Atlas de Tecnicas Quirurgicas Del Tracto Digestivo Superior y Del Intestino Delgado

Ftdfs `m
tåboebfs quer÷rnebf
quer÷rnebfs
s
`md trfbtj ènmstevj supmrejr
y `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j

Ftdfs `m
tåboebfs quer÷rnebfs
`md trfbtj ènmstevj supmrejr
y `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j
Qjdukmo `m df smrem `m Ftdfs
F tdfs `m tåboeb
tåboebfs
fs quer÷
quer÷rnebfs
rnebfs
Mètjrms
Gmaarmy \. Yjoscy
Yjoscy,, K@
Bhferkfo, @mpfrtkmot ja Rurnmry
Bfsm Kmèbfd Bmotmr
]oevmrsety Hjspetfds ja Bdmvmdfo`
Bdmvmdfo`, Jhej, ]RF
Kebhfmd G. \jsmo, K@
Bhema, @evesejo ja Nfstrjeotmsteofd fo` Nmomrfd Rurnmry
@ermbtjr,, Bfsm Bjkprmhmosev
@ermbtjr Bjkprmhmosevmm Hmroef Bmotmr
Fssestfot Yrjamssjr
Bfsm Kmèbfd Bmotmr
Mètjrms `m df smrem
Bjurtomy K. Pjwosmo`, Gr., K@
Yrjamssjr fo` Gjho ^jj`s Hfrres @esteonueshm` Bhferkfo
@mpfrtkmot ja Rurnmry
Phm ]oevmrsety ja Pmxfs Kmèbfd Lrfobh
Nfdvmstjo, Pmxfs, ]RF
L. Kfrc Mvmrs, K@
@ermbtjr, Dubeddm Y. Kfrcmy Bfobmr Bmotmr
Yrjamssjr fo` Qebm-Bhfer ajr \msmfrbh, ]C @mpfrtkmot ja Rurnmry
Kfrcmy Bfobmr Bmotmr @ermbtjr Bhfer
Yhysebefo-eo-Bhema,
Yhysebefo-eo-Bhe ma, Jobjdjny Rmrvebm Deom
]oevmrsety ja Cmotubcy
Kfrcmy Bfobmr Bmotmr
Dmxeontjo, Cmotubcy, ]RF

Mèbeòo mo mspföjd `m df prekmrf mèbeòo `m df jlrf jreneofd mo eondås
Ftdfs ja Rurnebfd
Rurnebfd Pmbhoequms
Pmbhoequms ajr thm
thm ]ppmr Nfstrjeotmsteofd
Nfstrjeotmsteofd Prfbt
Prfbt fo` Rkfdd Ljwmd
Bjpyrenht © KKX Mdsmvemr, fo ekpreot ja Mdsmvemr Eob.
\mveseòo bemotëaebf7
@r. Kenumd Æonmd Dòpmz-Ljf`j Rmrrft
Bjosudtjr `m Berunëf Nmomrfd, Mo`jbreof y @enmstevf
Hjspetfd Bdëoeb, Lfrbmdjof
© <96< Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D.

Prfvmssmrf `m Nrébef, 6>-<6 ‒ 989<6 Lfrbmdjof, Mspföf
Ajtjbjpefr ms uo `mdetj. (Frt. <>9 B.Y.)

Yfrf qum mxestfo delrjs ms ombmsfrej md trflfgj `m uo ekpjrtfotm bjdmbtevj (futjrms, trfùbtjrms, èlugfotms, bjrrmb-
tjrms, ekprmsjrms, mètjrms…). Md preobepfd lmomaebefrej `m msm msaumrzj ms md dmbtjr qum fprjvmbhf su bjotmoe`j.
Vuemo ajtjbjpef uo delrj, mo dfs berbuostfobefs prmvestfs pjr df dmy, `mdeoqum y bjotreluym f df «oj³ mxestmobef `m
oumvfs mèbejoms. F`mkæs,
F`mkæs, f bjrtj pdfzj, mobfrmbm md prmbej `m dfs yf mxestmotms.
Mstm delrj mstæ dmnfdkmotm prjtmne`j pjr djs `mrmbhjs `m prjpem`f` eotmdmbtufd. Bufdquemr usj, aumrf `m djs
dëketms mstfldmbe`js pjr df dmnesdfbeòo venmotm, seo md bjosmotekemotj `md mètjr, ms edmnfd. Mstj sm fpdebf mo pfrtebudfr
f df rmprjùbbeòo, ajtjbjpef, trfùbbeòo, nrflfbeòo j bufdquemr jtrj sestmkf `m rmbupmrfbeòo `m fdkfbmofgm `m
eoajrkfbeòo.
ERLO mèbeòo jreneofd7 5>8-6-0619-=<>8-0

ERLO mèbeòo mspföjdf7 5>8-80-8981-888-0
Prfùbbeòo y prjùbbeòo mètjrefd7 @\C Mèbeòo
F`vmrtmobef
Df kmèbeof ms uo ærmf mo bjostfotm mvjdubeòo. Fuoqum `mlmo smnuersm uofs prmbfubejoms `m smnure`f` mstæo-
`fr, f kmè`f qum fukmotmo oumstrjs bjojbekemotjs
bjojbekemotjs nrfbefs f df eovmstenfbeòo læsebf y bdëoebf hflræ qum eotrj-
ùber bfklejs mo djs trftfkemotjs y mo djs aærkfbjs. Mo bjosmbumobef, sm rmbjkemo`f f djs dmbtjrms qum fofdebmo
djs ÷dtekjs `ftjs fpjrtf`js pjr djs aflrebfotms sjlrm bf`f aærkfbj pfrf bjkprjlfr df `jses rmbjkmo`f`
rmbjkmo`f`f,f, df vëf
y ùrfbeòo `m df f`keoestrfbeòo y dfs bjotrfeoèbfbejoms. Ms rmspjosflede`f` eomduèldm
eomduèldm `md kåèbj `mtmrkeofr
df `jses y md trftfkemotj kæs eoèbf`j pfrf bf`f pfbemotm mo auobeòo `m su mxpmremobef y `md bjojbekemotj `m
bf`f bfsj bjobrmtj. Oe djs mètjrms oe djs èrmbtjrms fsukmo rmspjosflede`f` fdnuof
fdnuof pjr djs `föjs qum puèmrfo
nmomrfrsm f pmrsjofs j prjpem`f`
prjpem`f`ms
ms bjkj bjosmbumobef `md bjotmoe`j `m mstf jlrf.
Md mètjr
Bjdfljrf`jrms
Fdarm`j K. Bfrljomdd, @J, AFBR, AFBJR Gudefo F. Cek, K@, AFB
AFBRR
Fssestfot Yrjamssjr ja Bdeoebfd Rurnmry Yrjamssjr fo` Bhema, Rurnebfd Jobjdjny
@evesejo ja Keoekfd Fbbmss fo` Lfreftreb Rurnmry @mpfrtkmot ja Rurnmry
Nrmmoveddm Hjspetfd Rystmk ]oevmrsety Kmèbfd Bmotmr Bfsm ^mstmro \msmrvm ]oevmrsety Hjspetfds
]oevmrsety ja Rjuth Bfrjdeof Rbhjjd ja Kmèbeom Bdmvmdfo`, Jhej, ]RF
Nrmmoveddm, Rjuth Bfrjdeof, ]RF
Yhedep F. Deo`mo, K@, AFBR, ABBY
Lrf`dmy Bhfkpfnom, K@ Fssjbeftm Yrjamssjr ja Rurnmry
Fssestfot Yrjamssjr Bfsm ^mstmro \msmrvm ]oevmrsety
Nmomrfd Rurnmry, @evesejo ja Bjdjrmbtfd Rurnmry Bhema, @evesejo ja Phjrfbeb fo` Msjphfnmfd Rurnmry
Bfsm Kmèbfd Bmotmr Bfsm Kmèbfd Bmotmr
Bdmvmdfo`, Jhej, ]RF Bdmvmdfo`, Jhej, ]RF
êddefk R. Bjll EQ,

EQ, K@ Kebhfmd G. \jsmo, K@
Fssjbeftm Yrjamssjr Bhema, @evesejo ja Nfstrjeotmsteofd fo` Nmomrfd Rurnmry
@mpfrtkmot ja Rurnmry @ermbtjr, Bfsm Bjkprmhmosevm Hmroef Bmotmr
]oevmrsety ja Rjuth Bfrjdeof Rbhjjd ja Kmèbeom Fssestfot Yrjamssjr
Nrmmoveddm, Rjuth Bfrjdeof, ]RF Bfsm Kmèbfd Bmotmr
Kftthmw J. Hullfr`, K@ Bdmvmdfo`, Jhej, ]RF
@u`dmy Y. Fddmo \msmfrbh Amddjw
\mse`mot eo Nmomrfd Rurnmry
@mpfrtkmot ja Rurnmry
Bfsm ^mstmro \msmrvm ]oevmrsety
Bfsm Kmèbfd Bmotmr
Dmmof Chfetfo, K@, KYH

Fssjbeftm Yrjamssjr ja Rurnmry
Bfsm ^mstmro \msmrvm ]oevmrsety
Bdmvmdfo`, Jhej
@ermbtjr ja Lfreftrebs fo` Keoekfddy Eovfsevm Rurnmry
Nmfunf Kmèbfd Bmotmr
Bhfr`jo, Jhej, ]RF
Yròdjnj
«]of ekfnmo vfdm kæs qum ked pfdflrfs³

Foòoekj
Mstm ftdfs mstæ èrene`j f berugfojs mo mgmrbebej, rmse`motms `m berunëf y mstuèfotms `m kmèbeof
pfrf df rmveseòo y prmpfrfbeòo `m djs prjbmèkemotjs quer÷rnebjs. F kmè`f qum sm prjùbmo
fvfobms tmbojdònebjs y afrkfbjdònebjs, sm `msfrrjddfo oumvfs tåboebfs y sm sustetuymo dfs fote-
nufs. Djs tmkfs qum sm prmsmotfo sjo eotmrvmobejoms quer÷rnebfs bjotmkpjræomfs bjo edustrf-
bejoms pfsj f pfsj, bjose`mrfbejoms prmjpmrftjrefs
prmjpmrftjrefs y pjstjpmrftjre
pjstjpmrftjrefs,
fs, y bjosmgjs y èﬆbudtf`ms,
tj`j mddj tjkf`j `m df mxpmremobef pmrsjofd y df præbtebf quer÷rnebf `m djs futjrms. Rus rmsudtf`js
hfo se`j vfde`f`js mo sus bmotrjs quer÷rnebjs, mo djs qum sm ftemo`m f kubhfs pfbemotms. Df
berunëf senum semo`j uo frtm kfoufd mo md qum md bjojbekemotj, md guebej y df hflede`f` tåboebf
`md berugfoj sm f÷ofo mo lmomﬆbej `md pfbemotm. ]of jpmrfbeòo tåboebfkmotm pmrambtf ms df bdfvm
`md åxetj. Df rfpe`mz mo df eotmrvmobeòo vemom `f`f pjr df jrnfoezfbeòo prmvef `md temkpj y df
bjosmbubeòo `m djs pfsjs, uoj `mspuås `m jtrj, mo jr`mo. Md berugfoj `mlm eovmrter temkpj mo
hfbmrdj lemo df prekmrf vmz3 se oj, ouobf hflræ temkpj suﬆbemotm pfrf vjdvmr f hfbmrdj mo oeon÷o
jtrj kjkmotj. ]tedebm mstm ftdfs3 prmpærmsm pfrf sus pfbemotms.
«]o fﬆbejof`j prfbtebf hfstf qum dj hfbm lemo3 uo prjamsejofd prfbtebf hfstf qum oj pum`m
hfbmrdj kfd³.
Foòoekj
Bjurtomy K. Pjwosmo`, Gr., K@

L. Kfrc Mvmrs, K@
Yrmafbej
Df berunëf `md trfbtj ènmstevj supmrejr prjpjrbejof fd berugfoj nmomrfd df bfpfbe`f` mxtrfjrè-
ofref `m trftfr oukmrjsfs moamrkm`f`ms ènmstevfs, bjkj trfstjrojs auobejofdms `md msòafnj,
omjpdfsefs kfdenofs, jlmse`f` kòrle`f, moamrkm`f` pjr rm﬌ugj nfstrjmsjaænebj y ÷dbmrf påptebf.
Djs fljr`fgms quer÷rnebjs `m mstfs fambbejoms hfo mvjdubejof`j mo djs ÷dtekjs föjs nrfbefs f df
ræpe`f fpjrtfbeòo `m dfs tåboebfs këoekfkmotm eovfsevfs. Hfy qum smöfdfr qum kubhjs trfstjr- trfstjr-
ojs `md trfbtj ènmstevj supmrejr rmquemrmo uof mvfdufbeòo kåèbf bjkpdmgf y uojs fdnjretkjs
`m `mbeseòo prmjpmrftjrejs bjose`mrfldms qum oj sm `mtfddfo mo mstm ftdfs. Md Ftdfs `m tåboebfs
quer÷rnebfs `md trfbtj ènmstevj supmrejr y `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j sm bmotrf mo djs fspmbtjs tåboebjs
`m df berunëf ènmstevf. Hmkjs prmstf`j mspmbefd ftmobeòo f djs pfsjs quer÷rnebjs `m djs rmspmb-
tevjs prjbmèkemotjs. Mspmrfkjs fpjrtfr uof mstrftmnef pfrf mvetfr djs mrrjrms hfletufdms `md
queròafoj y pfrf moarmotfrsm f dfs èﬆbudtf`ms tåboebfs bufo`j fpfrmzbfo. Mo mstm delrj, sm
`msbrelmo `m ajrkf `mtfddf`f tfotj djs fljr`fgms dfpfrjsbòpebjs
dfpfrjsbòpebjs bjkj djs flemrtjs pfrf pmrketer
qum md berugfoj sm mobumotrm bòkj`j bjo fklfs tåboebfs y pfrf jarmbmr f djs pfbemotms djs
kmgjrms rmsudtf`js. Fuoqum sumdm hflmr kubhfs ajrkfs `m bjkpdmtfr uof eotmrvmobeòo bjo
åxetj, mo mstm delrj sm jarmbmo mgmkpdjs `m mstrftmnefs smnurfs y mﬆbfbms eoèbf`fs pjr vfrejs
mxpmrtjs mo mstm bfkpj pfrf moarmotfrsm f mstjs prjldmkfs armbumotms. Mspmrfkjs qum djs
senuemotms bfpëtudjs sm bjovemrtfo mo uof nuëf ÷ted pfrf djs berugfojs mo mgmrbebej qum sm jbupfo
`m dfs moamrkm`f`ms ènmstevfs `md trfbtj ènmstevj supmrejr.
Kebhfmd \jsmo, K@
BFYËP]DJ
6
Msjafnmbtjkëf
Msjafnmbtjkëf kmèfotm
trepdm fljr`fgm
Yhedep F. Deo`mo, K@, AFBR, ABBY y Kftthmw J. Hullfr`, K@
Yfsj 67 Foftjkëf quer÷rnebf
◁ Md mstòkfnj ojrkfd pum`m fdbfozfr md bumddj bufo`j sm mobumotrf eo setu mo bfse tj`js djs pfbemotms.
Mo bfsj `m berunëf næstrebf prmvef, ms pjseldm qum mstj oj smf fsë.
◁ Md fbbmsj f djs tmrbejs supmrejr y kmèj `md msòafnj ms kæs aæbed f trfvås `m uof tjrfbjtjkëf `mrmbhf,
`mrmbhf,
pums md msòafnj sm `msvëf f msm df`j y oj sm eotmrpjom md bfyf`j fòrtebj.
◁ Df vmof æzenjs bruzf md msòafnj fprjxekf`fkmotm mo df uoeòo `md prekmr y smnuo`j tmrbejs `md msò-
afnj. Re mstf vmof temom uo tfkföj kfyjr `m dj ojrkfd, `mlmrëf bjosmrvfrsm. Mo pjbfs jbfsejoms, df
vmof æzenjs ms df bjoteoufbeòo `m uof vmof bfvf eoamrejr eotmrrukpe`f.
◁ Md omrvej rmburrmotm ezquemr`j hfbm uo lubdm fdrm`m`jr `md bfyf`j fòrtebj y fsbemo`m pjr md surbj
trfqumjmsjaænebj `md tòrfx. Md omrvej rmburrmotm `mrmbhj hfbm dj prjpej fdrm`m`jr `m df frtmref sul-
bdfvef `mrmbhf y fsbemo`m pjr md surbj trfqumjmsjaænebj. Md kmgjr kj`j `m mvetfr fkljs omrvejs ms
kfotmomr df èsmbbeòo `m djs omrvejs vfnjs pjr mobekf `m df vmof æzenjs.
Yfsj <7 Bjose`mrfbejoms prmjpmrftjrefs
◁ Ms bjovmoemotm rmfdezfr df dekpemzf kmbæoebf `md eotmsteoj se mxestm df pjselede`f` `m rmqumrer uof
eotmrpjsebeòo `md bjdjo mo dunfr `m uo kfonuetj næstrebj.
◁ Rm `mlmo f`keoestrfr foteleòtebjs eotrfvmojsjs prmjpmrftjrejs. Fuoqum kubhjs futjrms prmaemrmo
foteleòtebjs e.v. `m fkpdej mspmbtrj, oj mxestmo `ftjs qum `mkumstrmo su supmrejre`f` rmspmbtj f djs
foteleòtebjs prmjpmrftjrejs èrene`js sòdj bjotrf djs kebrjjrnfoeskjs nrfkpjsetevjs.
◁ Pj`js djs pfbemotms qum vfyfo f sjkmtmrsm f uof msjafnmbtjkëf temomo uo remsnj mdmvf`j `m trjkljses
vmojsf prjauo`f y mkljdef pudkjofr, pjr dj qum `mlmrëfo rmbeler hmpfreof sulbutæomf pmrejpmrftj-
ref y utedezfr èspjsetevjs `m bjkprmseòo smbumobefd.
◁ Djs pfbemotms bjo bfpfbe`f` deketf`f pfrf md mgmrbebej y qum tmonfo afbtjrms `m remsnj `m frtmrejpftëf
frtmrejpftëf
bjrjofref `mlmræo sjkmtmrsm f uo mstuèj bfr`ëfbj fotms `m df eotmrvmobeòo. Djs qum hfyfo mxpmre-
kmotf`j bfklejs rmbemotms `m sus sëotjkfs bfr`ëfbjs, kjèaebfbejoms `md MBN, pf`mzbfo uof pjse-
ldm mstmojses fòrtebf j tmonfo senojs j sëotjkfs `m eosuaebemobef bfr`ëfbf tfkleåo `mlmræo sjkmtmrsm
f uof mvfdufbeòo bfr`ëfbf.
© <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs 6

< Rmbbeòo E Msòafnj
d
◁ Kubhjs afbtjrms, bjkj df djbfdezfbeòo `md tukjr,

tukjr, df mxtmoseòo `m df èspdfsef, df mxpmremobef `md beru-
gfoj, df auobeòo rmsperftjref y bfr`ëfbf, fsë bjkj df foftjkëf `md pfbemotm, eotmrvemomo mo df mdmbbeòo
`m df vëf `m fljr`fgm y `md kåtj`j `m msjafnmbtjkëf.
◁ Md kmgjr trftfkemotj `m djs pfbemotms bjo tukjrms vjdukeojsjs `md tmrbej kmèj `md msòafnj, sjlrm
tj`j djs qum sm hfo sjkmte`j f quekejrrfèjtmrfpef omjf`yuvfotm, sm rmfdezf kmèfotm uo fljr`fgm
trfostjræbebj.
◁ Mo djs pfbemotms bjo auobeòo rmsperftjref kuy kfdf (ms `mber, QMKR 409% `md vfdjr tmòrebj) pum`m
qum df kmgjr jpbeòo smf uof èsmbbeòo kmèfotm tjrfbjsbjpef j uo fljr`fgm trfosheftfd.
◁ Md berugfoj `mlmrëf rmfdezfr uof lrjobjsbjpef
lrjobjsbjpef bjo vesufdezfbeòo `m df pjrbeòo kmklrfojsf `m df træqumf
y `md lrjoquej preobepfd ezquemr`j mo tj`js djs tukjrms `m djs tmrbejs kmèj y supmrejr `md msòafnj.
◁ Md berugfoj `mlm rmfdezfr
rmfdezfr uof msjafnjnfstrjùj`mojsbjpef fotms `m df eobeseòo.
◁ Df fomstmsef mpeùrfd f oevmd tjræbebj ms kuy ÷ted pfrf md bjotrjd
bjotrjd `md `jdjr pmrejpmrftjrej y pfrf keoe-
kezfr df eobe`mobef `m bjkpdebfbejoms pudkjofrms `mspuås `m df tjrfbjtjkëf.
◁ Dfs vmotfgfs `m df msjafnmbtjkëf kmèfotm fljr`fgm trepdm sjo7 df rmsmbbeòo msjaænebf bjkpdmtf, df
èsmbbeòo smnurf `m djs tukjrms vjdukeojsjs mo md tòrfx lfgj veseòo èrmbtf y df rmfdezfbeòo `m uof
fofstjkjses mxtrftjræbebf.
◁ Djs eobjovmoemotms sjo df ombmse`f` `m uof eobeseòo tjræbebf y df kfyjr eobe`mobef `m dmseòo `md omr- omr-
vej rmburrmotm bjo df fofstjkjses bmrvebfd.
◁ Djs pfbemotms bjo tukjrms mo df bfreof j pjr mobekf `m èbhj oevmd sumdmo rmqumrer uo fljr`fgm trepdm
bjo uof fofstjkjses bmrvebfd.
Yfsj 27 Mtfpfs quer÷rnebfs
6. Pjrfbjtjkëf `mrmbhf
◁ Md pfbemotm sm bjdjbf mo `mb÷letj dftmrfd ezquemr`j bjo uof eobdeofbeòo fprjxekf`f

fprjxekf`f `m 29 nrf`js
hfbef `mdfotm.
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof tjrfbjtjkëf pjstmrjdftmrfd `mrmbhf
`mrmbhf bjrtf, bjkmozfo`j pjr `mlfgj `m df puotf `m df
msbæpudf y èreneåo`jsm mo smote`j pjstmrejr uojs 69 bk, qum sumdm smr df djonetu` qum pmrketm eotrj-
ùber df kfoj `md berugfoj.
◁ Md `jrsfd fobhj sm smbbejof y md smrrftj sm rmspmtf
rmspmtf y sm rmbhfzf mo smote`j fotmrejr.
fotmrejr. Df motrf`f mo
md tòrfx sm rmfdezf mo df pfrtm fdtf `m df smxtf bjsteddf, mo md queotj mspfbej eotmrbjstfd. Rm rmsmbf uof
pjrbeòo `m < bk `m dfrnj `m df zjof pjstmrejr `m df smxtf bjsteddf pfrf afbedetfr df smpfrfbeòo `m dfs
keskfs. Md pudkòo sm smpfrf mo smote`j fotmrejr y md denfkmotj pudkjofr eoamrejr sm smbbejof bjo
mdmbtrjlesturë.
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof eobeseòo mo df pdmurf, bjkmozfo`j mo df rmneòo msjaænebf fdmgf`f `md tukjr, tukjr, gustj pjr
`mdfotm `m df vmof æzenjs. Rm mambt÷f uof èsmbbeòo pjstmrejr bjo uof peozf nrfo`m rjkf `m æonudj
rmbtj j `m Hfrcmo `md o.¹ 6. F oevmd kmèfd, df zjof `m rmadmxeòo pdmurfd sm `mspmnf `md pmrebfrèj y
df èsmbbeòo sm bjoteo÷f
bjoteo÷ f mo smote`j pjstmrejr. Df èsmbbeòo sm prjsenum bjo m d mdmbtrjlesturë hfstf qum
sm pum`f rj`mfr md msòafnj bjo uo `m`j, trfs dj qum sm bjdjbf uo `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm f su fdrm`m`jr.
Pj`j md tmge`j dftmrfd fd pmrebfrèj sm mondjlf bjo df pemzf (aen.
( aen. 6-6).
6-6).
◁ Yfrf djs tukjrms `m df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf, sm pum`m jptfr prekmrj
prekmrj pjr rmfdezfr df èsmbbeòo mo smo-
te`j brfomfd. F df `mrmbhf `md msòafnj, tj`j md tmge`j kmèfd f df vmof æzenjs sm mondjlf mo df pemzf,
dfs rfkfs `m df fjrtf sm peozfo mo md df`j fòrtebj y sm bfutmrezfo mo md df`j msjaænebj. Pj`j md tmge`j
sm èsmbf smpfræo`jdj `md pmrebfrèj y sm eobduym bjo df pemzf. Rm utedezf uo `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm pfrf
smpfrfr df pemzf `md tmge`j berbuo`fotm.
◁ Mo md df`j ezquemr`j, md msòafnj sm èsmbf `md pmrebfrèj y sm smpfrf `md lrjoquej preobepfd ezquemr`j.
Mo md df`j `mrmbhj y mo df pfrtm pjstmrejr, md msòafnj sm èsmbf `m df fjrtf, peozfo`j bjo bdeps tj`fs
dfs rfkfs `m nrfo bfdelrm.
Bfpëtudj 6 d Msjafnmbtjkëf
Msjafnmbtjkëf kmèfotm trepdm fljr`fgm 2
Aenurf 6-6 Aenurf 6-<
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0 Rmbbeòo E Msòafnj
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◁ Md omrvej vfnj fotmrejr sm smbbejof f mstm oevmd y df èsmbbeòo sm bjoteo÷f motrm md omrvej vfnj y md
msòafnj (aen.
(aen. 6-<).
6-<).
◁ Md omrvej vfnj pjstmrejr (ezquemr`j) tfkleåo sm e`moteaebf y sm èsmbf `md msòafnj.
◁ Df vmof æzenjs sm smbbejof bjo uof nrfpf`jrf mo`jvfsbudfr (nrfpfs `m <,= kk).
◁ Bjo md mdmbtrjlesturë fgustf`j f lfgf pjtmobef, sm èsmbf md msòafnj `m df bfreof y `m df træqumf. Yfrtm
`m df èsmbbeòo pum`m rmfdezfrsm kmèfotm èsmbbeòo rjkf bjo md `m`j.
◁ Df pjrbeòo fpebfd `m df pdmurf kmèfstëoebf sm bjosmrvf pfrf keoekezfr md remsnj `m bjotfkeofbeòo
pjr uof aëstudf bmrvebfd.
◁ Df èsmbbeòo mo df uoeòo bmrvebjtjræbebf sm rmfdezf bjo tåboebf rjkf kmèfotm df puotf `md `m`j, bjo-
smrvfo`j df pdmurf fpebfd.
◁ Md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm sm fou`f y sm èspjom f dj dfrnj `m df bjdukof bmrvebfd pfrf rmbupmrfrdj
ùrfotm df afsm bmrvebfd `m df eotmrvmobeòo.
◁ Rm bjdjbf jtrj `rmofgm
`rmofgm `m Ymorjsm fdrm`m`jr `md msòafnj y df èsmbbeòo bjoteo÷f mo smote`j bfu`fd.
◁ Df èsmbbeòo kmèfd smpfrf md msòafnj y md tmge`j pmremsjaænebj `md pmrebfrèj.
pmrebfrèj.
◁ Md msòafnj sm èsmbf dftmrfdkmotm smpfræo`jdj `m df fjrtf y `m df vmof æzenjs. Dfs rfkfs frtmrefdms `m
nrfo bfdelrm `mlmo peozfrsm bjo bdeps mo md df`j fòrtebj.
◁ ]of èsmbbeòo mxtmosf f df `mrmbhf y pjr `mtræs `md msòafnj pmomtrf mo df rmneòo `md bjoùbtj tjræ- tjræ-
bebj, pmrj ms jldenftjref mo djs tukjrms vjdukeojsjs.
◁ Mo djs tukjrms `m df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf,
nfstrjmsjaænebf, sm eobduym uo foeddj `m èfarfnkf mo df pemzf. Md foeddj sm
mdmvf smpfræo`jdj `m dfs mstrubturfs eotrffl`jkeofdms bjo uof peozf nrfo`m `m æonudj rmbtj.
◁ Df denfùrf mo kfsf `md bjoùbtj tjræbebj sm rmfdezf
rmfdezf f oevmd `md heftj msjaænebj.
▼ Df pdmurf qum rmbulrm md bumrpj vmrtmlrfd dftmrfd f df fjrtf sm eobe`m.
▼ Rm usf uof peozf `m æonudj rmbtj y `m puotf rjkf pfrf flfrbfr tj`j tj`j md tmge`j setuf`j pjr `mdfotm
`md bumrpj vmrtmlrfd y df fjrtf.
▼ Rm utedezf uof denfùrf `m sm`f `md o.¹ 6 pfrf denfr md tmge`j3 hfy qum prjburfr oj fou`frdf `mkf-
sef`j fprmtf`f, pums pj`rëf `msnfrrfr md bjoùbtj (aen.(aen. 6-2).

