‡ì Kvg¨ eënvi : ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ wjß †`‡ki Drcv`b e„w ×i j‡¶¨ wbR¯^ m¤ú‡ì
m‡e©v”P eënvi, m¤ú` AvniY, cY¨ `ª‡eï ¸YMZ gvb Dbœqb, ê‡`wkK evRvi m¤cÖm viY Ges wbR¯^ D‡`¨v³v‡ì
`¶Zv e„w×‡Z ê‡`wkK evwYR¨ AZ¨šÍ mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
(ii) †`‡ki cÖ‡qvR‡bi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ e„w × : ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ A‡c¶v †Kv‡bv †`k ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï gva¨‡g
AMÖmi n‡j, †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨-mvgMÖ x, g~jab `ªe¨ m¯Ívq Ges gvb hvPvB K‡i we‡`k n‡Z msMÖn
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| bZzev ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ MÖnxZv †`k `vZv †`‡ki mš‘wói Rb¨ D”P g~‡j¨, wbgœ gv‡bi cY¨ wba©vwiZ
†`k n‡ZB msMÖn Ki‡Z eva¨ _vK‡Z nq|

(iii) ¯^vaxb Dbœqb cwiKíbv : ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ MÖnxZv †`k wbR †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ¯^ vaxbfv‡e Dbœqb
cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY `vZv †`k mvnvh¨ MÖnxZv †`‡ki Rb¨ Giƒc cwiKíbv ˆZwi K‡ib hv‡Z `vZv
†`‡ki A_©‰bwZK ¯^ v_© nvwmj nq, wb‡R‡ì ˆZwi g~jab `ªe¨ wewµ Ges Dc‡`óvi Kg©ms¯’vb wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Giƒc †¶‡Î A‡bK mgq MÖnxZv †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZvI ¶zYœ nq| wKš‘ ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv †`k
cwiPvwjZ n‡j wb‡R‡ì cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Dbœq b cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(iv) ê‡`wkK wbf©ikxjZv n« vm : ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï gva¨‡g †`k AMÖmi n‡j D³ †`k ¯^-wbf©i n‡Z cv‡i|
Gi d‡j ê‡`wkK F‡Yi my `-Avmj cwi‡kv‡ai Pvc ev `vq _v‡K bv|
(v) AvZ¥wbf©ikxj nIqv : ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ bq, ê‡`wkK evwYR¨B GKwU †`k‡K AvZ¥wbf©ikxj n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z : evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v‡K KvwiMwi wk¶vq wkw¶Z K‡i, `¶ gvbem¤ú‡` i~cvšÍi K‡i, gvbe
m¤ú` ißvwb e„w× I Af¨šÍixY m¤ú‡ì myôz eënv‡ii gva¨‡g ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï wbf©ikxjZv n« vm Kiv hvq| GQvov
wek¦evRv‡ii Pvwn`vi cÖwZ `„ wó †i‡L Af¨šÍixY Drcv`‡b êwPÎ¨Ki‡Yi gva¨‡g ißvwb e„w×, AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ges wejvm
`ª‡eï Avg`vwb n«vm K‡i evwYR¨ NvUwZ n«vm Kiv hvq|
K…wlRvZ cY¨ ißvwbi cvkvcvwk wkíRvZ cY¨ ißvwbi cÖw Z w`b w`b g‡bv‡hvM evov‡Z n‡e| ga¨ I `xN©‡gqv‡`
†`k †hb wkíwbf©i nq Zvi Rb¨ myôz cwiKíbv cÖ Yqb K‡i `ªæZ c`‡¶c wb‡Z n‡e| cwiKíbv cÖY q‡b †`kxq `¶
cwiKíbvKvix‡K wb‡qvM w`‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j †`k ciwbf©ikxjZvi nvZ †_‡K i¶v cv‡e|
wek¦vq‡bi G mg‡q m¤ú~Y© fv‡e ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ MÖnY eÜ Kiv hv‡e bv| K…wl, wkí, Rxeb i¶vKvix Ilya,
Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ i¶v, ˆRe cÖhyw³i myôz eënvi, Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ wech©q †gvKvwejv, M‡elYv cÖw ZwU †¶‡Î wek¦gq
bZzb bZzb cÖhyw³i †h D™¢veb n‡”Q Zvi mydj †fvM Kivi Rb¨ ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ MÖnY AZ¨vek¨K|
ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e
1. M„nxZ mvnvh¨ †hb KwVb kZ©h³y bv nq, my` gy³ ev Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e ¯^í my`hy³ I cwi‡kvaKvj †hb `xN© nq|
2. M„nxZ mvnvh¨ †hb †`kxq Drcv`b KvVv‡gv‡K ¶wZMÖ¯Í bv K‡i;
3. ißvwb evwYR¨ †hb †Kv‡bvfv‡e evavMÖ¯Í bv nq;
4. mvnvh¨ †hb ivR‰bwZK cÖ fvegy³ nq;
5. mvnvh¨`vZv †`k n‡Z †hb KuvPvgvj Avg`vwb, e¯¿, hš¿vsk, kªg I KvwiMwi mvnvh¨ Ges cwienb myweav MÖnY
ev Avg`vwb Ki‡Z bv nq A_ev, h_vm¤¢e Kg Avg`vwb;
6. mvnvh¨ †hb wbw`©ó cÖK‡í `ªæZ Ges `¶Zvi mv‡_ eëüZ nq;
7. mvnvh¨MÖnxZv, wbR †`‡ki cÖ‡qvR‡b me©vwaK cÖ‡qvRbxq †¶‡Î mvnv‡hï A_© †hb evavnxbfv‡e, ¯^”QZvi
mv‡_ eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
ê‡`wkK wewb‡qvM
wek¦e¨vsK I B›Uvib¨vkbvj dvBb¨vÝ K‡c©v‡ikb (AvBGdwm) cÖKvwkZ Wywqs weR‡bm, 2016 kxl©K cÖwZ‡e`b
Abyhvqx GR Ae Wyw qs : weR‡bm †Møvevj i¨vsK-G evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb 189wU †`‡ki g‡a¨ 174Zg| Z‡e
wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì myi¶vi †¶‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb 88Zg| ZvQvov, FY cÖvwßi †¶‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb
133Zg Ges eëmv ïiæ I Ki cÖ `v‡bi †¶‡Î h_vµ‡g 117Zg I 86Zg ¯’ v‡b i‡q‡Q|
D‡jøL¨, wewb‡qvM †ev‡W©i BOI Online Service Tracking (BOST), BOI Investment Management
System (BIMS), Online Registration System (ORS) Gi gva¨‡g †mev cÖ`vb Ae¨vnZ Av‡Q| GQvov, Ab
GivB‡fj wfmv, B-wfmvmn we‡`wk wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì mKj wfmv I Kvh© AbygwZ (work permit) AbjvB‡b cÖ `vb
Kiv n‡”Q| ZvQvov, ê‡`wkK FY cÖvwßi cÖwµqvI AbjvB‡b Kiv nq|

