D V Ý Ivr BWZK Weez©B 1830 - 1871: Evsjv 'K DŠ Y Wek We' VJQ

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
3
d«v‡Ý ivR‰bwZK weeZ©b 1830 - 1871
G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q -

 cvV - 1 : RyjvB wecøe 130
 cvV - 2 : †deªæqvwi wecøe 1848
 cvV - 3 : mgªvU 3q †b‡cvwjqb
 cvV - 4 : kªwgK Av‡›`vjb I c¨vwi KwgDb 1871
AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-71

f~wgKv
wf‡qbv m‡¤§jb cieZx© mgMÖ BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm i¶Ykxj‡ì Avi cÖwZwµqvkxj‡ì m‡½
cÖMwZkxj I RvZxqZvev`x‡ì msMÖv‡gi BwZnvm hv gnv‡`k‡K we¶zä K‡i †Zv‡j| msMÖv‡g
KLbI RvZxqZvevZx‡ì Avevi KLbI i¶Ykxj‡ì Rq n‡q‡Q| †b‡cvwjq‡bi cZ‡bi c‡i
wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡bi gva¨‡g I c†i kw³mgev‡qi gva¨‡g †gUviwbK eë¯’v BD‡iv‡c wKQyKv‡ji
Rb¨ cÖwZôv †c‡qwQj| RvZxqZvev`x I MYZš¿xiv †gUviwb‡Ki i¶Ykxj bxwZ MÖnY K‡i| Zvuiv
ïiæ K‡ib cÖMwZkxj Av‡›`vjb| hvi dj ¯îƒc d«v‡Ý `ywU eo ai‡bi wecøe N‡U Ges ¶gZv
MÖnY K‡ib RvZxqZvev`x mgªvU Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb| RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi Kv‡Q civwRZ nq
i¶Ykxjiv| BZvwj I Rvg©vwb‡Z RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb mdj nq Ges eû L‡Û wef³ †`k
`ywU GKwÎZ nq| G‡Z BD‡iv‡ci i¶Ykxj kw³mvg¨ †f‡½ c‡o|
divwm wecøe I †b‡cvwjq‡bi hy‡Mi ci eyi‡evu ivResk cybivq d«v‡Ýi wmsnvmb wd‡i †c‡jI
c~‡e©i †mB kw³ I Rbmg_©b Zviv KLbB cy‡ivcywi wd‡i cvqwb| gv‡S D™¢e N‡U ey‡R©viv
†kªYxi| †`Lv †`q kªwgK Am‡šÍvl| kªwgK msNvZ n‡q D‡V cÖKU| ivRZš¿x‡ì kvmb `ye©j n‡q
c‡o| GB my‡hv‡M RvZxqZvev`xiv Zv‡ì j¶¨ AR©‡bi Av‡›`vjb ïiæ Ki‡j RyjvB wecøe
msNwUZ nq| wKš‘ RyjvB wecøe ¯’vqxZ¡ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| RyjvB wecø‡ei †bZviv Awj©‡qÝ
eskxq jyB wdwjc‡K mvsweavwbK ivRv wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Ki‡j wZwb ms‡kvwaZ PvUvi ev mvsweavb
†g‡b kvmb Pvjv‡Z m¤§Z nb| wKšÍy Zvi e¨_©Zv I `ye©jZv Ges ivR‰bwZK `j mg~‡ni g‡a¨
gZ‡f` †kl ch©šÍ RyjvB wecøe‡K e¨_© K‡i †`q Ges gvÎ 18 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Av‡iKwU-wecøe -
‡deªæqvwi wecøe N‡U hvq|
‡deªæqvwi wecøe mviv BD‡ivc‡K Av‡›`vwjZ Ki‡jI †kl ch©šÍ AwaKvsk ¯’v‡b GwU e¨_©Zvq
ch©ewmZ nq| d«v‡Ý mgvRš¿x I cÖRvZš¿x `‡ji g‡a¨ we‡iv‡ai d‡j d«v‡Ý wecø‡ei MwZ ¯Íä n‡q
hvq| d«v‡Ýi bZzb msweavb Abyhvqx ivóªcwZi wbe©vPb AbywôZ nevi ci †evbvcvU© `‡ji †bZv
jyB †b‡cvwjqb ivóªcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb| GKB fv‡e BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †`k¸‡jv‡ZI K‡Vvi nv‡Z
wecøe `gb Kiv nq|

cvV - 1
RyjvB wecøe (1830)

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
 RyjvB wecø‡ei cÖv°v‡j d«v‡Ý Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RyjvB wecø‡ei KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 `kg Pvj©‡mi cÖwZwµqvkxj bxwZi g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RyjvB wecø‡ei djvdj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, Ges BD‡iv‡c RyjvB wecø‡ei cÖwZwµqv mg~n
Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
RyjvB wecø‡ei cÖv°v‡j d«v‡Ýi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v

†b‡cvwjq‡bi cZ‡bi ci wf‡qbv m‡¤§j‡bi gvav¨‡g d«v‡Ý divwm wecø‡ei Av`k©‡K wemR©b
‡`qv nq Gi cyivZb ivResk‡K cybcÖwZôv Kiv nq| divwm wecøe-DËi Kv‡j dªv‡Ý †h
MYZvwš¿K ev D`vi‰bwZK aviv cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj Zv G‡Kev‡i gy‡Q †`qv m¤¢eci wQjbv| d‡j
Aóv`k jyB‡K cyivZbZ‡š¿i mv‡_ wecøex eë¯’vi mvgÄm¨ Ki‡Z nq|
divwm wecø‡ei cieZx© mgq mvgšÍ †kªYxi Aemvb N‡U| Rwg`vwi K…lK‡ì g‡a¨ ew›UZ nq|
wMR©vi m¤úwË K…lK‡ì nv‡Z G‡m c‡o| GB mKj Rwg cybivq mvgšÍ †kªYx I wMR©v gvwjKvbvq
†diZ ‡Ìqv m¤¢e wQjbv| MÖvg¨ Rxe‡bi G‡ì cÖfve cÖwZcwËI wQj †ewk, ZvB wMR©v Avi
mvgšÍ cÖfyi ¶gZv wQjbv Zv‡ì D‡”Q` Kiv|
d«v‡Ýi beK…lK †kªYxi AvksKv wQj †h eyi‡evu ivR Ges AwfRvZiv ¶gZvq wd‡i G‡j Zv‡ì
Rwg nvZQvov n‡Z cv‡i| G Kvi‡Y eyi‡evu miKvi‡K Zviv m‡›`‡ni †Pv‡L †`LZ| Aóv`k jyB
Rwgi Dci K…lK‡ì AwaKvi ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡jI K…lK‡ì †fvUvwaKvi bv _vKvq †h †Kv‡bv
mgq AvBb mfvq Zv‡ì AwaKvi †K‡o †bqv n‡Z cv‡i|
divwm wecø‡ei Ab¨Zg dj ¯îæc ey‡R©vqv †kªYxi D™¢e N‡U| cÖvK-divwm hy‡M †h AwfRvZZš¿
I †KŠwjY¨ cÖ_v weivRgvb wQj Zvi we‡jvc N‡U| wkí wecø‡ei d‡j d«v‡Ý KjKviLvbv I eëmv
wecyj e„w× cvq| ey‡R©vqv †kªYx Zv‡ì ZviZg¨ Abymv‡i K‡qKwU †kªYx‡Z wef³ nq| abx ey‡R©vqv
†kªYxi g‡a¨ wQj e¨vsK gvwjK, wkícwZ, RvnvR †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjK- Giv wQj Lye `vw¤¢K| Giv
mn‡RB AwfRvZ‡ì m‡½ AvZ¥xqZvi m¤úK© M‡o ‡Zv‡j| cvwZ ey‡R©vqv †kªYx wQj g~jZ
†`vKvb`vi, PvKy‡i, wk¶K, AvBbRxwe cÖgyL- G‡ì msL¨vB wQj †ewk|
kn‡i kªwgK I MÖv‡gi K…lK †kªYxi Ae¯’vb wQj ey‡R©vqv †kªYxi wb‡P| kªwgK‡ì Ae¯’v †gv‡UI
fvj wQjbv| †UªW BDwbqb cÖwZôv K‡i wb‡R‡ì fvM¨ †divevi †Kv‡bv Dcvq wQjbv| d«v‡Ý
ag©NU wQj wbwl×| ey‡Rv©qv‡ì Pv‡c miKvi kªwgK Kj¨vYg~jK AvBb cvk Ki‡ZI weiZ
_v‡K| d‡j kªwgK Am‡šÍvl ev‡o| wkí kni ¸wj‡Z kªwgK I RbZv wecøegyLx n‡Z _v‡K|
MÖv‡gi `wi`ª K…l‡Ki Ae¯’vI Lye Lvivc wQj| Zviv D”P my‡` gnvR‡bi wbKU n‡Z FY wbZ|
`wi`ª Pvlx‡K i¶v Kivi †Kv‡bv AvBb bv _vKvq Zv‡ì‡K †kvlY Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| divwm

wecø‡evËi Kv‡j d«v‡Ýi RbmsL¨v evo‡Z _v‡K| †jvK msL¨v `ªæZ evovi d‡j kniMywj‡Z
evmM„n,¯^v¯’¨, cvwb cÖf„wZi msKU †`Lv †`q| wkí kni¸wj‡Z RbmsL¨v evovi d‡j ew¯Íi
msL¨vI evo‡Z _v‡K|
d«v‡Ý wk‡íi we¯Ívi `ªZ NUwQj| e¯¿, avZz I Kqjv wk‡íi AvMÖMwZ N‡U| ev¯ú PvwjZ BwÄb
wbwg©Z nq| ‡fvM¨ c‡Yï Drcv`b evwo‡q we‡`k †_‡K †fvM¨ cY¨ Avg`vwb Kwg‡q †djv nq|
wk‡íi cvkvcvwk †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’viI DbœwZ N‡U| d«v‡Ý †ij c_ wbg©v‡Yi KvRI wcwQ‡q _v‡K
wb| 1848 L„÷vã ch©šÍ cÖvq 11/2 nvRvi gvBj †ijc_ wbwg©Z nq| d«v‡Ý bZzb e›ìI ¯’vwcZ
nq| Gfv‡e divwm wecø‡ei ci d«v‡Ý Av_© mvgvwRK cwieZ©b N‡U|
RyjvB wecø‡ei KviY

1789 mv‡ji mgZv D`vibxwZ I e¨w³ ¯^vZš¿ëv` cÖf„wZ wecøex Av`k© mvgwqKfv‡e d«v‡Ý mvgšÍ
cÖ_vi we‡jvc NUvq| wKš‘ GB eë¯’v `xN© ¯’vqx bv nIqvi ìæb 1830 mv‡ji RyjvB wecøe
msNwUZ nevi wcQ‡bi bvbv iKg KviY we`¨gvb wQj, †hgb ---
Aóv`k jyB‡qi ga¨cš’v bxwZ

†b‡cvwjq‡bi cZ‡bi ci eyi‡evu es‡ki Aóv`k jyB d«v‡Ýi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb K‡ib| wZwb
eyiu‡ev es‡ki ¯^fvemyjf ¯^M©xq AwaKvi bxwZ‡Z wek¦vmx wQ‡jb| †lvok jyB‡qi g„Zyï ci †h
wecøex Kg©aviv d«v‡Ý cwiPvwjZ n‡qwQj Aóv`k jyB Zv Avg‡jB Av‡bbwb, KviY wZwb 1814
mv‡j Zvi ivR‡Z¡i cÖ_g eQi‡K Zvi ivR‡Z¡i 19 eQi e‡j MY¨ K‡ib| KviY 19 eQi Av‡M
†lvok jyB‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡qwQj| ZeyI Aóv`k jyB GKwU Av‡cvl g~jK bxwZ wb‡q ivR¨ kvmb
ïiæ K‡ib| wecø‡ei d‡j divwm mgv‡R †h mKj cwieZ©b N‡U Zvi mv‡_ cyivZb Z‡š¿i
mvgÄm¨ weavb Ki‡Z Aóv`k jyB m‡Pó nb| Ges GB bxwZi dj ¯îæc d«v‡Ý RbMY‡K Avk¦¯Í
Kivi Rb¨ wZwb 1814 mv‡j GKwU PvU©vi ev mb` `vb K‡ib|
1| GB mb‡` ivRv kvmb ¶gZvi `vwqZ¡ cvb, 2| hy×, mwÜ, ê‡`wkK bxwZ, Kg©Pvix I gš¿x
wb‡qv‡Mi ¶gZv cvb ivRv, 3| AvBb mfv _vK‡jI AvB‡bi P~ovšÍ Aby‡gv`b K‡i ivRv KZ…©K,
4| 300 d«v¼ Ki cÖ`vbKvix‡ì †fvUvwaKvi cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Gi d‡j mviv d«v‡Ý gvÎ 90
nvRvi †jvK †fvUvwaKvi jvf K‡i, 5| ‡KvW© †b‡cvwjqb†K ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv nq, 6| wecøe
Kv‡ji f~wg ms¯‹vi†K ¯^xKvi K‡i ‡bIqv nq, 7| e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv I agx©q AwaKvi †Ìqv nq|
wKš‘ GZ wKQyi g‡a¨ we‡iva †`Lv ‡`q mKj ¶gZv ivRvi nv‡Z †K›`ªxf~Z nIqvq| AvBbmfv
†f‡½ †Ìqv, gš¿x wb‡qvM Ges mxwgZ †fv‡Ui AwaKvi RbMY‡K we¶zä K‡i †Zv‡j| wZb
†KvwU †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ gvÎ 90 nvRvi †fvUvwaKvi jvf K‡i A_©vr AwfRvZ Avi awbivB †Kej
†fvUvwaKvi cvb| ewÂZ nq mvaviY cÖRv| mb‡ì GB ÎæwU ¸‡jv eyi‡evu kvm‡bi mvdj¨‡K
e¨nZ K‡i|
†kªYx msNvZ I wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji DÌvb