6-2).
▼ Rm pum`m rmfdezfr uof denfùrf bjo suturf, pmrj md remsnj `m dfbmrfr md bjoùbtj ms kfyjr. kfyjr.
◁ Md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm sm fou`f y sm bjdjbf mo md fl`jkmo pfrf rmbupmrfrdj ùrfotm df afsm fl`jkeofd
`m df eotmrvmobeòo.
◁ Rm mxpdjrf md dmbhj msjaænebj mo lusbf `m hmkjrrfnefs j `m df sfde`f `m uo dëque`j trfospfrmotm, qum
pum`m eoèbfr uo `msnfrrj `md bjoùbtj tjræbebj mo uo pfbemotm mo fyuofs.
◁ Rm bjdjbf uo tulj `m `rmofgm tjræbebj rmbtj
rmbtj `md bfdelrm <8 mo md vårtebm pudkjofr `mrmbhj, rmfdezfo`j
rmfdezfo`j
uo jreaebej fèbejofd pfrf `rmofr md dëque`j `m df lfsm pdmurfd `mrmbhf.
◁ Md tòrfx sm bemrrf bjo suturfs pfrfbjstfdms `m pjdendfbteof `md o.¹ 6 j <.
◁ Md `jrsfd fobhj sm rmfprjxekf bjo uof suturf bjoteouf `m pjdendfbteof `md 9.
◁ Df bfpf sulbutæomf sm bemrrf bjo uof suturf bjoteouf `m pjdendfbteof `m </9.
◁ Df pemd sm bemrrf bjo uof suturf eotrf`årkebf bjoteouf `m pjdendmbfprjof
pjdendmbfprjof j pjdendfbteof `m 2/9.
Bfpëtudj 6 d Msjafnmbtjkëff kmèfotm trepdm fljr`fgm
Msjafnmbtjkë =
Aenurf 6-2
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<. Dfpfrjtjkëf
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof dfpfrjtjkëf kmèfd fdtf `ms`m df lfsm `m df fpòaeses xeaje`ms hfstf < bk pjr mobekf `md
jkldenj. Re df fpòaeses xeaje`ms ms `mkfsef`j nrfo`m, pum`m mxterpfrsm.
◁ Md mpepdòo, md hënf`j y dfs supmraebems smrjsfs
smrjsfs `md fl`jkmo sm mxpdjrfo mo lusbf `m kmtæstfses. Re hfy
uof mdmvf`f sjspmbhf `m moamrkm`f` kmtfstæsebf fl`jkeofd, bjkj mo djs pfbemotms bjo f`mojpftëf
bmdëfbf, uof këoekf rmspumstf fd trftfkemotj omjf`yuvfotm j prmsmobef `m bådudfs mo foeddj `m smddj
mo df foftjkëf pftjdònebf, sm `mlmrëf rmfdezfr uof dfpfrjsbjpef mo prekmr dunfr. Df frtmref nfstrjmpe-
pdjebf `mrmbhf sm pfdpf y `mlm fprmbefrsm uo pudsj eotmosj.
◁ Md smpfrf`jr qum sm sugmtf bjo df kfoj supmrejr sm bjdjbf f oevmd `m djs pmzjoms. F`mkæs, sm usf uo
smpfrf`jr `m Lfdajur. Bjkj fdtmroftevf, sm pum`m mkpdmfr ÷oebfkmotm uo smpfrf`jr `m tepj Jkoe.
Md pfbemotm sm bjdjbf mo pjsebeòo `m fote-Prmo`mdmolurn.
◁ Dfs f`hmrmobefs motrm md dòludj ezquemr`j `md hënf`j y md èfarfnkf sm smbbejofo, prjburfo`j oj
dmsejofr df vmof hmpætebf ezquemr`f. Md dòludj ezquemr`j `md hënf` j pum`m pdmnfrsm hfbef flfgj y smp f-
rfrdj se ms `mdnf`j, eotmotfo`j oj dfbmrfr df supmraebem hmpætebf. Re èbhj dòludj ms nrumsj, `mlmrëf
mdmvfrsm mo smote`j fotmrejr.
◁ Rm utedezf md mdmbtrjlesturë pfrf pmomtrfr y smbbejofr dfs ærmfs kæs aeofs `md denfkmotj nfstrjhmpætebj.
nfstrjhmpætebj.
Dfs ærmfs kæs nrumsfs sm smbbejofo bjo md lesturë udtrfsòoebj. Df èsmbbeòo sm bjoteo÷f mo smote`j
supmrejr hfstf md pedfr `mrmbhj `md èfarfnkf.
◁ Re sm hf bjdjbf`j uo `rmofgm
`rmofgm `m Ymorjsm ùrfotm df afsm tjræbebf `m df eotmrvmobeòo, mo mstf mtfpf sm
djbfdezf y sm sugmtf. Mo bfsj bjotrfrej, sm eobduym uo rmljr`m `m èfarfnkf bjo md msòafnj mo md heftj,
prjburfo`j oj denfr bjo suturf df vmof aråoebf, qum dj bruzf pjr su pfrtm fotmrejr.
◁ Fprjxekf`fkmotm mo md puotj kmèj `m df burvfturf kfyjr, kfyjr, sm motrf mo df trfosbfve`f` `m djs mpe-
pdjoms, f vfrejs bmotëkmtrjs `m df frtmref nfstrjmpepdjebf. Df èsmbbeòo brfomfd sm prjsenum bjo md
mdmbtrjlesturë f trfvås `m dfs ærmfs kæs `mdnf`fs y bjo md lesturë udtrfsòoebj j peozfo`j y denfo`j dfs
ærmfs `m tmge`j kæs nrumsj. Md berugfoj setuf`j f df `mrmbhf `md pfbemotm sugmtf df burvfturf kfyjr
`md mstòkfnj (prjburfo`j oj bjkpreker oe kfoepudfr df frtmref nfstrjmpepdjebf `mrmbhf) y df smpfrf
mo smote`j kmèfd. Md berugfoj setuf`j f df ezquemr`f fdmgf bjo uof kfoj md bjotmoe`j fl`jkeofd `md
ærmf `m èsmbbeòo y bjo df jtrf kfoj smpfrf md tmge`j mo smote`j dftmrfd.
◁ Df èsmbbeòo sm bjoteo÷f f dj dfrnj `m df burvfturf kfyjr, prjburfo`j kfotmomrsm fd kmojs f < bk
`m df frtmref nfstrjmpepdjebf, buyj rmbjrre`j aeofdezf y dfs frbf`fs dftmrfdms qum errenfo md mstòkfnj sm
bjovemrtmo mo dfs frtmrefs næstrebfs bjrtfs.
◁ Dfs bfpfs fotmrejr y pjstmrejr `m dfs frtmrefs næstrebfs bjrtfs pum`mo smbbejofrsm bjo md lesturë udtrf-
sòoebj, j sm pum`mo èveèr `m ajrkf smbumobef d bjo uof nrfpf`jrf mo`jsbòpebf (nrfpfs `m < kk). F
kmou`j, dfs frtmrefs næstrebfs bjrtfs kæs fdtfs motrfo mo md bfrèfs gustj f`yfbmotms fd pedfr ezquemr`j
`md èfarfnkf. Rm `mlm mvetfr prjsmnuer df èsmbbeòo hfbef df frtmref mspdåoebf j hfbef md pæobrmfs. Df
prmsmobef `m f`hmrmobefs `mosfs mo mstf zjof pum`m èaebudtfr df èsmbbeòo.
◁ Rumdm hflmr f`hmrmobefs dfxfs motrm df bfrf pjstmrejr `md mstòkfnj y md pæobrmfs, qum sm smbbejofo bjo
md mdmbtrjlesturë.
◁ Md mstòkfnj sm smpfrf mo smote`j fotmrejr y md pm`ëbudj `m df frtmref næstrebf ezquemr`f sm e`moteaebf.
Kmèfotm èsmbbeòo bjrtfotm bjo uofs tegmrfs `m puotf rjkf j bjo md mdmbtrjlesturë, sm èsmbfo tj`js
djs nfondejs deoaætebjs setuf`js mo md jrenmo `m df frtmref næstrebf ezquemr`f y sm mxtrfmo bjo df pemzf.
Djs nfondejs bmdëfbjs tfkleåo pum`mo èsmbfrsm `m mstm kj`j (aen. (aen. 6-0).
6-0). Df lfsm `m df frtmref næstrebf
ezquemr`f sm peozf bjo uof nrfpf`jrf mo`jvfsbudfr
mo`jvfsbudf r `m 0= kk `m djonetu` bjo nrfpfs `m <,= kk. Df
frtmref nfstrjmpepdjebf `mrmbhf `mlmrëf pfdpfrsm mo mstm puotj pfrf bjoaerkfr qum oj sm hf peozf`j
md mgm bmdëfbj, trfs dj qum sm èspfrf df nrfpf`jrf (aen.
( aen. 6-=).
6-=).
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, sm prjsenum df èsmbbeòo f dj dfrnj `m df burvfturf kfyjr `md mstòkfnj, hfbef md
pëdjrj. Df frtmref nfstrjmpepdjebf pum`m smpfrfrsm `m èbhf burvfturf mo mstf zjof.
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof kfoejlrf `m Cjbhmr,
Cjbhmr, smpfrfo`j tj`j md bjotmoe`j fl`jkeofd hfbef md df`j ezquemr`j
`md pfbemotm. Bufdquemr f`hmrmobef motrm df vmsëbudf ledefr y md ùj`moj sm smbbejof. Md ùj`moj sm
djbfdezf mo df zjof pedòrebf y sm senum hfstf su zjof `m b jotfbtj bjo md rmtrjpmretjomj. Dfs f`hmrmobefs
pmretjomfdms kæs fdtfs sm smbbejofo bjo tegmrfs. F bjoteoufbeòo, md berugfoj pum`m eotrjùber md `m`j
ëoèbm pjr `mtræs `m dfs f`hmrmobefs dftmrfdms y smbbejofrdfs bjo md mdmbtrjlesturë pfrf delmrfrdfs. Rm
pum`m rmfdezfr uo lfrre`j sufvm `md ùj`moj mo smote`j kmèfd kmèfotm uof tåboebf rjkf bjo md
`m`j `md berugfoj j bjo uof tjruo`f. Rm `mlm bjosmrvfr df errenfbeòo kmèfd `md ùj`moj.
Msjafnmbtjkëf kmèfotm trepdm fljr`fgm >
Aenurf 6-0 Aenurf 6-=
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2. Afsm bmrvebfd y dfpfrjtjkëf
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof eobeseòo `ms`m df msbjtfùrf mstmrofd hfstf md oevmd `md bfrtëdfnj brebje`ms, pjr `mdfotm
`md ljr`m `md k÷sbudj mstmrojbdme`jkfstje`mj
ms tmrojbdme`jkfstje`mj ezquemr`j (`m uojs 1 bk). Md pdfteskf sm smbbejof bjo
md mdmbtrjlesturë. Md k÷sbudj jkjheje`mj pum`m smbbejofrsm bjo md mdmbtrjlesturë se eotmraemrm bjo md
fbbmsj fd msòafnj.
◁ Rm pum`m mkpdmfr uo smpfrf`jr futjmstætebj, pmrj sus rfkfs kmèfdms `mlmrëfo bjdjbfrsm sjlrm df pemd
y md pdfteskf mo dunfr `m fpjyfrsm mo md surbj trfqumjmsjaænebj.
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof èsmbbeòo rjkf bjo djs `js `m`js ëoèbms mo df zjof zjof kmèfd f df vfeof yunudfr y dftmrfd
f df træqumf, ddmnfo`j hfstf md bumrp j vmrtmlrfd. Rm pmomtrf mo md pdfoj prmvmrtmlrfd y sm pfdp f md ou`j
`md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm, qum sm mxtrfm pjr df eobeseòo.
◁ Rm pum`m rmfdezfr uof èsmbbeòo rjkf y sufvm fèbejofd pfrf djnrfr delmrfr uof kfyjr djonetu` `md
msòafnj prjxekfd.
◁ Rm mxtrfm df sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf y sm utedezf uof nrfpf`jrf NEF (nrfpfs `m 2,= kk) f trfvås `md msò-
afnj, kemotrfs qum mo md df`j `m df pemzf sm fou`f uof suturf nrumsf `m 59 bk `m dfrnj. Df nrfpf`jrf
sm èspfrf y df pemzf guotj bjo df suturf sm ddmvfo hfbef md fl`jkmo. Mo md mxtrmkj `m df suturf qum
qum`f mo md bumddj sm bjdjbf uo lrjbhm.
◁ Mo md mxtrmkj `m df suturf setuf`j mo md fl`jkmo sm bjdjbf jtrj lrjbhm.
◁ Mo uof zjof `m df burvfturf kmojr bmrbf bmrbf `m df «pftf `m nfddj³ `m dfs vmofs, df frtmref næstrebf `mrm-
bhf y md tmge`j berbuo`fotm sm delmrfo kmèfotm ` esmbbeòo y sm denfo j sm smbbejofo bjo uof nrfp f`jrf
mo`jvfsbudfr.
◁ Rm tuludezf md mstòkfnj7 mo uo puotj `m df burvfturf kfyjr setuf`j f uojs 1 bk `md ljr`m `md tukjr, tukjr,
sm fpdebf uof nrfpf`jrf NEF `m 89 kk `m djonetu` bjo nrfpfs `m 0,8 kk pfrfdmdfs f df burvfturf
kfyjr næstrebf. Md kfonuetj næstrebj `mlm tmomr fd kmojs uo èækmtrj `m = bk pfrf pmrketer uo
vfbef`j f`mbuf`j (aen.
(aen. 6-1).
6-1).
◁ Hfy qum prjburfr fsmnurfrsm `m qum md mxbmsj `m tmge`j næstrebj
næstrebj oj sm fndjkmrf mo df nrfpf`jrf3 `mlm
`mgfrsm lfstfotm setej mo bf`f mxtrmkj `m df nrfpf`jrf ùrfotm bf`f èspfrj. Rm rmfdezfo èspfrjs
smbumobefdms `m df nrfpf`jrf pfrf tmge`js nrumsjs, prjburfo`j fdeomfr dfs dëomfs `m nrfpfs. Yum`m qum
sm rmquemrfo 2-= èspfrjs (aen.
(aen. 6->).
6->).
◁ Mo mstm kjkmotj, df pemzf sm rmketm f foftjkëf pftjdònebf pfrf md mstuèj `m djs kærnmoms quer÷rne-
bjs.
◁ Dfs ærmfs supmrpumstfs `m djs èspfrjs `m df nrfpf`jrf pfrf tmge`js nrumsjs setuf`fs mo df burvfturf
kmojr `md mstòkfnj sm suturfo bjo hedj h edj `m sm`f `m 2/9 `m ajrkf eklrebfotm. Djs bfljs `m dfs frtmrefs
næstrebfs bjrtfs `m nrfo bfdelrm sm denfo bjo hedj ` m sm`f `m 2/9, prjburfo`j oj mondjlfr df pfrm` næs-
trebf.
Aenurf 6-1
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◁ Dumnj sm rmfdezf uof pedjrjpdfstef j pedjrjtjkëf,

pedjrjtjkëf, se md berugfoj dj bjose`mrf jpjrtuoj. Fdnuojs beru-
gfojs prmaemrmo uof pedjrjtjkëf, pmrj bjo df pjselede`f` `m bjovmrterdf mo pedjrjpdfstef se sm motrf mo
df duz. Re sm rmfdezf uof pedjrjpdfstef, sm mkpdmf uof peozf `m æonudj rmbtj pfrf mdmvfr df pjrbeòo `m
df pfrm` næstrebf y ùj`mofd, smpfræo`jdf `m df pfrm` pjstmrejr, dj qum fyu`f f vesufdezfr df kubjsf
y f mvetfr bmrrfr dfs pfrm`ms fotmrejr y pjstmrejr motrm së.
◁ Fotms `m ddmvfr md kfonuetj næstrebj fd tòrfx y md bumddj, sm `mlm bjkprjlfr
bjkprjlfr df hmkjstfsef `md mstò-
kfnj kjvedezf`j.
◁ ]o kåtj`j ftrfukætebj pfrf ddmvfr md kfonuetj næstrebj fd bumddj bjosestm mo usfr uof ljdsf `m
bækfrf mo`jsbòpebf. Rm bjdjbf md lfdòo `m 29 bk 2 `m uof sjo`f `m Ajdmy mo uof ljdsf `m mstm tepj,
qum sm bemrrf fdrm`m`jr `m èbhf sjo`f bjo uof suturf nrumsf `m sm`f. Md lfdòo sm rmddmof bjo sumrj
sfdeoj. Df suturf nrumsf y dfrnf `m sm`f qum ftrfvemsf md tòrfx sm fou`f fd mxtrmkj `m df vædvudf `m df
sjo`f `m Ajdmy y sm ddmvf hfbef md bumddj.
◁ Md kfonuetj næstrebj sm bjdjbf mo df ljdsf, bjo uof jremotfbeòo bjrrmbtf,
bjrrmbtf, `m kj`j qum df dëomf `m
nrfpfs sm set÷m f df `mrmbhf `md pfbemotm. Mo md pumrtj `m `rmofgm `m df sjo`f `m Ajdmy sm fpdebf fsperf-
beòo y md fyu`fotm trfbbejof `m df sjo`f hfbef md bumddj. Md berugfoj setuf`j f df `mrmbhf `md fl`jkmo
sugmtf df ljdsf qum bjotemom md mxtrmkj `md kfonuetj y dj nuëf hfbef md tòrfx, hfstf qum md pëdjrj sm
set÷f f oevmd `md heftj (aens.
(aens. 6-8 y 6-5).
6-5).
◁ Df ljdsf sm flrm mo md bumddj y bjo uof peozf `m Lflbjbc sm sugmtf md mxtrmkj `md mstòkfnj.
◁ ]o æonudj `m df dëomf `m nrfpfs `md msòafnj sm smbbejof bjo tegmrfs y sm utedezf md mdmbtrjlesturë pfrf
rmfdezfr uo jreaebej `m 6 bk mo md kfonuetj næstrebj mo md df`j jpumstj f df dëomf `m nrfp fs. Df motrf`f
fd kfonuetj næstrebj `mlmrëf setufrsm f uof bemrtf èstfobef `m df dëomf `m nrfpfs pfrf keoekezfr df
esqumkef.
◁ ]of rfkf `m uof nrfpf`jrf NEF `m 89 kk bjo nrfpfs `m 2,= kk sm bjdjbf mo md msòafnj y df jtrf mo
df duz næstrebf. Df nrfpf`jrf sm èspfrf pfrf rmfdezfr df fofstjkjses. F kmè`f qum df nrfpf`jrf sm
smpfrf y sm rmterf, df dëomf `m nrfpfs sm eospmbbejof pfrf bjkprjlfr df hmkjstfsef. Rm eotrjùbm
uof sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf, vmreaebfo`j qum su mxtrmkj qum`m mo md pëdjrj y df zjof `m df motmrjstj-
këf sm bemrrf bjo puotjs sumdtjs `m sm`f `m 2/9 j bjo uof nrfpf`jrf PF 19 pfrf tmge`js nrumsjs
(aen. 6-69 FLB).
◁ ]o `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm j GY sm bjdjbf f oevmd pjstmrejr
pjstmrejr f dj dfrnj `m df bjdukof vmrtmlrfd y md pdfteskf
sm bemrrf bjo puotjs sumdtjs. Df pemd sm bemrrf bjo nrfpfs.
◁ @mspuås `m brmfr uof ymyuojstjkëf, sm bemrrf md fl`jkmo bjo uof suturf bjoteouf motrmdfzf`f `m
pjdeèjxfojof `md o.¹ 6 j bjo pjdeprjpedmoj, y df pemd sm bemrrf bjo nrfpfs.
Aenurf 6-8
Aenurf 6-5
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© Aenurf 6-69
6< Rmbbeòo E Msòafnj
d
Yfsj 07 Bue`f`js pjstjpmrftjrejs
◁ Md `rmofgm tjræbebj pum`m rmterfrsm bufo`j sfdnfo kmojs `m <99 bk2 èfrejs, dj qum sumdm subm`mr md
<.¹ j md 2.mr `ëf `md pjstjpmrftjrej. Oj ms prmbesj `mgfr mstjs `rmofgms hfstf qum sm rmfdebm uo træosetj
rfèjnræaebj. Dfs aëstudfs eotrftjræbebfs sumdmo rmqumrer uof rmeotmrvmobeòo eokmèftf.
◁ Md bftåtmr mpeùrfd sumdm `mgfrsm hfstf `mspuås `m rmterfr md `rmofgm tjræbebj
tjræbebj y `m djnrfr df tjdmrfobef
motmrfd `m jpeje`ms (pjr dj nmomrfd, f djs =-1 `ëfs).
◁ Djs sëotjkfs tëpebjs `m prmsmotfbeòo
prmsmotfbeòo `m dfs aëstudfs quedjsfs bjosestmo mo uo adugj eotmosj pjr md `rm-
ofgm tjræbebj (9,=-6 detrj j kæs fd `ëf) qum pmrsestm `mspuås `md <.¹ `ëf `m pjstjpmrftjrej. Md dëque`j
pum`m smr trfospfrmotm, pmrj sm vumdvm ldfobj dmbhjsj `mspuås `m fdekmotfr fd pfbemotm bjo vfrejs
bemotjs `m kd `m brmkf `mosf pjr df ymyuojstjkëf. Ms jldenftjrej trftfr mstf bjkpdebfbeòo. Re uof \K
kumstrf uo bjoùbtj `m nrfo bfdelrm, df amomstrfbeòo pmrbutæomf y/j su jlturfbeòo bjo msperfdms ms
uo trftfkemotj maebfz. Md trftfkemotj mstæo`fr ms df rmeotmrvmo beòo pfrf rmfdezfr uof denfùrf mo kfsf
(j uof rmdenfùrf) `md bjoùbtj f oevmd `md heftj y df suturf `m df dmseòo `md keskj bjo p jdeprjpedmoj
aeoj fpjyf`j mo pfrbhms. Df eostedfbeòo `m <99 bk2 `m brmkf pjr df ymyuojstjkëf vfrefs hjrfs fotms
`m df eotmrvmobeòo fyu`f f e`moteaebfr md setej `m df aëstudf.
◁ Md `rmofgm `md bumddj sumdm `mgfrsm hfstf rmfdezfr md træosetj rfèjdònebj. ]o træosetj lfretf`j pfsf pjr
fdtj md 69% `m dfs aëstudfs bmrvebfdms. F bjoteoufbeòo, sm pe`m fd pfbemotm qum lmlf zukj `m uvf (su
bjdjr p÷rpurf oj sm bjoauo`m bjo uo `rmofgm smrjsfonueojdmotj). Re oj sm rmbjnm dëque`j `m èbhj
bjdjr mo md `rmofgm, åstm sm rmterf.
◁ Qfrefs puldebfbejoms rmbemotms hfo kjstrf`j qum dfs bjkpdebfbejoms pudkjofrms sjo md preobepfd
afbtjr `m kjrtfde`f` `mspuås `m df msjafnmbtjkëf.
◁ Hfy qum mstfr ftmotj pfrf e`moteaebfr dfs dmsejoms `md omrvej rmburrmotm, qum sumdmo prmsmotfrsm bjo
èsajoëf j vjz fårmf y tjs eomaebfz. Yum`m qum mstjs senojs oj fpfrmzbfo hfstf md `ëf <-2 `md pjstj-
pmrftjrej, bufo`j `msfpfrmbm md m`mkf `m dfs bumr`fs vjbfdms `mle`j fd tulj `m eotulfbeòo `m `jldm
duz y f df f`keoestrfbeòo `m dëque`js. ]o p fbemotm qum tmonf uof dmseòo `md omr vej rmburrmotm tfkleåo
pum`m tmomr uo kfyjr remsnj `m fsperfbeòo. Df kmèfdezfbeòo eokmèftf `m df bumr`f (nmomrfdkmotm
kmèfotm eoymbbeòo) kmgjrfræ df vjz y df tjs y pmrketeræ uof mdekeofbeòo maebfz `m dfs smbrmbejoms
pudkjofrms. Mo jbfsejoms, djs pfbemotms bjo dmseòo `md omrvej rmburrmotm pum`mo bjosmrvfr uof tjs
maebfz. Mo tfd bfsj, sm pum`m èamrer md trftfkemotj se uof adujrjsbjpef msjaænebf oj kumstrf uo kfyjr
remsnj `m fsperfbeòo.
◁ Djs pfbemotms sjkmte`js f msjafnmbtjkëf prmsmotfo uo remsnj kuy mdmvf`j `m PQY y PMY. PMY. @mlmrëfo
utedezfr èspjsetevjs `m bjkprmseòo omukætebf smbumobefd y sm dms `mlmrëf f`keoestrfr hmpfreof sul-
butæomf trfs df eoùbbeòo fomståsebf.
◁ Df hepjtmoseòo pjstjpmrftjref
pjstjpmrftjref ms armbumotm, sjlrm tj`j bjo md usj `m fomstmsef mpeùrfd.
mpeùrfd. @mlmrëf trf-
tfrsm kmèfotm df f`keoestrfbeòo moårnebf y vjdukeojsf `m dëque`js, mo dunfr `m usfr aærkfbjs vfsjprm-
sjrms. Yjr dj nmomrfd, md `ëf < j 2 `md pjstjpmrftjrej sm pum`mo eotmrrukper djs dëque`js eotrfvmojsjs.
◁ Hfy qum kfotmomr uof venedfobef mxtrmkf mo lusbf `m senojs j sëotjkfs `m ombrjses j `m aëstudf `md
kfonuetj. Df aemlrm `m jrenmo eomxpdebf`j, df tfquebfrèf, df dmubjbetjses j uo `mrrfkm pdmurfd sjo
senojs sjspmbhjsjs. ]o `åaebet `m lfsms pum`m smr uo senoj `m hepjpmrauseòo `md kfonuetj, pmrj ms
eomspmbëaebj y armbumotm mo dfs prekmrfs 6<-<0 hjrfs pjstmrejrms f df msjafnmbtjkëf.
◁ Djs pfbemotms `mlmrëfo kfotmomrsm bjo df bflmbmrf `m df bfkf mdmvf`f 29 nrf`js j kæs pfrf keoeke-
zfr md remsnj `m omukjoëf pjr fsperfbeòo.
◁ Df `mfkludfbeòo sm eoebef md `ëf 6 `md pjstjpmrftjrej pfrf fyu`fr f mvetfr df PQY y fbmdmrfr df rmbu-
pmrfbeòo. Md bftåtmr mpeùrfd, md `rmofgm tjræbebj, md jxënmoj y df sjo`f `m Ajdmy oj `mlmrëfo smr uo
kjtevj pfrf qum md pfbemotm sm kfotmonf mobfkf`j.
◁ Md usj `m lmtfldjqumfotms f `jses lfgfs (kmtjprjdjd, = kn e.v./0 e.v./0 h) ms ÷ted
÷ ted pfrf mvetfr df aelredfbeòo
furebudfr, fsë bjkj pfrf bjotrjdfr df armbumobef se åstf sm prjùbm.
◁ Df fdekmotfbeòo pjr sjo`f sm eoebef bufo`j md pfbemotm bjkemozf f mvfbufr nfsms, f uo adugj `m
29 bk2 /hjrf seo èduer y sm eobrmkmotf mo 69 bk2 /hjrf bf`f 6< hjrfs. Fdnuojs futjrms jptfo pjr
bjkmozfr df fdekmotfbeòo pjr sjo`f fotms `m jlsmr vfr df rmfou`fbeòo `m df auobeòo eotmsteofd, prjbu-
rfo`j venedfr df èstmoseòo fl`jkeofd y mvetfr md ëdmj bjo èstmoseòo ùj`mofd. ]o ëdmj mo uo pfbemotm
sjkmte`j f msjafnmbtjkëf pum`m bfusfr uof omukjoëf pjr fsperfbeòo.
◁ Djs pfbemotms sumdmo rmbeler md fdtf bjo uof prmsbrepbeòo `m èmtf dëque`f ùrfotm 6-< smkfofs hfstf
qum `msfpfrmbm df tukmafbbeòo `m df fofstjkjses. F bjoteoufbeòo, pum` mo bjkmozfr uof èmtf sòde`f
ldfo`f.
Yfsj =7 Yuotjs bdfvm y pjseldms mrrjrms
◁ F oevmd `m df vmof
vmof æzenjs, sm `mlmo e`moteaebfr djs omrvejs vfnjs y smpfrfrdjs `md msòafnj. Df èsmbbeòo
brfomfd bjoteo÷f motrm fkljs omrvejs.
◁ Rm `mlm rmfdezfr uof bfutmrezfbeòo bue`f`jsf f dj dfrnj `md rmbjrre`j `m df træqumf y f lfgf pjtmobef
pfrf mvetfr uof aëstudf trfqumjmsjaænebf èamre`f j uof dmseòo `md omrvej rmburrmotm ezquemr`j.
◁ @urfotm df kjvedezfbeòo `md mstòkfnj, md berugfoj `mlm prjburfr bjosmrvfr df frbf`f frbf`f vfsbudfr nfs-
trjmpepdjebf. ]of kfoepudfbeòo mxbmsevf, df bjkprmseòo kfoufd y uof dmseòo tårkebf j pjr df suturf
pum`mo bjovmrter uof eotmrvmobeòo ruteofref mo uo remsnj pfrf df ve`f. Mo pfbemotms jlmsjs, pum`m
qum smf èaëbed vesufdezfr df frtmref y su djbfdezfbeòo `mlm rmmvfdufrsm `m ajrkf bjoteouf.
◁ Dfs frtmrefs næstrebfs bjrtfs kæs fdtfs y `m kfyjr bfdelrm `mlmrëfo denfrsm mo md df`j næstrebj pfrf
mvetfr uof hmkjrrfnef pjstjpmrftjref. Mstj sumdm smr kæs aæbed `mspuås `m bjkpdmtfr df rmfdezfbeòo
`md kfonuetj næstrebj y `mspuås `m smbbejofr dfs frtmrefs næstrebfs bjrtfs bjo uo lesturë udtrfsòoebj.
Re sòdj sm utedezf uo lesturë udtrfsòoebj j bdeps, md rmsudtf`j pum`m smr eof`mbuf`j. Dfs denfùrfs oj
`mlmo mondjlfr df pfrm` næstrebf, pums pj`rëfo prjùber uof ombrjses èamre`f y uof pmrajrfbeòo.
◁ F èamrmobef `m df kfyjrëf `m dfs vmbms qum sm utedezfo dfs nrfpf`jrfs, df brmfbeòo `md kfonuetj næs-
trebj bjo df nrfpf`jrf NEF pfrf tmge`js nrumsjs rmquemrm uo nrfo bue`f`j. Md mxbmsj `m tmge`j oj `mlm
fbukudfrsm mo df nrfpf`jrf. Dfs fpdebfbejoms submsevfs `m df nrfpf`jrf `mlmrëfo fdeomfrsm `m ajrkf
bue`f`jsf. Md puotj `m eotmrsmbbeòo `m dfs dëomfs `m nrfpfs submsevfs `mlmrëf qum`fr eklrebf`j bjo
suturfs `m sm`f.
◁ Bufo`j md kfonuetj næstrebj sm pfsf pjr md tòrfx hfbef md bumddj, `mlm nuefrsm f trfvås `md heftj
`ms`m flfgj. Hfy qum fsmnurfr uof jremotfbeòo bjrrmbtf, pfrf qum oj sm prjùzbf uof tjrseòo `m
689 nrf`js.
. Leldejnrfaëf
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©
BFYËP]DJ
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Msjafnmbtjkëf `m Evjr Dmwes
◁ Df vmof æzenjs bruzf md msòafnj fprjxekf`fkmotm f oevmd `m df uoeòo `md prekmr y smnuo`j tmrbejs `md
msòafnj. Re df vmof temom uo tfkföj kfyjr `m dj hfletufd, `mlmrëf bjosmrvfrsm. Mo pjbfs jbfsejoms,
mstf vmof ms df bjoteoufbeòo `m uof vmof bfvf eoamrejr eotmrrukpe`f.
◁ Md tmrbej msjaænebj eoamrejr ms uof mstrubturf setuf`f f df ezquemr`f. Md fbbmsj `ms`m md hmketòrfx `mrm-
bhj ms pjseldm, pmrj ms èaëbed `ms`m uof tjrfbjtjkëf `mrmbhf fdtf. Df èsmbbeòo `md heftj y `md tmrbej
msjaænebj eoamrejr sm rmfdezf kmgjr ùrfotm df afsm fl`jkeofd `m mstf eotmrvmobeòo.
◁ Qåfsm md bfpëtudj 6 pfrf rmvesfr dfs bjose`mrfbejoms

bjose`mrfbejoms prmjpmrftjrefs nmomrfdms.
◁ Djs pfbemotms bjo tukjrms vjdukeojsjs `md tmrbej
tmrbej kmèj `md msòafnj, sjlrm
sjlrm tj`j djs qum hfo rmbele`j
rmbele`j
quekejtmrfpef omjf`yuvfotm, sm trftfo kmgjr f trfvås `m uo fljr`fgm trfostjræbebj.
◁ Mo djs pfbemotms bjo uof auobeòo rmsperftjref
rmsperftjref kuy èskeoue`f (QMKR 409% `md vfdjr tmòrebj) pum`m
smr kæs lmomaebejsj rmfdezfr uof èsmbbeòo tjrfbjsbòpebf j uo fljr`fgm trfosheftfd.
◁ Dfs vmotfgfs `md fljr`fgm `m Evjr Dmwes sjo df èsmbbeòo èrmbtf `md tukjr mo md tòrfx, uo kmgjr
vfbefkemotj nfondejofr y kmojs prjlflede`f`ms `m dmsejofr md omr vej rmburrmotm qum bjo uof eobeseòo
bmrvebfd.
◁ Motrm djs pjseldms eobjovmoemotms, hfy qum betfr df ombmse`f` `m uof tjrfbjtjkëf, df smpses pjtmo-
befdkmotm kjrtfd qum sm fsjbef f uof aëstudf fofstjkòtebf y uof djonetu` `md kfrnmo prjxekfd 2 bk
kmojr qum mo bfsj `m eobeseòo bmrvebfd.
6. Dfpfrjtjkëf y kjvedezfbeòo næstrebf
◁ Pj`j md mstòkfnj sm èsmbf smn÷o sm hf `msbretj mo md fpfrtf`j «Dfpfrjtjkëf³ `md bfpëtudj 6.