A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
cÖK…Z wewb‡qvM (ê‡`wkK I ¯’vbxq)
cÖK…Z cÖZ¨¶ ê‡`wkK wewb‡qvM (Foreign Direct Investment-FDI)
evsjv‡`‡k cÖK… Z cÖ Z¨¶ ê‡`wkK wewb‡qv‡Mi cwimsL¨vb evsjv‡`k e¨vsK KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ lvb¥vwmK Enterprise
Survey-i gva¨‡g msM„nxZ n‡q _v‡K| PjwZ A_©eQ‡ii wW‡m¤î, 2015 ch©šÍ †gvU ¯’~j (gross) cÖZ¨¶ wewb‡qvM
cÖevn wQj 2,699.05 wgwjqb| Zb¥‡a¨ Awewb‡qvMK…Z cÖe v‡ni cwigvY 463.66 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi Ges mivmwi
wewb‡qvM 2235.39 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi|
†jLwPÎ : evsjv‡`‡k cÖK… Z ê‡`wkK wewb‡qv‡Mi (FDI) cÖevn
wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi
2235
1086 1 599 1527
845 793 913 1136 1293
355 335 350 460 666 700
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
m~Î : G›UvicÖvBR mv‡f©, evsjv‡`k e¨vsK

mviwY‡Z evsjv‡`‡k cÖK… Z we‡`wk wewb‡qv‡Mi Dcv`vbwfwËK cÖevn †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
†hŠ_ wewb‡qvM wbeÜb (¯’vbxq I êw`wkK)
wewb‡qvM Kvh©µg ïiæi cÖ v_wgK avc n‡jv wewb‡hvM wbeÜb, hv cieZx©Kv‡j cÖKí msµvšÍ mvwe©K m¤¢ve¨Zv
hvPvB mv‡c‡¶ ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq| 2001-02 A_©eQ‡i †gvU 2,964wU †emiKvwi cÖK‡í wewb‡qvM cÖ¯Ívebvi cwigvY
wQj 10,540 †KvwU UvKv| 2015-16 A_©eQ‡ii †deªæqvwi ch©šÍ 1,046wU cÖK í wbewÜZ n‡q‡Q Ges †gvU
wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY 5,66,428.148 †KvwU UvKv|
m¤ú~Y© ¯’ vbxq wewb‡qvM wbeÜb
2008-09 A_©eQ‡i ¯’vbxq wewb‡qvM wbeÜ‡bi cwigvY wQj 17,117.49 †KvwU UvKv hv 2015-16 A_©eQ‡ii
cÖ_g AvU gv‡m (RyjvB-†deª æqvwi) 53,680.87 †KvwU UvKvq DbœxZ n‡q‡Q| ¯’ vbxq wewb‡qv‡M wbewÜZ wk‡íi
LvZwfwËK weeiY wb‡gœi mviwY-G Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
mviwY : ¯’vbxq wewb‡qv‡M wbewÜZ wk‡íi LvZwfwËK weeiY
e„nr Lv‡Zi bvg 2008-09 2011-12 2014-15 2015-16*
K…wlwfwËK wkí 822.33 6119.6 8588.93 6727.15
dzW GÛ GjvBW 402.76 1082.2 2527.83 1270.97
†U·UvBj wkí 7945.12 10557.6 8664.64 13349.97
wcÖw›Us GÛ cvewjwks 180.13 415.1 598.30 426.18
U¨vbvwi GÛ †j`vi wkí 33.04 138.6 434.36 684.90
†KwgK¨vjm wkí 3055.59 9549.1 8147.18 11561.83
Mvm GÛ wmivwgK wkí 405.52 240.0 535.08 542.76
BwÄwbqvwis wkí 2761.58 4958.2 7358.41 8009.80
mvwf©m wkí 1464.89 15506.1 8914.27 8465.56
wewea wkí 46.53 4910.1 1475.24 2641.73
†gvU 17117.49 53476.6 47245.67 53680.87
m~Î : wewb‡qvM †evW©, * †deªæqvwi, 2016 ch©š|Í

LvZwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq †h, 2015-16 A_©eQ‡i (RyjvB-†deªæqvwi) e¯¿ wkí Lv‡Z cÖKí wbeÜ‡bi nvi
m‡e©v”P (24.87%)| Ab¨vb¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ LvZ¸‡jv †KwgK¨vj wkí (21.54%), mvwf©m (15.77%) I BwÄwbqvwis
(14.92%)|
m¤ú~Y© we‡`wk I †hŠ_ gvwjKvbvaxb wewb‡qvM wbeÜb
2015-16 A_©eQ‡ii †deªæqvwi, 2016 gvm ch©šÍ we‡`wk I †hŠ_ wewb‡qv‡M †gvU 92wU bZzb cÖKí wbewÜZ n‡q‡Q,
hv‡Z cÖ¯ÍvweZ wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY cÖ vq 17,377.53 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi| wbewÜZ bZzb we‡`wk I †hŠ_ wewb‡qvM
cÖ¯vÍ ebvi cÖavb LvZ¸‡jv n‡jv †mev, e¯¿ I K…wlwfwËK|
LvZwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq †h, 2015-16 (RyjvB-†deªæqvwi) A_©eQ‡i wbewÜZ bZzb 92wU we‡`wk I †hŠ_
wewb‡qvM cÖ ¯vÍ ebvi g‡a¨ †mev Lv‡Z wkí cÖKí wbeÜ‡bi nvi m‡e©v”P (34.73%), cÖ‡KŠkj Lv‡Z (27.93%)|
Ab¨vb¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ LvZ¸‡jv n‡jv-K…wlwfwËK wkíLvZ (10.73%) I e¯¿LvZ (6.71%)|
we‡`wk I †hŠ_ wewb‡qvM cÖ ¯vÍ ebvi †`kwfwËK weeiY
2015-16 A_©eQ‡ii †deªæqvwi, 2016 ch©šÍ wbewÜZ bZzb we‡`wk I †hŠ_ wewb‡qvM cÖKí¸‡jvi AÂj wn‡m‡e c~e-©
Gwkqv †`kmg~n n‡Z cÖvß wewb‡qvM cÖ¯Ívebvi cwigvY me©vwaK| Gici i‡q‡Q `w¶Y, c~e© I cwðg Gwkqv,
BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb, DËi Av‡gwiKv Ges wmAvBGmfy³ AÂj|
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z eySv hvq, evsjv‡`‡k ê‡`wkK wewb‡qv‡Mi LvZ Ges cÖ‡qvRb e¨vcK| †h‡nZz G‡`‡k
cÖ‡qvRbxq g~ja‡bi ¯^í Zv i‡q‡Q, D‡`¨v³vi ¯^í Zv, KvwiMix cÖhyw³i ¯^ íZv i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki GK wekvj
Rb‡Mvwô †eKvi, RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQz Avq I RxebhvÎvi gvb e„w× Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| ZvB G‡`‡ki `ªæZ Dbœqb mva‡bi
j‡¶¨ AwaK nv‡i ê‡`wkK wewb‡qvM cÖZ¨vwkZ Ges A_©b xwZ‡Z Gi cÖfve AZ¨šÍ Zvrch©c~Y© n‡e|
wkÿv_©xi KvR
(K) evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ Avewk¨K wK-bv? we‡kølY Kiæb|
(L) evsjv‡`‡k ê‡`wkK wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖfve we‡kølY Kiæb|
mvims‡¶c
ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ : ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ ej‡Z GKwU †`‡ki Riæix cÖ‡qvR‡b Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ FY,
`vb, Aby `vb, cY¨-`ªe¨, Avw_©K I KvwiMwi †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi †`k ewnf~© Z mnvqZv MÖnY Ges cÖ`vb
Dfq‡K †evSvq|
ê‡`wkK wewb‡qvM : c„w_exi wewfbœ †`k cÖK…Z cÖ Z¨¶ ê‡`wkK wewb‡qvM (FDI), †hŠ_ wewb‡qvM Ki‡Q
evsjv‡`‡k| KviY, evsjv‡`‡k g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv i‡q‡Q, D‡`¨v³v I KvwiMix cÖhyw³i ¯^íZv i‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki GK wekvj Rb‡Mvôx †eKvi, gv_vwcQz Avq I RxebhvÎvi gvb wbPz| G‡ì Rxebgvb Dbœ q‡b
ê‡`wkK wewb‡qvM cÖ‡qvRb|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| GKwU †`k Aci †`k n‡Z ÔcY¨mvgMÖxi mvnvh¨ cÖ vwßÕÑKx ai‡bi mvnvh¨ wb‡`©k K‡i?
K) Lv`¨ mvnvh¨ L) cÖKí mvnvh¨
M) AcÖKí mvnvh¨ N) mvgwiK mvnvh¨

A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
2| ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï Dci wbf©ikxjZvi d‡j Kx nq?
K) †`‡ki ¯^ v_© i¶v nq L) †`‡ki Dbœq b Z¡ivwš^Z nq
M) †`k‡K ¯^vej¤^x K‡i N) †`k‡K cigyLv‡c¶x K‡i
3| ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï myweav n‡jv
i. Af¨šÍixY m¤ú‡ì Kvg¨ eënvi
ii. AvaywbK wk¶vi cÖm vi
iii. e„nr AeKvVv‡gv wewbg© v‡Y

cvV 8.7 wek¦vqb I evsjv‡`k

Globalization and Bangladesh
D‡Ïk¨
 wek¦vqb m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 A_©‰bwZK wek¦ vqb we‡kølb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wek¦vq‡bi BwZevPK I †bwZevPK w`Kmg~n wewýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~jcvV-
wek¦vqb
Ô†MøvevjvB‡RkbÕ ev wek¦vqb †Kv‡bv Aev¯Íe aviYv bq| wek¦ vqb AvR ev¯ÍeZv| cuywRmn Drcv`‡bi mKj DcKiY
Gi AvšÍR©vwZKxKiY cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK Ges mvs¯‹…wZK wgj-eÜ‡bi Øviv GKwU
wek¦MÖvg (Global Village) cÖwZôv Kiv‡K wek¦ vqb ejv hvq| Gi d‡j, bZzb bZz b cÖhyw³i D™¢ ve‡bi Øviv ivóªxq
mxgvbvi wejywß N‡U, wek¦e¨vcx mvgvwRK m¤úK© my`„p nq, evwYR¨ D`vixKi‡Yi d‡j A_© I m¤ú‡ì Aeva cÖevn
N‡U| 1947 m‡bi A‡±ve‡i †R‡bfvq ïé I evwYR¨ msµvšÍ eûRvwZK mvaviY Pzw³ (The General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade or GATT) m¤úv`‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wek¦ vqb aviYvi m~ÎcvZ n‡jI beŸB `k‡Ki †klw`‡K Gi
mv‡_ Avgv‡ì cwiPq N‡U|
evsjv‡`k A_©bxwZ mwgwZi we‡kl m‡¤§jb-2002 G, Aa¨vcK Abul Barkat (Xv. we.) I HDRC (Human
Development Research Centre)-Gi mn‡hvMx M‡elK A. K. M. Maksud KZ©„K Dc¯’vwcZ cÖe‡Ü G m¤ú‡K© e‡jb,
Globalization has historically been linked to the concentration and centralisation of capital, wealth and
power. A_©vr wek¦vqb g~jab, m¤ú` I ¶gZvi †K›`ªxf‚ZKi‡Yi mv‡_ HwZnvwmKfv‡e mshy³| Zuviv AviI e‡jb,
The process of globalization affects global labour markets and labour relations, migration, the use and
control of resources, human rights, democracy, cultures and traditions and gender relations. Globalization is
manifested in changes in production, technology, trade partners, international investment and finance, and
the transmission of cultural values. A_©vr wek¦vqb cÖwµqvwU wek¦ kªgevRvi Ges kªg m¤úK©, ¯’vbvšÍi, m¤ú‡ì
eënvi I wbqš¿Y, gvbevwaKvi, MYZš¿, ms¯‹w… Z, HwZn¨ Ges wj½ m¤ú‡K©i Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| wek¦vqb Drcv`b,
cÖhyw³, evwYR¨ Askx`vi, AvšÍR©vwZK wewb‡qvM, A_©vqb Ges mvs¯‹w… ZK g~j¨‡ev‡ai n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ nq|
BD‡ivwcqvb BDwbqb Ôwek¦vqbÕ m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, "Globalization is the process by which interaction between
more people—and therefore between more business, more markets and more economics around the
world—is being enabled through technology." A_©vr wek¦vqb n‡”Q Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv, hv AwaK RbM‡Yi g‡a¨
cvi¯úwiK wµqv-cÖw Zwµqv‡K †evSvq| Gi d‡j, c„w_exe¨vcx AwaK eëmvq, AwaK evRvi Ges AwaK A_©bxwZi
g‡a¨ cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM N‡U| hwÌ wek¦ vq‡bi d‡j ejv n‡qwQj, wbgœwjwLZ my‡hvM¸‡jv m„wó Ki‡e—
—More employment (AwaK Kg©ms¯’vb)—Increased per capita income (gv_vwcQy Avq e„ w×)—Improved
living standard (Rxe‡bi gv‡bvbœqb)—Improved social conditions (mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi Dbœq b)—Increased
investment (wewb‡qvM e„w×)—Technology (cÖhyw³)—Manpower (Rbkw³)—Industrialization & Sustainable
development (wkívqb I wbf©i‡hvM¨ Dbœqb)—Environmental protection (cwi‡ek myi¶v)|

