MODULE NO.

1-A

451`a]693
Santa Monica Institute of Technology
Andrada Building, Cabili Avenue, Pobalcion, Iligan City,
9200 Philippines
Tel. No. 221-2678
Email Add: santamonicailigan@ymail.com
University
Logo
COURSE CODE: Mathematics 3 (Teaching Mathematics in the Intermediate Grades)
First Semester of A.Y. 2020-2021

Introduction

One of the useful ideas in everyday mathematics is ratio. It shows on how

much of one thing there is compared to another.
Mathematics 3 MODULE

Ratio is being used to compare two numbers with the same units using
division. And, it is also another way of writing a fraction.

Rationale

In real life, ratio and proportions has so many applications. In mathematics there
are different areas that this theory occurs. Every day, people prepare recipes, paint
the house, or repair gears in a large machine or in a car transmission, and so much
more. They uses ratios and proportions.
The lessons below are equipped with sample problems about ratios and
proportions for mastery in every life situations.

At the end of this Topic ( Ratio, Rate and Proportion), student must be able to:
1. visualizing the ratio of 2 given numbers
2. identifying and writing equivalent ratios
3. expressing ratios in their simplest forms
4. finding the missing term in a pair of equivalent ratios
5. defining and describing a proportion
6. solve problems involving direct and inverse proportions
7. using ratio and proportion in scale drawing

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Activity 1-A

Observe the pictures inside the box below. Study the relationship between
the number of trees, sunflowers, leaves, apple and mangoes. Explain your
answers below.

1. trees to fruits _________________________________________________________

2. flowers to leaves _____________________________________________________

3. flowers to trees _______________________________________________________

4. leaves to fruits ________________________________________________________

Mathematics 3 MODULE

5. leaves to trees _______________________________________________________

https://i.pinimg.com/236x/1b/20/78/1b2078577794284c594971dc67302e83--fa-clipart.jpg
https://www.wrir.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/apple-307356_960_720.png
https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/sunflower-5017102.jpg
https://fbcd.co/images/products/e3199dcc0c9c917338ce3fb580add902_resize.jpg
https://emojipedia-us.s3.dualstack.us-west-
1.amazonaws.com/thumbs/120/emojione/151/mango_1f96d.png

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Discussion

A ratio is a comparison of two quantities 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 in a given order. A ratio can

𝒂
be written as 𝒂 ∶ 𝒃, where “ : “ is read as “𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒐”. Thus we can write it as 𝒃 .
A fraction is another way of writing a ratio.
Symbol “ : “ is use to express ratio. 𝑎: 𝑏 is not the same as 𝑏: 𝑎.

Illustration:
Observe the grid below. Out of 100 squares, 20 were colored filled. This
illustration shows that there are 20 colored squares out of 100 squares. The ratio is
20 1
written as 20 ∶ 100 (read as “20 is to 100”) or as a fraction 100 or 5 .
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Simplifying Ratios
Ratios can be simplified in the same way as fractions are reduced.

Example 1:
In a barangay hall, there are 20 tables and 25 chairs. Find the ratio of tables
and chairs.

Solution:
Tables : chairs
20 : 25
4:5

The ratio of tables to chairs in the barangay hall is 4 is to 5.

We can easily get the answer if we write the ratio in its fraction form.
20 20 ÷5 4
→ =
25 25 ÷5 5

Note: Always write the terms of the ratio according to what is mentioned first in
the problem.
Writing the ratio of tables to chairs as 25 : 20 or 5 : 4 will give an incorrect answer.

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Example 2:
There are 18 red apples and 24 green apples.
a. what is the ratio of the red apples to the green apples?
b. What is the ratio of green apples to the red apples?
c. what is the ratio of red apples to the total number of apples?
d. what is the ratio of green apples to the total number of apples?

Solution:
18
a. The ratio of the red apples to the green apples is 18 : 24 or . Then, reduce
24
18
the pair of numbers by their GCF to get the ratio. Therefore, 18 : 24 or is equal to
24
3
3 : 4 or 4 .

24
b. The ratio of green apples to the red apples is 24 : 18 or . The ratio is 4 : 3 or
18
Mathematics 3 MODULE

4
.
3

c. There are 18 red apples compared to a total of 42 apples. Therefore, the ratio
3
is 3 : 7 or 7 .

d. There are 24 green apples to a total of 42 apples. Therefore, the ratio is 4 : 7

4
or 7 .

Equivalent Ratios
Jaggy is preparing orange juice. He uses oranges and water, as shown in the
table below.
Number of Oranges 1 2 3 4 5

Amount of Water 50 ml 100 ml 150 ml 200 ml 250 ml

𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 1 2 3 4 5
Ratios of 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
50 100 150 200 250

1 2 3 4 5
The fraction 50 , 100 , 150 , 200 , 250 are equivalent fractions. This means that 1: 50, 2
: 100, 3 : 150, 4 : 200, 5 : 250 are equivalent ratios.

Note:
 Make it sure that the correct order is observed in writing the ratio.
 A ratio 𝑎 ∶ 𝑏 is said to be in simplest form if the GCF of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 is 1.
 Two or more ratios are equivalent if their corresponding fractions are
equivalent.