Aóv`k jyB Gi kvmbvg‡j K‡qKwU ivR‰bwZK `j M‡o D‡V| GB `j¸wji g‡a¨ Zxeª we‡iva
dªvÝ‡K M„nhy‡×i w`‡K †V‡j †`q| iqvwj÷ `j †`kZ¨vMx AwfRvZ †kªYx I ag©hvRK‡ì wb‡q
MwVZ nq| GB `‡ji j¶¨ d«v‡Ý hvRKZš¿, cy‡ivwnZ Zš¿ I ˆ¯îZš¿ cybtcÖwZôv Kiv| Giv
¸ß mwgwZ MVb K‡i wecøe we‡ivax cÖwZwµqvkxj‡ì msNe× K‡i| Aci c‡¶ msweavbcš’x
`j 1814 mv‡ji mb` Abymv‡i Av‡cvmg~jK kvm‡bi c¶cvwZ wQj| D`vicwš’ AwfRvZ I

D”P ey‡Rv©qv †kªYx wQj G‡ì mg_©K| Avevi D`vicwš’ `j g‡b KiZ †h 1814 mv‡ji mb`
h‡_ó D`vi bq| Zviv mb` ms‡kvab K‡i AvBb mfv‡K AwaKZi kw³kvjx Kivi c‡¶ wQj|
me©‡k‡l, Pigcš’x ev i¨vwWK¨vj bv‡g GKwU `j M‡o I‡V| GB `‡ji m`mïv wQj wb¤œ ey‡R©vqv
†kªYx| Giv g‡b KiZ 1814 mv‡j mb‡` d«v‡Ýi RbM‡Yi †Kv‡bv DcKvi n‡ebv| MY‡fvU
cÖeZ©b I cÖRvZš¿ cÖwZôv Ki‡j d«v‡Ý w¯’wZ Avm‡e e‡j Zviv wek¦vm Ki‡Zv| G‡ì ejv nZ
mgvRZš¿x| G‡ì m‡½ †evbv‡cvU©ev`xiv †hvM ‡`q| GB mKj `‡ji g‡a¨ we‡iva d«vÝ‡K
wecø‡ei w`‡K †V‡j ‡`q|
divwm wecøe I wkí wecø‡ei cÖfve

1789 mv‡j d«v‡Ý divwm wecø‡ei d‡j eyi‡evu kvm‡bi Aemv‡bi d‡j mvaviY gvbyl ¯^w¯Í
cvq| ga¨weË ey‡R©vqv †kªYxi e¨w³¯^vZš¿Zv I evK¯^vaxbZv cÖwZôv ‡c‡jI divwm wecø‡ei †h
†bZ…Z¡ Zv‡ì wQj †b‡cvwjq‡bi cZ‡bi ci †mwU Avi _v‡K wb| Avevi 1760 †_‡K 1780
`k‡K Bsj¨v‡Û †h wkí wecøe nq Zvi †Qvqv d«v‡ÝI jv‡M| wkí I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi
DbœwZi d‡j kn‡ii ‡jvK msL¨vI e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| G‡Z ey‡R©vqv †kªYx Av‡iv kw³kvjx n‡Z
_v‡K| wkí wecø‡ei m„ó ga¨weË †kªYx wk¶v, evwYR¨ I weÁvb cÖf„wZ †¶‡Î cÖwZôv †c‡jI
ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv cÖavb¨ wQjbv| bZzb †Kv‡bv wecøe Qvov Ab¨‡Kv‡bv weKí Avi
Zv‡ì nv‡Z wQjbv| Avevi wkívqb n‡jI d«v‡Ýi kªwgK‡ì Ae¯’v fvj wQj bv| d‡j kªwgK
RbZv wecøegyLx n‡Z _v‡K| ZvQvov Aóv`k jyBGi gš¿x mfvq cÖwZwµqvkxj Kvh©Kjv‡c
mvaviY RbMY we‡`ªvnx n‡q I‡V|
`kg Pvj©‡mi cÖwZwµqvkxj bxwZ

Aóv`k jyB‡qi g„Zyï ci Zviu åvZv `kg Pvjm© Dcvwa wb‡q d«v‡Ýi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| wZwb
wQ‡jb DMÖ ivRZš¿x `‡ji †bZv| Zvui GKgvÎ j¶¨ wQj Aóv`k jyB‡qi ga¨cš’v bxwZ cwinvi
K‡i hvRK I AwfRvZ Zš¿ wdwi‡q Avbv| ax‡i ax‡i cyivZbZš¿‡K wdwi‡q Avbvi ‡KŠkj
Pvj©‡mi cQ›` wQjbv| ZvB wZwb gš¿x wfwjj‡K c`Pz¨Z K‡i DMÖivRcš’x cwjb¨vK‡K gš¿xmfvi
`vwqZ¡ †`b| cwjb¨v‡Ki cÖwZwµqvkxj bxwZ D`vicš’x I cÖRvZš¿x `j¸wji g‡a¨ Zxeª Am‡šÍvl
m„wó K‡i| BwZg‡a¨ 1830 mv‡ji wbev©P‡b AvBb mfvq D`vicš’xiv msL¨vMwiôZv cvq| Zviv
GKwU cÖ¯Íve Øviv cwjb¨vK gwš¿mfv‡K eiLv¯Í Kivi Rb¨ ivRvi wbKU Av‡e`b Rvbvb|
Ab¨w`‡K cÖRvZš¿x msev`cÎ wUªweDb, b¨vkbvj cÖf„wZ †Mvuov ‰¯îZš¿x eyi‡evu ivRes‡ki ¯’‡j
Awj©‡qÝ es‡ki jyB wdwjc‡K mvsweavwbK ivRv wn‡m‡e d«v‡Ýi wmsnvm‡b emv‡bvi cÖ¯Íve ‡`q|
RyjvB AwW©b¨vÝ
AvBb mfvq D`vicš’x‡ì msL¨vMwiôZv Ges c¨vwi‡mi cÖRvZš¿x‡ì we‡ivwaZvi m¤§yLxb n‡q
`kg Pvj©m cwjb¨v‡Ki civg‡k© AvBbmfv †f‡½ †`b| ivRvi we‡kl AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM K‡i `kg
Pvj©m RyjvB AwW©bvÝ Rvwi K‡ib| RyjvB AwW©b¨v‡Ýi gva¨‡g 1) msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv niY Kiv
nq, 2) AvBb mfv f½ Kiv nq, 3) wbev©Pb AvBb cwieZ©b K‡i ey‡R©vqv †kªYxi †fvUvwaKvi niY
Kiv nq, 4) bZzb wbev©P‡bi w`b †NvlYv Kiv nq, 5) Aóv`k jyB Gi 1814 mv‡ji mb` i`
Kiv nq| G fv‡e `kg Pvj©m RyjvB AwW©b¨vm Øviv cyivZb eë¯’v cÖwZôvi D‡`¨vM †bb|
RyjvB AwW©b¨v‡mi weiæ‡× D`vicwš’ I cÖRvZš¿x`j¸‡jv cÖwZev` Rvbvq| Zviv c¨vwi‡mi iv¯Ívq
Ae‡iva M‡o ivRKxq evwnbxi mv‡_ msMÖv‡g wjß nq| c¨vwi‡mi ga¨weË ‡kªYx we‡`ªvnx‡ì c‡¶
†hvM †`q| RbM‡Yi DMÖg~wZ© cÖZ¨¶ K‡i `kg Pvj©m RyjvB AwW©b¨vm cªZ¨vnvi K‡i wb‡jI
we‡`ªvnxiv Zvui c`Z¨vM `vwe K‡i| †kl ch©šÍ 30 RyjvB `kg Pvj©m Zvui †cŠÎ wWDK Ae

†e‡`©vi AbyK~‡j c`Z¨vM K‡ib| wKš‘ wecøexiv eyi‡evu es‡ki `vwe D‡c¶v K‡i Awj©‡qÝ eskxq
jyB wdwjc‡K g‡bvbxZ K‡i| AvBb mfv jyB wdwjc‡K mvsweavwbK ivRv wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i|
`kg Pvj©m Bsj¨v‡Û Avkªq †bb| Gfv‡e RyjvB wecøe m¤úbœ nq|
RyjvB wecø‡ei djvdj

1830 mv‡j RyjvB wecø‡ei d‡j eyi‡evu eskxq `kg Pvj©m wmsnvmb Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ nb Ges
eyi‡evu es‡ki cZb N‡U| `kg Pvj©m‡K c`Py¨Z K‡i d«v‡Ýi AvBb mfv Awj©‡qÝ eskxq
wdwjc‡K mvsweavwbK kvmK wn†m‡e wbe©vPb K‡i| HwZnvwmK †KveŸvb gšÍe¨ K‡ib †h, RyjvB
wecøe g~jZ GKwU i¶Ykxj wecøe wQj| KviY GB wecø‡ei d‡j d«v‡Ýi wmsnvm‡b GK
ivRes‡ki cwie‡Z© Av‡iKwU ivResk Avmxb nq| GB wecø‡ei Øviv msweavb, †fvUvwaKvi,
mgvReë¯’vi †Kv‡bv †gŠwjK cwieZ©b N‡Uwb, ivRZ‡š¿i ¯’‡j cÖRvZš¿I Av‡mwb|
ey‡R©vqv‡ì ¶gZv jvf

RyjvB wecø‡ei d‡j ey‡R©vqv †kªYx Zv‡ì cyivb †fvUvwaKvi wd‡i cvq Ges GLb 300 d«vui
e`‡j 200d«vu Ki cÖ`vbKvix‡ì †fvUvwaKvi ‡`qv nq| G‡Z abx ey‡R©vqvivB DcK…Z nq| wb¤œ
ey‡R©vqv I mvaviY RbMY Gi d‡j †Kv‡bv †fvUvwaivi cvqwb| RyjvB wecø‡ei d‡j ivóª ¶gZv
nv‡Z †c‡q ey‡R©vqv †kªYx d«v‡Ý wkí mfvi Kv‡R †b‡g c‡o| RyjvB wecø‡ei d‡j jyB wdwjc
wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| Zv‡K ey‡R©vqv ivRv ejv n‡Zv| KviY wZwb ey‡R©vqv‡ì ¯^v_© †`L‡Zb| jyB
wdwj‡ci miKvi MY‡fvU ev mvaviY wbe©vPb Øviv MwVZ nqwb| RyjvB wecø‡ei GB Am¤ú~Y©Zvi
Rb¨ d«v‡Ý 1848mv‡j Av‡iKwU wecøe cÖ‡qvRb nq|
mvsweavwbK ivRZš¿ cÖeZ©b

A‡bK HwZnvwmK RyjvB wecøe‡K cÖK…Z wecøe e‡j g‡b K‡ib| G‡Z †Kej gvÎ c~‡e©i
Ae¯’vB wd‡i Av‡mwb| †fvUvwaKv‡i Av‡m cwieZ©b| cwieZ©b Av‡m ivRZvwš¿K eë¯’vq I
bZzb ivRv jyB wdwjc msweavb †g‡b kvmb Kivi kc_ †bb| d‡j mKj ¶gZv ivRvi cwie‡Z©
cvj©v‡g‡›Ui nv‡Z eZ©vq| ivRvi we‡kl ¶gZv we‡jvc K‡i Zv‡K msweav‡bi Aaxb Avbv nq|
DMÖivRZš¿cš’x‡ì cZb N‡U| Zviv Avi gv_v Zz‡j `vuov‡Z cv‡iwb| wk¶v eë¯’vi Dci wMR©vi
wbqš¿Y `~i nq| ag© wbi‡c¶ wk¶v eë¯’v Pvjy nq| †gvUK_v AwfRvZ hvRK Ges ‰¯îvPvi
†Mvôxi wPiZ‡i Aemvb nq|
ey‡R©vqv‡ì D™¢e I wkí wecøe

RyjvB wecøe nIqvi d‡j d«v‡Ý ey‡R©vqv †kªYx `„pfv‡e cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| abx ey‡R©vqv †kªYx
A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK ¶gZvi AwaKvix nq| GB †kªYx ¶gZv jvf K‡i d«v‡Ý wkí wecøe
msMwVZ K‡i| jyB wdwjc wb‡R Ggb wkí bxwZ †bb hvi d‡j d«vÝ wkí A_©bxwZi c‡_ cv
evovq| d«v‡Ý †ijc_ mn hZvhv‡Zi we¯Ívi N‡U| wewfbœ evwYwR¨K msMVb MwVZ nq|
mvaviY ivRbxwZ m‡PZbZv