A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
wek¦vq‡bi myweav
wek¦vq‡bi d‡j
(i) DcKi‡Yi MwZkxjZv : wek¦vq‡bi d‡j mgMÖ wek¦e¨vcx Drcv`‡b eëüZ DcKi‡Yi MwZkxjZv Z_v kªg,
cyuwR I cÖhy w³i cÖevn e„w× cv‡e| Gi d‡j †`k, AÂj I wek¦e¨vcx Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× cv‡e, †eKviZ¡ n« vm cv‡e|
(ii) bZzb cÖhyw³i D™¢ e I wewbgq : wek¦vq‡bi d‡j c„w_exi mKj †`kmg~‡ni †gavex‡ì mymgš^‡qi gva¨‡g
bZzb cÖhyw³i D™¢e nq Ges wewfbœ †`k Gi mydj †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(iii) D`vixKiY : G cÖwµqvq evwYR¨ D`vixKiY, evRvi Db¥y³KiY Ges Z‡_ï Aeva cÖevn wbwðZKi‡Yi
gva¨‡g me ai‡bi wbqš¿Y eë¯’v Zz‡j †bqvi e¨vcv‡i mKj †`k GKgZ n‡q‡Q| d‡j c„w_exi mKj cÖv‡šÍi cÖ‡Z¨K
gvbyl Gi †_‡K GKBiƒc mydj jvf Ki‡e|
(iv) AwaK Drcv`b : wek¦ vq‡bi d‡j m¤ú‡ì m‡e©v”P `¶ eënvi wbwðZ nq, AcPq †iva cvq, m‡e©v”P
Drcv`b m¤¢e nq|
(v) `vg n«vm cvq : Aeva cÖev‡ni Kvi‡Y cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jKfv‡e wewfbœ cY¨-†mevi `vg n«vm cvq| †µZviv Kg
`v‡g fv‡jv gv‡bi cY¨ †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(vi) GK‡PwUqv eëmvqxi Aby cw¯’ wZ : eû‡`k eû D‡`¨v³vi mgš^‡qB wek¦vqb| ZvB GLv‡b †h‡Kv‡bv cY¨-
†mevi weKí †hvMvb G‡Kev‡iB ch©vß| Giƒc Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv c‡Yï ïay GKK †hvMvb Ly‡u R cvIqv gyk wKj|
(vii) Rxe‡bi gv‡bvbœqb : wek¦vq‡bi d‡j wewfbœ †`‡ki RbMY Dbœ Z `ªe¨-†mev †fv‡Mi gva¨‡g DbœZ Rxe‡bi
AwaKvix n‡Z cv‡i| gvby‡li Mo †fvM, Mo Avqy e„w× cvq Ges Rxe‡bi gv‡bvbœqb N‡U|
(viii) wbf©i‡hvM¨ Dbœqb : wek¦vq‡bi mydj †fvM Ges eënv‡ii gva¨‡g K…wl, wkí, †mev cÖ f„wZ Lv‡Z
wbf©i‡hvM¨ (Sustainable) Dbœqb N‡U| wkívq‡bi gva¨‡g `ªyZ †eKviZ¡ n«vm cvq| gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK gyw³
AwR©Z nq|
wek¦vqb †hgb ev¯ÍeZv m¤ú‡ì Amg eÈbI †Zgwb ev¯Íe Zv| we‡k¦i 600 †KvwU gvby‡ li 250 †KvwU GLbI
`wi`ª A_P gvÎ 10wU eûRvwZK K‡c©v‡ikb we‡k¦i GK-Z…Zxqvsk m¤ú` wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q, DË‡ii †`k¸‡jv A_©‰bwZK
I ivR‰bwZKfv‡e wek¦ wbqš¿‡Ki f‚wgKvq AeZxY© n‡q‡Q, `wi`ª †`k¸‡jvi g‡aÏ m¤ú‡ì gvwjKvbv I cwi‡fv‡M
abx-`wi`ª êlg¨ e„w× cv‡”Q—G¸‡jvB n‡jv †cÖw¶Z hvi g‡a¨ Pj‡Q wek¦vqb Ges WTO †Kw›`ªK welqvw`| 1994
mv‡j ¯^v¶wiZ Diæ¸‡q ivDÛ GATT Pyw³e‡j 1995 mv‡j wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’ vi (WTO) Rb¥ MÖn‡Yi ci cuywRev`x
wek¦vq‡bi AcÖwZ‡iva¨ †Rvqvi wek¦Rqx n‡q D‡V‡Q|
wek¦vq‡bi Amyweav
evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv `wi`ª I Dbœ qbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z*—
(i) kªgRxex RbMY‡K µgea©gvb êl‡gï wkKvi Ki‡e| Avevi DbœZ Rxebhvc‡bi †gv‡n `¶ I †gavex
RbMY we‡`‡k Mgb (Brain drain) Gi d‡j †`k †gavk~b¨ n‡q co‡e|
(ii) fwel¨r eskai‡ì Rb¨ Acwinvh© m¤ú`, cwi‡ek AcPqg~jKfv‡e wbt‡kl K‡i †`‡e|
(iii) wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨, cywó mieivn, †mwb‡Ukb, cwi‡ek Dbœqb, A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY, mvgvwRK
wbivcËv BZ¨vw` `ªe¨ I †mev mvgvwRKfv‡e Kvg¨ cwigv‡Y Drcvw`Z n‡e bv|
* m~Î : Ôwek¦vq‡bi cwi‡cÖ w¶‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Dbœqb fvebvÕ—W. gBbyj Bmjvg|
(iv) Gi~c A_©bxwZ‡Z ÒcÖw Z‡hvwMZvÓ wPiw`bB AjxK ¯^ cœ †_‡K hv‡e| ev¯Í‡e cuywRev`x A_©bxwZ‡Z evRv‡ii
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv GK ai‡bi Ôgvrm¨b¨vqÕ cÖwZôvB K‡i _v‡K †hLv‡b e„nr cuy wRcwZiv †QvU I gvSvwi D‡`¨v³v‡ì
weKvk‡K c‡` c‡` wewNœ Z Ki‡Z _vK‡e| G‡`‡ki ˆZix †cvkvK wkíI Pxb, fviZ, kª xjsKv, cvwK¯Ívb, nsKs,
_vBj¨vÛ, wf‡qZbvg cÖf„wZ †`‡ki mv‡_ Zxeª cÖw Z‡hvwMZvi m¤§yL xb n‡”Q, AviI n‡e| fwel¨‡Z G wkíI Mfxi
msK‡U co‡Z cv‡i|
(v) evRvi A_©bxwZ gv`K`ªe¨, Akøxj QvqvQwe, Ryqv‡Ljv, †Nvo‡`Šo, K¨vwm‡bv-K¬ve BZ¨vwì g‡Zv ¶wZKi `ªe¨
I †mev cÖwZôv‡bi †cQ‡b mvgvwRK m¤ú` AcPq Ki‡Q Ges Av‡iv Ki‡e| Gi d‡j `ybx©wZ, gv`Kvmw³, mš¿vmx
Kg©KvÛ cÖf„wZ Aciva cÖeYZv e„w× cv‡”Q| bvixiv Aeg~j¨vq‡bi ¯^ xKvi n‡”Q|
(vi) Gi~c A_©b xwZ mvgvwRK b¨vq wePvi‡K mgybœZ ivL‡Z e¨_© weavq MY`vwi`ª¨, †eKviZ¡, RbmsL¨v mgm¨v,
wbi¶iZv, eyfz¶ v I cywónxbZv mgm¨vi Aemvb NUv‡Z AcviM|
(vii) wek¦vq‡bi G ev¯Íe Zvq Kw_Z Db¥y³ cÖw Z‡hvwMZvq DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi wkí I evwYR¨ eë¯’vq Dbœqbkxj
`wi`ª †`k¸‡jvi wbR¯^ cY¨`ª‡eï evRvi eë¯’ v aŸsm n‡e| KviY Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi wkí KvVv‡gv I AvIZv
DbœZ †`k A‡c¶v LyeB `ye©j| d‡j †`kxq wk‡íi weKvk e¨vnZ n‡e, ißvwb n« vm †c‡q evwYR¨ NvUwZi cwigvY
e„w× cv‡e|
(ix) AbybœZ †`‡ki K…wlcY¨ wek¦ evRv‡i mwVKfv‡e g~j¨vwqZ nq bv| Gi d‡j Aby bœZ K…w lcÖa vb †`k¸‡jv‡Z
weiƒc cÖw Zwµqv †`Lv †`q|
(x) AbybœZ ev Dbœqbkxj †`‡k Drcv`b e„w× Kivi D‡`¨v‡Mi d‡j eb-R½j aŸsm n‡q cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek
ûgwKi gy‡L co‡e|
(xi) wek¦vq‡bi d‡j Lye mn‡RB †`kxq ms¯‹…wZ, g~j¨‡eva, agx©q wek¦vm wech©‡qi gy‡L co‡Z cv‡i| wfb‡`wk
Acms¯‹…wZi d‡j fwel¨r cÖR‡b¥i MVb ûgwKi g‡a¨ co‡Z cv‡i|
GB †cÖw¶‡Z evsjv‡`wk RbMY Kxfv‡e wek¦ vqb‡K †gvKvwejv Ki‡e, GwUB cÖkœ n‡Z cv‡i| †h‡nZz Avgv‡ì
g~jab ev cyuwRi ¯^í Zv i‡q‡Q ZvB AvšÍR©vwZK kªg m¤ú` evRv‡i Avgv‡ì‡K †hvM¨ wn‡m‡e cÖw Zôv jv‡fi Rb¨
GLbB wb‡R‡ì‡K D‡`¨vMx n‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ gvbe m¤ú` Dbœq‡bi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| Dbœq‡bi c‡_ mdj
†`k¸‡jvi BwZnvm Av‡iv mv¶¨ w`‡”Q, gvbe Dbœq‡b mwZ¨Kvi mdj †Kv‡bv †`k †ewk w`b Dbœq‡bi †`Š‡o wcwQ‡q
_v‡K bv|
AZGe, mve©Rbxb weÁvb I cÖhy w³wbf©i, êlg¨nxb I mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ Awfbœ wk¶veë¯’v M‡o †Zvjvi
Rb¨ ivóªxq D‡`¨v‡M hy×Kvjxb cÖ¯zÍ wZ I cÖqvm Pvjv‡bvi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB|
Z_¨ I †Uwj †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Pjgvb wecøe †_‡K evsjv‡`k D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †Kv‡bv dvq`v Zzj‡Z cv‡iwb| A_P
wek¦vq‡bi cwi‡cÖ w¶‡Z fwel¨‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki AvšÍR© vwZK cÖ wZ‡hvwMZvi †¶Î ÔZ_¨cÖhyw³'‡K wN‡iB AvewZ© Z n‡e,
Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB| GLv‡bB evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi`ª¨ gyw³i †mvbvwj m¤¢vebv jywK‡q Av‡Q|
