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და ფსიქიკური ჯანმრთლობა
ემოციის თეორიები:
1)Eemocia, როგორც biologiur, adaptaciuri bunebis, procesTa fsiqikuri asaxva. (emocia _ motivi).
aRniSnuli Teoriuli Sexeduleba didi tradiciis mqonea.
adapturi funqcionireba ara mxolod qcevis organizebulobasa da mizanSewonilebas gulisxmobs, aramed
aseve, Tavad organizmis normalur funqcionalur statussac. sagulisxmoa, rom kiTxvaze “rogor grZnobT
Tavs?” _ pasuxebi ukavSirdeba fiziologiur mdgomareobas, emociur gancdebsa da maTTan dakavSirebul
janmrTelobas.
lindsli miiCnevs, rom emocia aRar unda CaiTvalos specifikur fenomenad da unda
ganxilul iqnes, rogorc aqtivaciis doneთa kontinuumSi ukiduresi mniSvneloba _ anu
emocia , sxva araferia, Tu ara maRali organizmuli aqtivacia. emociisa da
organizmuli aqtivaciis sakiTxs mogvianebiT (rodesac visaubrebT motivaciisa da
agznebis mimarTეbaze) isev davubrundebiT.
jems –langes sxeulebrivi reaqciis Teoria –”emociis periferiuli Teoria”
-stimulis zemoqmedeba iwvevs avtonomiur fiziologiur agznebas da sxeulebriv
reaqciebs, romelTa gancdiTac yalibdeba emocia. jemsma da langem pirvelebma
mimarTes yuradReba emociaTa fiziologiaze da pirvelebma miuTiTes emociur
movlenebSi sxeulebrivi procesebis mniSvnelobaზე. თეორიის მიხედვით, Eemociuri
movlenebi sxeulebrivi cvlilebebis SegrZnebaTa kompleqss warmoadgenen. “me
imitom ki ar vkankaleb, rom meSinia, aramed meSinia imitom-rom vkankaleb”
Aargumentebi:
1. Eemociuri movlenis aRwerisas aRweren sxeulebriv SegrZnebebs
2. Eemociuri movlenis Sesaferisi pozis miReba, am emociur movlenas iwvevs
3. garkveuli nivTierebebis miReba iwvevs sxeulebriv cvlilebebs da amis Semdeg, emociur
movlenebs
4. vazomotoruli sistemis daavadeba emociebs yovelgvari sxva obieqturi safuZvlis gareSe
iwvevs.
jems-langes Teoria emociis periferiuli Teoria, radganac is miiCnevs, rom emociur
gancdas warmoSobs visceraluri
reaqciebi (avtonomiuri fiziologiuri procesebi) da avtonomiuri nervuli sistema (da ara
centraluri nervuli sistema).
Teoriis mixedviT, emocia periferiuli ukukavSiris “Sedegia”
_ gamRizianebeli (stimuli) iwvevs fiziol. agznebas da qceviT-sxeulebriv reaqciebs, ris
Semdegac myardebasensoruli (SegrZnebiseuli) da motoruli ukukavSiri Tavis tvinTan.
stimulis aRqma iwvevs fiziologiur agznebas da sxeulebriv reaqciebs, rac ganicdeba,
rogorc emocia.
Teoriis kontrargumentebi:
1. erTi da igive sxeulebrivi cvlilebebi Tavs iCens gansxvavebuli emociuri movlenebisas da
ubralod, fizikuri varjiSis drosac. Mmag: adrenalini gamoiyofa, rogorc SiSis, aseve risxvis
drosac.