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PARTITIVE RATIO
One application of ratio is to determine the shares of persons involved in the
problem after they have divided a certain quantity at a given ratio.

Example 3:
Jag and Jay shared 60 marbles in the ratio of 5 : 7. How many marbles did
each one get?
Solution:

1. add the terms of the ratio 5 + 7 = 12

2. divide the total number of marbles by the sum of the 60 ÷ 12 = 5
terms to get the unit value
3. multiply each terms by the result in step 2 5 x 5 = 25 ; 7 x 5 = 35
Mathematics 3 MODULE

Therefore, Jag had 25 marbles and Jay had 35 marbles.

RATE
Rate is the ratio of two quantities having different units. Usually it is used to
compare an item in relation to its price, distance covered at a certain time, salary
at given working hours or days, and so much more.
In expressing rate, retain the units, and replace the colon symbol “ : “ with a slant
line “ / ” or the word “ per ”.
In writing the rate simply reduce as in writing the ratio, then, retain the units and
make the unit of the second quantity singular.

Example 4:
Mr. Cruz earns ₱ 2 750 in 5 days work. What is his rate?
Solution:
₱ 2750 ₱ 2750 ÷5 ₱ 550
→ 5 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 ÷5 → 𝑑𝑎𝑦
5 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
Mr. Cruz earns ₱ 550/day. (the symbol “ / “ is read as per”.)

Example 5:
The big bike traveled a distance of 738 kilometers (km) in 6 hours (h). Find the
big bike’s speed. (speed is the rate of change in position.)
Solution:
738 𝑘𝑚 738 𝑘𝑚 ÷6 123 𝑘𝑚
→ → . Therefore, the big bike’s speed is 123 km/hr.
6ℎ𝑟𝑠 6ℎ𝑟𝑠 ÷6 ℎ𝑟

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PROPORTION
1 5
Proportion is a number sentence where two ratios are equal like 2 = 𝑜𝑟 1 ∶ 2 =
10
𝒂 𝒄
5 ∶ 10. In proportion, the numbers (a, b, c, d) 𝒃 = or 𝒂 ∶ 𝒃 = 𝒄 ∶ 𝒅 used are called
𝒅
terms of proportion. The inner numbers 𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 are called means. The outer numbers
𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅 are called extremes. And the product of the means is always equal to the
product of the extremes. Also, in finding the missing terms in a proportion is the same
as finding a missing term in equivalent fractions.

Example 6:
Airen bought 3 milk bars for ₱48.00. How much will she pay for 5 milk bars?
Solution:

3 5
=
48 𝑛
Mathematics 3 MODULE

3 𝑥 𝑛 = 48 𝑥 5 cross multiply
3𝑛 = 240 Solve for 𝑛
3𝑛 240
=
3 3
𝑛 = 80
Therefore, Airen paid ₱80 for 5 milk bars.

Example 7:
Jojo is able to save ₱1 225 in 7 months. At this rate, how much will he save in a
year?
Solution:
1 225 𝑛
=
7 12
12 𝑥 1 225 = 7 𝑥 𝑛
14 700 = 7𝑛
14 700 7𝑛
=
7 7
2 100 = 𝑛
Therefore Jojo will save ₱ 2 100 in a year.

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DIRECT PROPORTION
If an increase in a quantity results to an increase in the other, then the two
quantities are in direct proportion. This holds true if a decrease in a quantity also
results to a decrease in the other.

Illustration:
Mr. Dy went abroad for an educational tour, he noticed that each guide goes
along with 3 tourist. If there were two guides, how many tourist would they bring
around?
Observe the table below.

Number of Guide(s) Number of Tourists

1 3
2 6
Mathematics 3 MODULE

3 9
4 12
15
. .
. .
. .
10 30
Notice that there is an increase of 3 tourist for every one additional guide. When
the number of guides doubles, the number of tourist also doubles.
Then, the number of tourist increases proportionally to the number of guides. That
is, 2 guides for 6 tourist and 4 guides for 12 tourist. A change in a quantity also results
to a change in the same direction.
2 guides : 6 tourist → 1 : 3
4 guides : 12 tourist → 2 : 3
From the above illustration shows that the numbers increases at the same ratio,
thus, it is in a direct proportion.

Example 8:
Iyah and Zecha save ₱3.00 and ₱5. 00 a day, respectively. If Iyah is able to save
₱75. 00, how much does Zecha save?

Solution 1:

Iyah's money
Zecha's money

3 blocks = ₱75.00
1 block = ₱75.00 ÷ ₱3.00 = 25 days
5 blocks = 25 x ₱ 5.00 = ₱125.00
Therefore, Zecha saves ₱125.00

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Solution 2:

3 75 Write the proportion

=
5 𝑛
3 𝑥 25 75 Make the numerators
=
5 𝑥 25 𝑛 the same
75 75 𝑛 is 125
=
125 𝑛

Solution 3:
3 : 5 = 75 : 𝑛
5 x 75 = 3 x 𝑛
375 3𝑛
= 3
3
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125 = 𝑛

INVERSE PROPORTION
If an increase in a quantity results to a decrease in the other at the same rate (or
vice versa), the, they are in an inverse proportion.