wek¦vqb I Z_¨cÖhyw³*
GKzk kZK bvbvfv‡e Avgv‡ì m¤¢vebvi `yqvi Ly‡j w`‡”Q| Z_¨cÖhyw³ I Rxe cÖhyw³i we¯§qKi Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g GB
kZK Drcv`bkxjZv I Rxe‡bi gvb Dbœq‡bI AcÖZ¨vwkZ me my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Q| Z_¨cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© Aa¨vcK M.
Lutfar Rahman (D. U.) e‡jb, "Information technology (or IT) involves collection, storage, processing and
distribution of information." A_©vr Z_¨cÖhyw³ ej‡Z †evSvq, Z_¨ msMÖn, msi¶Y, cÖwµqvRvZKiY Ges eÈb|
* Ôwek¦vqb I Z_¨cÖhyw³Õ bqv A_©bxwZ‡Z evsjv‡`k, AvwZDi ingvb, Avwidzi ingvb, ZvBdzi ingvb, BIDS; †_‡K AwaKvsk msM„nxZ|
A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
IT kãwU g~jZ ICT (Information and Communication Technology) Gi msw¶ß i~c| Ab¨w`‡K wek¦vqb
m¤ú‡K© Aa¨vcK M. Lutfar Rahman e‡jb, "In broad term globalization is the inter-state flow of products,
information and technology." A_©vr cÖmvwiZ A‡_©, wek¦ vqb ej‡Z Drcvw`Z `ªe¨, Z_¨ Ges cÖhyw³i AvšÍtivóª
cÖevn‡K †evSvq| eZ©g v‡b Z_¨cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I ¸iæZ¡ †evSv‡Z wM‡q World Bank I UNDP-Gi wb‡gœv³
`ywU Dw³ ¯§iY‡hvM¨ :
"The cost of transmitting a trillion bits of information from Boston to Los-Angeles has fallen from $
1,50,000 in 1970 to 12 cents today."—World Bank.
"In 2001 more information can be sent over a single cable in a second than in 1997 was sent over the
entire Internet in a month."—UNDP
eûw`b c‡i g‡b n‡”Q G kZ‡KB nq‡Zv `vwi`ª¨ bv‡gi f‚ ZwU‡K Avgiv Avgv‡ì Nvo †_‡K bvgv‡Z m¶g ne|
G m¤¢vebvi cvkvcvwk bqv kZvãx‡Z A‡bK P¨v‡j‡ÄiI m¤§yLxb Avgiv| we‡kl K‡i cÖkœ D‡V‡Q, bqv A_©bxwZi bqv
my‡hvM¸‡jv wK mK‡ji Kv‡Q †cŠuQv‡bv m¤¢e? Z_¨cÖhyw³i mydj eÈb‡K wN‡i G cÖkœwU AviI †Rviv‡jv n‡”Q| Gme
P¨v‡jÄ m‡Ë¡I GK_v Avgv‡ì gvb‡ZB n‡e, AvR‡Ki †h Z_¨cÖhyw³i wecøe, Zv c„w_exi †Pnviv Avg~j e`‡j w`‡Z
cv‡i| cwieZ©‡bi nvIqv GiB g‡a¨ eB‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| GLb cÖkœ, cwieZ©‡bi G nvIqvi mv‡_ Avgiv Zvj †gjv‡Z
cvie †Zv? W. gyn¤§` BDb~‡mi fvlvq "Can Bangladesh take advantage of the coming IT revolution? Of
course we can. We can take full advantage of this IT revolution and pull ourselves out of poverty,
illiteracy, poor health and poor education, if we prepare ourselves right now to ride the wave of this
revolution." Gi~c Avkvev`x `„wófw½i †cQ‡b KviY¸‡jv my¯úó| hwÌ †Mvov‡Z Z_¨cÖhyw³ GKwU D”P cÖhyw³wbf©i
wkí, Gi we¯Í„wZ‡Z ìKvi n‡e wbgœ cÖhyw³wbf©i Kg©Kv‡Û RwoZ wekvj Rb‡Mvôxi mg_©b| Avi G‡¶‡ÎB evsjv‡`k
GwM‡q i‡q‡Q Ab¨‡ì †P‡q| Z_¨cÖhyw³ wel‡q ZiæY cÖR‡b¥i `viæY Drmvn Ges bqv D‡`¨v³v‡ì GB Lv‡Z
wewb‡qv‡Mi AvMÖn GB Avkvev` ˆZwi‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i Pj‡Q| Z_¨cÖhyw³ LvZ †_‡KB AvMvgx w`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb
Av‡qi wmsnfvM AvniY Kiv n‡e, ejv hvq| A_©vr wek¦vq‡bi †cÖ¶vc‡U Z_¨cÖhyw³ Lv‡Zi DciB wbf©i Ki‡e
G‡`‡ki AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï fwel¨r|
eZ©gv‡b B›Uvi‡bU, B-Kgvm©, Gg-Kgvm©, B-Mf‡b©Ý, B-¯^v¯’¨ myweav cÖf…w Z †¶‡Î Z_¨cÖhyw³i `ª æZ cÖmvi NU‡Q|
wek¦vq‡bi G hy‡M bqv A_©bxwZi weKv‡k Z_¨cÖhyw³i f‚ wgKvB gyL¨| G A_©bxwZ‡K mve©Rbxb mydjagx© Ki‡Z n‡j
mywk¶v I mykvmb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| eZ©gvb miKvi Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i eënvi mgv‡Ri me©¯‡Í i weKvk
Ges cÖmv‡ii gva¨‡g 2021 mv‡ji g‡a¨ ÔwWwRUvj evsjv‡`kÕ Movi j‡¶¨ ÔRvZxq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
bxwZgvjv-2009Õ cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| `kwU g~j D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L bxwZgvjvq ¯^í, ga¨ I `xN©‡gqvw` 306wU
Kg©cwiKíbv ev¯Íe vqb Ki‡Q| G j‡¶¨ KwcivBU AvBb ms‡kvab, ÔAvBwmwU BbwKD‡eUi †m›UviÕ ¯’vcb, nvB‡UK
cvK© ¯’ vcb K‡i‡Q| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k hy³ivóª, BD‡ivc, Rvcvb, KvbvWv, A‡÷ªwjqvmn we‡k¦i cÖvq 30wU †`‡k
mdUIq¨vi Ges AvBwU mvwf©‡mm ißvwb Ki‡Q| bwKqv, Rvcvb GqvijvBbm, wek¦e¨vsK, GBPwc, gvwK©b †cv÷vj I
GwMÖKvjPvi wWcvU©‡g›U evsjv‡`‡ki ˆZwi mdUIq¨vi eënvi Ki‡Q|
wkÿv_©xi KvR
evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖw¶‡Z wek¦ vq‡bi BwZevPK I †bwZevPK w`Kmg~n wPwýZ Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
 wek¦vqb : wek¦e¨vcx cyuw Rmn Drcv`‡bi mKj DcKi‡Yi Aeva cÖevn †evSvq| GLv‡b AwaK A_©b xwZi
g‡a¨ cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM N‡U, ivóªxq mxgvbvi wejywß N‡U, mvgvwRK m¤úK© my `„p nq|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| wek¦vqb ej‡Z g~jZ eySvq
K) A_©‰bwZK wek¦vqb L) ivR‰bwZK wek¦vqb
M) †fŠ‡MvwjK wek¦ vqb N) Z_¨MZ wek¦ vqb
2| wek¦vq‡bi myweav Kx?
K) DcKi‡Yi MwZkxjZv e„w× L) GK‡PwUqv D™¢e
M) `vg n« vm N) †fv³v ¶wZMÖ ¯Í nq
3| wek¦vqb n‡jv
K) Aeva Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖe vn, evwYR¨ cÖevn L) Aeva evwY‡Rï A_©bxwZ
M) Aeva Z_¨ cÖe vn N) ïay kª‡gi Aeva ¯’vbvšÍi
4| wek¦vqb ej‡Z †evSvq
K) ê‡`wkK evwYR¨ L) ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨
M) ê‡`wkK wewb‡qvM N) wek¦MÖvg cÖwZôv
5| wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M bZzb A_©bxwZ weKv‡k Kvi f~wgKv gyL¨?
K) miKvi L) RbMY
M) wk¶v N) Z_¨ cÖhyw³
6| wek¦vq‡bi d‡j †h me my‡hv‡Mi m„wó nq
i. AwaK evwYR¨
ii. AwaK Kg©ms¯’vb
iii. RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq b
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 7 I 8 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b :
Kvgvj mv‡ne wbR M„‡n ˆZwi Wvqwiqv cÖwZ‡ivax m¨vjvBb AbjvBb weµq gva¨g ÒKvgvj WU KgÓ G weµ‡qi
D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖPvi K‡iwQ‡jb| djkÖwy Z‡Z wZwb D³ c‡Yï A‡bK AW©vi †c‡qwQ‡jb Ges cieZx©‡Z GwU Z_¨ I
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y mviv we‡k¦ Qwo‡q c‡o|
7| DÏxc‡Ki welqwU wb‡gœi †Kvb aviYv‡K mg_©b K‡i?
K) AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ L) cY¨ I †mevi Aeva cÖevn
M) Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i weKvk N) wek¦vqb
8| D³ wel‡qi myweav n‡jv
i. Drcv`b e„w× cvq
ii. †gav cvPvi nq
iii. `ªe¨g~j¨ n«vm cvq