◁ Rm rmfdezf uof kfoejlrf bjkpdmtf `m Cjbhmr,
Cjbhmr, eobdue`f df deses `m bufdquemr f`hmrmobef motrm df vmsë-
budf ledefr y md ùj`moj.
© <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs 6=

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◁ Re mxestm uo tukjr P< (`mtmrkeof`j pjr mbjnrfaëf mo`jsbòpebf) j `m kfyjr nrf`j, sm eobe`m uo
rmljr`m `m èfarfnkf y sm eobduym m o df pemzf. Mo djs tukjrms P6 j eotrfkubjsjs,
eo trfkubjsjs, ms fbmptfldm rmfdezfr
df èsmbbeòo motrm md heftj y md msòafnj.
◁ Df èsmbbeòo sm bjoteo÷f hfstf df pjrbeòo eoamrejr `md tòrfx fd enufd qum mo uof èsmbbeòo trfosheftfd.
Md lesturë frkòoebj ms uo eostrukmotj e`mfd pfrf usfrdj ùrfotm mstf pfrtm `m df èsmbbeòo. Md msòafnj
sm smpfrf mo smote`j fotmrejr ùrfotm df èsmbbeòo pjstmrejr, hfbef df `mrmbhf ùrfotm df èsmbbeòo mo
df pfrtm ezquemr`f y hfbef df ezquemr`f ùrfotm df èsmbbeòo mo md df`j `mrmbhj.
◁ Mo mstm kjkmotj, se ms prmbesj, sm rmfdezf uof pedjrjpdfstef j pedjrjtjkëf.
pedjrjtjkëf.
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, md bjoùbtj næstrebj sm pum`m setufr mo md hmketòrfx `mrmbhj pfrf rmbupmrfrdj
ùrfotm df afsm tjræbebf `m df eotmrvmobeòo. Mo tfd bfsj, `mlmrëfo fpdebfrsm uofs suturfs `m aegfbeòo mo
df bfrf eoamrejr `md èfarfnkf.
▼ Df sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf sm rmterf. Rm pum`m mdfljrfr uo kfonuetj næstrebj mo md fl`jkmo kmèfotm
uo èspfrj `m uof nrfpf`jrf mo`jvfsbudfr f trfvås `m df frtmref næstrebf `mrmbhf, bmrbf `m df pftf
`m nfddj `m vmofs. F bjoteoufbeòo, sm fpdebfo èspfrjs smbumobefdms `m uof uo f NEF `m 89 kk `m djo-
netu` bjo nrfpfs `m 0,8 kk, bjkmozfo`j mo df burvfturf kmojr. Hfy qum prjburfr oj sjdfpfr dfs
dëomfs `m nrfpfs oe eobduer `mkfsef`j tmge`j mo uo ÷oebj èspfrj. Df dëomf `m nrfpfs sm mxtemo`m
hfstf md bfrèfs pjr df burvfturf kfyjr, `mgfo`j 1 bk `m kærnmoms kfbrjsbòpebjs.
▼ Df smbbeòo `m df dëomf `m nrfpfs `jo`m sm sjdfpfo dfs èsteotfs fpdebfbejoms `m èbhfs nrfpfs sm
rmaumrzf bjo puotjs sumdtjs `m sm`f `m 2/9 eklrebfotms.

▼ Md mstòkfnj kjvedezf`j sm pfsf fd tòrfx
tòrfx pfrf rmbupmrfrdj kæs f`mdfotm.
▼ Re sm hf rmfdezf`j uo tulj næstrebj ùrfotm df afsm fl`jkeofd `m df eotmrvmobeòo, sm suturf bjo
hedj nrumsj `md 9 f df dëomf `m nrfpfs `m df pemzf, qum eobduym md msòafnj èstfd y md bfrèfs `md mstò-
kfnj.
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof ymyuojstjkëf y sm bemrrf md fl`jkmo.
Bfpëtudj < d Msjafnmbtjkëf
Msjafnmbtjkëf `m Evjr Dmwes 6>
<. Pjrfbjtj
jrfbjtjkëf
këf `mrmbhf
◁ Md pfbemotm sm bjdjbf mo `mb÷letj dftmrfd ezquemr`j y sm rmfdezf uof tjrfbjtjkëf pjstmrjdftmrfd. Md `jr-
sfd fobhj sm smbbejof y md smrrftj sm rmspmtf. Rm motrf mo md tòrfx f trfvås `md bufrtj mspfbej eotmrbjstfd3
df queotf bjsteddf sm smbbejof y sm vjdtmf mo smote`j pjstmrejr.
◁ Mo uof zjof `md msòafnj fdmgf`f `md tukjr,
tukjr, sm bjdjbf uo `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm rj`mfo`j fd msòafnj.
◁ Rm trfbbejof `md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm mo df zjof jpumstf f df èsmbbeòo msjaænebf.
◁ F df `mrmbhf `md msòafnj, tj`j md tmge`j kmèfd f df vmof æzenjs sm mondjlf bjo df pemzf. Dfs rfkfs `m df
fjrtf sm denfo bjo bdeps mo md df`j fòrtebj y sm bfutmrezfo mo md df`j
df` j msjaænebj. Pj`j
Pj`j md tmge`j sm èsmbf
smpfræo`jdj `md pmrebfrèj y sm mondjlf bjo df pemzf. Md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm sm utedezf pfrf smpfrfr
èbhf pemzf y fdmgfrdf `md tmge`j berbuo`fotm.
◁ Mo md df`j ezquemr`j, md msòafnj sm èsmbf pfrf smpfrfrdj `md pmrebfrèj y `mspuås sm smpfrf `md lrjo-
quej preobepfd ezquemr`j. Mo md df`j `mrmbhj y mo df pfrtm pjstmrejr, md msòafnj sm èsmbf `m df fjrtf,
denfo`j bjo bdeps tj`fs dfs rfkfs `m nrfo bfdelrm.
◁ Md omrvej vfnj fotmrejr sm ève`m f mstm oevmd y sm bjoteo÷f df èsmbbeòo motrm md omrvej vfnj y md msò-
afnj.
◁ Md omrvej vfnj pjstmrejr (ezquemr`j) tfkleåo sm e`moteaebf y sm èsmbf smpfræo`jdj `md msòafnj.
◁ Df vmof æzenjs sm smbbejof bjo uof nrfpf`jrf mo`jvfsbudfr bjo nrfpfs `m <,= kk.
◁ Rm msbjnm df dëomf supmrejr `m èveseòo, pjr dj nmomrfd f oevmd `m df vmof æzenjs smbbejof`f. Rm rmfdezf
uof èsmbbeòo këoekf `md msòafnj pjr mobekf `md ærmf pdfomf`f `m èveseòo. Md bjoùbtj næstrebj sm
ddmvf fd tòrfx. Re f÷o oj sm hf brmf`j md kfonuetj næstrebj, sm rmfdezf mo mstm kjkmotj.
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◁ Rm `mlmrëf mstekfr df djonetu` `md bjoùbtj næstrebj. Re ms mxbmsevf, sm `mlmrëf rmbjrtfr

rmbjrtfr,, `m kj`j qum
md bjoùbtj rmùo`fotm oj sm fbj`m mo df pfrtm eoamrejr `md tòrfx.
▼ Df fofstjkjses pum`m rmfdezfrsm utedezfo`j uof nrfpf`jrf MMF `m <= j <8 kk. Df pjrbeòo supm-
rejr `md msòafnj sm smbbejof bjo uof nrfpf`jrf `m nrfpfs `m 2,= kk y df dëomf `m nrfpfs sm rmterf.
Rm utedezf pjdeprjpedmoj `m </9 pfrf fsmnurfr md yuoqum mo md msòafnj. Rm pum`mo utedezfr suturfs
fèbejofdms pfrf fsmnurfr df dëomf `m suturf berbuoamrmobefd. Md mxtrmkj `md bjoùbtj næstrebj sm
rmsmbf y md kfonj `m df nrfpf`jrf sm eosmrtf mo df motmrjtjkëf. Mo uof zjof bòkj`f `m df burvf-
turf kfyjr `md kfonuetj (jpumstf f df dëomf `m nrfpfs), sm bjombtf md kfonj bjo md yuoqum y sm
èspfrf df nrfpf`jrf (aen.
(aen. <-6).
<-6).
◁ Rm bjkprumlf qum df fofstjkjses oj prmsmotm aunfs, bulreåo`jdf bjo sumrj sfdeoj m eosuadfo`j ferm
bjo md nfstrjsbjpej.
◁ Pfkleåo pum`m rmfdezfrsm
rmfdezfrsm uof fofstjkjses kfoufd mo `js bfpfs. Md puotj `m fofstjkjses mo md bjo-
ùbtj næstrebj sm msbjnm fdmgf`j vfrejs bmotëkmtrjs `m df dëomf `m nrfpfs `m df burvfturf kmojr. Rm
rmfdezf uof eobeseòo berbuoamrmobefd mo df smrjsf, `m uojs 2 bk `m èækmtrj. Djs vfsjs sulkubjsjs
sulyfbmotms sm denfo eoèveùfdkmotm bjo suturfs `m sm`f `m 2/9. Df pfrm` pjstmrejr `m df fofstjkj-
ses sm brmf bjo suturfs `m bjdbhjomrj hjrezjotfdms `m 2/9, qum sjstemomo kmgjr md tmge`j qum uofs
suturfs sekpdms, pums md msòafnj oj temom uo f vmr`f`mrf bfpf smrjsf. Df ketf` pjstmrejr `md msòafnj sm
flrm smbbejoæo`jdf y sm brmf uof bfpf eotmrof `m nrjsjr bjkpdmtj bjo uof suturf bjoteouf `m pjde-
ndmbfprjof `m 0/9 j bjo puotjs sumdtjs `md keskj tepj `m hedj. @mspuås `m bjkpdmtfr df pfrm` pjs-
tmrejr `m dfs suturfs eotmrofs, sm eotrjùbm uof sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf, sm smbbejof md rmstj `md msòafnj y
sm bjkpdmtf df pjrbeòo fotmrejr `m df fofstjkjses eotmrof. Df bfpf mxtmrof fotmrejr sm bjkpdmtf bjo
suturfs `m bjdbhjomrj hjrezjotfd bjo sm`f `m 2/9 (aen.
(aen. <-<).
<-<).
◁ Df fofstjkjses sm rmaumrzf bjo mpepdòo. Fdnuojs berugfojs jptfo pjr aegfr md bjoùbtj f df pdmurf,
fuoqum oj ms mve`motm qum smf ombmsfrej.
◁ Rm bjdjbfo `js `rmofgms pmqumöjs `m Ldfcm `md bfdelrm 65 Armobh f dj dfrnj dfrnj `m df fofstjkjses. ]o
`rmofgm tjræbebj `md bfdelrm <8 Armobh sm bjdjbf mo md vårtebm pudkjofr. Dfs bjsteddfs sm fprjxekfo
bjo 0-1 suturfs `m pjdendfbteof `md o.¹ <. Df bfpf `md `jrsfd fobhj sm bemrrf bjo uof suturf bjoteouf
`m pjdendfbteof `md 9. Df bfpf sulbutæomf sm bemrrf bjo uof suturf bjoteouf `m pjdendfbteof `m </9 y
df pemd bjo uof suturf eotrf`årkebf bjoteouf `m pjdendfbteof j pjdendmbfprjof `m 2/9.
Bfpëtudj < d Msjafnmbtjkëf
Msjafnmbtjkëf `m Evjr Dmwes 65
Aenurf <-6
Aenurf <-<
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<9 Rmbbeòo E Msòafnj
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Yfsj 07 Yjstjpmrftjrej
◁ Md pjstjpmrftjrej ms sekedfr fd `m jtrfs rmsmbbejoms msjaænebfs trfostjræbebfs (v.

(v. bfp. 6).
◁ Hfy qum venedfr dfs pjseldms aëstudfs fofstjkòtebfs qum pum`mo kfoeamstfrsm pjr aemlrm, dmubjbetjses,
hepjtmoseòo, bjoauseòo j `rmofgm `m kftmrefd purudmotj pjr md `rmofgm tjræbebj.
◁ ]of aëstudf eotrftjræbebf `mlmrëf jldenfr f rmeotmrvmoer `m eokmèftj fd pfbemotm pfrf su rmpfrfbeòo.
◁ Djs `rmofgms `m Ldfcm sm rmterfo trfs tmomr uo træosetj lfretf`j seo senojs `m aëstudfs md `ëf 1 j > `md
pjstjpmrftjrej.
◁ Df èsmbbeòo `md heftj y df zjof eoamrejr `md tòrfx `mlmrëf rmfdezfrsm dj kæs mxtmosf pjseldm `ms`m
md fl`jkmo, pums mstf zjof ms èaëbed `m fdbfozfr `ms`m uof tjrfbjtjkëf mo md bufrtj mspfbej eotmr-
bjstfd.
◁ Df èsmbbeòo `md msòafnj pjr mobekf `md puotj `m smbbeòo `mlmrëf smr këoekf pfrf bjosmrvfr
bjosmrvfr su erre-
nfbeòo sfonuëomf.
◁ Rm rmquemrm uof kfoepudfbeòo bue`f`jsf `m djs tmge`js qum sm vfo f fofstjkjsfr.
fofstjkjsfr. Re sm rmfdezf uof
fofstjkjses kmèfotm suturf kfoufd, hfy qum fsmnurfrsm `m qum bf`f suturf eotmrof temom uo nrjsjr
bjkpdmtj y bjotemom df kubjsf. Djs puotjs oj `mlmrëfo tmomr uof smpfrfbeòo kfyjr `m <-2 kk.
◁ Re mxestmo sjspmbhfs `m uof aëstudf eotrftjræbebf, sm pum`m rmketer uof kumstrf `md `rmofgm `m Ldfcm
f`yfbmotm pfrf fofdezfr df prmsmobef `m fkedfsf, dj qum pum`m fyu`fr f `mtmbtfr df aëstudf y hfbmr qum
sm rmfdebm uo træosetj lfretf`j `m ajrkf prmbjz.
◁ Fotms `m rmfdezfr df fofstjkjses, sm `mlm eospmbbejofr df djonetu` `md bjoùbtj næstrebj.
næstrebj. Re md mstò-
kfnj ms rmùo`fotm mo md tòrfx, pum`m fbj`frsm mo md auturj y bfusfr èaebudtf`ms bjo md vfbef`j næs-
trebj. @mlmrëf rmbjrtfrsm fotms `m mdfljrfr df fofstjkjses.
Leldejnrfaëf
6. Bhu C, Dfw R, ^jon

^jon G, mt fd. F prjspmbtevm rfo`jkezm` bjkpfresj o ja trfosheftfd fo` trfosthjrfbeb rmsmbtejo ajr djwmr-ther` msjphfnmfd
bfrbeojkf. Fk G Rurn 655>3 6>072<9-2<0.
<. Bhurbhedd M@, Rwmmt \H. Prfosthjrfb
Prfosthjrfbebeb rmsmbtejo ja tukjrs ja thm stjkfbh fo` msjphfnus. Foo Rurn 650<3 66=785>.
2. Mddes AH, Nell RY,
RY, ^ftceos M Gr.
Gr. Msjphfnjnfstrmbtjky7
Msjphfnjnfs trmbtjky7 F sfam, we`mdy fppdeb fldm fo` mxpmètejus ajr k ja pfddeftejo ajr pftemots weth bfr-
beojkf ja thm msjphfnus fo` bfrèf. Foo Rurn 65823 6583 =26.
0. Njd`keob K, Kf``mro N, DmYresm M, mt fd. Jmsjphfnmbtjky ly f trfosheftfd fpprjfbh jr thjrfbjtjky7 f prjspmbtevm rfo`jkezm` trefd.
Lr G Rurn 65523 89721>-2>1.
=. Hudsbhmr G, Pegssmo G, Dfosbhjt G. Prfosthjrfb
Prfosthjrfbebeb vmrsus trfosheftfd rmsmbtejo ajr bfrbeojkf ja thm msjphfnus7 f kmtf-fofdyses . Foo Phjr Rurn
Rurn
<9963 ><7291-262.
1. Hudsbhmr G, Qfo Rfoèbc G, Qfo Dfosbhjt G. Mxtmo`m` trfosthjrf beb rmsmbtejo bjkpfrm ` weth deketm` trfosheftfd rmsmbtejo ajr f`mojbfrb e-
ojkf ja thm msjphfnus. O Mond G Km` <99<320>7 611<-6115.
>. Dmwes E. Phm surnebfd trmftkmot ja bfrbeojkf ja thm jmsjphfnus weth spmbefd rmamrmobm tj f omw jpmrftejo ajr nrjwths ja thm ke``dm ther`.
Lr G Rurn 65013 207 68.
8. Kfthemsjo @H, Nreddj HB, mt fd. Prfosthjrfb
Prfosthjrfbeb msjphfnmbtjky 7 f sfam fpprjfbh tj bfrbeojkf ja thm msjphfnus. Foo Phjrfb Rurn 658830=7
eb msjphfnmbtjky7
62>.
jmsjphfnmbt jky7 es thmrm f èaamrmobm: Fust O W G Rurn 65553 15768>-650.
5. \eo`foe \, Kfrteo B, Bjx K. Prfosheftfd vmrsus Evj r-Dmwes jmsjphfnmbtjky7
BFYËP]DJ
2
Msjafnmbtjkëf
tjrfbjfl`jkeofd ezquemr`f
◁ Df pjrbeòo eoamrejr `md msòafnj sm `msvëf f df ezquemr`f `m df dëomf kmèf y ms kæs aæbed fbbm`mr f mddf
pjr md hmketòrfx ezquemr`j.
◁ Yjr mobekf `md oevmd `m df vmof pudkjofr eoamrejr,
eoamrejr, md msòafnj sm `msvëf f df `mrmbhf, pmrj f÷o ms fbbm-
seldm f trfvås `md hmketòrfx ezquemr`j.
◁ Md bfyf`j fòrtebj jbudtf md msòafnj bufo`j sm rmfdezf md fljr`fgm
fljr`fgm pjr md hmketòrfx ezquemr`j, pmrj f÷o
pum`m kjvedezfrsm md msòafnj, fuoqum bjo kæs èaebudtf`ms qum pjr uof tjrfbjtjkëf `mrmbhf.
◁ Md bjoùbtj tjræbebj èsburrm pjr `mtræs `m df uoeòo `m df frtmref sulbdfvef y md bfyf`j fòrtebj bufo`j
sm vesufdezf `ms`m md df`j ezquemr`j y `mlm mvetfrsm.
◁ Q. md bfpëtudj 6 pfrf rmvesfr dfs bjose`mrfbejoms prmjpmrftjrefs nmomrfdms.

◁ Mo djs pfbemotms bjo uof auobeòo rmsperftjref
rmsperftjref kuy èskeoue`f (QMKR 409% `md vfdjr tmòrebj) pum`m
smr kæs lmomaebejsj rmfdezfr uof èsmbbeòo tjrfbjsbòpebf j uo fljr`fgm trfosheftfd.
◁ Mstm fljr`fgm ms ÷ted pfrf djs tukjrms
tukjrms `m df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf y `md bfrèfs. Md fbbmsj f djs tukj-
rms `md tmrbej kmèj y supmrejr `md msòafnj ms kubhj kæs èaëbed pjr mstf vëf y sm prmaemrm uo trepdm
fljr`fgm.
◁ Md fljr`fgm tjrfbjfl`jkeofd ezquemr`j pmrketm uo fbbmsj sekudtæomj fd tòrfx, fd fl`jkmo y fd bumddj
`ms`m uof ÷oebf pjsebeòo (`mb÷letj dftmrfd `mrmbhj).
◁ Mstm fljr`fgm ms mspmbefdkmotm ÷ted pfrf djs tukjrms `m df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf
nfstrjmsjaænebf qum pum`mo tmomr
uof mxtmoseòo senoeaebftevf tfotj hfbef md msòafnj bjkj hfbef md mstòkfnj. Re djs kærnmoms `md mstò-
kfnj sjo pjsetevjs, sm pum`m rmfdezfr uof nfstrmbtjkëf bjkpdmtf bjo fofstjkjses mo U `m \jux mo
df pjrbeòo eoamrejr `md tòrfx. Re djs kærnmoms msjaænebjs sjo pjsetevjs, sm pum`m rmfdezfr uo fsbmosj
næstrebj fd bumddj. Df rmsmbbeòo bjkpdmtf `md mstòkfnj y `md msòafnj rmquemrm uof eotmrpjsebeòo `md
bjdjo, pums uo fsf ymyuofd mo U `m \jux oj sumdm ddmnfr hfstf md bumddj.
◁ Mstm fljr`fgm prjpjrbejof
prjpjrbejof df kmgjr vesufdezfbeòo `md mgm bmdëfbj y `m djs vfsjs næstrebjs bjrtjs.
◁ Df pjselede`f` `m tjdmrfr df vmotedfbeòo `m uo sòdj pudkòo oj ms uo rmquesetj flsjdutj, pums md dòludj
eoamrejr sm pum`m kjvedezfr y smpfrfr hfbef f rrelf pfrf rmfdezfr uof fofstjkjses mo df pjrbeòo eoamrejr
`md tòrfx. Reo mklfrnj, djs pfbemotms bjo uof auobeòo rmsperftjref kuy fdtmrf`f pum`mo tmomr kmojs
bjkpdebfbejoms rmsperftjrefs bjo uo fljr`fgm trfosheftfd j tjrfbjsbòpebj.
© <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs <6

