Symbols Description and Units

A correction facto r for the type of loading

B size factor
C surface correction factor
Fm average or mean load, N(kgf)
Fa varia ble or alternating load, N(kgf)
ion or bending)
K, theoretical stress concentra tion factor for normal stress (tens
K.f theoretical stress concentration factor for shear stress
K'I theoretical comb ined stress concentration factor
stress
K,1 estimated fatig ue stress concentration factor for normal
K' estimated combined fatig ue factor for normal stres
tf
Ks/ estimated fatigue stress concentration factor for shear stress
K,, stress concentration factor in the tranverse direction
n factor of safety
q notch sensitivity factor for cyclic loading
R reliability factor
V internal elastic energy, mJ (mm-kgf)
5 Static deformation under the action of the weight W, mm
o' Deformation under impact action, mm
2 2
(T static stres s, MN/m (kgf/mm )
2 2
<Tb bending stress, MN/m (kgf/mm )
2 2
Ud design stress, MN/m (kgf/mm )
2
(kgf/mm2 )
<Tx , U y direct stresses in x and y directions respectively, MN/m
2
MN/m2 (kgf/mm )
<Ti , U2
maximum and minimum principal stresses respectively,
2
rance limit stres s of the mate rial in reversed bend ing, MN/m2 (kgf/mm )
<Ten
endu
2 2
rance limit stress of the material in rever sed axial loading, MN/ m (kgf/mm )
fT,n-a
endu
2 2
<Typ yield point stress, MN/ m (kgf/mm )

---
19
20 Working
..__ Stresses

Symbols Description and Units

2 2
average or mean nonnal stress, MN/m (kgf/mm )
2
variable nonnal stress, MN/m2 (kgf/mm )
2 2
design stress for completely reversed loads, MN/m (kgf/mm )
2 2
design stress for alternating loads, MN/m (kgf/mm )
2
ultimate stress, MN/m2 (kgf/mm )
2
u' impact stress, MN/m2 (kgf/mm )
2
T shear stress, MN/m2 (kgf/mm )
2 2
Ten endurance limit stress of the material in cyclic torsion, MN/m (kgf/mm )
2 2
Tm average or mean shear stress, MN/m (kgf/mm )
2 2
variable shear stress, MN/m (kgf/mm )
2 2
Typ yield strength of the material in shear, MN/m (kgf/mm )
2 2
,' the impact stress due to torsion, MN/m (kgf/mm )
static angular deflection, rad
angular deflection under impact loading, rad

Particular Equation Eqn. No.

Stress concentration in members:
The maximum stresses at the discontinuity
F
i) For a direct stress: (Fig. 2.1 (a)) CTmax = crK, = AK, 2.1 (a)

Mc M
ii) For bending: (Fig. 2.l(b)) CT max= CTbKr = -K, = -K1 2. l(b)
I Z
Tr T
iii) For torsion: (Fig. 2.l(c)) Tmax = rKs =-Ks= -Ks 2.l(c)
J Zp

CTmax = (er nom) K,

CTmax = CTbK,
CTbnom

Unum O"nom

Fig. 2.l(a): Tensile Stress Fig. 2.l(b): Bending Stress Fig. 2.l(c): Shear Stress
 li'orking Stresses 21

/ . Iar
Particu Equation Eqn. No.
F
Transverse stress induced around the hole in a <J"max =<J"Kn = A Kn 2.2
plate of infinite width (Fig. 2.2)

When a plate with a hole is subjected to 2.3

biaxial stresses a-x and a-_v acting at right
angles, then the combined maximum stress
induced (supe·r position)
K11- I
The notch sensitivity index: 2.4
q = K, - I

Estimated fatigue stress concentration factor K,1 = I + q(K, - I) 2..5

for normal stress

Estimated combined fatigue factor for normal K; = I + q(K; - 1) 2.6

1
stress

Estimated fatigue stress concentration factor

for shear stress
Ksf = I + q(Ks - 1) ' 2.7
Theories offailure:
---- <J"e--(<J"x+<J"y)
--- + ✓(<J"x-<J"y)2
- - - +T.2n 2.8(a)
Stress according to the maximum normal 2 ·
2
stress theory or Rankine theory
= <J" 1, maximum principle stress

2.6 - - ---"'-.:--+

t
0.2

Fig. 2.2: Form Stress Factor due to hole in a plate