A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| evsjv‡`‡k wesk kZvãxi †klw`‡KI idZvwbcY¨ ej‡Z nv‡Z‡Mvbv K‡qKwU wQj| wKš‘ wesk kZvãxi †kl
`k‡K evsjv‡`‡k idZvwb‡¶‡Î wKQz bZzb cY¨ †hvM nq| ˆZwi †cvkvK GgbB GKwU cY¨| KuvPvgvj cÖ vwß,
kªwg‡Ki gRywi, Awbivc` Kg© cwi‡ek BZ¨vw` mgm¨v _vKv m‡Ë¡I GwUi f~wgKv evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb evRv‡i
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| hw` Avgiv AvB‡Ug msL¨v e„w×, kªg Am‡šÍvl `~i Ges miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z cvwi
Z‡e Avgv‡ì ˆZwi †cvkvK wek¦ evRv‡i 1g ¯’ vb `Lj Ki‡e|
K) wek¦vqb Kx? 1
L) ÒevwYR¨ bv nIqvi †P‡q wKQz evwYR¨ fv‡jvÓ|e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 2
M) DÏxc‡K ewY© Z ißvwb c‡Yï m‡½ mswkøó mgm¨vw` e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3
N) DÏxcK Abym v‡i, ˆZwi †cvkvK wk‡íi fwel¨r m¤¢vebv we‡køl Y Kiæb| 4
2| ev›ìev‡b cÖPzi Avbvim Drcv`b nq| Drcvw`Z Avbvi‡mi gvb h‡_ó fv‡jv| eëmvqxiv G Avbvim PÆMÖv‡gi
evRv‡i wb‡q wM‡q wewµ K‡ib| Avevi wm‡j‡U cÖPzi fv‡jvgv‡bi Pv Drcv`b nq| Drcvw`Z Pv-Gi Av‡gwiKvi
evRv‡i h‡_ó Pvwn`v Av‡Q|
K) evsjv‡`‡ki K‡qKwU Avg`vwb `ª‡eï bvg wjLyb| 1
L) Ôê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ Avek¨KÕe¨vL¨v Kiæb| 2
M) DÏxc‡K Pv Gi evwYR¨‡K Kx bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv hvq? e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3
N) Avbvim Ges Pv Gi evwY‡Rï g‡a¨ cv_©K¨mg~n we‡kølY Kiæb| 4
3| mwdK GKRb mewR Drcv`K| cÖ_g w`‡K Zvi Drcvw`Z kvK-mewR †`‡ki evRv‡i weµq n‡Zv| we‡`‡k
kvK-mewRi Pvwn`v _vKvq GLb mwdK Zvi Drcvw`Z kvK-mewR Bsj¨v‡Ûi evRv‡i ißvwb K‡i| mwd‡Ki eÜz
D¾¡j GKwU miKvwi PvKzwi K‡i| D¾¡‡ji Awd‡m GKRb we‡`wk civgk©K KvR K‡i| G wel‡q mwdK
D¾¡‡ji Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvB‡j D¾¡j Rvbvq mg‡hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ †`wk civgk©K _vKv m‡Ë¡I we‡`wk mvnv‡hï kZ©
wn‡m‡e H we‡`wk‡K wb‡qvM w`‡Z n‡q‡Q| Zv‡K A‡bK †ewk †eZb w`‡Z nq|
K) wek¦vqb Kx? 1
L) Ôê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ †`k‡K ciwbf©ikxj K‡i †Zv‡jÓe¨vL¨v Kiæb| 2
M) mwd‡Ki †Kvb f~wgKvq evsjv‡`k †ewk DcK…Z nq? e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3
N) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K evwYR¨ I mvnv‡hï g‡a¨ †KvbwU‡K Zzwg AMÖ vwaKvi w`‡e? e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 4
4| Kwig mv‡ne XvKv †_‡K ˆZwi †cvkvK µq K‡i Kzwgjøvi ¯’vbxq evRv‡i weµq K‡ib| Zuvi eÜz Rvgvj mv‡ne
fviZ †_‡K †cuq vR imyb µq K‡i evsjv‡`‡k weµq K‡ib| Avi evsjv‡`k †_‡K kvK-mewR I wngvwqZ gvQ
†mŠw` Avi‡e weµq K‡ib|
K) wek¦vqb Kx? 1
L) Ôißvwb ïé n« vm AvšÍR© vwZK evwY‡Rï mnvqKÕ eywS‡q wjLyb| 2
M) DÏxc‡K Kwig mv‡n‡ei eëmv‡K †Kvb evwYR¨ ejv nq? e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3
N) DÏxc‡K Kwig mv‡n‡ei eëmv‡qi mv‡_ Rvgvj mv‡n‡ei eëmvi Kx cv_©K¨? we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