<< Rmbbeòo E Msòafnj
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◁ Md pfbemotm sm bjdjbf mo `mb÷letj dftmrfd `mrmbhj bjo dfs bf`mrfs rjtf`fs uojs 29 nrf`js mo smote`j
pjstmrejr.
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof eobeseòo `m tjrfbjtjkëf pjstmrjdftmrfd, qum sm mxtemo`m `ms`m `mtræs `m df puotf `m df
msbæpudf y ddmnf hfstf md såptekj mspfbej eotmrbjstfd. Df eobeseòo pum`m ddmnfr hfstf md kfrnmo bjstfd
j mxtmo`mrsm f trfvås `m åstm hfbef df dëomf fdlf. Df kfyjr pfrtm `m df èsmbbeòo y df kjvedezfbeòo næs-
trebf pum`m rmfdezfrsm f trfvås `m uof eobeseòo fkpdef mo md èfarfnkf pfrfdmdf f df pfrm` tjræbebf. Df
`mbeseòo `m fkpdefr df eobeseòo f trfvås `md kfrnmo bjstfd y hfbef md fl`jkmo sm lfsf mo df ombmse`f`
`m rmfdezfr uof kfoejlrf `m Cjbhmr j uof pedjrjpdfstef, y mo bufdquemr fambbeòo fl`jkeofd fsjbef`f.
Fdnuojs berugfojs fkpdëfo `m ajrkf sestmkætebf df eobeseòo f trfvås `md kfrnmo
kfrnmo bjstfd, pums mstj afbe-
detf df èsmbbeòo (aen.
(aen. 2-6).
2-6).
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof eobeseòo mo md èfa rfnkf f <-2 bk `m df zjof `m eosmrbeòo èfarfnkætebf mo df pfrm`
tjræbebf. Md èfarfnkf pum`m `mspmnfrsm bjo mdmbtrjlesturë kemotrfs sm mdmvf bjo uof peozf nrfo`m
`m æonudj rmbtj pfrf prjtmnmr dfs mstrubturfs fl`jkeofdms. Rm `mlmo rmfdezfr kfrbfs bjo suturfs
mo fkljs df`js `md èfarfnkf f kmè`f qum sm smbbejof pfrf pmrketer rmfdeomfrdj ùrfotm md bemrrm.
Bjkj fdtmroftevf, sm pum`m usfr uof nrfpf`jrf `m 2,= kk `m nrjsjr.nrjsjr. Djs setejs `m eotmrsmbbeòo `m djs
èspfrjs `m df nrfpf`jrf fyu`fo f rmfdeomfr md èfarfnkf ùrfotm md bemrrm (aen.
(aen. 2-<).
2-<).
◁ Re sm `mbe`m fkpdefr df eobeseòo f trfvås `md kfrnmo bjstfd hfbef md fl`jkmo, df eosmrbeòo `md èf-
arfnkf sm `mspmnf `m ajrkf rjkf mo prekmr dunfr `m df zjof `m èveseòo ` md kfrnmo bjstfd. Md kfrnmo
sm smbbejof bjo uof bezfddf pfrf bjsteddfs y md `mspmnfkemotj `md èfarfnkf bjkemozf mo mstm puotj.
◁ Rm rmsmbf uo rmljr`m
rmljr`m `m èfarfnkf guotj bjo df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf.
nfstrjmsjaænebf.
◁ Md tmrbej eoamrejr `md msòafnj sm èsmbf y sm rj`mf bjo uo `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm.
◁ Df èsmbbeòo `md kfonuetj næstrebj ms e`åotebf f df qum sm rmfdezf pjr dfpfrjtjkëf, sfdvj mo fdnuojs
fspmbtjs. Df èsmbbeòo sumdm bjkmozfr f oevmd `m dfs frtmrefs næstrebfs bjrtfs y sm bjoteo÷f hfstf df
burvfturf kfyjr `md mstòkfnj. Hfy qum prjburfr jlsmrvfr md eoebej `m df frtmref nfstrjmpepdjebf.
◁ Dfs f`hmrmobefs dfxfs mxestmotms motrm md pæobrmfs y df pfrm` pjstmrejr `md mstòkfnj sm smbbejofo bjo
md mdmbtrjlesturë.
◁ Df frtmref næstrebf ezquemr`f sm vesufdezf bjo afbede`f` kmèfotm mstm fljr`fgm.
fljr`fgm. Djs nfondejs deoaætebjs
qum rmbulrmo df frtmref y su lfsm sm `mspdfzfo hfbef df pemzf utedezfo`j èsmbbeòo bjrtfotm y df lfsm `m
df frtmref sm smbbejof bjo uof nrfpf`jrf mo`jvfsbudfr (nrfpfs `m <,= kk).
◁ Md denfkmotj nfstrjmpepdjebj sm smbbejof bjo uof bjkleofbeòo `m lesturë udtrfsòoebj (mo dfs ærmfs
nrumsfs) y mdmbtrjlesturë (mo dfs ærmfs aeofs).
◁ Re df fofstjkjses vf f rmfdezfrsm mo df pjrbeòo
pjrbeòo eoamrejr `md tòrfx (pjr `mlfgj `md oevmd `m df vmof pud-
kjofr eoamrejr), oj sumdm smr ombmsfref uof kfoejlrf `m Cjbhmr, y oj sm smbbejof df frtmref næstrebf
`mrmbhf.
Msjafnmbtjkëf tjrfbjfl`jk
tjrfbjfl`jkeofd
eofd ezquemr`f <2
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◁ Md msòafnj sm èsmbf f oevmd prjxekfd smpfræo`jdj `m df fjrtf. @mlmo denfrsm bjo bdeps dfs rfkfs frtm-
refdms `m nrfo bfdelrm. Djs jtrjs ljr`ms `m df èsmbbeòo sjo md pmrebfrèj y df pdmurf `mrmbhf, qum sumdm
mondjlfrsm mo df pemzf. Df èsmbbeòo prjxekfd sm rmfdezf bjo md jlgmtevj `m djnrfr uo kfrnmo prjxekfd
`m =-1 bk.
◁ Md kfonuetj næstrebj sm rmfdezf bjkj sm hf `msbretj mo md bfpëtudj 6, Msjafnmbtjkëf pjr trepdm fljr- fljr-
`fgm. Re èbhj kfonuetj `mlm kjvedezfrsm sòdj hfstf df pjrbeòo eoamrejr `md tòrfx, df frtmref næstrebf
`mrmbhf pum`m bjosmrvfrsm. Re mxestm tmoseòo trfs df kjvedezfbeòo fd tòrfx, sm smbbejof (aen.
( aen. 2-2).
2-2).
◁ Df fofstjkjses mo md tòrfx pum`m rmfdezfrsm bjkj sm hf `msbretj prmvefkmotm (fofstjkjses bjo suturf
kfoufd j MMF mo md bfpëtudj <, Msjafnmbtjkëf `m Evjr Dmwes). Pfkleåo sm pum`m rmfdezfr uof fofs-
tjkjses dftmrjdftmrfd j tmrkeojtmrkeofd auobejofd bjo nrfpf`jrf, bjkj sm `msbrelm mo md bfpëtudj 6
(aen. 2-0).
2-0).
◁ Re sm rmfdezf uof èsmbbeòo pjr `mtræs `md bfyf`j fòrtebj, hfy qum tmomr bue`f`j pfrf oj dmsejofr md
omrvej dfrëonmj rmburrmotm y md bjoùbtj tjræbebj. @mspuås `m bjkpdmtfr df fofstjkjses, sm b ulrm bjo
mpepdòo.
◁ Md kfonuetj næstrebj sm aegf `m ajrkf berbuoamrmobefd
berbuoamrmobefd fd heftj èfarfnkætebj bjo suturfs rmflsjrleldms
`m </9.
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, md èfarfnkf sm rmeosmrtf mo su setej mo df pfrm` tjræbebf bjo puotjs sumdtjs `m bjd-
bhjomrj hjrezjotfdms bjo hedj nrumsj (p. mg., sm`f `md 9).
◁ Md kfrnmo bjstfd sm rmfprjxekf
rmfprjxekf bjo uof suturf mo jbhj `m pjdeprjpedmoj
pjdeprjpedmoj `md o÷kmrj 6.
◁ Md fl`jkmo sm pum`m bmrrfr bjo uof sjdf bfpf `m pjdeèjxfojof j pjdeprjpedmoj `md o.¹ 6 j `md
o.¹ <, j bjo dfs bfpfs `m dfs afsbefs pjstmrejr y fotmrejr pjr smpfrf`j.
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, md tòrfx sm bemrrf bjo puotjs sumdtjs pfrfbjstfdms `m pjdendfbteof `md <, md smrrftj y md
`jrsfd fobhj bjo pjdendfbteof `md 9 kmèfotm suturf bjoteouf, df bfpf sulbutæomf bjo pjdendfbteof `m
</9 y df pemd bjo uof suturf eotrf`årkebf bjoteouf kmèfotm pjdendmbfprjof `m 2/9 j 0/9.
Msjafnmbtjkëf tjrfbjfl`jkeo
tjrfbjfl`jkeofd
fd ezquemr`f <=
Aenurf 2-2 Aenurf 2-0
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◁ Md pfbemotm sm pum`m mxtulfr mo queròafoj j pum`m kfotmomrsm eotulf`j se hfy prjldmkfs bjo md
bjotrjd `md `jdjr, uo mstf`j rmsperftjrej dëketm, uojs rmqumrekemotjs mdmvf`js `m dëque`js eotrfjpm-
rftjrejs j eomstflede`f` hmkjèoækebf. Rm `mlmrëf rmfdezfr uof lrjobjsbjpef fotms `m df mxtulfbeòo.
◁ Djs bue`f`js pjstjpmrftjrejs sjo sekedfrms f djs qum sm rmquemrmo mo jtrfs rmsmbbejoms msjaænebfs
trfostjræbebfs (v. bfp. 6).
◁ Hfy qum mstfr ftmotj f df fpfrebeòo `m aëstudfs fofstjkòtebfs, qum pum`mo kfoeamstfrsm bjo aemlrm,
dmubjbetjses, hepjtmoseòo, bjoauseòo j `rmofgm `m uo kftmrefd purudmotj pjr md `rmofgm tjræbebj.
◁ ]of aëstudf eotrftjræbebf `mlmrëf jldenfr f rmeotmrvmoer `m eokmèftj fd pfbemotm pfrf su rmpfrfbeòo.
◁ Djs `rmofgms `m Ldfcm sm rmterfo `mspuås `m bjkprjlfr df fusmobef `m aëstudf mo md træosetj
træosetj lfretf`j
rmfdezf`j md 1.¹->.¹ `ëf `m pjstjpmrftjrej.
◁ Bufo`j md èfarfnkf sm `mspmnf `m sus eosmrbejoms dftmrfdms f df pfrm` tjræbebf, `mlmrëfo `mgfrsm fd
kmojs < bk mo èbhf pfrm`, dj qum fyu`fræ f bmrrfr md èfarfnkf.
◁ ]of eobeseòo pmreaårebf mo md èfarfnkf rmspmtfræ dfs rfkfs `md omrvej aråoebj y bjosmrvfræ df auobeòo
èfarfnkætebf.
◁ Df zjof `m smbbeòo `md kfrnmo bjstfd temom remsnj `m kfdf bebftrezfbeòo y `jdjr `jdjr bròoebj. Md kfrnmo
sm pum`m smbbejofr `m ajrkf bjrtfotm bjo md mdmbtrjlesturë j bjo uof bezfddf pfrf bjsteddfs, y `mlmrëf
rmfprjxekfrsm `m ajrkf bue`f`jsf utedezfo`j uof suturf nrum sf oj rmflsjrleldm, bjkj pjdeprjpedmoj
`md 6.
◁ F kmè`f qum sm rmfdezf df èsmbbeòo `m df burvfturf kfyjr,
kfyjr, bjkmozfo`j f oevmd `m dfs frtmrefs næs-
trebfs bjrtfs y prjnrmsfo`j hfbef md pëdjrj, hfy qum tmomr bue`f`j pfrf e`moteaebfr md eoebej `m df frtmref
nfstrjmpepdjebf y èsmbfr mo uof zjof setuf`f fd kmojs f < bk dftmrfdkmotm f df frtmref.
◁ Re hfy qum kjvedezfr md msòafnj pjr `mtræs `md bfyf`j fòrtebj, sm `mlmrëf prjburfr oj dmsejofr md bjo-
ùbtj tjræbebj, qum èsburrm pjr `mtræs `m df frtmref su lbdfvef. Rm `mlmrëf rmfdezfr df denfùrf sestmkæ-
tebf `m df rmneòo `md bjoùbtj tjræbebj f oevmd èfarfnkætebj se sm ddmvf f bflj uo f èsmbbeòo `mtræs `md
bfyf`j.
Leldejnrfaëf
6. Neoslmrn \. Dmat thjrfbjfl`jkeofd bmrvebfd fpprjfbh.

fpprjfbh. Eo7 Ymfrsjo AN, m`. Msjphfnmfd surnmry.<o`
surnmry.<o` m`. Yhedf`mdphef7 Bhurbhedd Deveons-
tjom3 <99<.
<. Deo`mo Y,
Y, Rwfosjo R. Msjphfnmfd
Msjphf nmfd rmsmbtejo
rmsmbt ejo fo` rmpdfbmkmot.
rmpdfbmkm ot. Eo7 Rmddcm A,
A, `md Oe`j Y,
Y, Rwfosjo R, m`s. Rflestjo fo` Rpmobmr surnmry ja thm
.>th m`. Yhedf`mdphef7 Mdsmvemr Rfuo`mrs3 <99=.
bhmst.>th
bhmst
BFYËP]DJ
0
Msjafnmbtjkëf trfosheftfd
Yhedep F. Deo`mo, K@, AFBR, ABBY y Kftthmw J. Hullfr`, K@
◁ Md kmgjr trftfkemotj pfrf djs pfbemotms bjo tukjrms vjdukeojsjs `md tmrbej
tmrbej kmèj `md msòafnj, sjlrm
tj`j djs qum hfo rmbele`j quekejrrfèjtmrfpef omjf`yuvfotm, sm rmfdezf kmèfotm uo fljr`fgm trfos-
tjræbebj.
◁ Md fljr`fgm trfosheftfd ms ÷ted pfrf djs pfbemotms bjo uof kfdf auobeòo rmsperftjref (QMKR 46 detrj j
4=9% `md vfdjr tmòrebj).
◁ Mo md fljr`fgm trfosheftfd sm rmsmbf uo prjkmèj

prjkmèj kmojr `m nfondejs deoaætebjs, mo bjkpfrfbeòo bjo
md fljr`fgm trfostjræbebj, fuoqum oj mstæ `mkjstrf`j qum mstj bjoaemrf fdnuof vmotfgf mo buf otj f df
supmrvevmobef.
◁ Mo djs pfbemotms bjo tukjrms `md tmrbej kmèj `md msòafnj (setuf`js f kæs `m 2< bk `m djs eobesevjs),
md fljr`fgm kæs smobeddj ms md trfostjræbebj.
◁ Djs pfbemotms bjo fbfdfsef mo afsm tmrkeofd temomo uo msòafnj èdftf`j y tjrtujsj bjo vfsjs pmrem-
sjaænebjs fukmotf`js `m bfdelrm. Mo mstm bjotmxtj, df msjafnmbtjkëf trfosheftfd ms bjkpdebf`f y df
èsmbbeòo trfostjræbebf pum`m smr kæs smobeddf.
◁ Df quekejrrfèjtmrfpef omjf`yuvfotm `m djs tukjrms `m df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf (NM) oj ms uof bjo-
trfeoèbfbeòo pfrf mstm fljr`fgm, pums mstf zjof sm vesufdezf lemo `ms`m md fl`jkmo.
◁ Mo djs pfbemotms bjo uof kfdf auobeòo bfr`ëfbf
bfr`ëfbf j bjo mstmojses fòrtebf, dj kmgjr ms rmfdezfr df rmsmb-
beòo kmèfotm uo fljr`fgm trfostjræbebj pfrf mvetfr df hepjtmoseòo pmrejpmrftjref.
◁ Md fljr`fgm trfosheftfd sumdm usfrsm pfrf rmstfldmbmr df bjoteoue`f` nfstrjeotmsteofd
nfstrjeotmsteofd mo djs pfbemotms
sjkmte`js f uof mxmotmrfbeòo bmrvebfd.

◁ Md pfbemotm sm bjdjbf mo `mb÷letj supeoj bjo fkljs lrfzjs f djs df`js. Rm bjdjbf uo pmqumöj rjèddj
lfgj djs hjklrjs y df bflmzf sm nerf f df `mrmbhf. Md fl`jkmo, df zjof fotmrejr `m fkljs hmketòrfx
y df rmneòo ezquemr`f `md bumddj sm prmpfrfo `m ajrkf mståred. Rm rmfdezf uof dfpfrjtjkëf kmèf bjkj
sm hf `msbretj mo md bfpëtudj 6.
© <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs <>

d
6. @esmbbeòo `md msòafnj m eobeseòo bmr vebfd
◁ @mspuås `m kjvedezfr md kfonuetj næstrebj

næstrebj bjkj sm `msbrelm mo md bfpëtudj 6, sm rmfdezf md fljr`fgm
`md heftj. Yfrf djs tukjrms P< j kmojrms, ms fbmptfldm èsmbfr djs pedfrms èfarfnkætebjs y smpfrfr-
smpfrfr-
djs `md msòafnj. Df èsmbbeòo sumdm bjkmozfrsm pjr df `mrmbhf y prjsenum mo smote`j fotmrejr f dj dfr-
nj `md df`j ezquemr`j `md msòafnj, qum ms mo rmfde`f` df rfkf ezquemr`f `md pedfr `mrmbhj.
◁ Yfrf djs tukjrms vjdukeojsjs j djs P2, md heftj `mlmrëf eobeèrsm f 6 bk `md tukjr y `mlmrëf mondj-
lfrsm uo rmljr`m `m èfarfnkf bjo df pemzf. Df vmof aråoebf, qumqu m èsburrm mo smote`j fotmrejr, `mlmrëf
denfrsm. Mo md df`j `mrmbhj, df vmof bfvf sm djbfdezf f vfrejs bmotëkmtrjs `md msòafnj.
◁ Rm pum`m utedezfr uo lesturë udtrfsòoebj pfrf smbbejofr tj`fs dfs eosmrbejoms veseldms `ms`m md fl`j-
kmo. Dfs rfkfs frtmrefdms `m nrfo bfdelrm prjbm`motms `m df fjrtf `mlmrëfo denfrsm bjo bdeps. Djs smpf-
rf`jrms `m @mfvmr sjo ÷tedms pfrf djnrfr df mxpjsebeòo. F kmè`f qum sm prjsenum mo smote`j brfomfd,
djs smpfrf`jrms `m @mfvmr sm mkpdmfo pfrf smpfrfr md pedfr mo uo smote`j y sm pum`m mkpdmfr uof
peozf dfrnf y nrfo`m `m æonudj rmbtj j Hfrcmo `md o.¹ 6 pfrf smpfrfr md msòafnj mo md smote`j bjo-
trfrej, f kmè`f qum md fyu`fotm utedezf uo lesturë udtrfsòoebj pfrf smbbejofr dfs f`hmrmobefs hfstf md
oevmd `m df bfreof.
◁ Mo mstm kjkmotj, sm rmfdezf df eobeseòo mo df zjof ezquemr`f `md bumddj, bjkj sm `msbrelm mo md bfpë-
tudj 6, Msjafnmbtjkëf pjr trepdm fljr`fgm, f mxbmpbeòo `m qum df èsmbbeòo `md msòafnj pfrf smpfrfrdj
`m df træqumf y djs omrvejs rmburrmotms f÷o oj sm hfyf rmfdezf`j mo md tòrfx (aen.
( aen. 0-6).
0-6).
◁ Md mstmrojbdme`jkfstje`mj y df vfeof bfrjtë`mf sm smpfrfo mo smote`j dftmrfd y md fyu`fotm `mspdfzf
bjo uo `m`j md terje`ms y df træqumf mo smote`j kmèfd. Df vmof terje`mf kmèf sm denf y smbbejof. Md
jkjheje`mj sumdm smbbejofrsm bjo md mdmbtrjlesturë.
◁ Md msòafnj sm e`moteaebf setuf`j pjr `mtræs `m df træqumf y pjr `mdfotm `m df bjdukof vmrtmlrfd. Df
sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf sm pfdpf mo su eotmrejr. Md msòafnj sm smpfrf kmèfotm èsmbbeòo bjrtfotm bjo tegm-
rfs `m Kmtzmolfuk. Df èsmbbeòo `mlm rmfdezfrsm gustj sjlrm md msòafnj pfrf mvetfr djs omrvejs dfrëo-
nmjs rmburrmotms (aen.
(aen. 0-<).
0-<).
◁ Md msòafnj sm rj`mf bjo uo `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm y sm mambt÷f uof èsmbbeòo mo smote`j èstfd y prjxe-
kfd.
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof èsmbbeòo rjkf
rjkf berbuoamrmobefd `md msòafnj
msòafnj hfbef df uoeòo bmrvebjtjræbebf.
◁ @urfotm df èsmbbeòo `md msòafnj eotrftjræbebj, md berugfoj `mlm pj`mr vmr df nræaebf `m prmseòo frtm-
refd. Df èsmbbeòo pjstmrejr fd msòafnj mo md pdfoj prmvmrtmlrfd sumdm smr df kæs aæbed y sm rmfdezf mo pre-
kmr dunfr. Yjr dj nmomrfd, df èsmbbeòo sm rmfdezf bjo df bfrf pfdkfr `m df puotf
pu otf `m djs `m`js bjotrf md
msòafnj. Md berugfoj, setuf`j f df `mrmbhf `md pfbemotm, eotrjùbm df kfoj `mrmbhf `mtræs `md msòafnj
hfbef md tòrfx. F kmou`j, df kfoj ezquemr`f `md berugfoj ms `mkfsef`j nrfo`m pfrf eotrjùberdf mo
md tòrfx `ms`m frrelf, y mo su dunfr sm mkpdmf uof tjruo`f kjotf`f mo uof vfreddf. Df puotf `m djs
`m`js `m df kfoj `mrmbhf y df tjruo`f bjo df vfreddf sm mobumotrfo mo md kmèfsteoj. Md tmge`j dfxj
qum sm eotmrpjom sm èsnrmnf kmèfotm uo kjvekemotj `m arebbeòo `m df`j f df`j, y djs `js t÷omdms sm
uomo (aen.
(aen. 0-2).
0-2).
Msjafnmbtjkëf trfosheftfd <5
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◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, sm rmfdezf uof èsmbbeòo rjkf `ms`m frrelf y `ms`m flfgj. Hfy qum tmomr uo bue`f`j
mspmbefd bmrbf `m df bfreof. Md msòafnj sm smpfrf `m df pjrbeòo kmklrfojsf `m df træqumf kmèfotm uo
kjvekemotj sufvm `m df`j f df`j. Fuoqum sm pum`m usfr uof mspjogf pfrf df èsmbbeòo fotmrejr `md
msòafnj `ms`m frrelf, rmsudtf kæs trfoquedezf`jr pfrf md berugfoj tmomr fklfs kfojs mo md tòrfx pfrf
df èsmbbeòo motrm md msòafnj y df træqumf (aen.
(aen. 0-0).
0-0).
◁ @mspuås `m bjkpdmtfr djs pdfojs fotmrejr y pjstmrejr,
pjstmrejr, md berugfoj eosmrtf df kfoj `mrmbhf `ms`m flfgj
pjr `mdfotm `md msòafnj, hfstf ddmnfr fd puotj `m df èsmbbeòo berbuoamrmobefd rmfdezf`f `ms`m md bumddj.
Bjo md pudnfr y md ëoèbm sm rj`mf md msòafnj y sm pmrajrfo dfs eosmrbejoms dftmrfdms bjo df bjdukof
vmrtmlrfd, qum sm rmsmbfo. @urfotm mstf afsm `m df jpmrfbeòo, mxestm remsnj pfrf djs omrvejs rmburrmotms,
df vmof æzenjs y dfs rfkfs `m åstf. Md berugfoj `mlm kfotmomr djs `m`js gustj f`yfbmotms fd msòafnj.
Rm `mlm supjomr qum dfs lfo`fs kæs rëne`fs setuf`fs f df `mrmbhf `md msòafnj, bmrbf `m df bfreof, sjo
pfrtm `m df vmof æzenjs y `mlmo trftfrsm bjo bue`f`j (aen.
( aen. 0-=).
0-=).
◁ Bufo`j sm brmm hflmr bjkpdmtf`j df èsmbbeòo, sm sugmtfo djs tmrbejs supmrejr m eoamrejr `md msòafnj
pfrf vmreaebfr qum mstæ kòved mo su tjtfde`f` y qum sm `mspdfzf bjo delmrtf`. Bufo`j mstj ms fsë, df
èsmbbeòo sm hf bjkpdmtf`j.
<. Mdmvfbeòo `md kfonuetj næstrebj y fofstjkjses bmrvebfd
◁ Rjo e`åotebfs f dfs `m df tåboebf `m trepdm fljr`fgm

fljr`fgm `msbretf mo md bfpëtudj 6.
◁ Md pjstjpmrftjrej ms sekedfr fd `msbretj mo md bfpëtudj 6. Bufdquemr fofstjkjses bmrvebfd bjoddmvf uo

remsnj pfrf md omrvej rmburrmotm, pjr dj qum df auobeòo `m dfs bumr`fs vjbfdms `mlmrëf mvfdufrsm `m
ajrkf bue`f`jsf mo djs prekmrjs `ëfs `md pjstjpmrftjrej.
Msjafnmbtjkëf trfosheftfd 26

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2< Rmbbeòo E Msòafnj
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◁ Re sm mobumotrfo èaebudtf`ms senoeaebftevfs fd smpfrfr md msòafnj `m df træqumf kmèfotm èsmbbeòo

rjkf, ms kæs smnurj bmrrfr `m ajrkf tmkpjrfd dfs eobesejoms fl`jkeofd y bmrvebfd (bjo peozfs `m
bfkpj), bjdjbfr md pfbemotm mo `mb÷letj dftmrfd ezquemr`j y èsmbfr md msòafnj pjr uof tjrfbjtjkëf
`mrmbhf.
◁ Re sm pmrajrf df bfrf kmklrfojsf `m df træqumf ùrfotm df èsmbbeòo trfosheftfd,
trfosheftfd, md tulj mo`jtrfqumfd
sm fvfozf bjo sufve`f` hfbef md lrjoquej preobepfd ezquemr`j (md berugfoj fyu`f bjo su `m`j f rmfde-
zfr mstf kfoejlrf, pums md tulj mo`jtrfqumfd temo`m `m ajrkf ofturfd f èrenersm fd lrjoquej preobepfd
`mrmbhj) y sm rmfdezf uof tjrfbjtjkëf `mrmbhf.
◁ Hfy qum tmomr bue`f`j fd rmsmbfr dfs eosmrbejoms dftmrfdms setuf`fs f df `mrmbhf `md msòafnj bmrbf `m df
bfreof. Df vmof æzenjs y sus rfkfs prmsmotfo md remsnj `m `msnfrrfrsm mo mstf zjof.
◁ Hfy qum mstfr ftmotj f df pdmurf mo fkljs df`js `m df èsmbbeòo. Re sm pmrajrf df pdmurf `m ajrkf
eotrfjpmrftjref, sm `mlmrëf bjdjbfr uo `rmofgm tjræbebj mo msm df`j fotms `m df mxtulfbeòo.
Leldejnrfaëf
6. Bhu C, Dfw R, ^jon

^jon G, mt fd. F prjspmbtevm rfo`jkezm` bjkpfresj o ja trfosheftfd fo` trfosthjrfbeb rmsmbtejo ajr djwmr-ther` msjphfnmfd
bfrbeojkf. Fk G Rurn 655>3 6>07 2<9-2<0.
<. Njd`keob K, Kf``mro N, DmYresm M, mt fd. Jmsjphfnmbtjky ly f trfosheftfd fpprjfbh jr thjrfbjtjky7 f prjspmbtevm rfo`jkezm` trefd.
Lr G Rurn 65523 89721>-2>1.
2. Hudsbhmr G, Pegssmo G, Dfosbhjt G. Prfosthjrfb eb vmrsus trfosheftfd rmsmbtejo ajr bfrbeojkf ja thm msjphfnus7 f kmtf-fofdyses . Foo Phjr Rurn
Prfosthjrfbeb Rurn
<9963 ><7291-262.
0. Hudsbhmr G, Qfo Rfoèbc G, Qfo Dfosbhjt G. Mxtmo`m` trfosthjrf beb rmsmbtejo bjkpfrm ` weth deketm` trfosheftfd rmsmbtejo ajr f`mojbfrb e-
ojkf ja thm msjphfnus. O Mond G Km` <99<3 20>7611<-6115.
=. Jrreonmr KL. Msjphfnmbt
Msjphfnmbtjky
jky wethjut thjrfbjtjk
thjrfbjtjkyy. G Phjrfb Bfrèjvfsb Rurn 65>83 >17102.
Pmbhoebfd fe`s eo pmrajrkeon trfosheftfd msjphfnmbt jky wethjut thjrfbjtjky. Foo Phjrfb Rurn 65803 2876<8.
1. Jrreonmr KL. Pmbhoebfd
>. Jrreonmr K, Kfrshfdd L, Efoomttjoe K. Prfosheftfd msjphfnmbtjky7 bdeoebfd mxpmre mobm fo` rmaeomkmots. Foo Rurn 65553 <29725<-092.
jmsjphfnmbt jky7 es thmrm f èaamrmobm: Fust O W G Rurn 65553 15768>-650.
8. \eo`foe \, Kfrteo B, Bjx K. Prfosheftfd vmrsus Evj r-Dmwes jmsjphfnmbtjky7
BFYËP]DJ
=
Msjafnmbtjkëf
këoekfkm
këoe kfkmotm
otm eov
eovfsev
fsevf
f
◁ Df msjafnmbtjkëf këoekfkmotm eovfsevf rmburrm f df tjrfbjsbjpef, df dfpfrjsbjpef

dfpfrjsbjpef j f fklfs pfrf df
èsmbbeòo y rmbjostrubbeòo `md msòafnj.
◁ Rm pum`m utedezfr uof nrfpf`jrf MMF pfrf rmfdezfr df fofstjkjses mo md tòrfx, j sm pum`m trfbbejofr
`md kfonuetj hfstf md bumddj pfrf rmfdezfr uof fofstjkjses bmrvebfd. Mo mstm bfpëtudj sm `msbrelm md
mquevfdmotm `md trepdm fljr`fgm.
◁ Df èsmbbeòo tjrfbjsbòpebf bjkleof djs lmomaebejs `m uo vfbefkemotj nfondejofr deoaætebj mxhfustevj
mo md tòrfx bjo uo nrf`j kmojr `m kjdmstefs rmspmbtj fd jlsmrvf`j mo df tjrfbjtjkëf flemrtf.
◁ Mo djs pfbemotms bjo tukjrms vjdukeojsjs j bjo omjpdfsefs `md tmrbej
tmrbej kmèj msjaænebj (qum bjotfb-
tmo bjo df træqumf) ms kmgjr rmfdezfr uo fbbmsj pjr tjrfbjtjkëf flemrtf.
◁ Df bfpfbe`f` pfrf tjdmrfr df fomstmsef `m uo sòdj pudkòo ms msmobefd pfrf djnrfr uof vesufdezfbeòo
f`mbuf`f ùrfotm df èsmbbeòo tjrfbjsbòpebf. Yjr dj nmomrfd, mstj oj rmsudtf prmjbupfotm eobdusj mo
pfbemotms bjo uo QMKR lfgj, f kmojs qum rmbelfo jxenmojtmrfpef prmjpmrftjref.