RyjvB wecø‡e d«v‡Ýi mvaviY gvbyl ¶gZv bv †c‡jI Zv‡ì g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK RvMiY N‡U|
ivR‰bwZK K¬ve ev AvÇvLvbv¸wj‡Z wb¤œ ey‡R©vqv I kªwgKiv R‡ov n‡q DËß ivRbxwZ
Av‡jvPbv Avi¤¢ K‡i| iv¯Ívq kªwgK wgwQj¸wj‡K RvZxq i¶x`j A¯¿ bvwg‡q m¤§vb †`Lvq|
RyjvB wecøe wbwðZfv‡e wb¤œ ey‡R©vqv †kªYx I kªwgK RvMi‡Yi m~Pbv K‡i|

d«v‡Ýi evB‡i RyjvB wecø‡ei dj

RyjvB wecøe ‡KejgvÎ d«v‡Ýi †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvq Ave× _v‡Kwb| HwZnvwmK wdkv‡ii g†Z
ÔÔc¨vwi‡mi wecøex Pywjø n‡Z DošÍ AwMœ ù~wj½ Ks‡MÖm ev KbmvU© kvwmZ BD‡iv‡ci mvinxb
KvôLÛ¸wji Dci co‡j GK `vevbj m„wó nqÕÕ| RyjvB wecøe mviv BD‡iv‡cB cÖwZwµqv m„wó
K‡iwQj| RyjvB wecøe cÖavbZ wf‡qbv Pzw³i weiæ‡×B AvNvZ nv‡b| b¨vh¨ AwaKvi wQj
wf‡qbv Pzw³i cÖavb ¯Í¤¢| RyjvB wecøe eyi‡evu esk‡K D‡”Q` K‡i Ges mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv b¨¯Í
K‡i| d«v‡Ýi evB‡i GB wecøe RvZxqZvev`x D`vi fveavivi cÖmvi NUvq| ‡ejwRqvg nj¨vÛ
†_‡K wew”Qbœ nq| ‡ejwRqv‡gi ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv Øviv RvZxqZvev` ¯^xK…Z nq| RyjvB wecø‡ei
d‡j myBRvij¨vÛ, †¯úb, nj¨vÛ, BZvwj I Bsj¨v‡Ûi msweavb AwaK D`vicwš’ nq| Bsj¨v‡Û
PvwU©÷ Av‡›`vjb ZxeªZi nq| Bsj¨v‡Ûi cvj©v‡g‡›Ui wbe©vP‡b †fvUvwaKvi m¤cÖmvwiZ nq|
myB‡W‡bi ivRv ˆ¯îkvmb cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i biI‡q‡K ¯^vqËkvmb cÖ`vb K‡i| BZvwj‡Z Bqs BZvwj
`j msNe× nq| †gvU K_v 1815 mv‡ji wf‡qbv eë¯’vq GK weivU dvUj m„wó nq| †WwfW
Ugm‡bi g‡Z BD‡ivc `yB Av`k©MZ wkwe‡i wef³ n‡q c‡o| ivBb b`xi cwð‡gi †`k¸wj
D`vicš’vi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ Rvbvq| GB AÂ‡j ey‡R©vqv †kªYx ivR‰bwZK ¶gZvi AwaKvix nq|
ivB‡bi c~e©w`K‡Ki †`k¸wj D`vi cš’vi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ Rvbvq| GB AÂ‡j ey‡R©vqv †kªYx
ivR‰bwZK ˆ¯îZ‡š¿i Aax‡b _v‡K| GB AÂj AwfRvZ †kªYxi ¶gZv we`¨gvb _v‡K|
mvims‡¶c
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, divwm wecøe-DËi Kv‡ji d«v‡Ý Av_© mvgvwRK Ae¯’v I
`ye©j ivRZvwš¿K kvmb I cÖMwZkxj‡ì m‡½ msNl© 1830 mv‡ji wecøe NUv‡Z mnvqZv K‡i |
m‡ev©cwi cÖwZwµqkxj ivRv `kg Pvjm© Gi Pig cÖwZwµqvkxj AwW©b¨vÝ cÖZ¨¶ KviY wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i| RyjvB wecøe d«v‡Ý ivRZvwš¿K kvm‡bi Aemvb K‡i mvsweavwbK kvmb cªeZ©b K‡i
Ges MYZ‡š¿i m~Pbv nq| ïay d«vÝ bq mviv BD‡iv‡c RyjvB wecø‡ei cÖwZwµqv cwijw¶Z nq|
BD‡ivc Zvi i¶YkxjZvi e„Ë †f‡½ †R‡M D‡V|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
K) mwVK DË‡i wUKwPý w`b|
1. Aóv`k jyB †Kvb bxwZ Abymib K‡ib ?
K)Pigcš’v L) cig cš’v M) i¶Ykxj bxwZ N) ga¨cš’v bxwZ|
2. divwm wecø‡e d‡j divwm mgv‡R †Kvb ‡kªYxi D™¢e N‡U ?

K)Rwg`vi L) ey‡Rv©qv M)AwfRvZ N)hvRK
3.RyjvB wecøe KLb msNwUZ nq ?

K)1835 L) 1840 M) 1830, N)1833,
4.1814 mv‡ji PvU©vi cÖ`vb K‡ib †K ?

K)†gUviwbK, L)`kg Pvjm©, M) Aóv`k jyB, N) wikjy|
5.wkí wecøe KLb msNwUZ n‡qwQj ?

K) Aóv`k kZ‡K, L)gnv`k kZ‡K ,M)&Âvk kZ‡K, N,)Dbwesk kZ‡K|
6. 1830 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi Kviv msL¨v‡MvwiôZv cvq ?

K) ivRZš¿xiv L) mgvRev`xiv M) i¨vwWK¨vj ev N)  D`vicwš’iv|
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1. RyjvB wecø‡ei c~‡e© d«v‡Ýi Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi eY©bv w`b|
2. Aóv`k jyB Gi ga¨cš’v bxwZ wK ?
3. 1830mv‡ji mb‡ì weeiY w`b ?
4. 1830 mv‡ji c~‡e© MwVZ ivR‰b‡ZK `‡ji Kvh©µ‡gi eY©bv w`b|
5. `kg Pvj©‡mi cÖwZwµqvkxj bxwZ eY©bv w`b ?
6. d«v‡Ý RyjvB wecø‡ei dj wK wQj ?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. RyjvB wecø‡ei KviY I djvdj wK wQj ?
2. RyjvB wecø‡ei KviY mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb, `kg Pvj‡mi cÖwZwµqvkxj bxwZ Gi Rb¨ KZUv
`vqx wQj ?

cvV - 2
†deªæqvwi wecøe 1848

 wecø‡ei KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wecø‡ei djvdj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 BD‡iv‡c wecø‡ei cªwZwµqv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RyjvB wecøe I †deªæqvwi wecø‡ei Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†deªæqvwi wecø‡ei KviY

1830 mv‡ji RyjvB wecø‡ei d‡j †h ivRZ‡š¿i cÖwZôv n‡qwQj Zv A‡b‡KiB mš‘wó weavb
Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| wewfbœ NUbv I Kvh©Kjvc‡K †K›`ª K‡i d«v‡Ýi RbmvaviY we‡`ªvnx n‡q I‡V Ges
ivRZ‡š¿i Aemvb NwU‡q wØZxq mvaviYZ‡š¿i cÖwZôv K‡i| GB wecøe msMwVZ nIqvi cðv‡Z
bvbvwea KviY cwijw¶Z nq|
1| jyB wdwj‡ci ga¨cš’v bxwZ

1830 mv‡ji RyjvB wecø‡ei mvd‡jï djkÖæwZ wn‡m‡eB jyB wdwjc wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib|
G Kvi‡Y wZwb GUv Dcjwä K‡ib ‡h, Rbmvavi‡Yi mg_©‡bi Dc‡iB Zvi fwel¨Z wbf©ikxj|
wZwb bvbvfv‡e wecø‡ei Av`‡k©i cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZ †`wL‡q Rbmvavi‡Yi mš‘ywó weav‡b cÖqvmx nb|
wKš‘ G‡Z K‡i wZwb Avkvbyiƒc mvdj¨ AR©‡b e¨_© nb| wZwb AvcvZ`„wó‡Z wecø‡ei Av`‡k©i
cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZ †`Lv‡jI, cÖK…Zc‡¶ wZwb ga¨cš’v AbymiY K‡ib| bvbv gZv`k© I `‡j wef³
d«v‡Ý Zuvi kvmb eë¯’v bv wQj i¶Ykxj, bv wQj D`vicš’x, bv wQj bigcš’x d‡j wewfbœ `‡ji
Av¯’v AR©‡b wZwb e¨_© nb| Zuvi G e¨_©ZvB wecøe Awbevh© K‡i †Zv‡j|
2| ivR‰bwZK `‡ji gv‡S wefw³ I Am‡šÍvl

RyjvB ivRZ‡š¿i wfwË cÖ_g †_‡K wQj `ye©j| GB ivRZ‡š¿i †cQ‡bi kw³ wn‡m‡e d«v‡Ýi
†Kv‡bv cÖfvekvjx ivR‰bwZK `j ev m¤cÖ`v‡qi mnvbyf~wZ wQjbv| `kg Pvj©m Gi Mw` Z¨v‡Mi
ci mvaviYcš’x `j cybivq ivRZš¿ cÖwZôvi we‡ivax wQj| wKš‘ ivRZš¿ cÖwZwôZ n‡j Zviv
Avkv K‡iwQj ‡h, jyB wdwjc D`vi RvZxq bxwZ AbymiY K‡i MYZvwš¿K AMÖMwZi w`‡K †`k‡K
cwiPvwjZ Ki‡eb| wKš‘ Zv‡ì ‡m Avkv c~Y© nqwb| eyi‡evu es‡ki mg_©KMY RyjvB ivRZš¿‡K
A‰ea I jyB wdwjc‡K Rei `LjKvix e‡j g‡b K‡i cÖ_g †_‡K Zviu weiæ×vPiY Ki‡Z _v‡K|
†evbvcvwU©÷ `j jyB KZ…©K Abym„Z `ye©j I d«v‡Ýi c‡¶ Agh©v`vKi ciiv÷ª bxwZi Zzjbv K‡i
jyB wdwjc‡K cª_g †_‡K cQ›` Ki‡Zb bv|
Dcwi-D³ `j¸wji b¨vq d«v‡Ýi kw³kvjx mgvRZš¿x `jI jyB eøv¼Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ ivRZ‡š¿i
we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z _v‡K| d«v‡Ýi wkí wecø‡ei d‡j †h A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK cwieZ©b msNwUZ
n‡qwQj Zv ivR‰bwZK †¶‡ÎI cÖwZdwjZ nq| wkí cÖmv‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ †`‡k bZzb bZyb
KjKviLvbv cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| abcwZ‡ì nv‡Z A‡bK KuvPv cqmvI G‡mwQj| wKš‘ †m A‡_©i
Amg e›U‡bi d‡j kªwgK †kªYxi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b mvwaZ nqwb| kªwgK msN
¯’vc‡biI †Kv‡bv AvBb wQjbv| G Kvi‡Y kªwgK‡ì gRywi PvKzwi I G ¸‡jvi ¯’vwqZ¡ gvwjK

†kªYxi B”Qv Awb”Qvi Dci wbf©i KiZ| Avi G Kvi‡Y kªwgK †kªbxi gv‡S Mfxi Am‡šÍv‡li
m„wó nq Ges jyB eø¨v¼ I †m›U mvBgb cÖf„wZ mgvRZvwš¿K‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ d«v‡Ý kªwgK Av‡›`vjb
Avi¤¢ nq| mgvRZš¿ev`x †bZv †m›U mvBgb me©cÖ_g mKj †kªYxi ¯^v‡_© divwm mgv‡Ri
cybM©V‡bi e¨vcv‡i mgvRZvwš¿K cwiKíbvi K_v cÖPvi K‡ib| Zvui gZv`k© wQj GB †h, ivóª
Drcv`‡bi mKj DciKY¸wj wbqš¿Y Ki‡e wKš‘ kªwgK‡ì kªg I `¶Zvi wfwËi Dci wkí-
ms¯’v¸wj msMVb Ki‡e| jyB eø¨v¼ -Gi gZ ev¯Íeev`x ivRbxwZwe` †m›U mvBg‡bi gZev`
RbwcÖq K‡i †Zv‡jb| cÖK…Zc‡¶ divwm mgvRZš¿x‡ì gv‡S jyB eøv¼B ivR‰bwZK msMVb I
`jxq Kg©m~wP cÖ¯‘Z K‡i RbM‡Yi `„wó AvKl©Y K‡ib| wZwb RyjvB ivRZ‡š¿i Aemvb NwU‡q
Ges cieZ©xKv‡j cÖRvZš¿ cÖwZôvi e¨vcv‡i mwµq I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fywgKv cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb| wewfbœ
iPbvi gva¨‡g jyB eø¨v¼ divwm kªwgKMY‡K d«v‡Ýi ZrKvjxb A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© mRvM
K‡i †Zv‡jb| wZwb jyB wdwjc-Gi miKvi‡K abx‡ì miKvi, abx‡ì Øviv MwVZ miKvi Ges
abx‡ì Rb¨ MwVZ miKvi e‡j K‡Vvi fvlvq wZi¯‹vi K‡ib| n¨v‡Rb Gi fvlvq “He
(Louis Blanc) denounced in vehement terms the government of the bourgeoisie as
government of the rich by the rich and for the rich "| jyB eø¨v¼ jyB wdwjc Gi miKvi‡K
DrLvZ K‡i MYZ‡š¿i wfwËi Dci miKvi MV‡bi K_v cÖPvi K‡ib| Zvi iwPZ ÔThe
Organisations of labour' bvgK MÖ‡š’i gva¨‡g cÖPvi Ki‡Z _v‡K †h, e¨w³MZ g~jab (Private
Capital) I ¯^vaxb cÖwZ‡hvwMZv (Free Competition) kªgRxex‡ì ¯^v‡_©i cwicš’x| Zvi g‡Z
eZ©gvb kªwgK‡ì Avw_©K gyw³ jvf Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB ey‡Rv©qvZ‡š¿i Aemvb cÖ‡qvRb|
mgvRZš¿x‡ì cÖ¯vÍ e e¨w³MZ g~jab I ¯^vaxb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Aemvb Ges wkí cÖwZôvb
ivóªvqZ¡KiY jyB wdwjc I Zvi ey‡R©vqv gš¿xMY MÖnY Ki‡Z A¯^xK…Z n‡j d«v‡Ýi me©Î ¸ß
mwgwZ¸wj mwµq n‡q I‡V| wbqgZvwš¿K I kvwšÍc~Y© Dcv‡q Zv‡ì `vwe c~i‡bi †Kv‡bv m¤¢vebv
†bB †`‡L kªwgKMY ivRZ‡š¿i Aemvb NUvevi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z n‡Z _v‡K|
†gvUvgywU fv‡e jyB wdwj‡ci kvm‡bi cÖwZ d«v‡Ýi cÖvq mKj `jB we‡ivwaZv K‡i| b¨vh¨
AwaKvi bxwZ‡Z wek¦vmx ivRZš¿x, DMÖ K¨v_wjK, jyB eø¨v¼ Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ mgvRZš¿xMY
Ges †b‡cvwjq‡bi HwZ‡nï cÖwZ Av¯’vkxj †evbvcvwU÷MY mK‡jB jyB wdwj‡ci ga¨cš’x
kvmbeë¯’vi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z †mv”Pvi n‡q D‡V|
3| ga¨weË‡kªYxi cÖvavb¨
†Kv‡bv kw³kvjx ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mg_©b bv _vKvq jyB wdwjc ga¨weË †kªYxi gyLv‡c¶x n‡q
Zv‡ì civg‡k© †`k kvmb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| ZrKvjxb d«v‡Ý †fvU`v‡bi AwaKvi ev cÖwZwbwa
cwil‡ì m`m¨ nIqvi Rb¨ A_© ev m¤úwËMZ †hvM¨Zv †`Lv‡Z nZ| hviv 200 d«vsK evrmwiK
LvRbv ev Ki cÖ`vb KiZ ev hviv 500 d«vsK cwigvY A_© cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cviZ †KejgvÎ ZvivB
cÖwZwbwa cwil‡` cÖ‡ekvwaKvix nZ| GBiƒc eë¯’v‡K MYZ‡š¿i cwie‡Z© AwfRvZ mgvRZš¿ ejv
hvq| Gi d‡j wb¤œweË I weËnxb †kªYxi c‡¶ †fvU †Ìqv ev cwil‡ì m`m¨ nIqv wQj
Am¤¢e| RbmvaviY Dcjwä K‡i †h, RyjvB ivRZš¿ ey‡R©vqv ‡kªYxi ¯^v_© i¶v‡_©B wb‡qvwRZ
Ges Rbmvavi‡Yi ¯^v‡_©i cÖwZ m¤ú~Y© D`vmxb| myZivs, RbmvaviY cybivq wecø‡ei Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ
MÖnY K‡i|
4| ciivóªbxwZi `ye©jZv I e¨_©Zv