2. qirurgiuli CareviT, romlis Sedegadac tvini ver iRebs informacias sxeulebrivi cvlilebebis
Sesaxeb, operirebuli cxoveli mainc ganicdis SiSs, risxvas da a.S. (Seringtonis eqsp)
3. Aadrenalinis SeyvaniT cdis pirebi ganicdian ara emocias (SiSs), aramed im sxeulebriv
cvlilebebs, romlebic ubralod moagonebT emocias(SiSs) (maranonis eqsp)
Kklinikuri SemTxvevebisas emociebs ara Sesatyvisi gamomxatveli moZraobebi
axlavs( vilson-lermitis dakvirveba)
fiziologma u. kenonma (1927,1929) გააკრიტიკა emociis periferiuli
Teoria da emociis formirebaSi centraluri roli არა პერიფერიულ ნერვულ
მოქმედებას, არამედ centralur nervul moqmedebas mianiWa. kenonis
mixedviT, centraluri nervuli sistemidan (kerZod, Talamusidan)
momdinare signalebi orad
Iyofa; erTi nawili korteqsis (Tavis tvinis qerqis) erT
nawilSi emociuri grZnobis, xolo meore meore nawilSi _
emociuri eqsperesiis Camosayalibeblad miemarTeba.
aseve, fiziologma f. bardma daaskvna, romvisceraluri
reaqciebi win ar uswrebs emociur gancdas da emociis
stimuls 2 simultanuri efeqti ukavSirdeba: sxeulebrivi
agzneba simpaTikuri nervuli sistemis gavliT da emociuri
gancda korteqsis gavliT.
s. rubinSteini (1946) emociur movlenebs moTxovnilebis arsebobis fsiqikur formad, mis aqtiur aspeqtad
miiCnevs. aRniSnuli Sexeduleba sazogadod damaxasiaTebelia rusuli fsiqologiri skolisaTvis (p. anoxini, p.
simonovi, l. boJoviCi, a. zaporoJeci, v. viliunasi da sxv.).
v. viliunasi emociur movlenebs, maTi qcevasTan mimarTebisa da funqcionaluri daniSnulebis mixedviT,
2 klasad yofs: 1. qcevis mastimulirebeli an wamyvani emociuri movlenebi da 2. qcevis maregulirebeli an
warmoebuli (warmateba-marcxis) emociuri movlenebi. Tuki mastimulirebeli emociuri movlenebi win
uswrebs qcevas da motivaciuri funqcia aqvs, warmoebuli emoc.Mmovlenebi qcevis procesSi aRiZvris da
qcevis mimdinareobis rogorobas asaxavs.
Kkognitur-afeqturi midgomis mixeviT (singeri 1973, 1974, tomkinsi 1962, 1963, izardi 1971, 1972),
emociuri movlenebi qmnian ZiriTad motivaciur sistemas. afeqturi da kognituri procesebi
urTierTqmedeben.
“diferencialur emociaTa Teoriis” mixedviT (izardi, tomkinsi), diskretul, calkeul
emociebs (avtorebma gamoyves 10 fundamenturi emocia) unikaluri motivaciuri da
fenomenologiuri Taviseburebebi gamoarCevT. emociebi urTierTqmdeben, qmnian
emociur kompleqsebs. yovel calkeul emociur movlenas, izardis mixecviT, unikaluri
adapturi funqcia akisria. emociuri movlenebi _ evoluciur-biologiuri memkvidreobis
produqtia. zogierTi emoc. movlenis SeguebiTi funqciis gamovlena iolia, zogierTia
SedareT rTuli. am ukanasknelT miekuTvneba, magaliTad, sircxvili. igi, erTi SexedviT,
mxolod zianis momtania, magram, analizi aCvenebs, romas misi adapturi
diniSnuleba udavoa. sircxvili adamins mgrZnobiares xdis socialuri garemos
Sefasebisa da zemoqmedebis mimarT da amiT socialuri kavSirebis ganmtkicebas
emsaxureba. aseve, dardic; es mZime emociuri gancda danakargTan Seguebisa da
socialuri daxmarebis miRwevis funqcias gulisxmobs.
savickisa da izardis eqsperimenti (1970): gamoyenebuli iyo fotoebi, emociaTa (sixaruli, dardi, SiSi,
risxva) standartizebuli gamoxatviT. fotoebs hqonda saerTo niSnebi: maT aerTianebda an erTi da igive
emocia an qudi (gamosaxul adamians an erTi da igive emociis mimika hqonda anda qudi
ixura).Mmkvlevarebs ainterebdaT, Tu romeli asakidan Seqmnian bavSvebi wvvils emociaTa saerToobis
mixedviT.ukve 5 wlis asakidan bavSvebi wyvilebs irCevdnen emociaTa saerToobis (da ara atributis _
qudis saerToobis) mixedviT.