6. Pjrfbjsbjpef
◁ Md pfbemotm sm bjdjbf mo `mb÷letj dftmrfd ezquemr`j y sm eobdeof hfbef `mdfotm uojs 6=-<9 nrf`js. Rm
rmfdezfo uofs eobesejoms `m tjrfbjsbjpef bjo fyu`f `m uof peozf foudfr qum sm eosmrtf f trfvås `m df
pemd y sm utedezf pfrf smpfrfr djs tmge`js. Dfs bfpfs kusbudfrms sm bfutmrezfo `m ajrkf bue`f`jsf.
© <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs 22

d
◁ Rm bjdjbf uo trjbfr `m 69 kk pfrf df bækfrf mo df dëomf fxedfr kmèf, fprjxekf`fkmotm mo md såptekj

mspfbej eotmrbjstfd. Mstf prekmrf eobeseòo `mlmrëf rmfdezfrsm lfgj veseòo èrmbtf bjo uof motrf`f rjkf
f trfvås `m df pdmurf pfrf mvetfr dmsejoms `md pudkòo sulyfbmotm bjo md mdmbtrjlesturë.
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof eobeseòo `m 69 kk fprjxekf`fkmotm mo md 0.¹ mspfbej eotmrbjstfd, mo df dëomf fxedfr
fotmrejr.
◁ Rm mambt÷f jtrf eobeseòo `m 69 kk mo md 8.¹ j 5.¹ mspfbej eotmrbjstfd, fdeomf`f bjo df puotf `m df msbæ-
pudf.
◁ Rm bjdjbf uo trjbfr `m = kk gustj `mlfgj `m df puotf `m df msbæpudf, fprjxekf`fkmotm mo md 1.¹ j >.¹
mspfbej eotmrbjstfd (aens.
(aens. =-6 y =-<).
=-<).
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof suturf mo`jsbòpebf `md 9 mo md tmo`òo bmotrfd `md èfarfnkf y sm mxtmrejrezf pjr uof
pmqumöf eobeseòo rmfdezf`f bjo md lesturë mo md 8.¹ mspfbej eotmrbjstfd fotmrejr pfrf smpfrfr md èf-
arfnkf mo smote`j eoamrejr.
◁ Md pudkòo sm smpfrf mo smote`j fotmrejr bjo uo smpfrf`jr `m flfoebj eotrjùbe`j f trfvås `md trjbfr
`md 0.¹ mspfbej eotmrbjstfd.
◁ Df kfyjr pfrtm `m df eobeseòo sm rmfdezf bjo uof peozf `m prmoseòo `m = kk eotrjùbe`f
eotrjùbe`f pjr md trjbfr
setuf`j gustj lfgj df puotf `m df msbæpudf, y dfs tegmrfs udtrfsòoebfs j uo fpdebf`jr `m bdeps `m 69 kk
sm eosmrtfo pjr md trjbfr pjstmrjeoamrejr.
◁ Md denfkmotj pudkjofr eoamrejr sm smbbejof bjo md mdmbtrjlesturë.
◁ Df pdmurf setuf`f pjr `mtræs `md msòafnj sm eobe`m bjo uo nfobhj `m mdmbtrjbfutmrej f dj dfrnj `md
msòafnj.
◁ Kmèfotm uofs peozfs ftrfukætebfs, sm trfbbejof `md msòafnj mo smote`j fotmrejr.
fotmrejr.
◁ Pj`fs dfs rfkfs frtmrefdms y md tmge`j deoaætebj mo setufbeòo pjstmrejr fd msòafnj sm denfo bjo bdeps `m
69 kk.
◁ Md lesturë udtrfsòoebj sm utedezf pjr `mdfotm `m djs bdeps.
◁ Md tmrbej eoamrejr `md msòafnj sm smpfrf mo smote`j pjstmrejr y md lesturë frkòoebj sm mkpdmf pfrf èsm-
bfr md tmge`j pmremsjaænebj smpfræo`jdj `md pmrebfrèj.
◁ Md msòafnj sm mdmvf pfrf rj`mfrdj
rj`mfrdj bjo uo `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm qum pum`m fou`frsm j nrfpfrsm.
◁ Md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm sm sugmtf f trfvås `md pumrtj `m = kk y df èsmbbeòo bjo md lesturë udtrfsòoebj
prjsenum mo smote`j brfomfd. Hfy qum tmomr bue`f`j f oevmd `m df bfreof y df træqumf. Yjr dj nmomrfd, md
df`j fesdf`j `m dfs tegmrfs udtrfsòoebfs `mlmrëf setufrsm guotj f df træqumf bufo`j sm rmfdebm uof èsmb-
beòo mo sus bmrbfoëfs.
◁ Df vmof æzenjs sm delmrf kmèfotm èsmbbeòo bjo uo eostrukmotj nrfo`m `m æonudj rmbtj rmbtj y sm smbbejof
bjo uof nrfpf`jrf mo`jvfsbudfr.
◁ Djs omrvejs vfnjs f mstm oevmd sm e`moteaebfo y sm smpfrfo `md msòafnj.
◁ Md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm sm bjdjbf
bjdjbf mo smote`j brfomfd motrm djs omrvejs vfnjs.
◁ Df èsmbbeòo prjsenum hfstf md oevmd `m df uoeòo bmrvebjtjræbebf y md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm fou`f`j sm
`mgf mo èbhf uoeòo f dj dfrnj `m df bjdukof vmrtmlrfd.
◁ Rm bjdjbf jtrj `rmofgm
`rmofgm `m Ymorjsm pfrf smpfrfrdj, y df èsmbbeòo bjoteo÷f hfbef md èfarfnkf, qum
oj sm flrm, pfrf pmrketer uo omukjpmretjomj f`mbuf`j ùrfotm df afsm dfpfrjsbòpebf `m df èsmbbeòo.
◁ Rm bjdjbf uo `rmofgm tjræbebj rmbtj `md bfdelrm <8 `m Armobh, fd qum sm rmfdezf
rmfdezf uo jreaebej dftmrfd fè-
bejofd, sm rmeosuadf md pudkòo y djs pumrtjs sm bemrrfo bjo uof suturf `m </9 mo df bfpf `md `jrsfd
fobhj, bjo suturf `m </9 mo df bfpf sulbutæomf y bjo hedj `m 2/9 j 0/9 mo df pemd kmèfotm suturf
eotrf`årkebf.
Bfpëtudj = d Msjafnmbtjkëf këoekfkmotm eovfsevf 2=
Aenurf =-6
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<. Dfpfrjsbjpef
◁ Md pfbemotm sm bjdjbf mo `mb÷letj supeoj y djs lrfzjs sm aegfo. Rm fpdebf uo tfldmrj fdkjhfèddf`j pfrf
djs pems y md pfbemotm
pfbem otm sm set÷f mo pjsebeòo fote-P
fote-Prmo`mdmolurn,
rmo`mdmolurn, bjo mxtmoseòo `md bum ddj. Md berugfoj sm
set÷f f df `mrmbhf `md pfbemotm.
◁ Rm utedezfo beobj trjbfrms
trjbfrms fl`jkeofdms.
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof eobeseòo `m 6< kk mqueèstfotm `m df dëomf kmèf y ` m df dëomf kmèjbdfvebudfr, mo
df pjrbeòo supmrejr `md fl`jkmo. Df afsbef fotmrejr y pjstmrejr, fsë bjkj md pmretjomj sm flrmo bjo
èsmbbeòo bjrtfotm.
◁ Rm bjdjbfo uojs trjbfrms fèbejofdms `m = kk dftmrfdkmotm f df `mrmbhf (pfrf smpfrfr md hënf` j),
armotm fd trjbfr `m 6< kk mo df ezquemr`f, y mo pjsebeòo sulbjstfd fdtf tfotj f df `mrmbhf bjkj f df
ezquemr`f (aen.
(aen. =-2).
=-2).
◁ Md dòludj ezquemr`j `md hënf`j sm smpfrf hfbef df pfrm` fotmrejr `md fl`jkmo bjo uo smpfrf`jr admxe-
ldm j kmtædebj.
◁ Rm bjdjbf uof bækfrf `m = kk y 29 nrf`js f trfvås `md trjbfr ezquemr`j kæs kmèfd (pum`m bfklefrsm
bjo md trjbfr dftmrfd se ms prmbesj ùrfotm md prjbmèkemotj).
◁ Md lesturë udtrfsòoebj sm mkpdmf pfrf smbbejofr md denfkmotj nfstrjhmpætebj
nfstrjhmpætebj hfstf md pedfr `mrmbhj `md
èfarfnkf. Md pedfr oj sm èsmbf pjr bjkpdmtj mo mstf afsm pfrf bjosmrvfr md omukjpmretjomj.
◁ Djs vfsjs næstrebjs bjrtjs sm smbbejofo bjo md lesturë frkòoebj. Df rmulebfbeòo `m df bækfrf mo md
trjbfr `md hepjbjo`rej ezquemr`j afbedetf df vesufdezfbeòo `m djs vfsjs næstrebjs bjrtjs kæs fdtjs.
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, df èsmbbeòo prjsenum mo smote`j eoamrejr f dj dfrnj `m df burvfturf kfyjr, prjbu-
rfo`j pmrkfombmr f uof èstfobef `m fd kmojs < bk `m df frtmref nfstrjmpepdjebf `mrmbhf.
◁ Md mstòkfnj sm smpfrf mo smote`j fotmrejr y sm smbbejofo dfs f`hmrmobefs. Df frtmref næstrebf ezquemr`f
sm peozf y sm smbbejof bjo uof nrfpf`jrf mo`jvfsbudfr. Md dfte`j `m df frtmref nfstrjmpepdjebf `mlmrëf
vesufdezfrsm `mspuås `m mstm peozfkemotj, fotms `m èspfrfr df nrfpf`jrf.
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof kfoejlrf `m Cjbhmr, smpfrfo`j tj`fs dfs vësbmrfs f df ezquemr`f `md pfbemotm. Dfs tegm-
rfs udtrfsòoebfs sm pum`mo mkpdmfr pfrf sugmtfr bjo bue`f`j y smbbejofr dfs eosmrbejoms dftmrfdms `md
ùj`moj. Rm pum`m rmfdezfr uof èsmbbeòo fèbejofd kmèfotm uo lfrre`j sufvm y rjkj hfstf qum
md ùj`moj sm kjvedezf pjr bjkpdmtj.
◁ Rm pum`m mambtufr uof pedjrjpdfstef bjdjbfo`j `js suturfs mo`jvfsbudfrms `m </9 `m smpfrfbeòo,
flremo`j md pëdjrj djonetuèofdkmotm bjo dfs tegmrfs frkòoebfs y bmrrfo`j df pedjrjpdfstef mo smote`j
trfosvmrsfd bjo suturfs mo`jvfsbudfrms `m </9 (puotjs sumdtjs).
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo sm rmterf df sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf.
◁ Md kfonuetj næstrebj sm brmf rmfdezfo`j mo prekmr dunfr uo èspfrj `m uof nrfpf`jrf mo`jvfsbudfr f
trfvås `m df frtmref næstrebf `mrmbhf hfstf md ljr`m `m df burvfturf kmojr `md mstòkfnj.
◁ Rm eotrjùbm uof nrfpf`jrf `m tmge`js nrumsjs (nrfpfs `m 0,8 kk) y md kfonuetj næstrebj sm brmf
kmèfotm èspfrjs smbumobefdms. Rm pum`m eosmrtfr uo pumrtj fèbejofd `m 6= kk mo md hepjbjo`rej
`mrmbhj pfrf eotrjùber df nrfpf`jrf.
Bfpëtudj = d Msjafnmbtjkëf këoekfkmotm eovfsevf 2>
Aenurf =-2
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◁ Df puotf `md kfonuetj næstrebj sm aegf f df bfrf eoamrejr `m df pemzf msjafnjnæstrebf bjo `js suturfs
mo`jvfsbudfrms mo jbhj.
◁ Rm e`moteaebf uo puotj mo md ymyuoj f 29-09 bk mo smote`j èstfd `md denfkmotj `m Prmetz,Prmetz, y sm mkpdmf
pfrf aegfr md ymyuoj f df pfrm` fotmrejr `md fl`jkmo.
◁ Rm mkpdmf uo cet `m ymyuojstjkëf pmrbutæomf pfrf eotrjùber
eotrjùber df fnugf prekmrj mo md pmretjomj, gustj
pjr `mlfgj `m df suturf, y `mspuås mo md ymyuoj. Md bftåtmr sm eotrjùbm mo md ymyuoj.
◁ Md ymyuoj sm aegf bjo vfrefs suturfs berbuoamrmobefdms f df pfrm` fl`jkeofd y bjo uof suturf fèbejofd
f < bk `m df ymyuojstjkëf pfrf mvetfr su tjrseòo.
◁ Df èsmbbeòo `m djs pedfrms `md èfarfnkf
èfarfnkf sm rmfdezf mo ÷dtekj dunfr.
dunfr. Df flmrturf `m djs pedfrms sm mosfobhf.
2. Eobeseòo bmrvebfd
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof eobeseòo mo bjddfr `m 1 bk `ms`m df msbjtfùrf suprfmstmrofd, bjo mxtmoseòo mo smote`j
supmrejr f dj dfrnj `md ljr`m fotmrejr `md k÷sbudj mstmrojbdme`jkfstje`mj.
◁ Md pdfteskf sm smbbejof y sm rmfdezf uof èsmbbeòo rjkf hfstf df bjdukof vmrtmlrfd pfrf djbfdezfr md
`rmofgm `m Ymorjsm.
◁ Md msòafnj sm mdmvf hfbef df eobeseòo.
◁ Md msòafnj sm smbbejof bjo uof nrfpf`jrf NEF y sm trfbbejof `m df pemzf pfrf mxtrfmrdf pjr md bumddj
bjo fyu`f dfpfrjsbòpebf, qum nuëf md kfonuetj f trfvås `md heftj.
◁ Df fofstjkjses pum`m rmfdezfrsm kmèfotm suturf kfoufd bjo hedj `m 2/9 j 0/9, bjo uof nrfpf`jrf
MMF `m <= kk j bjo df tåboebf `msbretf mo md bfpëtudj 6.
Bfpëtudj = d Msjafnmbtjkëf
Msjafnmbtjkëf këoekfkmotm eovfsevf 25
◁ Md pjstjpmrftjrej ms sekedfr fd `msbretj mo md bfpëtudj 6.

◁ Df sjo`f `m ymyuojstjkëf `m pmqumöj bfdelrm eosmrtf`f f trfvås `m uof fnugf sm jlstruym
jlstruym bjo afbede-
`f` y oj `mlmrëf utedezfrsm pfrf df kmèbfbeòo, seoj tfo sòdj pfrf df fdekmotfbeòo y md fnuf.
◁ Rm `mlm rmterfr df sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf fotms `m nrfpfr

nrfpfr md mstòkfnj j md msòafnj.
◁ Md heftj èfarfnkætebj oj `mlmrëf èsmbfrsm f trfvås `md tòrfx j `md fl`jkmo hfstf qum aeofdebm df
èsmbbeòo dfpfrjsbòpebf pfrf bjosmrvfr md omukjpmretjomj.
◁ Md tmge`j deoaætebj pjstmrejr fd msòafnj `mlmrëf denfrsm bjo bdeps `jo`m smf ombmsfrej pfrf mvetfr dfs
aëstudfs quedjsfs.
Leldejnrfaëf
Fdvmdj-\ev mrf K, Lumofvmoturf Y, mt fd. Keoekfddy eovfsevm msjphfnmbtjky 7 jutbjkms eo <<< pftemots. Foo Phjrfb Rurn <9923
6. Duecmtebh G, Fdvmdj-\evmrf
<287081-05=.
<. Onuymo O, Ajddmttm @, Dmkjeom Y, Y, mt fd. Keoekfddy eovfsevm Evjr Dmwes msjphfnm btjky. Foo Phjrfb Rurn <9963 ><7=52-=51.
2. Rwfostrjk D, Hfosmo Y. Y. Dfpfrjsbjpeb tjtfd msjphfn mbtjky. Frbh Rurn 655>3 62<7502-505.
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BFYËP]DJ
1
Auo`jpdebfturf `m Oessmo
Pepjs `m hmroefs pfrfmsjaænebfs
◁ Pepj 67 hmroef `m heftj pjr `msdezfkemotj

`msdezfkemotj mo df qum df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf
nfstrjmsjaænebf sm `mspdfzf mo smote`j
smote`j
bmaædebj, dj qum prmèspjom fd rmadugj nfstrjmsjaænebj.
◁ Pepj <7 hmroefs eoarmbumotms mo dfs qum df uoeòo nfstrjmsja
nfstrjmsjaænebf
ænebf pmrkfombm mo su pjsebeòo foftòkebf
ojrkfd y md auoùs sm hmroef f dj dfrnj `m mddf hfbef md tòrfx.
◁ Pepj 27 hmroef pfrfmsjaænebf
pfrfmsjaænebf bdæsebf, mo df qum mxestm uof bjkleofbeòo
bjkleofbeòo `m dfs hmroefs `m tepj 6 y <.
Pfotj df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf bjkj md auoùs sm hmroefo mo md tòrfx. Mstfs hmroefs pum`mo fsjbefrsm
bjo uof rjtfbeòo fxefd `md òrnfoj qum prmèspjom f df eobfrbmrfbeòo.
◁ Pepj 07 jtrj òrnfoj fl`jkeofd sm eotrjùbm mo md sfbj hmroefrej.
◁ Hfy qum rmfdezfr uof msjafnjnfstrjùj`mojsbjp

msjafnjnfstrjùj`mojsbjpef,ef, uo mstuèj `m df kjtede`f` msjaænebf y uof pH-
kmtrëf `m 08 hjrfs.
◁ Mo berbuostfobefs
berbuostfobefs mspmbefdms sm pum`m
pum`m sjdebetfr uo mstuèj `m ekpm`fobef.
ekpm`fobef.
◁ Yjbfs vmbms ms ombmsfrej sjdebetfr uo træosetj msjafnjnfstrjùj`m
msjafnjnfstrjùj`mofd,
ofd, f kmojs qum sm sjspmbhm uof
hmroef pfrfmsjaæneb
pfrfmsjaænebf.
f.
◁ Hfy qum `msbfrtfr jtrfs bfusfs `m sëotjkfs,
sëotjkfs, bjkj ÷dbmrf påptebf, fbfdfsef,
fbfdfsef, èskjtede`f` msjaænebf
msjaænebf y
omjpdfsefs kfdenofs.
◁ Mo djs pfbemotms
pfbemotms bjo jlmse`f`
jlmse`f` kòrle`f (EKB ?09 cn/k<), sm `mlm pdfotmfr df berunëf lfreætrebf.
6. Bjdjbfbeòo `m djs
djs pumrtjs y èspjsebeòo queròafoj (aen. 1-6 FL)
èspjsebeòo `md queròafoj
◁ Md queròafoj sm èspjom
èspjom bjkj sm kumstrf mo mo df aenurf 1-6.
1-6. Ms prmamreldm mkpdmfr uo fljr`fgm bjo
uof kmsf mo df qum dfs pemrofs `md pfbemotm mståo smpfrf`fs. Md prekmr fyu`fotm sm set÷f f df `mrmbhf
09 © <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs

Bfpëtudj 1 d Auo`jpdebfturf `m Oessmo 06
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0< Rmbbeòo EE Berunëf `m df hmroef `m heftj
d
`md berugfoj y df eostrukmotestf j md smnuo`j fyu`fotm sm bjdjbfo f su ezquemr`f. Yjr mobekf `m djs
lrfzjs `md pfbemotm sm ulebfo `js kjoetjrms. F df bflmbmrf `md pfbemotm tfkleåo sm set÷f df tjrrm `m
mo`jsbjpef.
◁ Djs pumrtjs sm èspjomo `m uo kj`j sekedfr
sekedfr f df rmpfrfbeòo `m df hmroef pfrfmsjaænebf.
pfrfmsjaænebf. Md pumrtj
pumrtj `m
eosmrbeòo eoebefd sumdm setufrsm f uo tmrbej `m df èstfobef motrm df fpòaeses xeaje`ms y md jkldenj.
◁ Mo uof auo`jpdebfturf `m Oessmo mstæo`fr
mstæo`fr oj ms msmobefd bjdjbfr djs pumrtjs f uo oevmd `mkfsef`j
fdtj, pums oj sm sumdm rmqumrer uof èsmbbeòo kmèfstëoebf mxbmsevf.
mxbmsevf.
èfarfnkf (aen. 1-<)

<. @esmbbeòo mo df lfsm `md pedfr `mrmbhj `md èfarfnkf 1-<)
◁ @mspuås `m smbbejofr md mpepdòo nfstrjhmpætebj,

nfstrjhmpætebj, sm e`moteaebf md pedfr `mrmbhj
`mrmbhj `md èfarfnkf.
◁ Ms prmamreldm bjkmozfr
bjkmozfr df kjvedezfbeòo `md heftj mo df lfsm `md pedfr `mrmbhj,
`mrmbhj, pums fsë sm deketf df
pjselede`f` `m dmsejoms msjaænebfs eof`vmrte`fs.
◁ Md prekmr fyu`fotm sugmtf df fdkjhfèddf
fdkjhfèddf nrfsf nfstrjmsjaænebf
nfstrjmsjaænebf y df smpfrf mo smote`j bmaædebj y f df
ezquemr`f `md pfbemotm.
pfbemotm. Md berugfoj sugmtf df lfsm `md pedfr mo md puotj kæs fdmgf`j pjseldm y rmfdezf uo
lfrre`j sufvm pfrf mdekeofr dfs eosmrbejoms armojmsjaænebfs. Mstj mxpjom df `mbusfbeòo `m dfs aelrfs
`m djs pedfrms.
2. @esmbbeòo `md
`md pedfr `mrmbhj
◁ @mspuås `m e`moteaebfr
e`moteaebfr df lfsm `md pedfr `mrmbhj, md berugfoj
berugfoj sugmtf bjo sufve`f` èbhj pedfr y rmfdezf
rmfdezf
uo lfrre`j mo smote`j kmèfd `m tj`js djs mdmkmotjs. Mstj ms læsebfkmotm uof èsmbbeòo `md pedfr y
oj sm `mlm eotmotfr rmfdezfr uof èsmbbeòo msjaænebf mo mstm kjkmotj, dj bufd ms uof èamrmobef msmo-
befd, pums df èsmbbeòo prmbjz `md msòafnj fotms `m e`moteaebfr bjo bdfre`f` dfs mstrubturfs foftòkebfs
foftòkebfs
pum`m bfusfr dmsejoms msjaænebfs.
◁ Md pedfr `mrmbhj sm èsmbf f dj dfrnj `m df pfrtm fdtf `md
`md keskj, hfstf qum sm e`moteaebf md omrvej vfnj
ezquemr`j, qum èsburrm pjr df pfrtm fotmrejr `md msòafnj.
0. Rmbbeòo `m djs vfsjs næstrebjs

næstrebjs bjrtjs
◁ Ms prmamreldm smbbejofr
smbbejofr djs vfsjs næstrebjs bjrtjs fotms `m mxpjomr
mxpjomr md pedfr ezquemr`j.
ezquemr`j.
◁ Df mxpjsebeòo `m djs vfsjs næstrebjs bjrtjs
bjrtjs sm rmfdezf `m ajrkf sestmkætebf.
sestmkætebf.
◁ Md berugfoj sugmtf md mstòkfnj
mstòkfnj f trfvås `md pumrtj `m trflfgj
trflfgj ezquemr`j y md prekmr fyu`fotm
fyu`fotm sugmtf md
mpepdòo nfstrjmspdåoebj.
nfstrjmspdåoebj. ]o mrrjr armbumotm mo mstm puotj ms qum md berugfoj oj smpfrm md mstòkfnj f
df `mrmbhf `md pfbemotm y qum mo su dunfr trfbbejom `m åd hfbef flfgj. Mo tfd bfsj, md berugfoj oj mdmvf
md mstòkfnj smpfræo`jdj `md rmtrjpmretjomj y èaebudtf bjosmnuer md pdfoj fprjpef`j `m èsmbbeòo.
Åstm ms jtrj puotj mo md qum `mlm tmomrsm bue`f`j pfrf oj dmsejofr md bjdjo trfosvmrsj, pums pum`m
mstfr kuy bmrbf `m df burvfturf kfyjr `md mstòkfnj.
◁ Md pdfoj `m èsmbbeòo mstæ f uojs =-> kk `md ljr`m `md mstòkfnj. Re md berugfoj sm fbmrbf `mkfsef`j
`mkfsef`j
fd mstòkfnj, sm pum`mo bfusfr dmsejoms tårkebfs, pmrj se sm fdmgf `mkfsef`j, sm pum`m `mgfr `mkf-
sef`j tmge`j fèpjsj mo md mstòkfnj j sm pum`m dmsejofr md hedej mspdåoebj.
Aenurf 1-<
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00 Rmbbeòo EE d Berunëf `m df hmroef `m heftj
◁ @mspuås `m motrfr mo df trfosbfve`f` `m djs mpepdjoms, df smpfrfbeòo `mlm kjèaebfrsm ( aen. 1-2). 1-2). Md
berugfoj set÷f su kfoj ezquemr`f mo df pfrm` pjstmrejr `md mstòkfnj, `motrj
`mot rj `m df trfosbfve`f` y rmfdezf
uof smpfrfbeòo mo smote`j eoamrejr
eoamre jr y f df ezquemr`f. Md prekmr
pre kmr fyu`fotm bjdjbf uo df`j `m df peozf mo df
trfosbfve`f`, f hjrbfgf`fs sjlrm md mpepdòo nfstrjmspdåoebj. Mstj pmrketm vesufdezfr dfs pfrm`ms fotm-
rejr y pjstmrejr `md mstòkfnj fotms `m df smbbeòo y mvetf dfs dmsejoms tårkebfs eof`vmrte`fs.
◁ F kmou`j, df mxpjsebeòo `md`md vfsj næstrebj bjrtj kæs fdtj pum`m smr èaëbed.
èaëbed. Yfrf mxpjomr bjo bdfre`f`
bdfre`f`
mstm vfsj bjo bdfre`f`, md berugfoj sugmtf df pfrm` fotmrejr `md mstòkfnj y df smpfrf f df `mrmbhf `md
pfbemotm. Md prekmr fyu`fotm oj ombmsetf smpfrfr md lfzj, pums dfs eosmrbejoms mspdåoebfs ofturfdms
mgmrbmo uof smpfrfbeòo dftmrfd. Mo su dunfr, md prekmr fyu`fotm sugmtf df pfrm` pjstmrejr `md mstòkfnj
y tfkleåo df smpfrf f df `mrmbhf `md pfbemotm.
◁ Re md pm`ëbudj næstrebj bjrtj ms kuy pmqumöj,
pmqumöj, pfrf mvetfr df dmseòo tårkebf `md mstòkfnj
mstòkfnj j df fvudseòo
`md lfzj, mstm vfsj sm pum`m denfr bjo `js bdeps y smbbejofrdj mo arëj.
=. Rmbbeòo `m df smnuo`f bfpf mxpjsebeòo (aen. 1-0)

bfpf `m vfsjs næstrebjs bjrtjs y mxpjsebeòo 1-0)
◁ Rumdm hflmr uoj j kæs vfsjs næstrebjs bjrtjs setuf`js f oevmd pjstmrjkmèfd.
pjstmrjkmèfd. Ms msmobefd smbbejofrdjs
pfrf djnrfr uo mspfbej rmtrjmsjaænebj fkpdej pfrf qum df pdebfturf sm èspjonf bjo bjkjè`f`. Mstjs
vfsjs pum`mo prjvmoer èrmbtfkmotm `m df frtmref mspdåoebf y motrfr mo md pfråoquekf pfobrmætebj, y
sm `mlmrëf rmfdezfr uof hmkjstfsef kmtebudjsf ùrfotm mstf afsm `md prjbmèkemotj.
1. Bjdjbfbeòo `m uo `rmofgm
`rmofgm `m Ymorjsm fdrm`m`jr
fdrm`m`jr `m df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf
nfstrjmsjaænebf
◁ @mspuås `m smbbejofr djs vfsjs næstrebjs bjrtjs, sm vesufdezf md pedfr ezquemr`j.

ezquemr`j. Rm bjdjbf uo `rmofgm
`m Ymorjsm `m 9,1 bk `m èækmtrj y 68 bk `m djonetu` mo md fl`jkmo, guotj fd pedfr ezquemr`j. Md pre-
kmr fyu`fotm sugmtf md mstòkfnj y dj smpfrf f df ezquemr`f `md pfbemotm. F bjoteoufbeòo, md berugfoj
sugmtf md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm qum mstæ setuf`j mo df lfsm `md pedfr y qum sm mxpusj prmvefkmotm
prmvefkmotm ùrfotm
df afsm eoebefd `m df eotmrvmobeòo. Md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm sm aegf bjo aumrzf fdrm`m`jr `md msòafnj bjo
vfrejs bdeps. Ms msmobefd qum md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm sm set÷m fdrm`m`jr `md msòafnj y oj `md mstòkfnj.
Md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm ms ombmsfrej pfrf djnrfr uof smpfrfbeòo ftrfukætebf f`mbuf`f `md msòafnj, `m
kj`j qum df èsmbbeòo sm rmfdebm bjo smnure`f`. Md prekmr fyu`fotm sugmtf md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm bjo
uof peozf qum tmonf uo sestmkf `m ldjqumj.
Bfpëtudj 1 d Auo`jpdebfturf `m Oessmo 0=
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01 Rmbbeòo EE Berunëf `m df hmroef `m heftj
d
>. @esmbbeòo bjkpdmtf `md pedfr ezquemr`j

ezquemr`j kmèfotm df eotrjùbbeòo `md `rmofgm
`rmofgm `m Ymorjsm fdrm`m`jr
`md auoùs
◁ Md prekmr fyu`fotm mdmvf md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm.

◁ Md berugfoj sugmtf md auoùs bjo df kfoj ezquemr`f y dj smpfrf f df `mrmbhf.
◁ Md prekmr fyu`fotm bjnm md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm, trfbbejof
trfbbejof `m åd mo smote`j bfu`fd, dj eotrjùbm f dj
dfrnj `md auoùs y rmfdezf uo lfrre`j `m tj`j md mstòkfnj f df `mrmbhf `md pfbemotm, dj qum mxpjom md
pedfr ezquemr`j.
8. Kjvedezfbeòo kmèfstëoebf
kmèfstëoebf y fdfrnfkemotj msjaænebj
◁ Rm `mlmo nfofr fd kmojs

kmojs 0 bk `m msòafnj eotrffl`jkeofd.
eotrffl`jkeofd.
◁ Hfy qum smpfrfr md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm mo smote`j eotmrejr y rmfdezfr uof èsmbbeòo rjkf fdrm`m`jr `md
msòafnj hfbef md kmèfsteoj.
◁ Yjr dj nmomrfd, åstm ms uo pdfoj fvfsbudfr, f mxbmpbeòo
mxbmpbeòo `m fdnuofs rfkfs fòrtebfs msjaænebfs.
◁ Hfy qum prjburfr e`moteaebfr
e`moteaebfr y bjosmrvfr djs omrvejs vfnjs ùrfotm
ùrfotm df èsmbbeòo.
◁ Hfy qum mvetfr
mvetfr `mou`fr md msòafnj.
5. Bemrrm `m djs pedfrms (aen. 1-=)

1-=)
◁ Md pedfr sumdm rmpfrfrsm bjo suturfs `m ofedjo trmozf`j `md 9, pfrbhms `m tmadòo j kfddf bufo`j mstå
eoèbf`j.
◁ ]o fspmbtj auo`fkmotfd
auo`fkmotfd pfrf djnrfr uo bemrrm f`mbuf`j `m djs pedfrms ms oj `msnfrrfrdjs ùrfotm df
èsmbbeòo `md heftj y kfotmomr df bjlmrturf pmretjomfd pfrf prjpjrbejofr uo bemrtj sjpjrtm.
◁ ]of vmz qum sm hf bmrrf`j md heftj, hfy qum bfdelrfr md `mambtj
`mambtj bjo uof lugëf `md bfdelrm =1 Armobh. Md
bemrrm `mlmrëf pmrketer md pfsj bjo afbede`f` `m uo fsperf`jr buyf puotf tmonf = kk `m èækmtrj.
Bfpëtudj 1 d Auo`jpdebfturf `m Oessmo 0>
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69. Bjostrubbeòo `m df auo`jpdebfturf `m Oessmo (aen. 1-1 FLB@)
◁ Rm bjdjbf uof beotf frtebudf`f mo`jsbòpebf

mo`jsbòp ebf `m = kk pfrf djnrfr uof fonudfbeòo qum pmrketf sugmtfr
bjo bjkjè`f` df pjrbeòo pjstmrejr `md auoùs.
◁ Md prekmr fyu`fotm e`moteaebf uof zjofzjof mo df pfrtm pjstmrejr `md auoùs qum mstå f kfoj `md beru-
gfoj.
◁ Df beotf frtebudf`f sm smpfrf,
smpfrf, dj qum hfbm qum df pfrtm pjstmrejr `md auoùs
auoùs pfsm pjr df vmotfof rmtrj-
rmtrj-
msjaænebf.
◁ Rm bjdjbf uof lugëf `md bfdelrm =1 Armobh pfrf rmfdezfr df pdebfturf.
◁ Rm mambt÷f df kfoejlrf `md dekpefljtfs.

dekpefljtfs. Hfy qum bjoaerkfr qum md auoùs sm èspjom bjo fkpdetu` y
qum oj qum`f `mkfsef`j fprmtf`j.
◁ Rm suturf df pfrm` fotmrejr
fotmrejr `md auoùs fd msòafnj y `mspuås f df pfrm` pjstmrejr
pjstmrejr `md auoùs. Yjr dj
nmomrfd, sm bjdjbfo trms suturfs mo uof pdebfturf `m uojs < bk.
◁ Rm pum`m rmfdezfr uof mo`jsbjpef eotrfjpmrftjref
eotrfjpmrftjref pfrf bjoaerkfr df pjsebeòo `m df pdebfturf y df
fusmobef `m tjrseòo.
pjstmrejr (aen. 1->)