jyB wdwj‡ci RbwcÖqZv n«vm cvIqvi Aci cÖavb KviY wQj wZwb †b‡cvwjq‡bi b¨vq kw³kvjx
I †MŠi‡ev¾¡j ciivóªbxwZ †gv‡UB AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| wf‡qbvi eë¯’vwì Øviv d«v‡Ýi †h
gh©v`vnvwb n‡qwQj Zv divwm RvwZ KL‡bvB fyj‡Z cv‡iwb| ewjô I PgKcÖ` ciivóªbxwZi Øviv

d«v‡Ýi üZ †MŠie cybiæ×vi Kiv †nvK, divwm RvwZi GUvB Kvgbv wQj| BZvwj I †cvj¨v‡Ûi
¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡b mwµq AskMÖnY Kivi my‡hvM †c‡qI jyB wdwjc wbw®Œq `k©‡Ki f~wgKv
cvjb K‡ib| †ejwRqv‡gi we‡`ªvn wZwb d«v‡Ýi ¯^v‡_©i AbyK‚‡j Avb‡Z †h‡q Bsj¨v‡Ûi
K~UbxwZi wbKU civwRZ nb| 1840 mv‡j wgk‡ii †gvn¤§` Avjx hLb Zzi¯‹ AvµgY Ki‡Z
AMÖmi nb, ZLb d«v‡Ýi RbMY Avkv K‡iwQj †h wdwjc †b‡cvwjq‡bi b¨vq wbKU cÖv‡Pï
ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î mwµq f~wgKv MÖnY Ki‡eb; wKš‘ cybivq wZwb Bsj¨v‡Ûi cÖavbgš¿x cvgvi‡÷vb
KZ…©K cÖwZnZ nb| Avevi cvwievwiK ¯^v‡_© †¯ú‡bi mv‡_ êevwnK m¤ú‡K© Ave× n‡q wdwjc
we‡`‡k dªv‡Ýi m¤§vb ¶zbœ K‡ib| GB mKj Kvi‡Y RyjvB ivRZ‡š¿i cZb Awbevh© n‡q c‡o|
5| wecø‡ei cÖZ¨¶ KviY

cwi‡k‡l †fvUvwaKv‡ii cÖkœB wecøe‡K Zivwš^Z K‡i| d«v‡Ýi cÖwZwbwa cwil‡Ì (Chamber of
Deputies) wbev©Pb cÖ_v µwUc~Y© wQj| mgMÖ d«v‡Ý †mB mgq gvÎ `yB j¶ †fvUvi wQj Ges
cwil‡ì m`m¨ msL¨v wQj 480| wewfbœ `ybx©wZ I cÖ‡jvfb Øviv †fvU msMÖ‡ni eë¯’v wQj|
wbe©vP‡bi ÎæwU-wePz¨wZ `~ixKiYv‡_© cÖwZwbwa cwil‡` GK ms¯‹vicš’x `‡ji m„wó nq| GB `‡ji
†bZv wQ‡jb w_qvm© (Thiers)| w_qv‡m©i †bZ„‡Z¡ GB `j †fvUvwaKvi m¤cÖmvi‡Yi `vwe Rvwb‡q
GKwU cÖ¯Íve MÖnY K‡i| wKš‘ d«v‡Ýi cÖavbgš¿x wM‡Rv (Guizot) GB cÖ¯Íve Mªn‡Y Am¤§wZ
Rvbvb| wZwb †NvlYv K‡ib †h, c~Y©eq¯‹‡ì †fvUvwaKv‡ii bxwZ d«v‡Ý †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB M„nxZ
n‡Z cv‡i bv| GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ms¯‹vicš’x `j GK bZzb c_ Aej¤^b K‡i Zv‡ì `vwe RbwcÖq
Kivi ‡Póv K‡i| †fvR mfvi Av‡qvRb K‡i ms¯‹vi cš’xMY e³„Zvi Øviv Zv‡ì `vwe cÖPvi
Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Aí w`‡bi g‡a¨B ms¯‹v‡ii `vwe RbwcÖq n‡q I‡V| wKš‘ wM‡Rvi Abgbxq
g‡bvfv‡e wei³ n‡q ms¯‹vcš’xMY c¨vwi‡m GK weivU Rbmfvi Av‡qvRb K‡i| miKvi GB
mfv †e-AvBwb †NvlYv Ki‡jI RbmvaviY GB mfvq †hvM`vb K‡i wM‡Rv gš¿xmfvi c`Z¨v‡Mi
`vwe Rvbvq| ivRv wdwjc fxZ n‡q ms¯‹vi cÖeZ©b Ki‡Z m¤§Z nb Ges wM‡Rv‡K c`Py¨Z
K‡ib| wKš‘ G‡ZI AkvwšÍ `~i nqwb| ms¯‹vicš’x `j wM‡Rvi evmfe‡bi mvg‡b we‡¶vf
cÖ`k©b Ki‡j wM‡Rvi †`ni¶xMY Rbmvavi‡Yi Dci ¸wj el©Y K‡i, G‡Z eû †jvK nZvnZ
nq| GB msev` bMwii me©Î Qvwo‡q co‡j D‡ËRbvi m„wó nq Ges c¨vwimevmxMY mk¯¿
we‡`ªvn K‡i| Pvwiw`‡K `v½v nv½vgv ïiæ nq| Gi wKQyw`b c~‡e© ms¯‹vi `xN©Rxex †nvK (Long
Live Reform) Gi †køvMvb mK‡ji gy‡L gy‡L wQj| †deªæqvwi gv‡m c¨vwi‡m `v½v nv½vgv ïiæ
n‡j ÔcÖRvZš¿ `xN©Rxex †nvKÕ G †køvMvb n‡Z _v‡K| GB Ae¯’vq jyB wdwjc wbR ‡cŠ‡Îi
AbyK~‡j wmsnvmb Z¨vM K‡i Bsj‡Û Avkªq wb‡Z eva¨ nb| AZci ms¯‹vicš’x `j¸‡jv mw¤§wjZ
n‡q ivRZ‡š¿i Aemvb K‡i mvaviYZš¿x‡ì †bZv jv gvwU©‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ d«v‡Ý 26 †d‡e&ªyqvwi
mvaviYZš¿ †NvlYv K‡i| GUvB d«v‡Ýi wØZxq mvaviYZš¿ bv‡g cwiwPZ| kªwgK †kªYxi ¯^v_© i¶v
I mK‡ji Rb¨ Av‡qi eë¯’v Kiv GB miKv‡ii D‡Ïk¨ e‡j †NvwlZ nq|
d«v‡Ý G wecø‡ei djvdj

bZzb kvmb eë¯’vq d«v‡Ýi RvZxq cÖwZwbwa cwil` (Chamber of Deputies) Gi ga¨ †_‡K
`kRb‡K wb‡q A¯’vqx miKv‡ii GKwU Kvh©wbe©vnx (Executive) mwgwZ MVb Kiv nq| cÖvß
eq¯‹‡ì †fvUvwaKvi ¯^xK…Z nq| cÖvß eq¯‹‡ì †fv‡Ui Øviv wbe©vwPZ 750 Rb m`‡mï GK
K¶hy³ GKwU AvBbmfv MwVZ nq| Pvi erm‡ii Rb¨ cÖRvZ‡š¿i GKRb †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡bi
eë¯’v M„nxZ nq| ejv nq 1789 mv‡ji divwm wecøe d«v‡Ýi †¯^”QvPvwi ivRZ‡š¿i Aemvb N‡U;
1830 mv‡ji wecøe hvRK I DMÖZš¿x‡ì cÖwZcwË Le© K‡i Ges 1848 mv‡ji wecøe abx
ga¨weË †kªYxi cÖvavb¨ wejyß K‡i Rbmvavi‡Yi mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cÖvavb¨ cÖwZôv K‡i|

1848 mv‡ji wecøe ivR‰bwZK MYZ‡š¿i BwZnv‡mi GK hyMvšÍKvix NUbv| KviY, †fvUvwaKvi
m¤cÖmvwiZ nIqvq ¶gZv ga¨weË †kªYxi nvZ n‡Z mvaviY gvby‡li nv‡Z P‡j hvq| A_©‰bwZK
MYZ‡š¿i BwZnv‡mI GB wecøe GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv KviY GUv mgvRZ‡š¿i cix¶v-wbix¶vi
m~Pbv K‡i| 1848 mv‡ji divwm wecøe wQj gvÎ wZb w`b ¯’vqx, GZ ¯^íKvjxb wecøe Gi c~‡e©
d«v‡Ý KL‡bv N‡Uwb| D`vi‰bwZK `vwe `vIqvi cÖkœ wb‡q GB wecøe ïiæ nq Ges mgvRZš¿ev`x
cÖRvZš¿ cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g Gi Aemvb nq| Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ RvZxq Kg©kvjv cÖwZôv Kiv nq
Ges kªwgK‡ì Kv‡Ri mgq wbw`©ó K‡i †Ìqv nq| GQvov mK‡ji Rb¨ Av‡qi eë¯’v Kiv nq
ÔgRyi †kªYxi ¯^v_©i¶v I mvaviYZš¿‡K my`„p wfwËi Dci ¯’vcb Kiv bZzb cÖRvZ‡š¿i cÖavb
j¶¨ e‡j †NvlYv Kiv nq| A_©‰bwZK wfwËi Dci MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’v ¯’vc‡bi cÖ‡Póv †m
mgq d«v‡ÝB cÖ_g †`Lv hvq| ga¨weË †kªYxi †fvU`vb m¤úwK©Z wel‡q we‡kl my‡hvM myweav
wejyß nq| GB wecø‡ei d‡j d«v‡Ýi Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv‡Z `vmZ¡-cÖ_v wejyß nq Ges j¶ j¶ mvd©
ev f~wg`vm gyw³ jvf K‡i|
BD‡iv‡c †deªæqvwi wecø‡ei cÖwZwµqv

BD‡iv‡ci GKvwaK iv‡óª 1848 mv‡ji divwm wecøe GK e¨vcK Av‡›`vj‡bi m„wó K‡i| divwm
ivR jyB wdwj‡ci wmsnvmb Z¨vM I Bsj¨v‡Û Zuvi Avkªq MÖn‡Yi msev` cÖPvwiZ nIqvi mv‡_
mv‡_ BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ iv‡óª cÖPwjZ kvmb eë¯’vi weiæ‡× MY-Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| †gUviwb‡Ki
Dw³ ÔWhen France catches cold , Europe sneezes' h_v_© cÖgvwYZ nq| BD‡iv‡ci cÖvq me©Î
divwm wecø‡ei cÖwZwµqv Zxeªfv‡e †`Lv ‡`q| Aw÷ªq mvgªv‡Rï fv½b I †gUviwb‡Ki cZb
me©Î MY-Av‡›`vjb‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i| wecø‡ei cÖwZwµqv Bsj¨v‡Ûi †`Lv †`q| †mLv‡b PvwU©÷
Av‡›`vjb (Chartist movement) I Ô¯^vaxb Avqvij¨vÛÕ Av‡›`vjb AwaKZi Zxeª AvKvi aviY
K‡i|
Aw÷ªqv
†gUviwbK 1830 mv‡ji divwm wecø‡ei cÖfve n‡Z Aw÷ªq mvgªvR¨‡K i¶v Ki‡Z mg_©
n‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ 1848 mv‡ji divwm wecø‡ei cÖwZwµqv †gUviwbK KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ kvmbZ‡š¿i
Aemvb NUvq| wgjvb, †fwbm, †ev‡nwgqv, nv‡½wi Ges wf‡qbvq cÖvq GKB mg‡q MYAv‡›`vjb
Avi¤¢ n‡j †gUviwbK P¨v‡Ýji c` cwiZ¨vM K‡i Bsj¨v‡Û cjvqb K‡ib| Zuvi cZ‡bi mv‡_
mv‡_ Ô‡gUviwbK eë¯’viI, cZb nq| wf‡qbv kni QvÎ I Aa¨vcK‡ì KewjZ nq| mgªvU
cÖ_g dvw`©bvÛ GB Ae¯’vq eva¨ n‡q D`viˆbwZK kvmbZš¿ †NvlYv K‡i Zuvi fvZz®úyÎ cÖ_g
dªvwÝm †Rv‡m‡di AbyK~‡j wmsnvmb Z¨vM K‡ib| wf‡qbvi AbyK~‡j Aw÷ªqv AwaK…Z wgjvb I
†fwb‡m Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| me©Î Aw÷ªqvi †mbvevwnbx weZvwoZ nq| cÖv‡M †PK I køvf
RvwZ‡Mvwó Av‡›`jb K‡i | Zviv ¯^vqËkvmb I Rvg©vb‡ì mv‡_ mgAwaKvi `vwe K‡i|
Aw÷ªqvi mgªvU ¯^vaxb ivóª ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| nv‡½wii cÖavb kni ey`v‡c‡÷ Av‡›`vj‡bi
†bZ…Z¡ †`b jyB Kmy_ (Kossuth) hv‡K nv‡½iwi g¨vrwmwb e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| cwiw¯’wZi
Pv‡c Aw÷ªqvi mgªvU nv‡½wiqvb‡ì `vwe c~iY Ki‡Z eva¨ nb|