kros-kulturuli kvlevebi mowmobs eqspresiis rogorc universaluri, aseve kerZo
kulturuli formebis arsebobas. emociuri eqspresiis universalobas adasturebs rogorc
kros-kulturuli, aseve Cvilebze Catarebuli kvlevebic.
universaluria 7 ZiriTadi emociis (SiSi, zizRi, sixaruli,
gakvirveba, siZulvili, risxva, dardi) eqspresia (pol ekmanis mixedviT).
+C -C
ikveTeba sakiTxi: aris Tu ara emocionaloba konstituciuri (Tandayolili) Tviseba Tu igi cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebis Sedegia da SeZenili?
Eemocionalur konstituciaze pirvelad miuTiTa diuprem (1925). fsiqopaTologiuri, klinikuri
dakvirvebebidan gamomdinare igi Tvlida, rom emocionaluri konstitucia xasiaTdeba nervuli sistemis
Tandayolili disbalansiT, rasac Tan sdevs mgrZnobelobis aweva da motoruli Sekavebis ukmaroba (rogorc
uneblie, aseve nebismieeri motoruli aqtivobisa). Aam dros organizmis reaqciebi imdenad Zlieri,
generalizebuli da xanieria, rom organizmi kargavs axal da moulodnel situaciaTa mimarT adaptirebis
unars.
emocionaluri konstituciis sakiTxis saboloo dadgenisaTvis aucilebeli gaxda aseTi kvlevis Catareba:
mSoblebisa da Svilebis Seswavla erTsa da imave asakSi analogiuri meTodebisa da pirobebis
gamoyenebiT. aseTi gamokvleva lesis (1956) ekuTvnis. aRniSnuli meTodiT lesim gamoavlina korelacia
dedebisa da Svilebis neirovegetatiur reaqciebs Soris da emocionaluri memkvidreobiTobis faqti daadgina.
Hholma (1941) ikvlia emocionaloba (emocionaluri memkvidreobiToba) virTagvebze dakvirvebiT.
man SearCia “emocionaluri virTagvebi” (romlebic emociogenur situaciaze xangrZlvi defekaciiTa da
SarddeniT reagirebdnen) da “araemociuri virTagvebi”. gamokvlevam gamoavlina emociuri
memkvidreobiToba; “emocionalur virTagvebs” Svilebic “emocionaluri” hyavdaT. Tanac, emocionaloba
TaobebSi TandaTan matulobda.
iekelma da rodesma (1941) ikvlies virTagvebis 2 jgufs Soris anatomiuri sxvaobebi da daadgines, rom
“emocionalur virTagvebs” hqondaT ufro didi zomis hipofizi, Tirkmelzeda da farisebri jirkvlebi.
(emocionalobis kavSiri nervuli sistemis tipTan).
Ppavlovi (da misi skola) erTmaneTisgan gamoyofs 2, urTierTsapirispiro nervul process: agznebasa da
Sekavebas. e.w. “sust tips” Sekavebis dominanti, xolo “Zlier tips” _ agznebis dominanti
axasiaTebs.Aagznebadi an emocionaluri tipi kontrolis deficitiT xasiaTdeba da hipokrates qolerikuli
temperamentis analogiuria. pavlovi miiCnevda, rom nervuli procesebis rogorobas nervuli sistemis
anatomiuri Taviseburebebi gansazRvraven. agznebadi, emocionaluri tipisaTvis wminda fiziologiur-
anatomiuradaa damaxasiaTebeli Tavis tvinis qerqqveSa birTvebis (romlebis emociebs ganageben)
dominanti qerqze (romelic kontrolsa da sazogadod, maRal cnobierebas ganagebs). (emocionalobis
kavSiri nervuli sistemis tipTan).