66. Ruturf `m nfstrjpmxef pjstmrejr 1->)
◁ ]of vmz bjkpdmtf`f df pdebfturf, df pjrbeòo pjstmrjsupmrejr sm suturf f df lfsm `m df rmpfrfbeòo `m

djs pedfrms pfrf rmfdezfr uof aegfbeòo eotrffl`jkeofd.
Aenurf 1-1
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=9 Rmbbeòo EE Berunëf `m df hmroef `m heftj
d
◁ Df ojbhm `m df berunëf `mlm eoebefr

eoebefr uof èmtf dëque`f.
◁ Df kföfof senuemotm,
senuemotm, y ùrfotm dfs prekmrfs < smkfofs `md pjstjpmrftjrej,
pjstjpmrftjrej, oj sm `mlm eonmrer pfo,
bfrom oe lmle`fs bfrljoftf`f
bfrljoftf`fs.s.
◁ @mlmo f`keoestrfrsm
f`keoestrfrs m fotemkåtebjs `m ajrkf pfutf`f ùrfotm dfs prekmrfs <0 hjrfs pfrf mvetfr df fpf-
rebeòo tmkprfof `m oæusmfs y uof rmbeèvf prmbjz.
◁ Bufo`j md pfbemotm
pfbemotm rmbelf md fdtf `mlm smnuer
smnuer tjkfo`j fotemkåtebjs.
fotemkåtebjs.
◁ Ròdj `mlm rmfdezfrsm
rmfdezfrsm uo mstuèj `m df `mndubeòo se hfy prjldmkfs.
prjldmkfs.
◁ Md pfbemotm sm rmvesf f dfs < smkfofs
smkfofs `m df eotmrvmobeòo y sm pum`m futjrezfr
futjrezfr uof èmtf ojrkfd.
ojrkfd.
◁ Hfy qum mvetfr bjkmozfr df èsmbbeòo mo md denfkmotj

denfkmotj armojmsjaænebj
armojmsjaænebj y dmsejofr `m ajrkf eof`vmrte`f
md msòafnj.
◁ Re oj sm smbbejof df smnuo`f bfpf `m frtmrefs næstrebfs bjrtfs, df vmotfof rmtrjmsjaænebf
rmtrjmsjaænebf smræ eof`m-
buf`f pfrf rmfdezfr df auo`jpdebfturf bjo bjkjè`f`.
◁ Ms jldenftjrej jltmomr uof djonetu`
djonetu` `m msòafnj eotrffl`jkeofd
eotrffl`jkeofd f`mbuf`f.
f`mbuf`f.
◁ Re sm pmomtrf mo df pdmurf ùrfotm df èsmbbeòo
èsmbbeòo kmèfstëoebf, ms kmgjr rmfdezfr
rmfdezfr uof fkpdef flmrturf
pfrf mvetfr uo omukjtòrfx f tmoseòo. Fd aeofd `md prjbmèkemotj, md fomstmseòdjnj `mlm rmfdezfr uof
kfoejlrf `m Qfdsfdvf pfrf mvfbufr md BJ <.
Bfpëtudj 1 d Auo`jpdebfturf `m Oessmo =6
◁ Re md bemrrm `m djs pedfrms temom uof tmoseòo mxbmsevf,

mxbmsevf, pum`m afvjrmbmrsm
afvjrmbmrsm df èsafnef pjstjpmrftjref,
pjstjpmrftjref, qum
pum`m smr èaëbed `m trftfr.
◁ Df mdfljrfbeòo `m uof pdebfturf
pdebfturf eof`mbuf`f,
eof`mbuf`f, lemo pjr tjrseòo j pjr df uoeòo `md bumrpj
bumrpj bjo md auo-
ùs, ms uo mrrjr tåboebj.
◁ Ms msmobefd qum djs pfbemotms bjojzbfo
bjojzbfo df eobe`mobef `m èsafnef
èsafnef pjstjpmrftjref trfosetjref
trfosetjref y djs sëotj-
kfs `m kmtmjreskj.
Leldejnrfaëf
6. Jmdsbhdfnmr LC, Vuerjnf M, Yfrrf G@, mt fd. Djon-tmrk jutbjkms fatmr dfpfrjsbjpeb fotermadux surnmry. Fk G N fstrjmotmr jd <9983 6927
fstrjmotmrjd
<89-<8>3 quez <88.
<. \jlmrtsjo FN, @uoo DG, Rhmoaeom G, mt fd. \fo`jkezm` bdeoebfd trefd ja dfpfrjsbjpeb tjtfd (Oessmo) vmrsus pjstmrejr pfrtefd (Pjupmt)
auo`jpdebftejo ajr nfstrj-jmsjphfnmfd rmadux èsmfsm lfsm` jo prmjpmrftevm jmsjphfnmfd kfojkmtry. Lr G Rurn <9983 5=7 =>-12.
2. Rfdkeomo YP, Hemccfomo HE, \fotfdf FY,
FY, mt fd. B jkpfresjo ja djon-tmrk jutbjkm ja dfpfrjsbjpeb fo` bjovmotejofd oessmo auo`jpdebftejo7
f prjspmbtevm rfo`jkezm` stu`y weth fo 66-ymfr ajddjw-up. Foo Rurn <99>3 <017 <96-<91.
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BFYËP]DJ
>
\mpfrfbeòo
\mpfrfbeòo `m df hmroef
pfrfmsjaænebf
hmroefs pfrfmsjaænebfs (aen. >-6 FLB@M)

6. Pepjs `m hmroefs
◁ Pepj 67 hmroef `m heftj pjr `msdezfkemotj

`msdezfkemotj mo df qum df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf
nfstrjmsjaænebf sm `mspdfzf mo smote`j
smote`j
bmaædebj, dj qum prmèspjom fd rmadugj nfstrjmsjaænebj.
◁ Pepj <7 hmroef eoarmbumotm mo df qum df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf
nfstrjmsjaænebf pmrkfombm mo su pjsebeòo foftòkebf
ojrkfd y md auoùs sm hmroef f dj dfrnj `m mddf hfbef md tòrfx.
◁ Pepj 27 hmroef pfrfmsjaænebf
pfrfmsjaænebf bdæsebf, mo df qum mxestm uof bjkleofbeòo
bjkleofbeòo `m dfs hmroefs `m tepj 6 y <.
Pfotj df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf bjkj md auoùs sm hmroefo mo md tòrfx. Mstfs hmroefs pum`mo fsjbefrsm
bjo uof rjtfbeòo fxefd `md òrnfoj qum prmèspjom f df eobfrbmrfbeòo.
◁ Pepj 07 jtrj òrnfoj fl`jkeofd sm eotrjùbm mo md sfbj hmroefrej.
`md sfbj hmroefrej (aen. >-<)

<. Foftjkëf `md >-<)
◁ Mo mstf ekfnmo sm kumstrf uo bjrtm trfosvmrsfd

trfosvmrsfd `md sfbj hmroefrej, qum temom uo bjkpjomotm
bjkpjomotm fotmrejr
y jtrj pjstmrejr. Md sfbj hmroefrej sm ève`m mo `js pjr md mstòkfnj y djs denfkmotjs nfstrjhmpætebj
y nfstrjmspdåoebj. Rm `mlmo rmùber dfs pjrbejoms fotmrejr y pjstmrejr `md sfbj `ms`m su pjsebeòo
kmèfstëoebf pfrf bjkpdmtfr uof rmpfrfbeòo f`mbuf`f `m df hmroef pfrfmsjaænebf.
=< © <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs

Bfpëtudj > d \mpfrfbeòo `m df hmroef pfrfmsjaænebf =2
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=0 Rmbbeòo EE d Berunëf `m df hmroef
hmroef `m heftj
Aenurf >-<
Bfpëtudj > d \mpfrfbeòo `m df hmroef pfrfmsjaænebf ==
6. Mstuèj prmjpmrftjrej
◁ Mstæ eoèbf`j jltmomr

jltmomr md vestj lumoj bfrèjdònebj y rmsperftjrej
rmsperftjrej bjo vestfs f df eotmrvmobeòo.
eotmrvmobeòo.
◁ ]o træosetj lfretf`j pmrketm mvfdufr
mvfdufr df foftjkëf y bdfseaebfr md tepj `m hmroef `m heftj, md bjkpjomotm
bjkpjomotm
pfrfmsjaænebj y df djonetu` `md msòafnj. Pfkleåo pum`m mvfdufrsm df auobeòo msjaænebf kmèfotm uo
mstuèj ve`mjadujrjsbòpebj `m df `mndubeòo.
◁ Df mo`jsbjpef ènmstevf fdtf pmrketm `msbfrtfr
`msbfrtfr dfs dmsejoms msjaænebfs eotrëosmbfs
eotrëosmbfs y df mvfdufbeòo `m df
djonetu` `md msòafnj.
◁ Md mstuèj `m df kjtede`f` msjaænebf oj sumdm sjdebetfrsm `m ajrkf sestmkætebf,
sestmkætebf, pums pum`m smr èaëbed
bjdjbfr bjo prmbeseòo uo bftåtmr bufo`j mxestm uof èstjrseòo foftòkebf.
◁ Df pH-kmtrëf `m <0 hjrfs oj sumdm sjdebetfrsm
sjdebetfrsm `m ajrkf sestmkætebf.
sestmkætebf.
6. Bjdjbfbeòo `m djs trjbfrms
◁ Prjbfr F7 md fbbmsj eoebefd sm jltemom kmèfotm uof tåboebf `m eosmrbeòo flemrtf, mo uo puotj setuf`j
fprjxekf`fkmotm f uo tmrbej `m df èstfobef motrm md jkldenj y df fpòaeses xeaje`ms. Ms msmobefd qum
mstm trjbfr oj mstå f kæs `m 60 bk `m df fpòaeses xeaje`ms, j df bækfrf oj pj`ræ ddmnfr dj lfstfotm fdtj
pfrf rmfdezfr uof èsmbbeòo kmèfstëoebf f`mbuf`f.
◁ Prjbfr L7 sm utedezf pfrf md smpfrf`jr hmpætebj `m = kk. Mstm trjbfr `mlmrëf setufrsm
setufr sm mo uof pjsebeòo
lfstfotm bmaædebf pfrf oj eotmramrer bjo md trjbfr `m trflfgj `m df kfoj ezquemr`f `md berugfoj.
◁ Prjbfr B7 uof vmz bjdjbf`j md smpfrf`jr hmpætebj y mdmvf`j md smnkmotj dftmrfd ezquemr`j `md hënf`j,
sm eosmrtf md senuemotm trjbfr `m = kk.

kk. Ms prmamreldm bjdjbfrdj f df ezquemr`f `md denfkmotj afdbeajrkm
`md pfbemotm, pfrf qum oj eotmraemrf ùrfotm djs bfklejs `md eostrukmotfd. @mlmrëf mstfr gustj pjr
.
`mlfgj `md smnkmotj dftmrfd ezquemr`j `md hënf`j.
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d ◁ Prjbfr @7 ms uo trjbfr `m = kk y pfrf md prekmr fyu`fotm. @mlmrëf@ml mrëf setufrsm
setufr sm dj kæs dftmrfd pjseldm,
pjs eldm,
m
`
o
gustj `mlfgj `md kfrnmo
kfrnmo bjstfd.
bjstfd.
u
s ◁ Prjbfr M7 ms md trjbfr `m trflfgj `m df kfoj `mrmbhf `md berugfoj y ms `m 69 kk. Mstm trjbfr sm bjdjbf
m
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ò
e
fd kmojs f 8-69 bk `md trjbfr B pfrf djnrfr uof smpfrfbeòo f`mbuf`f, f aeo `m pmrketer df rmfdezfbeòo
b
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`m dfs suturfs. Mo djs pfbemotms qum tmonfo uo kfrnmo bjstfd mstrmbhj, `mlmrëf setufrsm kæs bmrbf `md
r
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trjbfr B pfrf mvetfr df prjxeke`f` mxbmsevf `m djs `js eostrukmotjs `m trflfgj `md berugfoj.
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hmroef `m heftj
<. @esmbbeòo eoebefd
◁ Mo uo preobepej, sm eotmotf uof rmùbbeòo kfoufd

kfoufd sufvm `md bjotmoe`j hmroefrej. Md preobepfd jlgm-
tevj `m mstf kfoejlrf ms pmrketer qum pmomtrm pfrtm `md omukjpmretjomj mo md sfbj hmroefrej pfrf
afbedetfr df èsmbbeòo. Oj sm `mlm eotmotfr èsmbfr dfs f`hmrmobefs mo md eotmrejr `md sfbj hmroefrej,
pjrqum md vmr`f`mrj pdfoj `m èsmbbeòo mstæ aumrf `md keskj.
◁ Md prekmr fyu`fotm sugmtf md mstòkfnj
mstòkfnj y dj smpfrf f df ezquemr`f `md pfbemotm, kemotrfs
kemotrfs md berugfoj
smbbejof md denfkmotj nfstrjhmpætebj. Mstf èsmbbeòo `mlmrëf prjsmnuersm mo smote`j bmaædebj hfstf
e`moteaebfr md pedfr `mrmbhj `md èfarfnkf. Hfy qum prjburfr oj dmsejofr uof frtmref hmpætebf ezquemr`f
fbbmsjref (v. Yuotjs bdfvm y pjseldms mrrjrms).
eoebefd `md sfbj hmroefrej (aen. >-2)

2. @esmbbeòo eoebefd >-2)
◁ Åstf ms uof `m dfs mtfpfs kæs brëtebfs

brëtebfs `md prjbmèkemotj.
prjbmèkemotj. Ms msmobefd e`moteaebfr
e`moteaebfr md pdfoj f`mbuf`j `m
èsmbbeòo pfrf mvetfr uof hmkjrrfnef mxbmsevf y uof dmseòo `m dfs preobepfdms mstrubturfs kmèfstëoe-
bfs. Ms prmamreldm bjkmozfr mstf èsmbbeòo fprjxekf`fkmotm
fprjxekf`fkmotm mo df pjsebeòo `m dfs 66 mo puotj. Yjr dj
nmomrfd, mstm ms md puotj `m eosmrbeòo `md denfkmotj nfstrjhmpætebj mo md pedfr `mrmbhj, y temo`m f smr
df pfrtm kæs nrumsf `md denfkmotj armojmsjaænebj. F`mkæs, mstm pdfoj sm `mlm bjkmozfr fprjxekf`f-
kmotm f 2-0 kk `md df`j fl`jkeofd `md pedfr. Re df èsmbbeòo sm eoebef mo uo puotj kæs fdmgf`j mo md
df`j fl`jkeofd, df bjlmrturf pmretjomfd `md pedfr sumdm fdtmrfrsm, dj qum èaebudtf mo nrfo kmè`f uof
pjseldm rmpfrfbeòo kmèfotm suturf ùrfotm djs pfsjs aeofdms `md prjbmèkemotj. Re df èsmbbeòo sm
bjkemozf mo uo puotj `mkfsef`j fdmgf`j mo md kmèfsteoj, md sfbj hmroefrej sm rmtrfm mo md kmèfs-
teoj y pum`m smr èaëbed bjotrjdfrdj.
◁ Md prekmr fyu`fotm sugmtf md ljr`m pmretjomfd
pmretjomfd y md berugfoj smbbejof df bjlmrturf pmretjomfd
pmretjomfd `md pedfr
bjo md lesturë frkòoebj. Mstm pdfoj sm senum hfstf dfs aelrfs kusbudfrms `md pedfr.
pedfr.
0. @esmbbeòo `md
`md sfbj kmèfstëoebj
◁ ]of vmz qum sm motrf mo md pdfoj f`mbuf`j,

f`mbuf`j, md prekmr fyu`fotm sugmtf md sfbj hmroefrej
hmroefrej y dj smpfrf mo
smote`j bfu`fd. Df kfyjr pfrtm `m df èsmbbeòo `md sfbj hmroefrej `mlmrëf rmfdezfrsm bjo uof tåboebf
rjkf. Re md berugfoj mstæ mo md pdfoj bjrrmbtj, oj `mlmrëf mobjotrfr oeon÷o vfsj sfonuëomj (j kuy
pjbjs).
◁ Mstf kfoejlrf sm rmfdezf bjdjbfo`j
bjdjbfo`j djs `js mxtrmkjs `m djs eostrukmotjs
eostrukmotjs `md berugfoj guotjs y fdm-
gæo`jdjs motrm
motrm së mo uo kjvekemotj
kjvekemotj `m frrelf
frrelf hfbef flfgj y `m df`j f df`j.
df`j. Mstf èsmbbeòo
èsmbbeòo sm prjsenum
prjsenum
`ms`m df pjsebeòo `m dfs 66 mo puotj hfstf df pjsebeòo `m dfs 2 mo puotj.
◁ Md sfbj hmroefrej `mlmrëf rmùbersm pfrf mxtrfmrdj
mxtrfmrdj `md hmketòrfx ezquemr`j.
ezquemr`j. F kmè`f qum md sfbj sm
rmùbm mxtrfyåo`jdj
mxtrfyåo`jdj `md hmketòrfx ezquemr`j, sm vesufdezfræ df fjrtf.
◁ Mo mstm kjkmotj, oj hfy qum rmfdezfr
rmfdezfr uof èsmbbeòo fkpdef mo md vårtebm `md
`md sfbj hmroefrej, pums mstj
pum`m prjvjbfr uof dmseòo eof`vmrte`f `md msòafnj.
Bfpëtudj > d \mpfrfbeòo `m df hmroef pfrfmsjaænebf =>
Aenurf >-2
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hmroef `m heftj
=. @esmbbeòo `md
`md pedfr `mrmbhj
◁ Kemotrfs md prekmr fyu`fotm sugmtf

sugmtf md sfbj hmroefrej, md berugfoj rmùbm
rmùbm èbhj sfbj `ms`m md hmketò-
rfx `mrmbhj. Mstj ms md bjkemozj `m df èsmbbeòo `md sfbj hmroefrej pjstmrejr. Pfkleåo mo mstm bfsj,
hfy qum prjburfr oj dmsejofr mstfs aelrfs `md pedfr ùrfotm mstf pfrtm `m df èsmbbeòo. Md pedfr `mrmbhj
`mlmrëf èsmbfrsm ddmnfo`j f su lfsm, hfstf mobjotrfr dfs aelrfs `md pedfr ezquemr`j. Mo mstm kjkmotj,
sòdj qum`f pjr èsmbfr df pfrtm eoamrejr `md pedfr ezquemr`j. Mstf zjof pum`m smr èaëbed `m mxpjomr y
ms prmamreldm smbbejofr djs vfsjs næstrebjs bjrtjs pfrf fkpdefr df mxpjsebeòo.
1. Rmbbeòo `m dfs
dfs frtmrefs næstrebfs
næstrebfs bjrtfs
◁ Df èsmbbeòo `m dfs frtmrefs næstrebfs bjrtfs bjkemozf

bjkemozf mo df zjof kmèf `md bumrpj `md mstòkfnj. ]of
vmz qum sm smbbejofo mstjs vfsjs, sumdm hflmr uof smnuo`f bfpf `m frtmrefs næstrebfs bjrtfs qum `mlmo
smbbejofrsm f oevmd pjstmrejr. Bufo`j sm hf brmf`j mstf vmotfof rmtrjmsjaænebf, sm aegf uo `rmofgm `m
Ymorjsm fdrm`m`jr `md msòafnj.
>. Mxpjsebeòo `md pedfr ezquemr`j `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm (aen. >-0 FL)

ezquemr`j bjo uo `rmofgm
◁ Djnrfr uof mxpjsebeòo f`mbuf`f

f`mbuf`f `md pedfr ezquemr`j bjo uo auoùs
auoùs `mkfsef`j kòved pum`m smr è-
aëbed.
◁ Kemotrfs md prekmr fyu`fotm mdmvf md `rmofgm
`rmofgm `m Ymorjsm, md berugfoj sugmtf md vårtebm `md auoùs
auoùs bjo
su kfoj ezquemr`f y dj smpfrf hfbef df `mrmbhf `md pfbemotm. F bjoteoufbeòo, md prekmr fyu`fotm ute-
dezf md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm bjkj smpfrf`jr pfrf mkpugfr md auoùs, y `mspdfzf bjo uo eostrukmotj
rjkj md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm f df `mrmbhf `md pfbemotm pfrf mxpjomr df lfsm `md pedfr ezquemr`j.
◁ Re hfy uof bfote`f` mxbmsevf `m nrfsf mpepdjebf nfstrjmspdåoebf
nfstrjmspdå oebf qum sm eotmrpjom, v. Yuotjs bdfvm y
pjseldms mrrjrms.
kmèfstëoebf (aen. >-=)

8. Kjvedezfbeòo msjaænebf kmèfstëoebf >-=)
◁ Ms auo`fkmotfd djnrfr uof kjvedezfbeòo msjaænebf kmèfstëoebf

kmèfstëoebf f`mbuf`f pfrf djnrfr uof djonetu`
bjrrmbtf `md msòafnj f oevmd eotrffl`jkeofd y djnrfr df ajrkfbeòo `m tmge`j bebftrezfd mo mstf zjof, bjo
md aeo `m rmùber df tfsf `m rmbeèvfs.
◁ Mstm mspfbej ms mo nrfo kmè`f fvfsbudfr, f mxbmpbeòo `m fdnuojs vfsjs msjaænebjs
msjaæne bjs qum prjbm`mo
èrmbtfkmotm `m df fjrtf y qum pum`mo smbbejofrsm bjo md lesturë frkòoebj. Re sm prjùbm uof hmkj-
rrfnef, sumdm smr pjseldm utedezfr uof mspjogf `m >,= Þ >,= bk pfrf djnrfr df hmkjstfsef j, bjkj fdtmr-
oftevf, sm pum`mo utedezfr bdeps.
◁ Hfy qum prjburfr
prjburfr oj dmsejofr oeoe smbbejofr djs omrvejs
omrvejs vfnjs.
◁ Mstf èsmbbeòo `mlmrëf prjsmnuersm
prjsmnuersm hfstf uo oevmd fdtj mo md kmèfsteoj. Bufo`j df èsmbbeòo ms f`m-
buf`f, ms kuy eoarmbumotm qum md msòafnj qum`m bjrtj.
Bfpëtudj > d \mpfrfbeòo `m df hmroef pfrfmsjaænebf =5
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19 Rmbbeòo EE d Berunëf `m df hmroef
hmroef `m heftj
5. Bemrrm `m djs pedfrms (aen. >-1 FL)
◁ Rm èspjom `m kubhjs kåtj`js

kåtj`js pfrf bmrrfr djs djs pedfrms.
◁ Df rmpfrfbeòo prekfref bjo uof suturf pmrkfomotm ms df jpbeòo prmamreldm.
◁ Re mxestm uof tmoseòo mxbmsevf,
mxbmsevf, pum`mo utedezfrsm
utedezfrsm pfrbhms
pfrbhms `m tmadòo.
◁ Mo setufbejoms mo dfs qum dfs aelrfs `m djs pedfrms mståo kuy
kuy ftrjaef`fs, sm pum`m
pum`m supmrpjomr uof kfddf
kfddf
`m kftmrefd lejdònebj.
◁ Mo df berbuostfobef mxbmpbejofd `m qum djs pedfrms oj sm pum`fo uoer motrm së, sm pum`m bjdjbfr uof
pemzf `m kfddf `m pjdetmtrfadujrjmtedmoj mxpfoè`j pfrf rmpfrfrdjs uoeåo`jdjs f kj`j `m pumotm.
69. Auo`jpdebfturf
◁ Df kfyjrëf `m djs pfbemotms tmo`ræo fdnuojs

fdnuojs sëotjkfs `m rmadugj `mspuås `m df èsmbbeòo `md `md heftj
ombmsfref pfrf bjkpdmtfr df rmpfrfbeòo `m df hmroef pfrfmsjaænebf.
◁ ]of `m dfs preobepfdms vmotfgfs `m uo prjbmèkemotj
prjbmèkemotj foterrmadugj
foterrmadugj ms djnrfr uof aegfbeòo kæs aerkm `md
mstòkfnj f oevmd eotrffl`jkeof
eotrffl`jkeofd.d.
◁ Mo mstf setufbeòo, ms fbmptfldm
fbmptfld m jptfr pjr uof auo`jpdebfturf `m Oessmo j `m Pjupmt
Pjupmt (v.
(v. bfp. 8, Kejtj-
këf `m Hmddmr).
◁ @mspuås `m rmfdezfr df auo`jpdebfturf, sm bjdjbf uof suturf `m nfstrjpmxef pjstmrejr,
pjstmre jr, qum aegf df bfrf
pjstmrejr `m df pdebfturf f df rmpfrfbeòo `m djs pedfrms.
◁ Re oj sm pum`m djnrfr uof djonetu` msjaænebf
msjaæne bf f`mbuf`f pfrf rmfdezfr uof auo`jpdebft
auo`jpdebfturf,
urf, mo dunfr `m
rmfdezfr prjbmèkemotjs `m fdfrnfkemotj msjaænebj, sm pum`m mambtufr df nfstrjpmxef fotmrejr `msbretf
mo mstm bfpëtudj.
66. Nfstrjpmxef fotmrejr (aen. >->)

>->)
◁ Yfrf djnrfr uof aegfbeòo næstrebf eotrffl`jkeofd

eotrffl`jkeofd fèbejofd, sm pum`mo bjdjbfr `js suturfs `m pjdeprj-
pjdeprj-
pedmoj `md o÷kmrj 9 mo df pfrm` fotmrejr `md mstòkfnj. Mstfs suturfs `mlmrëfo bjdjbfrsm f dj dfrnj
`m df burvfturf kmojr `md mstòkfnj y mkpdmfrsm pfrf fpdebfr uof trfbbeòo bfu`fd sufvm sjlrm åstm,
`m kj`j qum sm rmbjostruyf md æonudj `m Hes, dj qum prjpjrbejof
prjpjrbejof uo bemrtj mambtj foterrmadugj.
◁ ]of vmz qum dfs suturfs mstæo bjdjbf`fs mo df pfrm` fotmrejr
fotmrejr `md mstòkfnj, sm rmterf df fnugf. Bjo uo
pfsf`jr `m suturf sekedfr fd usf`j mo df rmpfrfbeòo `m df hmroef vmotrfd pjr vëf dfpfrjsbòpebf y f trf-
vås `m uof ÷oebf eobeseòo butæomf, sm rmbupmrf bf`f uoj `m djs bfljs pjr jreaebejs afsbefdms smpfrf`js.
F bjoteoufbeòo,
bjoteoufbeòo, df suturf sm aegf mo uof pjsebeòo sulbutæomf.
Bfpëtudj > d \mpfrfbeòo `m df hmroef pfrfmsjaænebf 16
Aenurf >-1
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1< Rmbbeòo EE d Berunëf `m df hmroef
hmroef `m heftj
◁ Md pfbemotm `mlm pmrkfombmr mo èmtf flsjdutf hfstf df kföfof senuemot

senuemotm.
m.
◁ Rm `mlm rmfdezfr
rmfdezfr uo træosetj bjo uo bjotrfstm he`rjsjduldm
he`rjsjduldm df kföfof
kföfof senuemotm.
◁ Oj sm `mlm eonmrer pfo, bfrom oe lmle`fs bfrljoftf`fs
bfrljoftf`fs ùrfotm
ùrfotm < smkfofs.
◁ Hfy qum f`keoestrfr
f`keoestrfr fotemkåtebjs
fotemkåtebjs ùrfotm <0 hjrfs.
hjrfs.
◁ Md pfbemotm rmbelm md fdtf bjo uof prmsbrepbeò
prmsbrepbeòo
o `m aærkfbjs fotemkåtebjs.
fotemkåtebjs .
◁ Df prekmrf rmveseòo sm rmfdezf
rmfdezf f dfs < smkfofs `m df eotmrvmobeòo
eotmrvmobeòo y sm prmsbrelm uof èmtf ojrkfd.
ojrkfd.
◁ Ms jldenftjrej qum djs trjbfrms sm bjdjqumo mo pjsebeòo bmaædebf.