Rvg©vwb
Rvg©vwbi wewfbœ iv‡óªI 1848 mv‡ji divwm wecøe msµwgZ nq| †`‡ki me©Î e¨vcK we‡`ªvn
msNwVZ nq Ges RbmvaviY Zv‡ì kvmKeM©‡K kvmbZvwš¿K ms¯‹vi cÖeZ©b Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i|
Av‡›`j‡bi Pv‡c µgk m¨v·wb e¨‡fwiqv I I cÖæwkqv Qvov Ab¨vb¨ Rvg©vb iv‡óªi b„cwZeM©
Av‡›`vjbKvix‡ì mKj `vwe †g‡b †bb| wKšÍy †gUviwb‡Ki cZ‡bi msev` cvIqv gvÎ I
cÖæwkqvi ivR PZz_© †d«WvwiL bZzb kvmbZš¿ †NvlYv K‡ib Ges Zvi `„óvšÍ AbyKi‡Y m¨v·bx
e¨v‡fwiqv I n¨vv‡bvev‡ii kvmK I bZzb kvvmbZš¿ cÖeZ©b K‡ib| Rvg©vwbi me©Î D`vibxwZ
Rqhy³ nq| wKš‘ mvgwvqKfv‡e mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡jI Rvg©vwbi MY-Av‡›`vjb †kl ch©šÍ e¨_©Zvq
ch©ewmZ nq| Aw÷ªqv AZ¨šÍ K‡Vvifv‡e nv‡½wii we‡`ªvn `gb K‡i| GB msev‡` DrmvwnZ n‡q
cÖvwkqvivR Zuvi cÖwZkÖæwZ f½ K‡ib| d‡j ALÛ Rvg©vb ivóª MV‡bi cwiKíbv AvcvZZ e¨nZ
nq|
Bsj¨vÛ
Bsj¨v‡ÛI †deªæqvwi wecø‡ei cÖwZwµqv †`Lv ‡`q| PvwU©÷ Av‡›`vjb Zxeª n‡q I‡V Ges Bqs ev
be¨ Avqvij¨vÛ (Young Ireland) `‡ji cwiPvjbvq †mLv‡b GK mk¯¿ Afy¨Ìvb N‡U|
1848 mv‡ji wecø‡ei e¨_©Zvi KviY

1848 mv‡ji divwm wecøe‡K †K›`ª K‡i BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨Î †h MYwecøe msNwUZ n‡qwQj Zv
d«v‡Ýi gZB mvgvwqK mvdj¨ jvf K‡iwQj| AwaKvsk iv‡óªi kvmK‡Mvôx Rbmvavi‡Yi AbyK~‡j
kvmb ms¯‹vi cÖeZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ †kl ch©šÍ GB mvdj¨ ¯’vqx n‡Z cv‡iwb| Gi GKvwaK
KviY wQj| Av‡›`vj‡bi D‡`¨vMZv‡ì gv‡S bxwZMZ cÖkœ wb‡q gZwe‡iva wQj| mvgvRZš¿x I
mvaviYZš¿x‡ì mw¤§wjZ †Póvq d«v‡Ýi wecøe Rqhy³ n‡qwQj e‡U, wKš‘ d«v‡Ýi fwel¨Z kvmb-
c×wZi cÖkœ wb‡q GB `yB `‡ji gv‡S gZv‰bK¨ Dcw¯’Z nq| Gi my‡hvM wb‡q †evbvcvwU÷ `‡ji
†bZv jyB †b‡cvwjqb d«v‡Ý wØZxq mvgªv‡Rï cËb K‡ib|
BZvwj I Rvg©vwb‡ZI wecøex †bZv‡ì gv‡S gZv‰bK¨ †`Lv ‡`q| HKë× Rvg©vwbi kvmbixwZ
MYZvwš¿K bv ivRZš¿ n‡e G cÖkœ cÖavb mgm¨v n‡q ‡`Lv ‡`q| d‡j me©m¤§wZµ‡g †Kv‡bv
kvmbZš¿ iPbv Kiv m¤¢eci nqwb| BZvwji fwel¨Z wb‡qI †NviZi gZ we‡iva †`Lv †`q|
†mLv‡b mvw`©wbqv wcWg‡›Ui ivRvi †bZ‡…Z¡ ivRZš¿, bv †cv‡ci Aax‡bi GK ag©ivR¨ A_ev mgMÖ
BZvwj e¨vcx GK mvaviYZš¿ cÖwZwôZ n‡e GB cÖkœ¸wji mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z †bZ…eM© Amg_©
nb| cvi¯úvwiK gZ we‡iv‡ai Kvi‡Y Av‡›`vjb me©ÎB `ye©j n‡q c‡o Ges g„ZcÖvq
cÖwZwµqvkxj kw³¸wj cybivq mÄxweZ n‡q Av‡›`vjb `gb K‡i|
Abyiæcfv‡e, nv‡½wii wecøex †bZv Kmy_ I Zvi g¨vwMqvi RvwZ‡Mvôx †KejgvÎ Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì
Rb¨B ¯^vaxbZv `vwe K‡iwQj Ges Aw÷ªqvi mvgªvR¨fy³ Acivci RvwZ‡Mvôxfy³‡ì ¯^vaxbZv
`vwei we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj| cvi¯úvwiK weev‡ì d‡j †mLv‡b Av‡›`vjb `ye©j n‡q c‡o Ges
Aw÷ªqv AwZmn‡RB Av‡›`vjb `gb K‡i| Avciw`‡K †ev‡nwgqvi †PKMY Rvg©vb RvwZi mv‡_
GKvZ¥ n‡q Am¤§wZ Rvbvq| GBfv‡e `jMZ we‡iv‡ai d‡j wecøe e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq|
BD‡iv‡ci †Kv_vI ivóªxq †mbvevwnbx wecøex‡ì mv‡_ †hvM`vb K‡iwb| Aw÷ªqvi mgªv‡Ui cÖwZ
Zvui †mvbvevwnbxi AvbyMZ¨ Ae‡k‡l mvgªvR¨‡K wbwðZ aes‡mi nvZ n‡Z i¶v K‡i| cÖvwkqvi
†mbvevwnbxI ivRvi cÖwZ AbyMZ wQj| Aw÷ªqv I cÖƒwkqvi †mbvevwnbxi m‡½ iæk-Rv‡ii
†mbvevwnbx †hvM`vb Ki‡j BD‡iv‡ci me©Î cÖwZwµqvkxj kw³¸wj MbAv‡›`vjb `gb Ki‡Z

mg_© nq| GB wecø‡ei mgq RbmvaviY me©ÎB kvmK †kªYx‡K D‡c¶v K‡iwQj| Zv‡ì mv‡_
Av‡cvm gxgvsmvq Avbvi †Kv‡bv †Póv Zviv K‡iwb| d‡j kvmK‡kªYx wecø‡ei cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZ
cÖKv‡ki cwie‡Z© weiæ×vPviY K‡ib|
1848 mv‡ji wecø‡ei ¸iæZ¡

D`vibxwZK‡ì Rb¨ wecøe mvdj¨ Avb‡Z cv‡iwb| me©‡¶‡Î cÖwZwµqvkxj‡ì Rqjvf nq Ges
me©‡¶‡ÎB cÖwZwµqvkxj kw³i kvmbZš¿ Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| wKš‘ G m‡Ë¡I ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e †h,
wecøe mvgwMÖKfv‡e wedj nqwb| BZvwji wcWg›U I Rvg©vwbi cÖƒwkqvq kvmK KZ…©K †NvwlZ
bZzb kvmbZš¿ eRvq _v‡K| G‡ì `„óv‡šÍ AvZw¼Z n‡q †ejwRqvg I nj¨v‡Ûi b„cwZØq kvmb-
ms¯‹vi Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| d«v‡Ý ivRZ‡š¿i Aemvb nq| †mLv‡b mgvRZvwš¿K gZev` kw³kvjx
n‡q I‡V| BD‡iv‡ci fwel¨Z MYZvwš¿K I RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb‡K 1848 mv‡ji wecøe
†cÖiYv †hvMvq| GB w`K w`‡q GB wecø‡ei my`yicÖmvix dj A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv|
1830 Ges 1848 mv‡ji wecø‡ei Zzjbvg~jK Avv‡jvPbv

`kg Pv©jm KZ…©K 1848 mv‡ji mb` Agvb¨ I cÖwZwµqvkxj kvmb-c×wZ AbymiY Kivi
weiæ‡× cÖwZev`¯îƒc divwm RbmvaviY we‡`ªvn K‡iwQj| D`vi‰bwZK fveaviv n‡ZB G
wecø‡ei m„wó Ges wbqgZvwš¿K kvmb c×wZ cÖeZ©b KivB wQj Gi j¶¨| GB wecøe mvaviYZš¿x
Av‡›`vjb wQjbv Ges ivRZ‡š¿i weiƒ‡×I cwiPvwjZ nqwb| wecøexMY ˆ¯îvZ‡š¿i Aemvb
†P‡qwQj gvÎ| wecøexMY `kg Pvj©m‡K weZvwoZ K‡i MYZ‡š¿ wek¦vmx jyB wdwjc‡K †mB Avm‡b
cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQj| †Kej †ejwRqv‡gi e¨vcv‡iB wKQyUv cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| ‡mLv‡b wecøexMY
nj¨vÛ n‡Z gy³ n‡q GKwU ¯^vaxb ivóª MV‡bi `vwe K‡i|
Aciw`‡K 1848 mv‡ji wecøe‡K mvaviYZvwš¿K I mgvRZvwš¿K Av‡›`vjb ejv hvq| ivR‰bwZK
I A_©‰bwZK Kvi‡YB GB wecøe msMwVZ n‡qwQj| RbmvaviY me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii `vwe I
mgvRZ‡š¿i wfwË‡Z d«v‡Ýi mgvR I A_©‰bwZK Rxeb MVb Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj| †KD †Kv‡bvg‡ZB
ivRZš¿ envj ivL‡Z Pvqwb| ZvB jyB wdwj‡ci cZ‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ d«v‡Ý wØZxq mvaviYZ‡š¿i
cÖwZôv nq|
myZivs, `yBwU wecø‡ei D‡Ï‡k¨ cv_©K¨ cwijw¶Z nq | Dfq wecøeB BD‡iv‡c cÖwZwµqvi m„wó
K‡iwQj| 1830 mv‡ji wecø‡ei ¯îƒc wQj MYZvwš¿K| wbqgZvwš¿K kvmb-c×wZi cÖeZ©b KivB
wQj GB wecø‡ei gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨| GKgvÎ †ejwRqv‡gB RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb msMwVZ n‡qwQj|
wKš‘, 1848 mv‡ji Av‡›`vjb BD‡iv‡ci me©ÎB RvZxqZvev`x wQj, we‡kl K‡i Rvg©vwb, BZvwj
I nv‡½wii Av‡›`vjb|
djvd‡ji w`K †_‡K `yB wecø‡ei gv‡S mv`„kÏ we`¨gvb| DfqB †kl ch©šÍ e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ
nq| 1830 mv‡ji wecø‡ei GKgvÎ mvdj¨ nj †ejwRqv‡gi ¯^vaxbZv| wKš‘ ZvI Avevi we‡`kx
kw³i n¯Í‡¶‡ci d‡j m¤¢e n‡qwQj| Zviv D`vi‰bwZK gZev` A‡c¶v AvZ¥¯^vZš¿¨B AwaKZi
wek¦vmx wQj| Aciw`‡K 1848 mv‡ji wecø‡ei d‡j ïaygvÎ mvw`©wbqv I I cÖæwkqvq wbqgZvwš¿K
kvmb eë¯’v Pvjy n‡qwQj Ges Zv G `yB iv‡óªi kvmKe‡M©i D`viZvi d‡jB m¤¢e n‡qwQj|
1848 mv‡ji wecø‡ei ¸iæZ¡ nj GB †h, Rbmvavi‡Yi b¨vq kvmKeM© I wbqgZvwš¿K kvmb
eë¯’vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb| GB w`K w`‡q ejv hvq †h, 1848 mv‡ji wecøe
1830 mv‡ji wecøe A‡c¶v AwaKZi mvdj¨ jvf K‡iwQj|

mvims‡¶c
1830 mv†ji cieZx© mg‡q d«v‡Ýi ivR‰bwZK wek„sLjv, Am‡šÍvl, ga¨weË †kªYxi cÖfve I
mvgvwRK Amv‡gï Kvi‡Y 1848 mv‡j †deªæqvwi wecøe msNwUZ nq| Gi d‡j ïay d«vÝ bq mviv
BD‡ivc cÖfvweZ nq| d«v‡Ý ivRZ‡š¿i Aemvb N‡U, Rbmvavi‡Yi ivR‰bwZK cÖvavb¨ cÖwZwôZ
nq Ges BD‡iv‡ci K‡qKwU †`‡k miKvi cwieZ©b N‡U| GB wecø‡ei mvdj¨ `xN©¯’vqx nqwb|
wecøexMY Zuv‡ì Av`k© a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡iwb| cÖwZwµqvkxjiv cybivq Zv‡ì üZ ¶gZv cybiæ×vi
K‡i Ges †kl cwiYwZ‡Z wecøe e¨_© nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨©w³K cÖkœ
1| †deªæqvwi wecø‡ei mgq d«v‡Ýi ivRv †K wQ‡jb ?
K) †lvok jyB L) PZz`©k jyB M) jyB wdwjc N) Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb |
2| ‡deªæqvwi wecøe K‡e msNwUZ n‡qwQj ?
K) 1848 L) 1830 M)1815 N)1948 |
3| cÖwZwbwa cwil‡ì ms¯‹vi cš’x‡ì †bZv †K wQ‡jb ?
K) w_qvm© L)†m›U mvBgb M) jyB eøv¼ N) wM‡Rv |
4| †deªæqvwi wecø‡ei cÖv°v‡j d«v‡Ýi cÖavbgš¿x †K wQ‡jb ?
K) wM‡Rv L) w_qvm© M)jyB eøv¼ N) †m›U mvBgb |
5| Kv‡K nv‡½wii gvrwmwb ejv n‡q _v‡K ?
K) jyB Kmy_ L) †lvok jyB M) jv gvwU©b N) wM‡Rv |
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| jyB wdwj‡ci ga¨cš’x bxwZ wK ?
2| jyB eøv‡¼i mgvRZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡bi eY©bv `vI|
3| wecø‡ei cÖZ¨¶ KviY wK wQj ?
4| d«vv‡Ý wecø‡ei djvdj wK?
5| †deªæqvwi wecøe e¨_© nq ‡Kb ?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| 1948 mv‡ji divwm wecø‡ei KviY¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb| d«v‡Ý wecø‡ei dj wK n‡qwQj ?
2| †deªæqvwi wecø‡ei KviY I djvdj eY©bv Kiæb| BD‡iv‡c Gi wK cÖwZwµqv n‡qwQj?
3| 1830 mv‡ji wecø‡ei mv‡_ 1848 mv‡ji wecø‡ei Zzjbvg~jK wePvi Kiæb|

cvV - 3
mgªvU Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb

 d«v‡Ýi wØZxq mvgªvR¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z ci‡eb;
 e¨w³ Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi Af¨šÍixY bxwZ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †b‡cvwjq‡bi ê‡`wkK bxwZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi cZ‡bi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb (1848 wLª)