SeZenili emocionaloba. Eemocionaloba ara mxolod konstituciuri, Tandayolili pirovnuli niSania, aramed
SeZenilic individis cxovrebis manZilze. xSiri emociogenuri situaciebi (magaliTad, xifaTi,
janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli seriuzuli problemebi) e.w. SeZenil emocionalobas ayalibeben.
Hholma da uaiTmenma SeZenili emocionaloba ikvlies virTagebze. eqsperimentuli jgufis axaldabadebuli
virTagvebi ganicdidnen Zlieri bgeris zemoqmedebas perveli kviris manZilze. simwifis periodSi
gamokvleva Cautarda eqsperimentuli da sakontrolo jgufis virTagvebs.Eemocionalobis kriteriumad arCeuli
iqna holis kriteriumi: dReebis raodenoba, romlis manZilzec virTagvebi avlendnen emociur reaqciebs
(Sarddenasa da defekacias) emociogenuri stimulebis zemoqmedebisas. rogorc aRmoCnda, eqsperimentili
jgufis virTagvebi ufro maRali emocionalobiT xasiaTdebodnen.
Eemocionaluri simwife. asakTan erTad adgili aqvs emociebis iferencirebas, viTardeba emociaTa
marTvisa da kontrolis, situaciisadmi adeqvaturi qcevis warmarTvis unari. avtorTa rigi aRniSnul
cvlilebebs emociur simwifesTan akavSirebs.
სტრესის მოქმედება:
Hhipotalamusi _ stresis anatomiur-fiziologiuri centri.
hipoTalamusi axdens:
1) vegetatiuri (avtonomiuri), nervuli sistemis aqtivacias
2) hipofizis jirkvlis aqtivacias
სტრესის ფიზიოლოგია
1) avtomoniuri (vegetatiuri) nervuli sistemis mier xdeba Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebisa da adrenaluri medulas
(mogrZo tvini) stimulireba.
2) aRniSnuli jirkvlebi gamoyofen adrenalins.
3) gamoiyofa 2 hormoni: epinefrini da norepinefrini
4) aRniSnuli formonebi astimulireben organoebs (“aqtivacia”)
5) elenTa met sisxlis wiTel burTulebs, xolo Zvlis tvini ufro met sisxlis TeTr burTulebs gamomuSavebs,
RviZlSi _ ufro meti raodenobiT glukoza gamomuSavdeba.
rezidualuri (narCeni) stresis paterni (residual stress patern)- qronikuli sindromia, romelic
gulismobs post travmuli emociuri reaqciebis qronizacias.
Kkognituri Sefaseba:
kogniuri Sefaseba miiCneva kopingis I etapad.
masSi gamoyofen 2 stadias:
1) pirveladi Sefaseba: kiTxva“ ra xdeba?”
2) meoradi Sefaseba: sakuTari resursebis Sefaseba da kopingis ganxorcieleba.
Eemociuri movlenebis sxeulebriv procesebTan mimarTeba aRiniSna jer kidev mecnieruli fsiqologiis
Camoyalibebis periodSIve (jems-langes Teoria).
Nnakvlevia emociuri movlenebis zemoqmedeba sxvadasxva organoebze. ase magaliTad, brunsvikma
erTerTma pirvelma ikvlia emociogenur stimulTa zemoqmedeba saWmlis momnelebel sistemaze.
aRmoCnda, rom saWmlis momnelebeli sistema reagirebda emociogenur stimulebze, magram sxvadasxva
saxiT. erTi da igive emocia gansxvavebul organul reaqciebs iwvevda.
sxva gamokvlevebSi emociur movlenebsa da sxeulebriv procesTa Soris garkveuli mimarTeba dadginda;
SiSi, tkivili da sxva Zlieri uaryofiTi intensivobis emociebi kuWisa da 12-goja nawlavis kunTur tonuss
amcirebda da maT aqtivobas aferxebda. Zlieri gakvirveba _ tonuss zrdida, sixaruli _ar iwvevda
SesamCnev cvlilebebs.