bmaædebf. Re mstæo `mkfsef`j lfgjs, djs eos-
trukmotjs oj ddmnfræo fd tòrfx.
◁ Re sm mobumotrf uof frtmref hmpætebf ezquemr`f fbbmsjref, df èsmbbeòo pum`m smr kæs èaëbed. Yjr dj
nmomrfd, sm pum`m denfr bjo bdeps y smbbejofrsm seo bjosmbumobefs. Re sm mobumotrf uo vfsj hmpætebj
ezquemr`j bjose`mrfldm y quezæ uof frtmref hmpætebf ezquemr`f rmmkpdfzfotm, sm pum`m bjdjbfr uo bdep
mo èbhj vfsj ùrfotm df èsmbbeòo eoebefd. Md vfsj hmpætebj oj sm smbbejof mo mstm kjkmotj. Md rmstj
`m df èsmbbeòo sm bjoteo÷f y `mspuås `m vfrejs keoutjs, md hënf`j sm mvfd÷f mo lusbf `m senojs `m
esqumkef. Re md hënf`j temom uo fspmbtj esquåkebj, sm pum`m djnrfr uof djonetu` fèbejofd `ms`m df
frtmref hmpætebf ezquemr`f èsmbæo`jdf hfstf su eosmrbeòo mo df frtmref næstrebf ezquemr`f j mo md trjobj
bmdëfbj.
◁ @urfotm df èsmbbeòo `md sfbj, hfy qum eotmotfr kfotmomr df bjlmrturf pmretjomfd
pmretj omfd sjlrm md pedfr. Re
dfs aelrfs `m djs pedfrms sm dmsejofo ùrfotm mstf pfrtm `m df èsmbbeòo, df rmpfrfbeòo sulsenuemotm smræ
èaëbed.
◁ Re mxestm uof bfote`f` mxbmsevf
mxbmsevf `m nrfsf `md denfkmotj nfstrjmspdåoebj
nfstrjmspdåoebj qum jbudtf df mxpjsebeòo
mxpjsebeòo `md
pedfr ezquemr`j, sm pum`m bjdjbfr uo dfzj mo`jsbòpebj fdrm`m`jr `md mpepdòo y rmbupmrfr md bflj bjo
uo pfsf`jr `m suturf, trfs dj qum sm bjdjbf uof trfbbeòo mxtmrof aegæo`jdj f df pemd bjo bdeps, f aeo `m
kmgjrfr df mxpjsebeòo seo pmr`mr uo eostrukmotj quer÷rnebj.
Bfpëtudj > d \mpfrfbeòo `m df hmroef pfrfmsjaænebf 12
◁ Md usj `m prjbmèkemotj
prjbmèkemotjss `m fdfrnfkemotj msjaænebj ms bjotrjvmrte`j mo dfs rmpfrfbejoms `m dfs hmr-
oefs pfrfmsjaænebfs. ]of kjvedezfbeòo msjaænebf f`mbuf`f mo md kmèfsteoj pum`m mvetfr mstm prj-
ldmkf. Mo djs bfsjs eoarmbumotms mo djs qum sm mobumotrm uo msòafnj fbjrtf`j, sumdm smr prmamreldm
mvetfr djs prjbmèkemotjs `m fdfrnfkemotj. Bjkj yf sm hf kmobejof`j fotms, mstjs prjbmèkemotjs
sumdmo rmfdezfrsm mo pfbemotms fobefojs pfrf mvetfr dfs bjkpdebfbejoms pjtmobefdkmotm kjrtfdms `m df
rjtfbeòo fxefd `md òrnfoj. Re sm `mgf uof pmqumöf hmroef pjr `msdezfkemotj, sumdm pj`mr bjotrjdfrsm
lemo bjo aærkfbjs foterrmadugj. Mstj mvetf bjdjbfr dëomfs `m nrfpfs bmrbf `m df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf mo
mstf pjldfbeòo `m pfbemotms, qum ms ombmsfrej bufo`j sm rmfdezf uo prjbmèkemotj `m fdfrnfkemotj.
◁ @mspuås `m hflmr tmoe`j md mstòkfnj mo pjsebeòo
pjsebeòo tjræbebf ùrfotm kubhjs
kubhjs föjs y `mle`j f df èsmb-
beòo mxbmsevf fdrm`m`jr `md omrvej vfnj, md rmtrfsj `md vfbefkemotj næstrebj ms armbumotm mo mstf
pjldfbeòo `m pfbemotms. Fuoqum sumdm smr uof bjkpdebfbeòo futjdeketf`f,
futjdeketf`f, dfs oæusmfs pjstjpmrftjrefs
pum`mo prjvjbfr uof rmbeèvf prmbjz. Dfs jpbejoms pfrf bjotrjdfr mstm prjldmkf sjo, motrm jtrfs, df
eoymbbeòo `m tjxeof ljtudëoebf mo md pëdjrj, md trftfkemotj kåèbj j df bjdjbfbeòo `m uof sjo`f `m
nfstrjstjkëf.
Leldejnrfaëf
6. Hfshmke K, Ymtmrs GH, @mKmmstmr P\, mt fd. Dfpfrjsbjpeb rmpfer ja dfrnm

dfrnm typm EEE heftfd hmroef7 jlgmbtevm ajddjwup rmvmfds henh rmburrmobm
rftm. G Fk Bjdd Rurn <9993 6597 ==2-=193 èsbussejo =19-=16.
<. Yemrrm FA,
FA, Ducmtebh G@, Amrofo`j HB, mt fd. \msudts ja dfpfrjsbjpeb rmpfer ja nefot pfrfmsjphfnmfd hmroefs7 <99 bjosmbutevm pftemots. Foo
Phjrfb Rurn <99<3 >07 6595-656=3 èsbussejo 656=-6561.
2. Yjoscy G, \jsmo K, Afooeon F, mt fd. Fotmrejr nfstrjpmxy kfy rmùbm thm rmburrmobm rftm fatmr dfpfrjsbjpeb
dfpfrjsbjpeb pfrfmsjphfnmfd hmroef rmpfer.
rmpfer.
Rurn Mo`jsb <9923 6>7 6921-6906.
0. Rbhfumr Y\, Ecrfku`èo R, KbDfunhdeo \H, mt fd. Bjkpfresjo ja dfpfrjsbjpeb vmrsus jpmo rmpfer ja pfrfmsjphfnmfd hmroef. Fk G Rurn
65583 6>17 1=5-11=.
=. Rtydjpjudjs O, \fttomr @^.
@^. Yfrfmsjphfnmfd hmroef7 whmo tj jpmrftm:. F`v Rurn <9923 2>7 <62-<<5.
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BFYËP]DJ
8
Kejtjkëf `m Hmddmr
◁ Md msòafnj temom vfrefs

vfrefs bfpfs kusbudfrms7 djonetuèofd mxtmrof, berbudfr
berbudfr kmèf y kubjsf eotmrof.
◁ Md mstòkfnj tfkleåo temom vfrefs bfpfs kusbudfrms7 djonetuèofd mxtmrof, berbudfr kmèf jldebuf
eotmrof y kubjsf.
◁ Df bfusf `m df fbfdfsef bjosestm mo df `mstrubbeòo `md pdmxj kemotårebj msjaænebj.
◁ Df prmsmotfbeòo tëpebf bjosestm mo uof èsafnef prjnrmsevf

prjnrmsevf f sòde`js y dëque`js.
◁ Md trftfkemotj oj quer÷rnebj bjostf `m7
▼ Prftfkemotj kåèbj7 oetrftjs, bfdbejfotfnjoestfs.
▼ Prftfkemotj mo`jsbòpebj.
@edftfbeòo omukætebf.
Eoymbbeòo `m tjxeof ljtudëoebf.
◁ Df mvfdufbeòo prmjpmrftjref bjostf `m7
▼ Mo`jsbjpef7 `msbfrtf uof smu`jfbfdfsef.
▼ Mstuèjs `m kjtede`f` msjaænebf7 bumrpj msjaænebj fpmrestædtebj, eobfpfbe`f` `m rmdfgfbeòo `m df
uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf bjo df `mndubeòo.

Md træosetj lfretf`j msjafnjnfstrjùj`mofd kumstrf md «pebj `m pægfrj³ bdæsebj.
Df pH-kmtrëf `m` m <0 h ms ekprmbesf.
6. Bjdjbfbeòo `m djs trjbfrms

trjbfrms
◁ Ms sekedfr f df auo`jpdebfturf `m Oessmo.
© <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs 1=

d
<. @esmbbeòo `md

`md heftj
◁ Ms prmamreldm rmfdezfr uof èsmbbeòo msjaænebf berbuoamrmobefd f rmfdezfr uof kejtjkëf `m Hmddmr,
Hmddmr, seke-
dfr f uof auo`jpdebfturf `m Oessmo (v. bfp. 1). Mstj pmrketm df bjdjbfbeòo `m uo `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm
fdrm`m`jr `m df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf pfrf rmfdezfr uof trfbbeòo mo smote`j `msbmo`motm ùrfotm df
mxtmoseòo prjxekfd `m df kejtjkëf. Ojsjtrjs tfkleåo smbbejofkjs `m ajrkf sestmkætebf djs vfsjs
næstrebjs bjrtjs ùrfotm mstf èsmbbeòo, pums brmmkjs qum ms ombmsfrej bufo`j sm rmfdezf uof auo`j-
pdebfturf `m Pjupmt j `m @jr fd aeofd `md prjbmèkemotj.
2. E`moteaebfbeòo `md omrvej vfnj fotmrejr (aen. 8-6)

8-6)
◁ Df e`moteaebfbeòo `md omrvej vfnj fotms `m rmfdezfr df kejtjkëf ms msmobefd pfrf mvetfr su smbbeòo eof`-
eof`-
vmrte`f. @mspuås `m e`moteaebfr md omrvej
o mrvej vfnj, sm rj`mf bjo uof suturf `m sm`f `md 9, bu yjs `js mxtrm-
kjs sm peozfo guotjs, y md omrvej vfnj sm smpfrf `md msòafnj kmèfotm èsmbbeòo rjkf f dj dfrnj `m
df djonetu` `m df kejtjkëf. @urfotm df kejtjkëf, md berugfoj pum`m bjotrjdfr md rmbjrre`j `md omrvej
vfnj sugmtfo`j y smpfrfo`j dfs suturfs bjdjbf`fs bjo fotmrejre`f`. Re sm mobumotrf uof fdkjhfèddf
nrfsf msjaænebf fkpdef, `mlmrëf rmsmbfrsm.
èdue`f (aen. 8-<)

0. Yrmeoymbbeòo `m mpeomareof èdue`f 8-<)
◁ Yfrf mvetfr uof hmkjrrfnef mxbmsevf ùrfotm df kejtjkëf, sm pum`m eoymbtfr uof sjdubeòo èdue`f `m
mpeomareof mo df pfrm` msjaænebf b jo uof fnugf mspeofd dfrnf `md bfdelrm <<. Md berugfoj `mlmrëf mstfle-
dezfr df puotf `m mstf fnugf bjo uof peozf `m prmoseòo, vmreaebfr qum df eoymbbeòo sm rmfdezf mo md pdfoj
kusbudfr y mvetfr uof eoymbbeòo eotrfdukeofd.
Bfpëtudj 8 d Kejtjkëf `m Hmddmr 1>
Aenurf 8-6
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d
=. Kejtjkëf (aen. 8-2)

8-2)
◁ Df kejtjkëf sm eoebef f uojs < bk pjr mobekf `m df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf.

nfstrjmsjaænebf. Mo uo preobepej, dfs bfpfs
djonetuèofdms sm smpfrfo y `mspuås
`mspu ås djs k÷sbudjs berbudfrms sm smbbejofo bjo md nfobhj ` m mdmbtrjbfu-
tmrej. Md usj `m eostrukmotjs mdåbtrebjs `mlm smr këoekj mo mstf èsmbbeòo. Md nfobhj sumdm fgustfrsm
f kuy lfgf pjtmobef, `m 69 vjdtejs. Re sm prjùbm uof hmkjrrfnef, hfy qum mvetfr uof bfutmrezfbeòo
mxbmsevf y rmburrer mo su dunfr f df fpdebfbeòo `m prmseòo.
◁ Df kejtjkëf sm mxtemo`m fd kmojs 1-> bk mo smote`j prjxekfd f dj dfrnj `md msòafnj (aen.(aen. 8-0).
8-0).
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, df kejtjkëf sm mxtemo`m fd kmojs 2 bk mo df pfrm` næstrebf (aen.
(aen. 8-=).
8-=).
1. Mo`jsbjpef eotrfjpmrftjref
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof msjafnjnfstrjùj`mojsbjpef pfrf bjoaerkfr qum df kejtjkëf ms bjkpdmtf, `m kj`j

qum md mo`jsbjpej pum`f pfsfr bjo afbede`f` fd mstòkfnj. Pfkleåo sm mambt÷f bjo md aeo `m `msbfrtfr
uof pmrajrfbeòo eotrfjpmrftjref.
>. Auo`jpde bfturf `m Pjupmt (aen. 8-1)

Auo`jpdebfturf 8-1)
◁ Re sm rmfdezf uof kjvedezfbeòo msjaænebf berbuoamrmobefd, sm pum`m mambtufr uof auo`jpdebfturf pjs-
tmrejr `m <>9 nrf`js. Yjr dj nmomrfd, sm bjdjbfo trms suturfs f bf` f df`j, bjo aegfbeòo `md auoùs f bf`f
ljr`m `m df kejtjkëf smbbejof`f. Mstj pum`m prjpjrbejofr uof denmrf vmotfgf bjkj prjbmèkemotj
foterrmadugj, pmrj pum`m bfusfr uof fonudfbeòo fotmrejr `md msòafnj y ms pjseldm qum prjvjqum kæs
èsafnef.
Bfpëtudj 8 d Kejtjkëf `m Hmddmr 15
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>9 Rmbbeòo EE Berunëf `m df hmroef `m heftj
d
8. Auo`jpdebfturf `m @jr (aen. 8-> FL)
◁ Aenurf >F7 md vårtebm `md auoùs sm sugmtf y sm smpfrf mo smote`j bmaædebj f dj dfrnj `m df kejtjkëf. Ms
msmobefd rmbjostruer md æonudj `m Hes bjo uof fo nudfbeòo fnu`f, dj qum prjlfldmkmotm prjpjrbejof md
mambtj foterrmadugj `m df auo`jpdebfturf `m @jr. Rm bjdjbfo vfrefs suturfs pfrf aegfr md auoùs fd ljr`m
smbbejof`j `m df kejtjkëf.
◁ Aenurf >L7 f bjoteoufbeòo, md auoùs sm èspjom fdrm`m`jr `m df kejtjkëf y sm aegf fd pedfr `mrmbhj
bjo fd kmojs trms suturfs.
◁ Md pfbemotm `mlm kfotmomrsm mo èmtf flsjdutf hfstf df kföfof senuemotm.

◁ Df kföfof senuemotm sm `mlm rmfdezfr uo mstuèj `m df `mndubeòo.
◁ Hfy qum f`keoestrfr uof èmtf ldfo`f y sm `f `m fdtf fd pfbemotm `mspuås `m bjkmr.
◁ Re sm prjùbm uof hmkjrrfnef ùrfotm df kejtjkëf, hfy qum mvetfr uo usj mxbmsevj `m df bfutmrezf-
beòo pfrf mvetfr uof pjseldm dmseòo `m df kubjsf qum bfusfrëf uof pmrajrfbeòo msjaænebf èamre`f. Rm
pum`m bjdjbfr uo arfnkmotj `m bmdudjsf jxe`f`f `m 6 Þ 6 bk mkpfpf`f mo mpeomareof èdue`f sjlrm
djs pmqumöjs vfsjs sfonrfotms y bjoteoufr df èsmbbeòo mo jtrf zjof.
◁ Re md msòafnj sm pmrajrf ùrfotm df kejtjkëf, md jreaebej pum`m bmrrfrsm bjo uof suturf rmflsjrleldm.
Re df pmrajrfbeòo ms pmqumöf, sm bjoteo÷f df kejtjkëf y sm rmfdezf uof auo`jpdebfturf `m @jr pfrf
rmajrzfr df rmpfrfbeòo. Re df pmrajrfbeòo ms nrfo`m, sm `mlmo bmrrfr tj`fs dfs bfpfs `md msòafnj sjlrm
df pmrajrfbeòo y mambtufr df kejtjkëf mo df pfrm` pjstmrjdftmrfd `md msòafnj.
◁ Re djs pfbemotms sm hfo sjkmte`j f trftfkemotjs prmvejs `m èdftfbeòo j `m eoymbbeòo `m tjxeof ljtudë-
oebf, md pdfoj `m df kejtjkëf pum`m kjstrfr bfklejs bebftrezfdms eotmosjs y smr èaëbed `m kfotmomr.
Leldejnrfaëf
6. Cjsteb R, Cgmddeo F, \uth K, mt fd. Yomukfteb èdftftejo jr dfpfrjsbjpeb bfrèjkyjtjky

bfrèjkyjtjky eo thm kfofnmkmot ja omwdy èfnojsm` eèjpftheb
fbhfdfsef. \msudts ja f rfo`jkezm` bjotrjddm` trefd. ^jrd` G Rurn <99>3 2670>9-0>8.
<. Yftte KN, Aesebhmddf YK, Ymrrmttf R, mt fd. Ekpfbt ja keoekfddy eovfsevm surnmry
surnmry jo thm trmftkmot ja msjphfnmfd fbhfdfsef7 f `mbf`m ja
bhfonm. G Fk Bjdd Rurn <9923 6517158->923 èsbussejo >92->9=.
2. \ebhfr`s ^J, Pjrqufte
Pjrqufte F, Hjdzkfo K@, mt fd. Hmddmr kyjtjky vmrsus Hmddm r kyjtjky weth @jr auo`jpdebftejo ajr fbhfdfsef7 f prjspmb-
tevm rfo`jkezm` `juldm-ldeo` bdeoebfd trefd. Foo Rurn <9903 <09709=-06<3 èsbussejo 06<-06=.
0. \jssmtte N, Lrusbefoj D, Fkftj N, mt fd. F tjtfd auo`jpdebftejo es ojt fo jlstfbdm tj msjphfnmfd mkptyeon fatmr Hmddmr kyjtjky ajr fbhf-
dfsef7 rmsudts ja f djon-tmrk ajddjw up. Foo Rurn <99=3 <067 160-1<6.
=. Rhfrp C^, Chfetfo D, Rbhjdz R, mt fd. 699 bjosmbutevm keoekfddy eovfsevm Hmddmr kyjtjkems7 dmssjos dmfrom`. Foo Rurn <99<3 <2=7
126-1283 èsbussejo 128-5.
Bfpëtudj 8 d Kejtjkëf `m Hmddmr >6
Aenurf 8->
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BFYËP]DJ
5
Qfnjtjkëf
Qfnjtjkëf trjobudfr
trjobudfr
Fdarm`j K. Bfrljomdd, @J, AFBR,
AFBR, AFBJR
AFBJR
◁ Md omrvej vfnj fotmrejr j ezquemr`j ms uof mstrubturf nrumsf y veseldm qum sm set÷f gustj f df `mrmbhf
`m df dëomf kmèf f dj dfrnj `m df supmraebem fotmrejr `md msòafnj eotrffl`jkeofd (aens.
( aens. 5-6 y 5-<).
5-<).
◁ Md omrvej vfnj pjstmrejr j `mrmbhj ms kæs `mdnf`j y sm set÷f f df `mrmbhf `md msòafnj, kæs pròxekj f
df fjrtf qum md msòafnj (aens.
( aens. 5-6 y 5-<).
5-<). Df pfdpfbeòo `m uo bjr`òo `mdnf`j pjstmrejr fd msòafnj sumdm
kjstrfr su pjsebeòo.
◁ Df vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr rmquemrm df msqumdmtezfbeòo `m djs trjobjs `m djs djs omrvejs vfnj fotmrejr y pjs-
tmrejr bjo uof smbbeòo bjkpdmtf.
◁ Bufo`j sm rmfdezf `m ajrkf f`mbuf`f, uof vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr bjkpdmtf prjùbm df `momrvfbeòo
`md mstòkfnj, md hënf`j, df vmsëbudf ledefr, md pæobrmfs, md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j y df pjrbeòo prjxekfd `md
eotmsteoj nrumsj.
◁ @f`j qum sm `momrvf df ljklf fotrfd næstrebf,
næstrebf, sm rmbjkemo`f rmfdezfr `m ajrkf fsjbef`f uo `rmofgm
næstrebj (pedjrjpdfstef, nfstrjymyuojstjkëf) j uo prjbmèkemotj `m rmsmbbeòo (fotrmbtjkëf).
6. Bjdjbfbeòo `md pfbemotm m eobeseòo
◁ Md pfbemotm sm bjdjbf mo `mb÷letj supeoj bjo fkljs lrfzjs mxtmoè`js. Hfy qum aegfr uo fpjyj pfrf
djs pems bjo md aeo `m sugmtfr fd pfbemotm.
◁ ]of eobeseòo kmèfd prjpjrbejof md mspfbej suaebemotm pfrf vesufdezfr df pjrbeòo supmrejr `md mstò-
kfnj y md msòafnj.
>< © <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs

Bfpëtudj 5 d Qfnjtjk
fnjtjkëf
ëf trjob
trjobudfr
udfr >2
Aenurf 5-6
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>0 Rmbbeòo EEE Mstòkfnj
d
◁ Rm bjdjbf uo smpfrf`jr `m df pfrm` fl`jkeofd pfrf rmfdezfr df smpfrfbeòo mo smote`j bmaædebj. Mo df

dëomf kmèf sm bjdjbf uo smpfrf`jr `m Hfrreontjo, f aeo `m smpfrfr bjo sufve`f` df u oeòo `md msòafnj
y md èfarfnkf. Md pfbemotm sm bjdjbf mo uof pjsebeòo `m fote-Prmo`mdmolurn.
◁ Rm eosmrtf uof sjo`f jrjnæstrebf hfstf df zjof
zjof prjxekfd `md mstòkfnj, qum smrveræ `m nuëf pfrf df
pfdpfbeòo `md msòafnj.
◁ Md berugfoj preobepfd sm set÷f f df `mrmbhf
`mrmbhf `md pfbemotm.
<. @esmbbeòo
◁ Md denfkmotj nfstrjaråoebj sm smbbejof y df èsmbbeòo sm rmfdezf

rmfdezf sjlrm df pjrbeòo fotmrejr `md denfkmotj
armojmsjaænebj hfbef md denfkmotj nfstrjhmpætebj (aen.
(aen. 5-2).
5-2).
◁ Md berugfoj pfsf su `m`j ëoèbm mo smote`j pjstmrjsupmrejr hfbef md kmèfsteoj pfrf rj`mfr md msòafnj.
Df èsmbbeòo `mlmrëf èrenersm hfbef df fjrtf, pums md omrvej vfnj pjstmrejr pum`m mstfr f`hmre`j f
åstf.
◁ Md `m`j ëoèbm sm fvfozf y sm ddmvf hfstf setufrdj guotj fd pedfr `mrmbhj. Md omrvej vfnj pjstmrejr
pum`m pfdpfrsm bjkj uof lfo`f tmosf mo df bfrf pjstmrejr `md msòafnj (aen. ( aen. 5-0).
5-0).
◁ Kemotrfs md berugfoj temom su kfoj `mrmbhf
`mrmbhf mo pjsebeòo, md fyu`fotm msqumdmtezf uof djonetu` fprjxe-fprjxe-
kf`f `m 1 bk `md omrvej vfnj mo md kmèfsteoj. F bjoteoufbeòo, èbh j omrvej sm denf bjo bdeps f oevmd
prjxekfd y èstfd y sm rmsmbf uo smnkmotj `m < bk, qum sm rmketm mo armsbj f fof tjkëf pftjdònebf pfrf
su mstuèj kmèfotm bjrtms pjr bjonmdfbeòo (aen.
( aen. 5-=).
5-=).
◁ Df èsmbbeòo `md omrvej vfnj fotmrejr bjoteo÷f
bjoteo÷f eoèveùfdezfo`j y smbbejofo`j djs rfkjs pmqumöjs
`m èbhj omrvej f dj dfrnj `m uof djonetu` `m 1 bk `md keskj. Rm bjdjbfo bdeps f oevmd prjxekfd y
èstfd y sm rmsmbf uo smnkmotj
smnk motj `m < bk `md omrvej, qum sm rmketm mo armsbj f foftjkëf pftjdònebf pfrf
su mstuèj kmèfotm bjrtms pjr bjonmdfbeòo (aen.
( aen. 5-1).
5-1).
Bfpëtudj 5 d Qfnjtjkëf trjobudfr >=
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m Aenurf 5-1
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>1 Rmbbeòo EEE Mstòkfnj
d
◁ Md pfbemotm pum`m bjkmozfr f eonmrer fdekmotjs trfs df berunëf y fvfozfr df èmtf mo auobeòo `m df
tjdmrfobef.
◁ Df msqumdmtezfbeòo bjkpdmtf `md omrvej vfnj fsmnurf df smbbeòo `m djs pmqumöjs rfkjs omrvejsjs
eotmrpumstjs. Oj bjrtfr mstfs pmqumöfs rfkfs ekpdebfrëf uof vfnjtjkëf eobjkpdmtf.
◁ Md «omrvej brekeofd³ `m Nrfsse ms md prekmr rfkj
rfkj næstrebj `md omrvej vfnj pjstmrejr.
pjstmrejr. Mstm
Mstm omrvej pum`m
rfkeaebfrsm f oevmd prjxekfd j èstfd rmspmbtj f df èveseòo bmdëfbf `md omrvej vfnj pjstmrejr. Ouobf
sm hfræ suaebemotm heobfpeå mo df rmdmvfobef `m msqumdmtezfr uof djonetu` f`mbuf`f `md omrvej vfnj
pjstmrejr mo md kmèfsteoj, pums se oj sm smbbejof md omrvej `m Nrfsse f oevmd prjxekfd rmspmbtj f su
jrenmo, df vfnjtjkëf smræ eobjkpdmtf.
Bfpëtudj 5 d Qfnjtj
fnjtjkëf
këf trjobu
trjobudfr
dfr >>
Leldejnrfaëf
6. @rfnstm`t D\ <o`, Dudu @G. Pruobfd

Pruobfd vfnjtjky fo` pydjrjpdfsty.
pydjrjpdfsty. Bretebfd mvfduftejo ja jom huo`rm` bfsms. Fk G Rurn 65>03 6<8(2)7200-201.
Rurn 65>03
<. Ajstmr GH, Yydjrjpdf
Yydjrjpdfsty
sty,, vfnjtjky, fo` suturm denftejo ajr ldmmè on ùj`mofd udbmr.Eo7 Oyhus DK, Lfcmr \G, Aesbhmr GM, m`s. Kfstmry ja
surnmry,, Qjd.6. Ljstjo77 Dettdm, Lrjwo fo` Bjkpfoy3 655>.
surnmry
2. Rcfo`fdfces GM, Rcfo`fdfces
Rcfo`fdfces YO, Rcfo`fdfces DG. Rurnebfd foftjky fo` tmbhoequm.
tmbhoequm . Omw Ujrc7 Rpreonmr-Qmrdfn3 655=.
0. Rcfo`fdfces DG, @jofhum
@jofhum YM, Rcfo`fdfces GM. Phm vfnus omrvm fo` ets vfnfrems.
vfnfrems. Rurn Bdeo Ojrth Fk 65523
Fk 65523 >2(0)7>15->80.
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BFYËP]DJ
69
Qfnjtj
Qfnjtjkëf
këf smdmbtevf
smdmbtevf

AFBR, AFBJR
AFBJR
◁ Df vfnjtjkëf smdmbtevf bjoddmvf df smbbeòo `m fkljs rfkjs `msbmo`motms `md omrvej vfnj fotmrejr (omr-
vej fotmrejr `m Dftfrgmt) mo uo puotj èstfd f djs rfkjs hmpætebjs, fsë bjkj `md rfkj `msbmo`motm `md
omrvej vfnj pjstmrejr (omrvej pjstmrejr `m Dftfrgmt) mo uo puotj èstfd f djs rfkjs bmdëfbjs ( aen. 69-6).
69-6).
◁ F smkmgfozf `m df vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr,

trjobudfr, df vfnjtjkëf smdmbtevf `momrvf pjr bjkpdmtj md mstòkfnj y
rmquemrm df rmfdezfbeòo `m uo prjbmèkemotj fsjbef`j `m `rmofgm j `m rmsmbbeòo næstrebf.
◁ Md rfkj pedòrebj sjdetfrej `m df èveseòo hmpætebf `md omrvej vfnj fotmrejr y djs rfkjs bmdëfbjs `md
omrvej vfnj pjstmrejr sm rmspmtfo, dj qum bjosmrvf df eomrvfbeòo `m df vëf ledefr, md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j y
df pjrbeòo prjxekfd `md eotmsteoj nrumsj.
◁ Df vfnjtjkëf smdmbtevf ms df kmojs armbumotm `m tj`js djs sultepjs `m vfnjtjkëf, dj qum sm `mlm prj-
lfldmkmotm f df èaebudtf` `m e`moteaebfr md rfkj bmdëfbj `md omrvej vfnj pjstmrejr.
kfnj y md msòafnj.
◁ Rm bjdjbf uo smpfrf`jr `m df pfrm` fl`jkeofd pfrf rmfdezfr
rmfdezfr uof smpfrfbeòo mo smote`j bmaædebj. Mo df
dëomf kmèf sm bjdjbf uof aegfbeòo pfrf uo smpfrf`jr `m Hfrreontjo, f aeo `m smpfrfr bjo sufve`f` df
uoeòo `md msòafnj y md èfarfnkf. Md pfbemotm sm bjdjbf mo pjsebeòo `m fote-Prmo`mdmolurn.
>8 © <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs

Bfpëtudj 69 d Qfnjtjkëf smdmbtevf >5
Aenurf 69-6
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89 Rmbbeòo EEE Mstòkfnj
d
<. @esmbbeòo
◁ Md denfkmotj nfstrjaråoebj sm smbbejof y df èsmbbeòo sm rmfdezf

rmfdezf sjlrm df pjrbeòo fotmrejr `md denfkmotj
armojmsjaænebj hfbef md denfkmotj nfstrjhmpætebj (aen.
(aen. 69-<).
69-<).
◁ Df kjvedezfbeòo sm rmfdezf `m kj`j sekedfr f df vfnjtjkëf
vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr.
trjobudfr. Md `m`j ëoèbm `md berugfoj sm
pfsf mo smote`j pjstmrjsupmrejr hfbef md kmèfsteoj pfrf rj`mfr md msòafnj.
◁ Md `m`j ëoèbm sm fvfozf y sm ddmvf hfstf setufrdj guotj fd pedfr `mrmbhj. Md omrvej vfnj pjstmrejr
pum`m pfdpfrsm bjkj uof lfo`f tmosf mo df bfrf pjstmrejr `md msòafnj (aen. ( aen. 69-2).
69-2).
◁ Kemotrfs md berugfoj temom df kfoj `mrmbhf mo pjsebeòo, md fyu`fotm bjdfljrf f msqumdmtezfr md omrvej
vfnj pjstmrejr pjr mobekf y pjr `mlfgj `md oevmd `md rfkj bmdëfbj. Mstj nfrfotezf df smbbeòo bjkpdmtf
`md prekmr rfkj næstrebj `md omrvej vfnj pjstmrejr (omrvej `m Nrfsse) , qum èsburreræ f df ezquemr`f `md
pfbemotm. Df èveseòo næstrebf pjstmrejr preobepfd (omrvej pjstmrejr `m Dftfrgmt) sm denf f bjoteoufbeòo
bjo bdeps y sm smbbejof èstfd fd rfkj bmdëfbj, qum èsburrm f df `mrmbhf `md pfbemotm (aen.
( aen. 69-0).
69-0).
◁ Md omrvej vfnj fotmrejr y su prekmr rfkj hmpætebj, qum èsburrm f df `mrmbhf `md pfbemotm, sm e`moteae-
bfo. Md omrvej fotmrejr `m Dftfrgmt sm fësdf mo uo puotj èstfd f df èveseòo hmpætebf, trfs dj qum sm denf
bjo bdeps y sm smbbejof (aen.
(aen. 69-=).
69-=).
tjdmrfobef.
◁ Md omrvej vfnj fotmrejr y sus rfkjs prmsmotfo uof nrfo vfreflede`f` foftòkebf f oevmd eotrffl`jke-
ofd. Re df èveseòo hmpætebf prjxekfd oj sm e`moteaebf mo uo trfymbtj setuf`j f df `mrmbhf `md pfbemotm,
md omrvej fotmrejr `m Dftfrgmt sm senum mo smo te`j eoamrejr f dj dfrnj `m df burvfturf kmojr hfstf pj`mr
vmr df rfkeaebfbeòo `m df èveseòo hmpætebf.
◁ Ms pjseldm qum mxestf uo omrvej fotmrejr `m Dftfrgmt `jldm j fusmotm. Mo mstm ÷dtekj bfsj, djs rfkjs
næstrebjs prjbm`mo `m df èveseòo hmpætebf y `ml mrëfo smbbejofrsm f uo oevmd prjxekfd f su motrf`f mo
df burvfturf kmojr `md mstòkfnj.
◁ Fuoqum md omrvej vfnj pjstmrejr tfkleåo prmsmotf vfreflede`f`, md ÷oebj rfkj bjostfotm ms df èveseòo
bmdëfbf, qum smræ df kfyjr `m dfs èvesejoms `md vfnj. Remkprm ms ÷oebj y èsburrm èrmbtfkmotm hfbef
md pdmxj bmdëfbj, senuemo`j f df frtmref næstrebf ezquemr`f j fd pedfr `mrmbhj `md èfarfnkf.
Leldejnrfaëf
6. Gjhostjo @, Ldfbcmtt \D. F omw djjc ft smdmbtevm

smdmbtevm vfnjtjkems. Fk
vfnjtjkems. Fk G Rurn 65883
Rurn 65883 6=1(=)7061-0<>.
<. Rfwymrs GD, Rmdmbtevm
Rmdmbte vm vfnjtjky pydjrjpdfsty
pydjrjpdfs ty.. Eo7 Oyhus DK, Lfcmr \G, Aesbhmr GM, m`s. Kfstmry ja surnmry.
surnmry . Qjd.6. Ljstjo7 Dettdm, Lrjwo fo`
Bjkpfoy3 655>.
2. Rcfo`fdfces GM, Rcfo`fdfces
Rcfo`fdfces YO, Rcfo`fdfces DG. Rtjkfbh
Rtjkfbh.. Rurnebfd foftjky fo` tmbhoequm.
Fk 65523 >2(0)7>15->80.
Bfpëtudj 69 d Qfnjtjkëf smdmbtevf 86
Aenurf 69-< Aenurf 69-2
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BFYËP]DJ
66
Qfnjt
Qfnjtjkëf
jkëf supmrsmdmbtevf
supmrsmdmbtevf