†deªæqvwi wecø‡ei d‡j wØZxq cÖRvZ‡š¿i ivóªcwZ c‡` jyB †b‡cvwjqb wbe©vwPZ nb| jyB
†b‡cvwjqb wQ‡jb mg&ªvU †b‡cvwjq‡bi åvZz®úyÎ| wZwb cÖRvZvwš¿K Av`‡k©i cÖwZ AbyMZ wQ‡jb
bv| Zvi j¶¨ wQj Zvui wcZ…‡eï b¨vq GKbvqKZš¿ cÖwZôv Kiv| wZwb Zvui RbwcÖqZvi
my‡hv‡M msweavb ms‡kvabx‡Z MY‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g Rbmvavi‡Yi Aby‡gv`b †bb| c‡i wZwb
cÖRvZš¿ aesm K‡i wb‡R‡K wØZxq mgªvU wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib (2iv wW‡m¤î 1851 wLª)|
we‡ivax `j¸wj‡K wZwb cÖPÛ `gb bxwZi Øviv DrLvZ K‡ib| mg&ªvU wn‡m‡e Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi
kvmbKvj wQj Dbwesk kZ‡Ki BD‡iv‡ci BwZnv‡mi GKwU NUbveûj hyM| Zvui kvmbKv‡j
dªvÝ Zvi wcwQ‡q _vKvi bxwZ Z¨vM K‡i nVvr cÖej weµ‡g BD†ivcxq kw³¸wji cÖ_g mvwi‡Z
Ask MÖnY K‡i| Z„Zxq †b‡cvwjqb eyS‡Zb †h, Zvui hy‡M RvZxqZvev` nj HwZnvwmK kw³|
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Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi Af¨všÍixY kvmb eë¯’v
Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi Af¨šÍixY kvmb eë¯’v

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GKbvqKZš¿ I ms¯‹vi bxwZ Aej¤^b K‡ib Ges 1860-1870 wL„„. ch©šÍ ms¯‹vi mdj n‡j
wZwb D`vi kvmb bxwZ cÖeZ©‡bi †Póv K‡ib|

k„sLjvi mv‡_ ¯^vaxbZvi mgš^q

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iv‡Lb| GB mv‡_ wZwb me©mvavi‡Yi †fvUvwaKvi eë¯’v‡K envj iv‡Lb| Zvi mv‡_ wZwb
Authority ev k„•Ljv‡K Ry‡o ‡`b| d‡j Zvi ˆ¯îZš¿ wQj Rbmg_©b cyó ˆ¯îZš¿|
AvBb mfvi msMVb I mg&ªv‡Ui AwaKvi

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†`b| wKš‘ wbe©vPb mfvi AvBb iPbvi wel‡q c~Y© AwaKvi wQj bv| GB mfv eQ‡i gvÎ wZb
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bZzb msweav‡bi mgv‡jvPbv

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popular basis)| †WwfW Ugm‡bi g‡Z, Z…Zxq †bcwjvq‡bi cÖwZwôZ ‰¯îZš¿ †ewkw`b ¯’vqx
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RbwcÖqZv n«vm †c‡j Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb eva¨ n‡q D`vi kvmb bxwZ MÖnY K‡ib| D`vi bxwZ Pvjy
K‡i Ges msweav‡bi K‡VviZv n&ªvm K‡i RbwcÖqZv evov‡Z †Póv K‡ib| GRb¨ 1860 wLª †_‡K
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cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nq Ges ivR‰bwZK `j¸wj‡K mgv‡jvPbvi AwaKvi †`qv nq| wZwb gš¿x mfv‡K
AvBb mfvi wbKU Gi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ `vwqZ¡e× K‡ib| Ab¨Zg cÖavb cÖRvZš¿x †bZv Gwgj
Awjwf‡qi†K gš¿xmfv MV‡bi `vwqZ ¡‡`b| mvgwiK welq Qvov Ab¨ me wel‡q wZwb gš¿xmfv‡K

¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR Kivi AwaKvi †`b| d‡j d«v‡Ý `vwqZ¡kxj gš¿xmfv I cvjv©‡g›Uvwi MYZš¿
cÖwZwôZ nIqvi c_ myMg nq| wKšÍy wØZxq mvgªv‡Rï GB †kl cÖn‡i GB cÖZ¨vwkZ ms¯‹vi Zuvi
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wZwb Gov‡Z cv‡ibwb| 1870 wLª Zuvi wØZxq mvgªv‡Rï cZb nq|
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cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g wZwb ¯^”QjZv Ges ivR‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK ¯^vaxbZv w`‡Z cvi‡eb| GB
m‡½ wZwb divwm wecø‡ei g~jëvb djvdj¸wj‡K i¶v Ki‡Z †Póv K‡ib|
mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb
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I mvgvwRK ms¯‹vi Øviv wZwb Zv c~i‡Yi †Póv K‡ib| 1852 wLª wZwb Zvi weL¨vZ †ev‡`©v
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K‡ib| BZvwji RvZxqZvev‡Ì cÖavb iƒcKv‡ii Lv¨wZI Zvi Kvg¨ wQj| †b‡cwjqb BZvwji
hy‡× Aw÷ªqvi weiæ‡× †hvM w`‡j I cÖæwkqv d«vÝ‡K AvµgY Kivi Rb¨ ivBb mxgv‡šÍ ˆmb¨
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n¯Í‡¶c bxwZ‡K BD‡iv‡ci w¯’Zve¯’v weNœKvivx e‡j wPwýZ K‡ib Ges wZwb Aw÷ªqvi wPikÎæ‡Z
cwiYZ nb| 1870 mv‡j d«v‡¼v-Rvg©vb hy‡×i mgq Zvi fqven wec‡ì w`‡b wZ‡b Aw÷ªqvi
mvnvh¨ jv‡f e¨_© nb|
†b‡cvwjq‡bi BZvjxq bxwZ cwiYv‡g Zvi c‡¶ ¶wZKi wQj| RvZxqZvev`x BZvwjqiv m¨vfq
I wbm AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ ‡b‡cvwjqb‡K `vqx K‡i| AZ…ß BZvwjq RvZxqZvev` GB `ywU ¯’vb wd‡i
cvevi `vwe Rvbvq| ‡b‡cvwjq‡bi bxwZi d‡j iæk-divwm mgc‡K©I `viƒY AebwZ N‡U |
BZvwji hy‡× Bsj¨vÛ‡K mv‡_ bv wb‡q GKK n¯Í‡¶‡ci d‡j wZwb Bsj‡Ûi eÜyZ¡ nvivb| Avevi
Zuvi †cvwjk bxwZi Rb¨ wZwb iæk Rv‡ii wgÎZv nvivb|
mvgªvRëv`x bxwZ
Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb BD‡iv‡c RvZxqZvev‡ì mg_©K n‡jI BD‡iv‡ci evB‡i Zvui bxwZ bMœ
mvgªvRëv` wfbœ Avi wKQyB wQjbv| A_P, BD‡iv‡ci †fZ‡i wZwb RvZxqZvev‡ì

c„ô‡cvl‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| wZwb Avj‡Rwiqv‡K mgc~Y© divwm Dcwb‡e‡k cwiYZ
K‡ib| cwðg Avwd«Kvi †m‡bMvj Zvi AwaKv‡i †bb| wZwb `~i cÖv‡P¨ wØZxq B½-Pxb hy‡× Ask
wb‡q wP‡bi Dci 1860 mv‡j wcwKs mwÜ ¯’vcb K‡ib| divwm wgkbvwi‡ì Dci AZ¨vPv‡ii
ARynv‡Z wZwb B‡›`vPxb ev wf‡qZbvg AwaKvi K‡ib| wZwb wgk‡ii mv‡_ †hvM w`‡q dvw`©bv›`
`¨ †j‡m‡evi mvnv‡h¨ my‡qR Lvj Lbb KvR ïiæ K‡ib|
Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb ga¨ Av‡gwiKvi †gw·‡Kv cÖ‡`‡k mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡i cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡ib| wKš‘
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi cÖej cÖwZev‡` wcQy nU‡Z eva¨ nb| HwZnvwmK n¨v‡R‡bi g‡Z ÔÔ‡gw·‡Kv
Awfhvb wQj wbZvšÍB AcÖ‡qvRbxq,cÖPÛ g~L©Zv Ges m¤úyY©fv‡e wec¾bKÓ|
Rvg©vb bxwZ
Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi Rvgv©b bxwZ Zuvi cZb‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i| d«v‡Ýi ¯’vqx bxwZ wQj c~e© mxgv‡šÍ
Aew¯’Z Rvg©vwb‡K wef³ K‡i `ye©j ivLv| 1648 mvj n‡Z 1862 mvj ch©šÍ d«vÝ GB bxwZ
AbyKiY K‡i P‡j| wKš‘ Z„Zxq †b‡cwjqb GB mbvZb bxwZ AMÖvn¨ K‡i Rvg©vwbi HK¨
cÖ‡Póv‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbb| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb †h Rvg©vwb HKë× n‡j wf‡qbv Pzw³ G‡Kev‡i †f‡½
co‡e| Rvg©vwb †_‡K ewn®K…Z n‡q Aw÷ªqv GKwU `ye©j iv‡óª cwiYZ n‡e| †b‡cvwjq‡bi
Avkv wQj †h, Rvg©vwbi cybM©Vb Zuvi cwiKíbv Abyhvqx n‡e| †b‡cvwjq‡bi GB cwiKíbv wQj
Aev¯Íe| cÖ_gZ I cÖæwkqvi wekvj mvgwiK kw³ m¤ú‡K© Zvi aviYv wQjbv| d‡j Zvi Kvw•¶Z
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d‡j wZwb ga¨‡¯’i f~wgKv Aej¤^b K‡i Rvg©vb cybM©V‡bi my‡hvM Avi cvbwb|
A‡÷ªv- cÖæwkqv hy‡×i gva¨‡g DËi Rvg©vwb HKë× n‡j d«v‡Ý Zvi cÖwZwµqv †`Lv †`q|
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G‡K ivBb cÖ‡`k, †ejwRqvg, jy‡·gevM© -¶wZc~iY `vwe K‡ib| wKš‘ wemgvK© cÖwZwU `vwe
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†¯ú‡bi wmsnvm‡b cÖwkqvi †nv‡nb‡Rvjvb© es‡ki GK ivRcyÎ‡K ewm‡q d«vÝ‡K †eób Kivi
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Rvg©vwb civ¯Í Ki‡j Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb Rvg©vb †mbvi nv‡Z ew›` nb| divwm cvj©v‡g›U Z„Zxq
†b‡cvwjqb‡K c`Py¨Z K‡i d«v‡Ý Z…Zxq cÖRvZš¿ †NvlYv K‡i|
Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi cZb

Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb Zuvi bv‡gi gwngvi †Rv‡i mgªvU c` jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| cÖ_g †b‡cvwjq‡bi
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ciivóª bxwZ AbymiY K‡i divwm Rbg‡b Av¯’v AR©b K‡i K‡iwQ‡jb| d«v‡Ýi AMÖMwZi Rb¨
Zuvi h‡_ó Ae`vb wQj| Af¨šÍixY ¶‡Î wewfbœ ms¯‹vi K‡i wZwb d«v‡Ýi A_©ˆbwZK DbœwZ mvab
K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvi †Póvq †`‡ki wkí evwY‡Rï h‡_ó cÖmvi jvf K‡iwQj| ciivóª †¶‡ÎI wZwb
Zvi Abym„Z bxwZi Øviv d«v‡Ýi gh©v`v I cÖwZcwË evwo‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ GB mvdj¨ m‡Ë¡I
GKvwaK Kvi‡Y Zvi mvgªv‡RÏ cZb N‡U|
d«v‡Ýi wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ weav‡bi Rb¨ Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb †h Av‡cvlg~jK
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`j mš‘ó wQjbv| Bsj¨v‡Ûi mv‡_ Aeva evwYR¨ Pzw³ m¤úv`b Kivq d«v‡Ýi wkícwZMY Zuvi cÖwZ

Lywk wQ‡jb bv| G Qvov K¨v_wjK m¤cÖ`vq Zuvi ciiv÷ª bxwZ mg_©b K‡ibwb Ges RvZxhZvev`x
`j †cvj¨vÛ I †gw·‡Kv m¤ú‡K© ‡b‡cvwjq‡bi bxwZi Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv K‡iwQj| wewfbœ `‡ji
g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ weavb K‡i GKwU kw³kvjx ivóª M‡o †Zvjvi gZ cªwZfv Zuvi wQjbv|
Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi ciivóª bxwZi e¨_©Zv Zuvi cZ‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY wQj| mgªvU c` jvf
Kivi ci wZwb d«v‡Ýi jyß †MŠie wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ Rbmvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q cÖwZkÖæwZ w`‡qwQ‡jb,
wKš‘ Kvh©Z Zv m¤¢e nqwb| Zuvi BZvwj bxwZ †kl ch©šÍ d«v‡Ýi ¯^v‡_©B AvNvZ †n‡bwQj|
†cvjv¨vÛ bxwZi e¨_©Zv I †gvw·‡Kv Awfhv‡bi AK…ZKvh©Zvi d‡j AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î †b‡cvwjqb
I d«v‡Ýi gh©v`v h‡_ó ¶zbœ n‡qwQj| A‡÷ªv-cÖvwkqvb hy‡× wbi‡c¶Zv Aej¤^b †b‡cvwjq‡bi
c‡¶ gvivZ¥K fyj n‡qwQj| Bnv Zuvi A`~i`wk©Zvi cwiPvqK| †mWv‡bi hy‡× I cÖæwkqvi nv‡Z
d«v‡Ýi civR‡qi d‡j Zuvi cZb N‡U|
Dbwesk kZvãx‡Z d«v‡Ý ivR‰bwZK AvenvIqv ‰¯îZ‡š¿i AbyK~j wQjbv| 1830 I 1848
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†¶‡Î GK RvKv‡jv bxwZ Øviv divwm RbmvaviY‡K mš‘ó K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ MYZ‡š¿i †cvkv‡K
†¯^”QvPvwiZv †ewk w`b †X‡K ivLv m¤¢e nqwb| divwm Rbmvavi‡Yi wbKU µgk Zuvi
†¯^”QPvwiZvi Avmj iæc cÖwZfvZ nq Ges Rbmvavi‡Yi we‡¶vf cÖPÛ AvKvi aviY K‡i|
fMœ¯^v¯’¨ I eva©K¨ ‡nZz †b‡cvwjq‡bi Kg©`¶Zv I gvbwmK `„pZv µgk nv«m †c‡Z _v‡K d‡j
wZwb Rbmvavi‡Yi Av¯’v nvivw”Q‡jb| Ae‡k‡l †mWv‡bi hy× Zuvi I Zuvi mvgªvR¨ Df‡qiB cZb
NUvq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
K) ˆbe©¨wËK cÖkœ
1| Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb ‡K wQ‡jb ?
K) cÖ_g †b‡cvwjq‡bi †Q‡j L) cÖ_g ‡b‡cvwjq‡bi åvZz¯úyÎ
M) †b‡cvwjq‡bi PvPv N) †KvbwUB bq
2| Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb AvBb mfv‡K Kqfv‡M fvM K‡ib ?