Ffresi aRniSnavs, rom Zlieri emociogenuri situacia agresiaa organizmis winaaRmdeg.Aam dros
organizmis energetikuli resursebis mobilizeba imdenad mZlavria, rom gamoricxavs adaptur reaqciebSi
maT gamoyenebas. agzneba iwvevs “biologiur travmatizms”, rasac axlavs vegetatiuri nervuli sistemiT
inervirebul organoTa funqcionirebis darRveva.Qqronikuli konfliqtisa da daZabulobis situaciaSi myof
subieqts emocionaluri reaqciebi uCndeba. gare, fizikuri moqmdebis saxiT gamovlenis gareSec, isini
iwveven saWmlis momnelebeli da gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemebis funqcionalur darRvevebs. subieqturad es
emoc. mdgomareobebi ganicdeba, rogorc SfoTva.
vegetatiuri reaqciebi mxolod aqtualur emociebTan ar kavSireba. pirobiTi kavSirebis safuZvelze
neitraluri stimulebi, adre dakavSirebulni emociogenur situaciasTan, Tavadac iZenen emociebis
stimulirebis unars. (isini ikvlia k. bikovma.) magaliTad, qals daewyo Rebineba, rodesac Wamis dros
Seatyobines axloblis daRupvis Sesaxeb. amis Semdeg mas yovelTvis ewyeboda Rebineba am sakvebis
danaxvisas.
Oorganuli cvlilebebi gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemia SiSisa da risxvis dros. am cvlilebebs kenonma
“mobilizaciis reaqcia” (emergancy reaction) uwoda. (aRniSnuli termini iTarmneba aseve, rogorc
“SfoTvis reaqcia”). emociuri agznebis zemoqmedebiT Sinagan organoTa moqmedebis cvlilebebis axsnis
klasikuri variantia kenonis “mobilizaciis reaqciis Teoria”, romelic avtorma XXsk. dasawyisSi
cxovelebze warmoebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegad Camoayaliba. kenonis Tanaxmad, mobilizaciis reaqcia
Cndeba, rodesac individi xifaTTan dakavSirebul signals awydeba. xifaTis signals moqdebaSi moyavs
mobilizaciis sistema, romlis funqciasac asrulebs simpaTikuri nervuli sistema. simpaTikuri nervuli
sistemis agznebas Tan sdevs Sinagan organoTa funqcionirebis (da sazogadod, organizmuli) cvlilebebi.
aseTia: guliscemis sixSiris mateba, sisxlZarRvTa Seviwroeba muclis aris organoebSi, periferiuli
sisxlZarRvebis gafarToeba (kidurebSi), koronaruli sisxlZarRvebis gafarToeba, sisxlis wnevis
mateba.Aaseve aRiniSneba, saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis kunTebis tonusis daqveiTeba, saWmlis
momnelebeli sistemis jirkvalTa moqmedebis Seferxeba, gamoyofisa da da saWmlis momnelebeli
procesebis Sekaveba.Aaseve, gugebis gafarToeba, kunTuri daZabulobis mateba. humoralur doneze
Zlierdeba Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis sekretoruli funqcia da Sedegad sisxlSi matulobs adrenalinis Semcveloba.
adrenalini, Tavis mxriv, zrdis gulis muSaobis intensivobas, axdens perestaltikis Sekavebas, zrdis Saqris
Semcvelobas sisxlSi, aCqarebs sisxlis Sededebis process.
Kkenoni aRniSnavs, rom zemoT CamoTvlili organizmuli cvlilebebi organizms amzadebs
ZalisxmevisaTvis _ brZolis an gaqcevisaTvis.Aanu maT biologiuri funqcia da mniSvneloba
ekisreba.Aase magaliTad, gulis muSaobis gaintensiureba sisxliT ukeT amaragebs ConCxis kunTebs,
romlbsac xafaTTan gamklavebaSi (brZolaSi an gaqcevaSi) didi roli eniWeba. samagierod, is organoebi,
romlebic am dros ar iReben monawileobas (saWmlis momnelebebli sistema) _ nakleb sisxls iReben da
maTi moqmedeba neldeba.