5| Rbve mvjgvb ÔYÕ †`‡k emevm K‡ib| †`kwUi cY¨ ißvwb Av‡qi mviwY wbgœiƒc :
cY¨ †gvU ißvwb Avq (wgwjqb gvwK© b Wjvi)
(1) KuvPv cvU 266
(2) wngvwqZ Lv`¨ 598
(3) cvURvZ cY¨ 701
(4) Pvgov 330
(5) Pv 3
(6) ˆZwi †cvkvK 9603
(7) ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ 103
(8) n¯ÍwkíRvZ `ªe¨ 5
ißvwb evwY‡Rï m¤cÖmvi‡Y †`kwUi miKvi bZzb evRvi AbymÜvb, evwYR¨ †gjvi Av‡qvRb, we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k
evwYwR¨K Awdm †Lvjv Ges wek¦ evwYR¨ †K›`ª wbg© v‡Yi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib|
K) wek¦vqb Kx? 1
L) miKvwi bxwZ Ges Drcv`b eë¯’vi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Af¨šÍixY Ges AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ wK GKB? e¨vL¨v
Kiæb| 2
M) DÏxc‡K ewY© Z ÔYÕ †`‡ki ißvwb c‡Yï ZvwjKvi wfwË‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki cÖPwjZ Ges AcÖPwjZ ißvwb
c‡Yï GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb| 3
N) ißvwb evwYR¨ Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ ÔYÕ †`‡ki miKv‡ii M„nxZ D‡`¨vMmg~n g~j¨vqb Kiæb| 4
6| biwms`xi wg. mygb XvKvi MV Mv‡g©›U‡mi gvwjK| Zvi Mv‡g©›Um-Gi cY¨ Rvg©vwb, A‡÷ªwjqv, hy³ivóª,
KvbvWvmn cÖ vq mKj abx †`‡k ißvwb n‡”Q| Zvi g‡Zv AviI A‡b‡KB Mv‡g©›U‡mi †cvkvKmn Pv, Pvgov, cvU
I cvURvZ `ªe¨, gvQ cÖf„w Z `ªe¨ †`k-we‡`‡k ißvwb K‡i cÖPzi ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b Ki‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K Zvi eÜz
ivRxe mv‡ne Mv‡g©›Um-Gi KuvPvgvj, hš¿cvwZ we‡`k n‡Z evsjv‡`‡k Avg`vwb Ki‡Q| GQvov Jla, ˆZjexR,
†fvR¨‡Zj, myZvmn Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK wRwbm eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k Avg`vwb n‡”Q|
K) Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ Kx? 1
L) AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ DØ„Ë ej‡Z Kx ey‡Sb? 2
M) DÏxcK n‡Z Avg`vwb I ißvwb `ª‡eï ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb| 3
N) mygb mv‡n‡ei Drcvw`Z c‡Yï evwYR¨ m¤cÖmvi‡Yi Dcvq we‡kølY Kiæb| 4
DËigvjv
cvV 8.1: 1| L 2| N 3| L 4| K 5| K 6| M 7| N 8| L 9| N
10| K 11| L 12| N 13| L 14| K
cvV 8.2: 1| L 2| L 3| K 4| N
cvV 8.3: 1| L 2| M 3| N 4| K 5| M 6| K
cvV 8.4: 1| K 2| N 3| N 4| K 5| M 6| K 7| M 8| M 9| L
10| L 11| L 12| K
cvV 8.5: 1| K 2| N 3| M 4| K
cvV 8.6: 1| M 2| N 3| M
cvV 8.7: 1| K 2| K 3| K 4| N 5| N 6| N 7| N 8| L