K) GK fv‡M L)  `yB fv‡M
M) wZbfv‡M N) †KvbwUBbq
3| 1860 mv‡j Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb weª‡U‡bi mv‡_ wK Pzw³ ¯^v¶i K‡ib?

K)  KeW©b Pzw³ L) c¨vwim Pzw³
M) wgDwbK Pzw³ N) fvm©vB Pzw³
4| wµwgqvi hy‡× †b‡cvwjqb †Kvb †`‡ki c‡¶ hy× K‡ib ?

K) ivwkqv L)  Zzi¯‹
M) †cvj¨vÛ N) eyj‡Mwiqv|
5| wµwgqvi hy‡×i mgq ivwkqvi Rvi †K wQ‡jb ?

K)  Rvi wb‡Kvjvm L) jyU wdwjc
M) †jwbb N) gnvgwZ wcUvi|
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb‡K wK RvZxqZvev`x ejv hvq ?
2| Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi mgq d«v‡Ýi Av_© mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi weeiY w`b|
3| Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi mg‡q d«v‡Ýi wkívq‡bi eY©bv w`b|
4| Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi ciivóª bxwZ †Kb e¨_© n‡qwQj ?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi mvsweavwbK ms¯‹v‡ii weeiY w`b|
2| Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi ¯îvó bxwZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3| Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi cZ‡bi KviY mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cvV - 4
kªwgK Av‡›`vjb I c¨vwi KwgDb

 kªwgK Av‡›`vjb m¤ú‡K© weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 kªwgK Av‡›`vj‡bi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 c¨vwi KwgDb m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 c¨vwi KwgD‡bi we‡`ªv‡ni KviY we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 c¨vwi KwgDb we‡`ªv‡ni e¨_©Zvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
kªwgK Av‡›`vjb
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I ivóª AwaKvsk cyuwRcwZ ‡kªYxi wbqš¿‡Y P‡j hvq| G‡Z kªwgK †kªYx n‡q c‡o Amnvq Ges
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kªwgK Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv

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kªwgK Av‡›`vjb `g‡bi †Póv

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n‡jI m¤úwËi wfwË‡Z †fvUvwaKvi Pvjy _vKvq kªwgKiv Zv‡Z DcK…Z nqwb| µ‡g Bsj¨v‡Û
D`vicš’x Ges †Uvwi `j †fvUvwaKvi m¤cÖmvi‡Yi bxwZ MÖnY Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| 1866
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kªwgK`j ¯’vcb I cvj©v‡g‡›U Avmb jvf

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cÖRvZ‡š¿i ivóªcwZ w_qvm© KZ…©K kªwgK‡ì †UªW BDwbqb Av‡›`j‡bi Dci GB wb‡lavÁv
m‡Ë¡I BD‡iv‡c êa ev A‰eafv‡e †UªW BDwbqb MwVZ n‡Z _v‡K| A`¶ kªwgKiv AwaK
msL¨vq †UªW BDwbq‡bi gva¨‡g msMwVZ nq| kªwgK Av‡›`vjb¸wj µgk Rw½ PwiÎ wb‡Z
_v‡K| 1886 mv‡j Ges 1889 mv‡j jÛ‡b kªwg‡Ki m‡½ cywj‡ki msN©l nq| Bsj¨v‡Û miKvi
eva¨ n‡q WK kªwK‡ì gRyix evovq| Bsj¨v‡Ûi `„óv‡šÍ AbycÖvwYZ n‡q Rvg©vwbi n¨vgey‡M©I WK
kªwgKiv ag©NU I Av‡›`vjb Ki‡j Rvg©vb gvwjK †kªYx Zv cÖwZnZ K‡i |

80 I 90 Gi `k‡K BD‡ivc gnv‡`‡ki kªwgK Av‡›`vj‡bi gvK©mev`x msMVb¸wji cÖfve c‡o|

Rvg©vb †mvm¨vj †W‡gvµvUiv †ewkifvM †UªW BDwbqb¸wj‡K cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z _v‡K| ivwkqvi
kªwgK Av‡›`vjb‡K Rvi miKvi `„p nv‡Z `gb Ki‡jI cÖwZ KjKviLvbvq ej‡kwfK I †m¨vmvj
†W‡gv†µUiv ¸ß msMVb M‡o †Zv‡j| G me kªwgK msMVb µ‡g µ‡g we‡`ªvnx n‡q I‡V|
kªwgK Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖK…wZ

Dwbk kZ‡Ki kªwgK Av‡›`vj‡bi MwZ-cÖK…wZ †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq ‡h, kªwgK †bZ…e„›` Rw½
g‡bvfve †`Lv‡jI Kvh©‡¶‡Î Zviv wQj Av‡cvlKvgx| kªwgK‡ì `vwe `vIqv c~iY n‡j Zuviv
mš‘ó n‡Zb| Zv‡ì GB `„wófw½i d‡j Zviv wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mg_©b cvb Ges †UªW
BDwbq‡bi AwaKvi jvf K‡ib| ZvB Zviv mivmwi msN‡l©i c_ cwinvi K‡i| kªwgK
msMVb¸wj Avw_©K w`K †_‡K cyó nq| Zv‡ì wbR¯^ msev`cÎ Awdm I AvgjvZš¿ M‡o
I‡V| kªwgK‡ì RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb I gRywi e„w×B wQj GB hy‡Mi Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j j¶¨|
gvK©mev`xiv Qvov †KDB mgvR eë¯’v e`‡ji R‡b¨ AvšÍwiK wQjbv| Z…ZxqZ mKj kªwgK‡K
GB hy‡M †UªW BDwbq‡bi m`m¨ c`fy³ Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv| A‡bK kªwgK wQj AmsMwVZ|
Ab¨w`‡K ivwkqvi kªwg‡Kiv miKv‡ii mv‡_ Av‡cvl K‡iwb| Zviv msMÖvg K‡i †M‡Q weRq jvf
Kiv ch©šÍ| ivwkqvq Kg ‡eZb, †ewk LvUzwb Ges A¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡ek kªwg‡Ki Rxeb‡K welgq
K‡i †Zv‡j| hy‡×i ìæY Lv‡`ï `vg †e‡o hvIqvq Kg gRywi‡Z Lv`¨ ‡Kbv Zv‡ì c‡¶ `y®‹i
n‡q c‡o| Rvi miKvi kªwgK‡ì †UªW BDwbqb MV‡bi AwaKvi ¯^xKvi KiZ bv| G Rb¨
kªwgK‡ì `vwe Av`vq Kiv wQj Kómva¨ e¨vcvi| ej‡kwfK `j kªwgK‡ì wfZi †Mvcb cÖPvi
Pvwj‡q Zv‡ì msNe× K‡i wecøexgyLx K‡i| kªwgK ag©N‡Ui d‡j ivwkqvi A_©‰bwZK Rxeb
SuvSiv n‡q hvq| Rvi miKv‡ii cywjk Øviv ag©NU `g‡bi †Póv Ki‡j kªwgKiv Rw½ n‡q I‡V|
kªwgK Av‡›`vjb Ggb ch©v‡q P‡j hvq †h, 1917 mv‡j ivwkqvi ej‡kwfK wecøe mvwaZ nq Ges
Rvi miKv‡ii cZb N‡U|
c¨vwi KwgDb (1871)

1870 mv‡ji d«vs‡Kv-cªywkqv hy‡× Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi civR‡qi gva¨‡g d«v‡Ýi wØZxq
mvgªv‡Rï Aemvb N‡U| 4 †m‡Þ¤î (1870) c¨vwi‡m GKwU i³cvZnxb wecøe msMwVZ nq Ges
d«v‡Ý GKwU cÖRvZ‡š¿i cÖwZôv ‡NvwlZ nq | GwU‡K d«v‡Ýi Z…Zxq cÖRvZš¿ ejv nq| Z…Zxq
cÖRvZ‡š¿i msweavb iwPZ nIqv mv‡c‡¶ d«v‡Ý GKwU A¯’vqx miKvi ¯’vwcZ nq| cÖL¨vZ
ivRbxwZÁ w_qvm© GB A¯’vqx cÖRvZš¿x miKv‡ii ivóªcwZ c‡` wbe©vwPZ nb|
hy× cieZx© (1870) mg‡q d«v‡Ý msweavb iPbv, miKvi MVb, Rvgv©b Ae‡iva cÖwZnZKiY,
mvgvwRK Am‡šÍvl, we‡`kx mvnvh¨ cÖvwß, †evbvcvZ© eskxq ‰¯îvPvi, msm‡ì Awa‡ekb AbywôZ
nIqv, bvMwiK‡ì wbivcËv weavb Kiv BZ¨vw` cÖ‡kœ Zxeª gZwe‡iva, Ø›Ø, Am‡šÍvl e„w× †c‡Z
_v‡K| 1871 mv‡ji 18 gvP© c¨vwi‡mi RvZxq i¶xevwnbx f¨vm©vB bMix‡Z Ae¯’vbKvix
miKv‡ii wbqwgZ ˆmbëvwnbxi weiæ‡× A¯¿ aviY K‡i| c¨vwi‡m GKwU A¯’vqx miKvi MwVZ
nq| c¨vwi‡mi GB we‡kl eë¯’vi miKvi‡KB c¨vwi KwgDb ejv nq| 90 Rb wbe©vwPZ m`‡mï
GKwU mvaviY cwil‡ì Dci KwgwbD‡bi cÖkvmwbK ¶gZv b¨¯Í nq| 72 w`b c¨vwi‡mi
KwgD‡bi we‡kl miKvi eë¯’v wU‡K wQj| GB miKvi ¯^vaxbZv, mvg¨, åvZ…Z¡, RbZvi
mve©‡fŠgZ¡, GK I ALÛ cÖRvZ‡šÍ wek¦vmx wQj| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ eøv‡¼i g‡Zv e¨w³Z¡ wQ‡jb| c¨vwi
KwgDbviMY mgvRZš¿, MYZš¿ i¨wWKvwjRg BZ¨vw` aviv Dcavivq cÖfvweZ wQj| Zv‡ì g‡a¨
msnwZi Afve †_‡KB w_qv‡m©i evwnbx †fm©vB bMix †_‡K msNe×fv‡e c¨vwii KwgDb miKvi‡K

AvµgY K‡i| KwgDb Zv cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Z‡e gvÎ 72 w`b ¶gZvq AwawôZ _vK‡jI
c¨vwi KwgDb mvaviY gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y KvR Kivi gnr wKQy D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i ¯§iYxq n‡q
Av‡Q|
A¯’vqx cÖRvZš¿x miKv‡ii mvg‡b eo cÖwZeÜKZv wQj c¨vwi KwgD‡bi we‡`ªv‡ni KviY|
c¨vwiwKwgD‡bi we‡`ªv‡ni KviY m¤c‡K© gZ‡f` Av‡Q-
K) ivR‰bwZK KviY
c¨vwim bMwi wQj wecø‡ii †K›`ªf~wg| GB kn‡i cÖRvZvwš¿K `‡ji kw³ me©vwaK wQj| d‡j
c¨vwim bMievmx g‡b KiZ †h, cÖRvZš¿x d«v‡Ýi †hvM¨ ivRavbx nj c¨vwim bMwi| wKš‘
cÖRvZš¿x miKvi c¨vwi‡mi cwie†Z© fvm©vB bMwi‡Z cÖwZwbwa mfv ¯’vcb Ki‡j c¨vwi‡mi
†jvKR‡bi AvZ¥gh©v`vq AvNvZ jv‡M| A¯’vqx miKv‡ii RvZxq mfvq wbe©vP‡b cÖRvZš¿x `j
msLv¨vMwiôZv cvqwb| RvZxq mfvq eû ivRZš¿x wbe©vwPZ nq| f¨vm©vB bMwi wQj ivRZš¿x
d«v‡Ýi HwZnvwmK ivRavbx | f¨vm©vB kn‡ii †jv‡KivI wQj ivRZš¿ev`x | myZivs, c¨vwi‡mi
cÖRvZš¿xiv AvksKv K‡i ‡h, f¨vm©vB‡q ivRavbx ¯’vwcZ n‡j cÖRvZš¿ aŸsm n‡q ivRZš¿ wd‡i
Avm‡e | Rvg©vb Av‡›`vj‡bi weiæ‡× c¨vwi‡mi bvMwiKiv Zv‡ì RxebcvZ K‡i evav †`q |
GB HwZnvwmK cÖwZ‡iv‡ai I Z¨vM ¯^xKv‡ii wewbg‡q c¨vwim‡K ivRavbx wn‡m‡e wbe©Pb bv
Kivq GB bM‡ii RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †Nvi nZvkv †`Lv ‡`q hv we‡`ªv‡ni Ab¨Zg KviY|
L) A_©‰bwZK KviY
f¨vm©vB kn‡i ivRavbx ¯’vwcZ nIqvi d‡j c¨vwi‡mi ewYK I †`vKvb`v‡iiv AvkvsKv K‡i †h,
Zv‡ì eëmvq g›`v ‡`Lv ‡`‡e| f¨vm©vB miKvwi AvbyK~j¨ DbœZ eë¯’v Avi c¨vwi‡mi
bvMwiKiv nZvkvq I `vwi‡`ª¨ wbgwR©Z n‡e| Rvg©vb †mbv c¨vwim Ae‡iva Ki‡j c¨vwi‡mi
mKj Kj KviLvbv eÜ n‡q hvq| †eKvi kªwgKiv c¨vwim i¶vi Rb¨ b¨vkbvj Mv‡W© bvg
wjwL‡q bv‡g gvÎ fvZvq c¨vwim‡K i¶vi †Póv K‡i| bvMwiK‡ì wb‡q RvZxq iw¶evwnbx
MwVZ nq| cÖRvZš¿x miKvi GB iw¶evwnbxi m`m¨‡ì fvZv eÜ K‡i mvaviY bvMwiK‡ì
weivMfvRb nq| 2) Aciw`‡K A¯’vqx miKvi c¨vwi‡mi bvMwiK‡ì e‡Kqv Ki I evwoi
LvRbv Awej‡¤^ cwi‡kva Ki‡Z Av‡`k w`‡j c¨vwi‡mi bvMwiKiv w¶ß n‡q D‡V| c¨vwim
KwgDb‡K ¯^vaxb miKvi wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i †K›`ªxq cÖRvZš¿x miKv‡ii AaxbZv AMÖvn¨ K‡i|
M) mgvRZvwš¿K Av`‡k©i cÖfve