Example 9:
If two students can clean the room in 16 minutes, how long will it take for four
students to do the same task?

Solution:

Number of Students Time

2 16 minutes
4 𝑛

2 x 16 = 4 x 𝑛
32 = 4 𝑛
32 4𝑛
= 4
4
8=𝑛

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Example 10:
A supply of food in the isolation center can last 10 days for 6 people. If the food
should last for 12 days, how many people must be in the group?

Solution:
Days People
10 6
12 𝑛
10 x 6 = 12 x 𝑛 Equate
60 = 12𝑛 multiply
60 12𝑛 Solve for the unknown
=
12 12
5=𝑛 There must only be 5
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people in the group

SCALE DRAWING
A scale drawing is a drawing in which the measurements are proportional to
the actual measures of an object.
Many people use scale drawings. Designers and architects may present their
plans using scale drawings. Engineers, landscapers, and other building agencies
use them as guide in constructing buildings and landscapes.
The ratio of measurement in a scale drawing to the actual measurements is
called the scale factor.

Example 11:
Observe the scale drawing below.

Bedroom R Kitchen

Garage Living Room Stock Room

The given blueprint has a scale factor of 1cm to 2m. On the blueprint, the
bedroom is 4cm wide. How wide is the actual bedroom?

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Solution:
1 4
= → equate
2 𝑛

1 4
= → cross multiply
2 𝑛
1x𝑛=2x4
𝑛=8
Therefore, the actual width of the bedroom is 8m.

Exercise 1 - A

I. Express the following ratio in simplest form.

Mathematics 3 MODULE

1. 6 : 15 = ____________
2. 22 : 67 = ____________
3. 25 : 55 = ____________
4. 45 : 165 = ___________
5. 33 : 54 = ____________
6. 13 : 39 = ____________
7. 132 : 440 = __________
8. 4 : 21 = ___________
9. 48 : 160 = __________
10. 63 : 7 = ____________

II. Supply the missing term.

1. 01 : 0 7 = ___ : 42
2. 60 : ___ = 3 : 5
3. ___ : 5 = 16 : 80
4. 8 : 5 = 40 : ___
5. 14 : ___ = 49 : 70
6. ___ : 72 = 3 : 9
7. 24 : 36 = 20 : ___
8. 8 : 6 = ___ : 3
9. 3 : ___ = 150 : 750
10. 64 : 48 = ___ : 51

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Assessment 1 - A

I. Write the correct answer on the space provided.

1. 5 apples cost ₱50.00
An apple cost ₱ ___
17 apple cost ₱ ___
2. A Xerox machine prints 16 000 copies in 10 hours.
It prints __________ copies in an hour.
It can prints __________ copies in 6 hours.
3. 7 kilograms of lava stone cost ₱ 750. 00
A kilogram of lava stone is ₱ __________
1
8 2 kilograms of lava stone is ₱ __________.

II. Solve the following problems.

Mathematics 3 MODULE

1. Express 3 months as a ratio to a year.

2. There are 60 students in the building. Fifteen of them are boys. What is the
ratio of girls to boys?
3. The ratio of Joyce’s money to Jay’s is 3:2. After Joyce gave Jay ₱10, they
now have equal amounts. How much was the original money of Jay?
4. A cheetah can run at a speed of 128kph. At this rate, how many kilometer (s)
can it run in a minute? (Express your answer in fraction form).
5. If a meter has 100 centimeters, what is the ratio of 15 cm to 2 m?
1
6. Thessa needs 1 2 cups of coconut milk for a recipe which can make 8
servings. If there are 20 servings to be prepared, how many cups of coconut
milk will she need?
7. Sixty-five kilograms of rice can last for 4months for a family of 5. At this rate,
how long will it last for a family of 8?
8. A rectangle has sides 4in and 6in. Andrew drew another rectangle with sides
2 times longer than the first rectangle. What is the ratio of the distance
around the first rectangle to that of the second rectangle?
9. The ratio of apples to oranges is 2:3. The ratio of oranges to pears is also 2:3.
At least how many fruits are there?
10. Two classes have the same number of students. The ratio of boys to girls in
the first class is 2:3 while in the second class it is 2:5. If these two classes are
combined, what is the new ratio of boys to girls?

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Project 1 - A

Instruction:
1. Decide for the picture you want to draw in a bigger scale.
2. Divide the picture into square grids. Make the same division on a bond
paper.
3. If you are ready to enlarge your favorite picture. You may add colors to
enhance your output. Paste it on a cardboard, cover it with plastic, and
have it submitted to your instructor next meeting.

Resources

Dela Cruz, Eduardo Jr. et al (2016). Math for 21st Century Learners G-5. Phoenix
Publishing House Inc. Quezon City.
Mathematics 3 MODULE

Buenaventura, Ma. Christina et al (2017). Math Beyond Excellence G-4. JFC

Publishing House, INC. Quezon City.

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