Fluid Flow-1

Subject Code: ChE-108

Dr. Asif Jamil

Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite

Materials Engineering
 Chapter 4
Basic Equations of Fluid Flow

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 2

Mass Balance
The rate of mass entering the flow system
equals that leaving, as mass can neither be
created not depleted within a flow system
under steady conditions.

Mass Mass
in System out

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 3

Streamline

 A streamline is an imaginary curve in a mass of

flowing fluid so drawn that at every point on the
curve the net velocity vector ‘u’ is tangent to the
streamline.
 No net flow takes place across the streamline.
 In turbulent flow, the eddies can cross are re-cross
the streamline, however, the net flow of eddies in
any direction other than flow is zero.

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 4

Stream tube or stream filament
 A tube of small or large cross section and of any
convenient cross-sectional shape that is entirely
bounded by stream-lines.
 A stream tube can visualized as an imaginary pipe
in the mass of flowing fluid through the walls of
which no net flow is occurring.
5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 5
Streamline

6
Equation of Continuity
 The continuity equation is simply a mathematical
expression of the principle of conservation of mass
that for steady-state flow, the mass flow rate into
the system must equal the mass flow rate out.
 The continuity equation expressed by Equation:

moinlet = mooutlet

7
Equation of Continuity
 Fluid enters at cross section area , Sa, and leave where
the cross section is Sb.
 Velocities normal to the cross sections at the points are
ua and ub.
 Densities be ρa and ρb. For incompressible fluids the
densities are const.
 No boundary layer in the tube.
 The mass of fluid entering and leaving the system per
unit time is given by;

The above equation is called “Equation of continuity”.

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 8

Equation of Continuity

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 9

Equation of Continuity

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 10

Equation of Continuity

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 11

Average Velocity
 If the flow through the stream tube lies wholly or
partly within a boundary layer, the velocity vary
from point to point across area Sa and Sb.
 It is imp to distinguish b/w local and average
velocity.

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 12

Equation of Continuity (for circular cross-sectional area)

The continuity equation for flow through a finite stream tube in

which velocity varies within the cross section is

If the flow occurs through channels of circular cross-section

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 13

Mass Velocity or Mass Flux

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 14

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 15
Appendix 5

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 16

Example 4.1

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 17

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 18
5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 19
Example
The inlet diameter of the reactor coolant pump is 28 in. while
the outlet flow through the pump is 9200 lbm/sec. The density of
the water is 49 lbm/ft3. What is the velocity at the pump inlet?

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 20

21
Macroscopic Momentum Balance
 The sum of all the forces acting on the fluid in x-
direction, by the momentum principle, equals the
increase in the time rate of momentum of the
flowing fluid.
 The sum of forces acting in the x-direction equals
the difference b/w the momentum leaving with the
fluid per unit time.

22
Momentum of Total Stream; Momentum
Correction Factor
Momentum = mass x velocity
 If “u” varies from point to point in the cross-section of
stream, the total momentum flow does not equal the
product of the mass flow rate and the average velocity
𝑀 = 𝑚 × 𝑉, in general it is somewhat greater.

𝑀 =𝑚 ×𝑢

23
Momentum of Total Stream; Momentum
Correction Factor
 The necessary correction factor is found from
convective momentum flux.
 The momentum carried by the flowing fluid trough a
unit cross-sectional area of the channel in a unit time.
 This is the product of linear velocity normal to the
cross section and the mass velocity (mass flux).
𝑀 =𝑚 ×𝑢

𝑀 =𝑢×𝑆×𝐺

𝑀 = 𝑢 × 𝑆 × (𝜌𝑢)
5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 24
Momentum of Total Stream; Momentum
Correction Factor
For a differential cross-sectional area
𝑑𝑀 = 𝑢 × 𝑑𝑆 × (𝜌𝑢)
𝑑𝑀
= (𝜌𝑢) × 𝑢 = 𝜌𝑢2
𝑑𝑆

Integrating both sides

𝑀 𝜌 𝑢2 𝑑𝑠 (A)
=
𝑆 𝑆
Correction factor is given by;

𝑀 𝑆
𝛽= 𝛽 × 𝜌𝑉 2 = 𝑀 𝑆 (B)
𝜌𝑉 2
Comparing (A) & (B)

25
Momentum of Total Stream; Momentum
Correction Factor

𝑀 =𝑚 ×𝑉

Forces appear in the direction of flow;

(1)Pressure change in the direction of flow.
(2)Shear stresses at the boundary between the fluid stream and the
conduit or on the solid wall.
(3)If the stream is inclined, the appropriate component of force of
gravity.

26
Momentum of Total Stream; Momentum
Correction Factor
Assume one dimensional flow in x-direction, a typical
situation is represented by the equation

𝐹 = 𝑃𝑎 𝑆𝑎 − 𝑃𝑏 𝑆𝑏 + 𝐹𝑤 − 𝐹𝑔

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 27

Momentum Balance in Potential Flow;
The Bernoulli Equation without friction
 Bernoulli equation without friction can be derived by
applying the momentum balance to the steady flow of a
fluid in potential flow.

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 28

Momentum Balance in Potential Flow;
The Bernoulli Equation without friction

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 29

Forces (1 & 2) at side (A & B) of the stream Momentum Balance in Potential Flow; The
Bernoulli Equation without friction

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 30

 Momentum Balance in Potential Flow; The
Bernoulli Equation without friction
3. Force due to wall of fluid stream

 The side of the tube is not parallel to the axis.

 Pressure at the side possess a component in axial direction acting to
increase momentum.
 Let dA be an element of side area and the local pressure p’ is normal to
the surface element.
 Ψ, is the angle b/w the axis and the pressure vector at element at dA.
 Pressure force, F = p’dA
 Component in direction of flow is P’ dA sin ψ
 However, “dA sin ψ” is the projection of area dA on the cross section at
the discharge.
 So, the pressure acting in the direction of flow is p’dS.

3
31
 Momentum Balance in Potential Flow; The
Bernoulli Equation without friction
4. Force component due to gravity

 Force of gravity
Force = 𝑚 × g

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 𝑆 ∆L

Mass of fluid in tube = 𝜌 × 𝑆 ∆L

32
Momentum Balance in Potential Flow; The
Bernoulli Equation without friction
𝐹 = 𝑃𝑎 𝑆𝑎 − 𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑏 + 𝐹𝑤 − 𝐹𝑔
Substitute equation (1) to (4) in the above total momentum balance equation.

33
Momentum Balance in Potential Flow; The
Bernoulli Equation without friction

34
Momentum Balance in Potential Flow; The
Bernoulli Equation without friction

5/6/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 35