c¨vwi KwgD‡bi we‡`ªv‡ni ‡cQ‡b mwµq wQj wecøex wPšÍvaviv| fvmv©B‡qi RvZxq mfvi †bZ…‡Z¡
c¨vwi‡mi R¨v‡Kvweb I ˆbivRëv`x †Mvôxi Av¯’v wQjbv| Giv GB Kvi‡Y c¨vwi‡m GKwU
mgvRZvwš¿K miKvi cÖwZôv Kivi †Póv K‡i| abe›Ub, Drcv`b eë¯’vi Ici ivóªxq wbqš¿Y,
RxweKvi AwaKvi cÖf„wZ †gŠwjK AwaKvi AR©bI wQj GB wecø‡ei j¶¨| c¨vwi‡mi wecøex‡ì
`vwe wQj miKv‡ii ¶gZvi we‡K›`ªxKiY| ivRZš¿x hy‡M d«v‡Ýi MÖvg I kni ¸wji ¯^vqËkvm‡bi
AwaKvi †jvc K‡i kvmb eë¯’vi we‡K›`ªxKiY Kiv nq| c¨vwi‡mi wecøex‡ì g‡Z, †K›`ªxq
miKvi wQj ˆ¯îvPvix I ¯’vbxq ¯^v‡_©i cªwZ D`vmxb| Zviv `vwe K‡i †h, cÖwZ GjvKvq wbev©wPZ
cÖwZwbwa wb‡q KwgDb MVb K‡i G‡ì nv‡Z ¯’vbxq kvm‡bi `vwqZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| KwgDb¸wji
cÖwZwbwa wb‡q †K›`ªxq miKvi MVb Ki‡Z n‡e|

c¨vwi KwgD‡bi we‡`ªvn `gb

A¯’vqx cÖRvZ‡š¿i ivóªcwZ w_qvm© me©cÖ_g RvwZ‡K eywS‡q †`b †h, Z…Zxq cÖRvZš¿ ¯’vqx n‡q‡Q|
d«v‡Ý Avi ivRZš¿ ¯’vwcZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv †bB| c¨vwiK wgD‡bi we‡`ªvn `gb bv Kiv n‡j
d«v‡Ýi RvZxq HK¨ †f‡½ co‡e| AZci wZwb †mbvcwZ g¨vK‡gnb‡K c¨vwi‡mi we‡`ªvn `g‡b
wb‡qvM K‡ib| wZb mßvn e¨vcx cÖPÛ hy× I nZ¨vKv‡Ûi ci c¨vwim bMwi g¨vK‡gn‡bi wbKU
AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i| GB hy‡× cÖvq 20 nvRvi divwm bvMwiK wbnZ nq| c¨vwim KwgD‡bi
cÖwZ‡iva `g‡bi ci w_qvm© wbôzi cÖwZwnsmv bxwZ MÖnY K‡ib| RvZxq i¶x‡ì †cvlvK civ
†Kv‡bv †jvK †`Lv †M‡j wbwe©Pv‡i ¸wj Kiv n‡Zv| cÖvq `xN©Kvj a‡i c¨vwim hv ejZ †MvUv d«vÝ
Zv ïbZ| c¨vwi KwgD‡bi cZb n‡j d«v‡Ýi Dci c¨vwi‡mi cÖfve webó nq|
w_qvm© we‡`ªvn `gb K‡iB ¶všÍ nbwb| wZwb divwm RbMY‡K mšÍyó Kivi Rb¨ wKQz ms¯‹vi
cÖeZ©b K‡ib hv c¨vwi KwgD‡bi we‡`ªvn bv n‡j m¤¢e nZ bv| wZwb ¶gZvi we‡K›`ªxKiY K‡i
†QvU †QvU kn‡ii †gqi I bMi mfvi m`m¨‡ì wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡qv‡Mi cÖ_v Pvjy K‡ib|
eo kni¸wji †gqi‡K ‡K›`ªxq miKvi Øviv wbhy³ Kivi eë¯’v envj ivLv nq| ¯’vbxq wbe©vwPZ
mfv¸wji ¶gZv e„w× Kiv nq| MY‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g be©vwPZ RvZxq mfv‡K d«v‡Ýi mve©‡fŠg
¶gZvi AwaKvix e‡j †NvlYv Kiv nq| cÖvß eq¯‹ divwm cyiæl‡ì eva¨Zvg~jK mvgwiK wk¶v
MÖn‡Yi wbqg Pvjy Kiv nq| divwm evwnbxi me©vaywbK A‡¯¿ mw¾Z Kiv nq| 1873 wLª÷v‡ã
Z…Zxq cÖRvZ‡š¿i msweavb M„nxZ nq| d«v‡Ý wØK¶ wewkó AvBbmfv Ges MY‡fvU Pvjy Kiv
nq|
c¨vwiKwgDb we‡`ªv‡ni cÖK…wZ

c¨vwi KwgD‡bi we‡`ªvn KwgDwb÷ Av‡›`vj‡bi GK D¾j DÌvb iƒ‡c cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K|
Kvj©gvK©m Zuvi Ôwmwfj Iqvi Bb d«vÝÕ bvgK MÖ‡š’ c¨vwi KwgD‡bi we‡`ªvn‡K cÖwjZvwi‡qZ
ebvg ey‡R©vqv †kªYx hy‡×i wb`k©b iƒ‡c e¨vL¨v Kivq c¨vwim KwgD‡bi we‡`ªvn eû mgvRZš¿xi
Kv‡Q Av‡eMc~Y© NUbv e‡j cwiPvwjZ nq| c¨vwim KwgD‡bi we‡`ªvn‡K †kªYx msMÖvg iƒ‡c e¨vL¨v
Kiv KZLvwb ZvwË¡Kfv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ Zv wb‡q weZK© Av‡Q| Ggb wK ÔÔKwgDbvi ÕÕ A_©vr
KwgD‡bi mg_©K‡ì KwgDwb÷ e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| Ugm‡bi g‡Z, c¨vwim KwgD‡bi we‡`ªvn
wQj Avm‡j c¨vwi‡mi AZxZ wecøex HwZnëvnx RbZvi ‡klZg Afy¨Ìvb| huviv 1789 I
1848 mv‡j c¨vwi‡mi c‡_ e¨vwi‡KW iPbv K‡i jovB K‡i wQj| Zvu‡ìB DËivwaKvixiv 1870
-71 mv‡j Aewkó d«v‡Ýi Dci c¨vw‡mi wm×všÍ Pvwc‡q w`‡Z ‡klZg Afy¨Ìvb NUvq|
mvims‡¶c
18 kZ‡K wkí wecøe msMwVZ nevi d‡j mviv BD‡iv‡c cyuwRcwZ †kªYx M‡o I‡V Ges Zv‡ì
wb‡®úl‡Y kªwgKiv AwZô n‡q Zv‡ì `vwe-`vIqv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Av‡›`jb K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K
Z…Zxq divwm cÖRvZ‡š¿i wKQy wKQy wm×všÍ c¨vwimevmx‡K we‡`ªvnx K‡i †Zv‡j| Z‡e GB we‡`ªvn
K‡Vvifv‡e `gb K‡i Z„Zxq divwm cÖRvZš¿‡K ¯’vqx Kiv nq| kªwgK Av‡›`vjb I c¨vwi
KwgD‡bi we‡`ªvn Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, G‡ì g‡a¨ AšÍZ GKwU mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q Avi
Zv nj DfqB Zv‡ì AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ msMÖvg K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ ‡kl ch©šÍ c¨vwi KwgD‡bi
we‡`ªvn e¨_© nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
1| ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
K) 1866 mv‡j †Kv_vq kªwgK m‡¤§jb miKvi wbwl× Ki‡j cywjk I kªwgK‡ì g‡a¨ `v½v ïiæ
nq ?
1. nvBWcvK©, 2. wi‡R›U cvK©, 3. we„÷j, 4. wjfvicyj
L) KZ mv‡j Bsj¨v‡Ûi kªwgKiv †fvUvwaKvi jvf K‡i ?

1. 1866 2 . 1867 3. 1890 4.1877
M) KZ mv‡j Bsj¨v‡Û †UªW BDwbqb MVb ¯^xK…Z nq ?

1. 1870 2. 1872 3. 1871 4. 1873 |
N) Bsj¨v‡Ûi kªwgK Av‡›`vjb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i |

1.gvK©mev`, 2.  †dvweqvbev` , 3. wmwÛK¨vwj÷ , 4. cyuwRev`
O ) ivwkqvi kªwgK‡ì msMwVZ K‡i †Kvb `j ?

1.†jevi , 2. †Uvwi , 3. ej‡kwfK , 4. †gb‡kvwfK |
P) c¨vwiKwgD‡bi we‡`ªvn ‡Kv_vq msMwVZ nq ?

1.fvm©vB , 2. c¨vwim , 3. jÛb 4. †gj‡evb©
Q ) Z…Zxq cÖRvZ‡š¿i ivóªcwZ †K wQ‡jb ?

1. w_qvm©, 2. Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb, 3. g¨vK‡gnb 4. wemgvK©
2| msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ

K) kªwgK Av‡›`vj‡bi KviY mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb |
L) ivwkqvi kªwgK Av‡›`vj‡bi cwiYwZ wK n‡qwQj ?
M) c¨vwiKwgDb we‡`ªv‡ni KviY wK ?
N) cÖkvm‡b KLb, wKfv‡e c¨vwi‡mi AvwacZ¨ Le© nq?
O) c¨vwiKwgDb we‡`ªv‡ni cÖK…wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3 | iPbg~jK cÖkœ
K) kªwgK Av‡›`vj‡bi we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY w`b|
L) c¨vwiKwgD‡bi we‡`ªv‡ni KviY I djvdj Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

D V Ý Ivr BWZK Weez©B 1830 - 1871: Evsjv 'K DŠ Y Wek We' VJQ

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D V Ý Ivr BWZK Weez©B 1830 - 1871: Evsjv 'K DŠ Y Wek We' VJQ

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q -

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-71

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-72

RyjvB wecøe (1830)

RyjvB wecø‡ei cÖv°v‡j d«v‡Ýi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-73

RyjvB wecø‡ei KviY

Aóv`k jyB‡qi ga¨cš’v bxwZ

†kªYx msNvZ I wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji DÌvb

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-74

divwm wecøe I wkí wecø‡ei cÖfve

`kg Pvj©‡mi cÖwZwµqvkxj bxwZ

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-75

RyjvB wecø‡ei djvdj

ey‡R©vqv‡`i ¶gZv jvf

mvsweavwbK ivRZš¿ cÖeZ©b

ey‡R©vqv‡`i D™¢e I wkí wecøe

mvaviY ivRbxwZ m‡PZbZv

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-76

d«v‡Ýi evB‡i RyjvB wecø‡ei dj

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-77

2. divwm wecø‡e d‡j divwm mgv‡R †Kvb ‡kªYxi D™¢e N‡U ?

3.RyjvB wecøe KLb msNwUZ nq ?

4.1814 mv‡ji PvU©vi cÖ`vb K‡ib †K ?

5.wkí wecøe KLb msNwUZ n‡qwQj ?

6. 1830 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi Kviv msL¨v‡MvwiôZv cvq ?

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-78

†deªæqvwi wecøe 1848

†deªæqvwi wecø‡ei KviY

1| jyB wdwj‡ci ga¨cš’v bxwZ

2| ivR‰bwZK `‡ji gv‡S wefw³ I Am‡šÍvl

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-79

4| ciivóªbxwZi `ye©jZv I e¨_©Zv

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-80

5| wecø‡ei cÖZ¨¶ KviY

d«v‡Ý G wecø‡ei djvdj

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-81

BD‡iv‡c †deªæqvwi wecø‡ei cÖwZwµqv

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-82

1848 mv‡ji wecø‡ei e¨_©Zvi KviY

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-83

1848 mv‡ji wecø‡ei ¸iæZ¡

1830 Ges 1848 mv‡ji wecø‡ei Zzjbvg~jK Avv‡jvPbv

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-84

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-85

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-86

mgªvU Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb

Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb (1848 wLª)

Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi Af¨všÍixY kvmb e¨e¯’v

Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi Af¨šÍixY kvmb e¨e¯’v

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-87

k„sLjvi mv‡_ ¯^vaxbZvi mgš^q

AvBb mfvi msMVb I mg&ªv‡Ui AwaKvi

bZzb msweav‡bi mgv‡jvPbv

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-88

kªwgK Kj¨vYg~jK e¨e¯’v

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-89

Aeva evwYR¨ Pzw³

c¨vwim bMixi cybM©Vb

Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi ‰e‡`wkK bxwZ

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-90

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm - 2 c„ôv-91