Avšír©Vwzk Evwyr : Bdwbu

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Avšír©Vwzk Evwyr : Bdwbu

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ BDwbU

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 8 w`b

cvV 8.1 AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨i aviYv

AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨i msÁv

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-196

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-198

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.1

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-199

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-200

cvV 8.2 AvšÍR©vwZK I Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨

Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR© vwZK evwYR¨

Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR© vwZK evwY‡R¨i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-201

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-202

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.2

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-203

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-204

cvV 8.3 evsjv‡`‡k AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ cwieZ©‡bi aviv

evsjv‡`‡ki AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ cwieZ©‡bi aviv

* m~Î : evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK mgx¶v-2016, c„. xix

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-205

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-206

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-207

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-209

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.3

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-210

cvV 8.4 evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb I Avg`vwb `ªe¨

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ißvwb `ªe¨*

* m~Î : evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK mgx¶v-2016

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-211

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-212

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-213

12. RyZv 336 419 190

evsjv‡`‡ki Avg`vwb `ªe¨

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-214

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-215

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.4

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-216

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-217

cvV 8.5 evsjv‡`‡k ißvwb Dbœqb bxwZ

ißvwb Dbœqb bxwZ

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-218

ißvwb evwYR¨ m¤cÖmvi‡Yi Dcvq

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-219

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-220

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-221

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.5

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-223

cvV 8.6 ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨, evwYR¨ I wewb‡qvM

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-224

* ev. A_©. mgx¶v-2016

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-225

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-226

ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ I ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï Zzjbvg~jK ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-227

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-228

m~Î : G›UvicÖvBR mv‡f©, evsjv‡`k e¨vsK

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-229

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 8.6

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-230

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-231

cvV 8.7 wek¦vqb I evsjv‡`k

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-232