aRniSnuli cvlilebebi Cndeba ara mxolod fizikuri xifaTis, aramed socialuri xifaTis (gamocda, sajaro
gamosvla da sxva) SemTxvevaSic.
kenoni aRniSnavs, rom warmodgenili fiziologiuri suraTi SeiZleba Seicvalos da icvleba kidec,
radganac simpaTikuri nervuli sistemis aqtivirebas Tan erTvis misi antipoduri parasimpaTikuri nervuli
sistemis aqtivirebac. Sesabamisad, Cndeba iseTi organizmuli cvlilebebi, rogoricaa uneblie Sarddena,
defekacia, ereqcia (saWmlis momnelebebli, saSarde da sasqesi sistemebis aqtivireba) da sxva.
mniSvnelovania, ra Tqma unda, cnobierebis rolic. TviT mZlavri emociogenuri zemoqmedebis pirobebSic
adamians SeuZlia ar dakargos sakuTari Tavis marTvisa da kontrolis unari da amiT Seakavos emociebTan
dakavSirebuli organizmuli cvlilebebi.
selies “adaptaciuri sindromis moZRvrebis” (“stresi _ adaptaciuri sindromi”) mixedviT, stresi anu
mavne fizikur da fsiqologiur faqtorTa zemoqmedeba iwvevs SfoTvis reaqcias. am reaqcias aqvs 3 stadia:
1. Soki _ hipoTenzia, hipoTermia, hipoglikemia da a.S. 2. antiSokis stadia _ gamoiyofa adrenalini da misi
zemoqmedebiT CamoTvlili reaqciebi icvleba sapirispiro mimarTulebiT.Ees organizmis winaaRmdegobis
fazaa, organizmi cdilobs adaptirebas stresisadmi. 3. Tuki organizmze stresoris zemoqmedeba grZeldeba,
dgeba mesame faza _ gamofitvis faza, romelac “adaptaciuri avadmyofoba” ewoda.Aam dros Cndeba
organuli darRvevbi: kuWis wyluli, gulis ariTmia da sxva.
volfis gamokvlevis mixedviT, SiSi saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis moqmedebis Sekavebas iwvevs
maSin, rodesac SfoTva (Relva) _ zrdis saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis motorulsa da sekretorul funqciebs.
zogierTi klinikuri dakvirvebis mixedviT, gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis emociebi gansxvavebul organizmul
cvlilebebs iwveven. sixarulis gancda zrdis kuWis kunTebis tonuss, xolo SfoTva, dardi, apaTia _
aqveiTebs (iakobsoni, k. platonovi, volfi).
Ddidi xnis manZIlze iTvlebida, rom SiSi da risxva erTnair vegetatiur cvlilebebs iwveven. aqsis
(Ax,1955) gamokvlevis mixedviT, risxvisas ufro metad izrdeba diastoluri wneva, xdeba gulis muSaobis
droebiTi Seneleba, ufro mkveTria cvlilebebi kanis galvanur refleqsSi, ufro metad izrdeba kunTuri
daZabuloba, matulobs hormon noradrenalinis gamoyofa. xolo SiSisas gaZlierebulad adrenalinis gamoyofa
xdeba. adrenalini ki axdens gulis muSaobis gaintensiurebas, afarToebs sisxlZarRvebs.Nnoradrenalini _
kapilarebis spazms iwvevs da zrdis sisxlis arteriul wnevas. risxvis dros wnevis mateba da gulis muSaobis
droebiTi Seneleba imas mowmibs, rom adrenalinTan erTad noradrenalinic gamoiyofa.
SiSi da risxva gansxvavebulad zemoqmedeben tkivilisadmi mgrZnobelobaze. SiSis dros tkivilisadmi
mgrZnbeloba matulobs! (Kocowski, Kofka, Maruszeski 1970).
Mmagram emociur moclenaTa mier gamowveul organizmul cvlilebebi mainc araa
standartuli.Oorganizmi individualuria da individualurad reagirebs. yoveli adamiani xasiaTdeba mxolod
misTvis (met-naklebad) damaxasiaTebeli fiziologiuri reaqciebiT.
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