AFBR, AFBJR
AFBJR
◁ @mspuås `m `fr jrenmo fd rfkj hmpætebj, md omrvej fotmrejr `m Dftfrgmt èsburrm mo smote`j eoamrejr,
eoamrejr,
`motrj `m df bfpf fotmrejr `md denfkmotj nfstrjhmpætebj, kmèfd f df burvfturf kmojr.
◁ @m ajrkf sekedfr, `mspuås `m `fr jrenmo
jrenmo fd rfkj bmdëfbj, md omrvej pjstmrejr `m Dftfrgmt èsburrm
èsburrm
mo smote`j eoamrejr, `motrj `m df bfpf pjstmrejr `md denfkmotj nfstrjhmpætebj, kmèfd f df burvfturf
kmojr.
◁ Fkljs omrvejs `m Dftfrgmt tmrkeofo `fo`j rfkfs pfrf md fotrj y md pëdjrj. Fuoqum sumdmo `msbrelersm
bjkj uof mstrubturf qum rmbumr`f f df bjoaenurfbeòo `m uof pftf `m nfddj, mstf èspjsebeòo mo flf-
oebj `m djs omrvejs ms eobjostfotm.
◁ Df vfnjtjkëf supmrsmdmbtevf (QRR) j vfnjtjkëf `m dfs bådudfs pfremtfdms bjosestm mo df smbbeòo `m
djs rfkjs næstrebjs prjxekfdms `m djs omrvejs `msbmo`motms fotmrejr y pjstmrejr `m Dftfrgmt, bjo-
smrvfo`j djs rfkjs èstfdms `msteof`js fd fotrj y fd pëdjrj. Df smbbeòo vfnfd `mlmrëf aeofdezfr mo uo
puotj setuf`j f > bk mo smote`j prjxekfd fd pëdjrj, buyf djbfdezfbeòo df kfrbf uof vmof prjkeomotm
(aen. 66-6).
66-6).
◁ Df QRR `msomrvf dfs trms bufrtfs pfrtms prjxekfdms `md mstòkfnj y df kfsf `m bådudfs pfremtfdms. F
èamrmobef `m dfs vfnjtjkëfs trjobudfr y smdmbtevf, df QRR oj rmquemrm uo prjbmèkemotj fsjbef`j `m
`rmofgm næstrebj.
◁ Yjr `mambtj, df èveseòo bmdëfbf `md omrvej vfnj pjstmrejr y df èveseòo hmpætebf `md omrvej vfnj fotm-
rejr sm bjosmrvfo ùrfotm df QRR, `m kj`j qum df eomrvfbeòo `m dfs vëfs ledefrms y `m djs eotmsteojs
`mdnf`j y nrumsj sm kfotemomo eotfbtfs.
◁ Df QRR `mlmrëf smr md prjbmèkemotj `m mdmbbeòo mo djs pfbemotms sjkmte`js f berunëf prjnrfkf`f
pjr uof ÷dbmrf ùj`mofd rmarfbtfref, semkprm qum oj tmonfo uof jlstrubbeòo `md trfbtj `m sfde`f
næstrebj.
8< © <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs

Bfpëtudj 66 d Qfnjtjkëf supmrsmdmbtevf 82
Aenurf 66-6
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d
kfnj y md msòafnj.
◁ Rm bjdjbf uo smpfrf`jr `m df pfrm` fl`jkeofd pfrf rmfdezfr
rmfdezfr uof smpfrfbeòo mo smote`j bmaædebj. Mo df
dëomf kmèf sm bjdjbf uof aegfbeòo pfrf uo smpfrf`jr `m Hfrreontjo, f aeo `m smpfrfr bjo sufve`f` df
uoeòo `md msòafnj y md èfarfnkf. Md pfbemotm sm bjdjbf mo uof pjsebeòo `m fote-Prmo`mdmolurn.
<. @esmbbeòo
◁ Md denfkmotj nfstrjaråoebj sm smbbejof y df èsmbbeòo sm rmfdezf f dj dfrnj `m df pjrbeòo fotmrejr `md

denfkmotj armojmsjaænebj hfbef md denfkmotj nfstrjhmpætebj (aen.(aen. 66-<).
66-<).
◁ Md omrvej vfnj fotmrejr sm e`moteaebf y sm rj`mf bjo uo dfzj vfsbudfr.
vfsbudfr. Df èsmbbeòo supmrejr hfbef md
kmèfsteoj nfrfotezf qum sm smbbejof bufdquemr rfkj vfnfd `m pmqumöj bfdelrm qum motrm mo md mstò-
kfnj.
◁ Md denfkmotj nfstrjhmpætebj sm smbbejof motrm df èveseòo hmpætebf y md omrvej fotmrejr `m Dftfrgmt,
`jo`m md berugfoj eosmrtf su kfoj ezquemr`f, mgmrbemo`j trfbbeòo hfbef df `mrmbhf `md pfbemotm. Kemo-
trfs md fyu`fotm mgmrbm trfbbeòo sjlrm df burvfturf kfyjr `md mstòkfnj, djs rfkjs næstrebjs prjxe-
kfdms èrene`js f df burvfturf kmojr sm e`moteaebfo y sm smbbejofo `m ajrkf smbumobefd. Df èsmbbeòo
aeofdezf mo uo puotj setuf`j f > bk mo smote`j prjxekfd rmspmbtj fd pëdjrj, èstfobef qum sm ke`m seo
èstmo`mr md mstòkfnj (aen.
(aen. 66-2).
66-2).
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, md berugfoj pfsf su `m`j ëoèbm `mrmbhj f df ezquemr`f `md msòafnj mo smote`j pjs-
tmrjsupmrejr hfbef md kmèfsteoj, rj`mfo`j md msòafnj.
◁ Md `m`j ëoèbm sm fvfozf y sm ddmvf hfstf mstfr f`yfbmotm fd pedfr `mrmbhj. Md omrvej vfnj pjstmrejr
pum`m pfdpfrsm bjkj uof lfo`f tmosf mo df bfrf pjstmrejr `md msòafnj y sm prmsmotf fd fyu`fotm pfrf
eoèveùfdezfrdj y rj`mfrdj bjo uo smnuo`j dfzj vfsbudfr.
◁ Df èsmbbeòo supmrejr fdmgæo`jsm `md msòafnj y èreneåo`jsm hfbef md kmèfsteoj fsmnurf df smbbeòo `m
bufdquemr omrvej qum sm rfkeaequm.
◁ @mspuås `m e`moteaebfr y bjosmrvfr md rfkj bmdëfbj, tj`js djs rfkjs
rfkjs næstrebjs `md omrvej pjstmrejr
pjstmrejr `m
Dftfrgmt sm denfo f oevmd prjxekfd mo su trfymbtj hfbef df burvfturf kmojr. Df èsmbbeòo aeofdezf mo uo
puotj qum bjrrmspjo`m bjo df èsmbbeòo fotmrejr (aen.
(aen. 66-0).
66-0).
◁ Df burvfturf kmojr, qum hf qum`f`j `mou`f`f, sm bemrrf bjo uof suturf bjoteouf `m hedj rmflsjrle-
ldm pfrf rmfprjxekfr djs ljr`ms smrjsjs motrm së (aen.
( aen. 66-=).
66-=).
Bfpëtudj 66 d Qfnjtjkëf supmrsmdmbtevf 8=
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tjdmrfobef.
◁ Djs pfbemotms bjo ÷dbmrfs pedòrebfs y prmpedòrebfs temomo uof kfyjr tfsf `m rmbeèvf trfs uof QRR qum
quemoms sòdj temomo ÷dbmrfs ùj`mofdms3 pjr tfotj, mo djs prekmrjs `mlmrëf pdfotmfrsm df rmfdezfbeòo
`m uof vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr bjo fotrmbtjkëf.
◁ Df rmfprjxekfbeòo `m df burvfturf kmojr `mou`f`f pum`m fyu`fr f mvetfr mvetfr df ombrjses esquåkebf `m
df burvfturf kmojr y tfkleåo prmvemom df rmeomrvfbeòo vfnfd.
Leldejnrfaëf
6. @jofhum YM. Yfremtfd bmdd vfnjtjky vmrsus vfnjtjky-fotrmbtjky7

vfnjtjky-fotrmbtjky7 udbmr surnmry eo thm kj`mro mrf. ^jrd` G Rurn <9993
Rurn <9993 <0(2)7<10‒<15.
<. Gjhostjo @, Ldfbcmtt \D. F omw djjc ft smdmbtevm
smdmbtevm vfnjtjkems. Fk
vfnjtjkems. Fk G Rurn 65883
Rurn 65883 6=1(=)7061‒0<>.
2. Gjr`fo YH, Gr., Phjroly G. Pwmoty ymfrs fatmr pfremtfd bmdd vfn jtjky jr smdmbtevm vfnjtjky
vfn jtjky fotrmbtjky
fotrmbtjk y ajr trmftkmot ja ùj`mofd udbmr
Aeofd rmpjrt. Foo
rmpjrt. Foo Rurn 65503<<9(2)7<82‒<523
Rurn 65503<<9(2)7<82‒<523 <52‒<513 èsbussejo
èsbussejo..
0. Cmddy CF, Pu
Pu LO, Yrjxekfd nfstreb vf njtjky. Eo7 Oyhus DK, Lfcmr \G, Aesbhmr GM, m`s. Kfstmry ja surnmry.
surnmry . Qjd.6. Ljstjo7 Dettdm, Lrjwo
fo` Bjkpfoy3 655>.
=. Rcfo`fdfces GM, Rcfo`fdfces
Rcfo`fdfces YO, Rcfo`fdfces DG. Rtjkfbh. Rurnebfd
Rtjkfbh. Rurnebfd foftjky fo` tmbhoequm.
Fk 65523 >2(0)7>15‒>80.
BFYËP]DJ
6<
Yedjrjpdfstef `m
Hmeomcm-Kecudebz
êddefk R. Bjll EQ,

EQ, K@
◁ Df pedjrjpdfstef bjosestm mo df smbbeòo `md k÷sbudj pedòrebj y df rmbjostrubbeòo `md bjoùbtj pedòrebj
pfrf kmgjrfr md vfbefkemotj næstrebj. @m spuås `m uof vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr, df fdtmrfbeòo `md tjoj næs-
trebj prjvjbf uof mstfses næstrebf y rmquemrm df rmfdezfbeòo `m uo prjbmèkemotj `m `rmofgm.
◁ Yfrf rmfdezfr uof pedjrjpdfstef, dj e`mfd ms qum df aelrjses y md tmge`j bebftrezfd `m df supmraebem fotmrejr
`md pëdjrj smfo këoekjs. Df kjvedezfbeòo `md ùj`moj ms auo`fkmotfd pfrf qum df eotmrvmobeòo smf
afbteldm `ms`m md puotj `m vestf tåboebj. Re mxestm uof ÷dbmrf ùj`mofd fotmrejr, df eobeseòo `m pedjrj-
pdfstef pum`m kjèaebfrsm pfrf mondjlfr df ÷dbmrf.
◁ Df pedjrjpdfstef `m Hmeomcm-Kecudebz
Hmeomcm-Kecudebz bjosestm mo uof eobeseòo djonetuèofd f trfvås `md pëdjrj `ms`m df
pjrbeòo èstfd `md fotrj f df prjxekfd `md ù j`moj. Mstf eobeseòo sm bemrrf mo smote`j trfosvmrsfd pfrf
fukmotfr md èækmtrj `md bjoùbtj pedòrebj.
◁ Df pedjrjpdfstef temom dfs vmotfgfs `m smr aæbed `m rmfdezfr,

rmfdezfr, mvetf djs prjldmkfs `md kuöòo ùj`mofd y
rmquemrm uof èsmbbeòo kmojr mo bjkp frfbeòo bjo df fotrmbtjkëf. Nfrfotezf md `rmofgm ` md fotrj næs-
trebj `mspuås `m uof vfnjtjkëf y oj fdtmrf df bjoteoue`f` `md tulj ènmstevj.
◁ @urfotm kubhjs föjs, df pedjrjpdfstef bjkleof`f bjo df vfnjtjkëf vfnjtjkëf sm bjose`mrò uof jpbeòo `m
smnuo`f dëomf `mspuås `m df vfnjtjkëf y `m df fotrmbtjkëf pfrf df ÷dbmrf påptebf, `mle`j f df mdmvf`f
tfsf `m arfbfsj (69-6=%). Reo mklfrnj, bjo df fpfrebeòo `md trftfkemotj bjo eohele`jrms `m df ljklf
`m prjtjoms pfrf md bjotrjd `m dfs rmbeèvfs, sm hf bjovmrte`j mo md prjbmèkemotj `m mdmbbeòo mo dfs
setufbejoms `m urnmobef.
◁ Mo dfs jpmrfbejoms pfrf dfs ÷dbmrfs hmkjrrænebfs ùj`mofdms j prmpedòrebfs, df pedjrjpdfsef ms e`mfd se
sm hf flemrtj md ùj`moj pfrf bjotrjdfr df hmkjrrfnef.
◁ Mo md bjotmxtj fnu`j, sm `mlmrëf bjdjbfr uof sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf pfrf bjoaerkfr
bjoaerkfr df hmkjrrfnef ènms-
tevf fdtf y pfrf mvetfr df fsperfbeòo. Df mo`jsbjpef ènmstevf fdtf ms ÷ted pfrf md èfnoòstebj y pum`m
pmrketer md bjotrjd mo`jsbòpebj `m df hmkjrrfnef, dj qum mdekeof df ombmse`f` `m df eotmrvmobeòo.
◁ Mo djs pfbemotms bjo ÷dbmrf påptebf bròoebf, sm `mlmrëf jptekezfr
jptekezfr md mstf`j outrebejofd kmèfotm
fdekmotfbeòo motmrfd j pfrmotmrfd. Yum`mo rmqumrersm vfrejs `ëfs pfrf bjrrmner df outrebeòo y djs mdmb-
tròdetjs mo djs pfbemotms bjo jlstrubbeòo `md trfbtj `m sfde`f `m dfrnf ùrfbeòo.
© <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs 8>

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◁ Df prmpfrfbeòo prmjpmrftjref bjosestm mo df prjaedfxes `m df trjkljses vmojsf prjauo`f y df f`keoes-

trfbeòo `m foteleòtebjs. Kubhjs `m mstjs pfbemotms hfo rmbele`j uo trftfkemotj prjdjonf`j bjo eohe-
le`jrms `m df ljklf `m prjtjoms, dj qum kjèaebf df fbe`mz y df adjrf lfbtmrefof `m df duz næstrebf. Djs
foteleòtebjs prmjpmrftjrejs `mlmrëfo smr bmafdjspjreofs `m prekmrf j smnuo`f nmomrfbeòo.
6. Eobeseòo
◁ ]of eobeseòo mo dëomf kmèf fdtf prjpjrbejof uof mxpjsebeòo f`mbuf`f pfrf df kfyjrëf `m djs prj- prj-
bmèkemotjs næstrebjs. Mo md bjotmxtj urnmotm, mstm fljr`fgm prjpjrbejof df motrf`f kæs ræpe`f y
kmojs hmkjrrænebf f df bfve`f` fl`jkeofd. Bjkj fdtmroftevf, sm pum`m usfr uof eobeseòo sulbjstfd
ezquemr`f3 seo mklfrnj, ms kæs `jdjrjsf y pum`m `fr dunfr f uof kfyjr tfsf `m hmroefs.
◁ Df eobeseòo mo dëomf kmèf fdtf pum`m fkpdefrsm mo smote`j supmrejr hfstf df fpòaeses xeaje`ms pfrf df
mxpjsebeòo `md heftj msjaænebj. Df pjrbeòo bfrtedfneojsf `m df fpòaeses oj `mlmrëf bfutmrezfrsm pfrf
mvetfr uof jseaebfbeòo hmtmrjtòpebf.
◁ ]of vmz `motrj `m df bfve`f` pmretjomfd, sm `mlmrëf smbbejofr md denfkmotj afdbeajrkm pfrf pmrketer
uof smpfrfbeòo mo smote`j supmrejr `md dòludj dftmrfd ezquemr`j `md hënf`j.
<. @esmbbeòo
◁ Yjr dj nmomrfd, sm rmquemrm uof kfoejlrf `m Cjbhmr pfrf rmfdezfr df pedjrjpdfstef. Md pmretjomj setuf`j
gustj dftmrfd f df smnuo`f pjrbeòo `md ùj`moj sm eobe`m (aen.
( aen. 6<-6 FL). Re sm pum`m kjvedezfr md ùj-
`moj y df supmraebem fotmrejr `md pëdjrj mstæ kuy pjbj fambtf`f, ms rfzjofldm rmfdezfr df pedjrjpdfstef.
◁ Md pëdjrj sm e`moteaebf vesufdezfo`j df vmof pedòrebf
pedòrebf `m Kfyj bjkj rmamrmobef (aen.(aen. 6<-<).
6<-<).
◁ Rm bjdjbfo `js suturfs `m trfbbeòo mo df supmraebem fotmrejr `md pëdjrj, smpfrf`fs fdrm`m`jr `m 6 bk.
Dfs suturfs `m trfbbeòo `mlmrëfo mondjlfr df vmof pedòrebf pfrf bjotrjdfr mo pfrtm df hmkjrrfnef sul-
senuemotm. Df eobeseòo djonetuèofd sm rmfdezf motrm dfs suturfs `m trfbbeòo. Df eobeseòo `mlmrëf tmomr
uojs = bk `m djonetu`, bjo uof mxtmoseòo `m <,=-2 bk hfbef md ùj`moj y md fotrj (aen. (aen. 6<-2).
6<-2). Df
hmkjrrfnef sm bjotrjdf bjo bfutmrezfbeòo j bjo denfùrf kmèfotm suturf.
Bfpëtudj 6< d Yedjrjpdfstef `m Hmeomcm-Kecudebz 85
Aenurf 6<-6
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◁ Mo df `msbrepbeòo jreneofd `m df pedjrjpdfstef

pedjrjpdfstef `m Hmeomcm-Kecudebz sm hfbëf heobfpeå mo uo bemrrm mo
`js pdfojs (aen.
(aen. 6<-0 FL)3 seo mklfrnj, mstf tåboebf pum`m bfusfr uo rmpdemnum `m tmge`j fèbejofd, dj
qum rmùbm md èækmtrj `m df fpmrturf.
◁ Df kjèaebfbeòo `m ^meolmrn
^meolmrn bjosestm mo rmfdezfr uo sòdj pdfoj `m puotjs sumdtjs qum prjpjrbejof
uo lumo bemrrm. Df pjdendfbteof 569 j df sm`f `m 2/9 bjo fnugf bedëo`rebf `fo lumojs rmsudtf`js. Dfs
suturfs `mlmo mondjlfr tj`j md nrjsjr `md tmge`j pfrf djnrfr uof fprjxekfbeòo f`mbuf`f `m df smrjsf
y df eovmrseòo `m df kubjsf. ]of suturf `m Nfklmm pmrketm rmfdezfr uo bemrrm sftesafbtjrej mo kjoj-
pdfoj bjo fprjxekfbeòo `m df kubjsf (aen.(aen. 6<-= FL).
◁ Md prekmr puotj sm set÷f mo md bmotrj `m df dëomf `m suturf. Md bemrrm sm rmfdezf `ms`m uo æonudj fd
puotj kmèj y, f bjoteoufbeòo, `ms`m md jtrj æonudj fd puotj kmèj. Hfy qum mspmrfr f qum tj`js
djs puotjs mståo bjdjbf`js pfrf fou`fr djs hedjs. Djs ljr`ms `md tmge`j pum`mo kfoepudfrsm kmgjr
pfrf pmrketer uof vesufdezfbeòo kæs f`mbuf`f, `m kj`j qum sm mondjlm md suaebemotm tmge`j smrjkus-
budfr bjo bf`f puotj.
Aenurf 6<-0
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5< Rmbbeòo EEE Mstòkfnj
d
◁ Bjkj fdtmroftevf, df pedjrjpdfstef pum`m rmfdezfrsm bjo uof nrfpf`jrf. Rm utedezfo uofs peozfs `m Fddes
pfrf sugmtfr djs ljr`ms smbbejof`js `md tmge`j, mvmrteåo`jdjs bjo fpjsebeòo `m djs kærnmoms jpumstjs
`m kubjsf. ]of nrfpf`jrf deomfd oj bjrtfotm sm bjdjbf gustj pjr `mlfgj `m dfs peozfs `m Fddes. Df
nrfpf`jrf sm èspfrf y md tmge`j sm rmsmbf bjo uo lesturë arëj ( aen. 6<-1 FL). Df hmkjrrfnef `m df dëomf
dëom f
`m nrfpfs sm bjotrjdf kmgjr kmèfotm denfùrf bjo suturf.
◁ Bufo`j mxestm uof ÷dbmrf mo df pfrm` fotmrejr `md ùj`moj, df pedjrjpdfstef
pedjrjpdfstef `m Hmeomcm-Kecudebz sm
pum`m kjèaebfr pfrf eobjrpjrfrdf mo df eobeseòo. Df kjèaebfbeòo `m Hjrsdmy rmsmbf df ÷dbmrf `m df
pfrm` fotmrejr (aen.
(aen. 6<-> FL). Mstf tåboebf jarmbm vmotfgfs se df ÷dbmrf sm deketf f df supmraebem
s upmraebem fotmrejr
j se hf f`mdnfzf`j df pfrm` ùj`mofd. Re ms kæs mxtmosf y se md tmge`j oj ms f`mbuf`j pfrf suturfrdj,
sm `mlmrëf rmfdezfr uof nfstrjùj`mojstjkëf `m Gfljudfy
Gfljudfy..
2. Bemrrm
◁ Df pjsebeòo `m df sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf sm bjoaerkf `m ajrkf eotrfjpmrftjref. Df puotf `m df sjo`f

`mlmrëf mstfr mo df zjof èstfd `md bumrpj `md mstòkfnj y oj mo md ærmf `m df dëomf `m suturf. Bjkj
fdtmroftevf, pum`m rmfdezfrsm uof nfstrjstjkëf.
◁ ]of vmz qum sm hf bjotrjdf`j df hmkjrrfnef, df eobeseòo sm bemrrf bjo uof suturf bjoteouf `m hedj
kjojaedfkmotj rmflsjrleldm.
◁ Oj sm sumdmo `mgfr `rmofgms mo md bfkpj quer÷rnebj.
◁ Rm `mgf uof sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf mo md pjstjpmrftjrej pfrf `msbjkpreker md mstòkfnj. Yum`m rmterfrsm
rmterfrsm
bufo`j `rmom kmojs `m uo detrj fd `ëf y md pfbemotm oj tmonf oæusmfs.
◁ ]of vmz qum sm hf rmterf`j df sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf, df fdekmotfbeòo sm eoebef `mspfbej bjo dëque`js, prj-
nrmsfo`j f uof èmtf ojrkfd. Ms kmgjr mvetfr dfs bfrnfs mdmvf`fs `m he`rftjs `m bfrljoj pfrf deketfr
djs sëotjkfs `m vfbefkemotj næstrebj fbmdmrf`j.
◁ Mo jbfsejoms, uo rmtrfsj `md vfbefkemotj
vfbefkemotj næstrebj rmquemrm prjdjonfr
prjdjonfr df `msbjkprmseòo bjo sjo`f.
Df rmfdezfbeòo `m uo træosetj bjo bjotrfstm f trfvås `m df sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf `mlm `mkjstrfr df pmr-
kmflede`f` foftòkebf. Mo djs bfsjs `m oæusmfs y vòketjs pmrsestmotms bjo eobfpfbe`f` `m rmterfr df
sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf, ms prmamreldm bjdjbfr uof sjo`f `m nfstrjstjkëf `m ajrkf mo`jsbòpebf mo dunfr
`m uof rmeotmrvmobeòo. Kmèfotm df nfstrjstjkëf, sm pum`m eotrjùber uof sjo`f `m ymyuojstjkëf
pfrf f`keoestrfr outrebeòo motmrfd. Bufo`j qum`f uo pmqumöj rmstj næstrebj, df outrebeòo pfrmotmrfd
tjtfd ms uof fdtmroftevf.
◁ Dfs aunfs pjr dfs dëomfs `m suturf pum`mo brmfr
brmfr uof setufbeòo kjrtfd. Hfy qum mstfr kuy ftmotj f
df fpfrebeòo `m mstjs prjldmkfs ùrfotm djs prekmrjs =-1 `ëfs `md pjstjpmrftjrej. Dfs aunfs sumdmo
fsjbefrsm f tfquebfrèf, fukmotj `md `jdjr fl`jkeofd, aemlrm, èstmoseòo y dmubjbetjses. Rm `mlmrëf
rmfdezfr uo mstuèj eokmèftj bjo rfèjnrfaëfs fl`jkeofdms, PB bjo bjotrfstm j uo træosetj msjafnj-
nfstrjùj`mofd bjo bjotrfstm. Fuoqum dfs aunfs bjotrjdf`fs pum`mo trftfrsm seo berunëf, df kfyjrëf
rmquemrm uof rmeotmrvmobeòo. Df errenfbeòo y `rmofgm, df `msbjkprmseòo `md smnkmotj `jo`m mstæ df
aunf, md bemrrm j eotulfbeòo `m df keskf y uof ymyuojstjkëf `m fdekmotfb eòo sjo fspmbtjs `mstfbf`js
`md trftfkemotj.
Aenurf 6<-1
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◁ Re mxestmo èaebudtf`ms pfrf mobjotrfr md pëdjrj,

pëdjrj, sm pum`m rmfdezfr uof pmqumöf eobeseòo mo df pfrtm næs-
trebf `m df supumstf djbfdezfbeòo pedòrebf. Rm pum`m eotrjùber md `m`j mo df duz næstrebf7 df pfdpfbeòo
`ms`m md eotmrejr sumdm pmrketer `mtmrkeofr df djbfdezfbeòo mxfbtf `md foeddj pedòrebj (aen.
( aen. 6<-8).
6<-8).
◁ Yfrf fsmnurfr uo bemrrm f`mbuf`j `m df eobeseòo, df fkpdefbeòo `m df keskf kæs hfbef df pfrtm næstrebf
næstrebf
pum`m pmrketer uo kmgjr fdeomfkemotj bufo`j df eobeseòo sm bemrrf `m ajrkf trfosvmrsfd. Df djonetu`
tjtfd `m df eobeseòo `mlmrëf smr `m =-> bk.
◁ Df pfrm` næstrebf ms kubhj kæs nrumsf qum df `md ùj`moj, dj qum èaebudtf mvetfr df mvmrseòo `m df
kubjsf motrm dfs suturfs. Djs puotjs smrjkusbudfrms sumdtjs j dfs suturfs `m Dmklmrt pum`mo keoe-
kezfr df èsbrmpfobef.
◁ Djs fpåoèbms mpepdjebjs pum`mo usfrsm pfrf rmajrzfr df dëomf `m suturf `mspuås `m df pedjrjpdfstef.
Djs bfljs `m dfs suturfs `m bf`f df`j `m df pedjrjpdfstef uof vmz aeofdezf`f sm pum`mo mkpdmfr pfrf
aegfr uo bjdnfgj mpepdjebj, bjo md aeo `m mvetfr uof aëstudf `m df dëomf `m suturf.
Leldejnrfaëf
6. Nrfljwsce
Nrfljwsc e K^, @mkpsmy @P. @P. Yydjrjpdfsty (Hmeomcm-Kecudebz
(Hmeomcm- Kecudebz fo` Aeoomy) jpmrftejo ajr ldmmèon ùj`mofd udbmr. Eo7 Rbjtt-Bj
Rbjtt-Bjoomr
oomr BM,
m`. Bhfsseo―s jpmrftevm strftmny eo nmomrfd surnmry . 2r` m`. Omw Ujrc7 Rpreonmr3 <99<.
<. Kfrteo BG, Cmoom`y P. P. \mbjostrubtejo ja thm pydjrus. ^jrd` G Rurn 658<3 17<<6‒<<=.
2. Rjrme`m C, Rfrr KN, Rjrme`m GF. Yydjrjpdfsty ajr lmoeno nfstreb jutdmt jlstrubtejo-eoèbftejo tmbhoequms. Rbfo` G Rurn <9913 5=(6)766-61.
jlstrubtejo-eoèbftejo fo` tmbhoequms.
0. Rjylmd @E, Weoomr KG. Rtjkfbh fo` ùj`mouk7 jpmrftevm prjbmùrms. Eo7 Weoomr KG, Rbhwfrtz RE, Mddes H, mètjrs. Kfeonjt―s fl`jkeofd
jpmrftejos. 69th m`. Rtfkajr`, BP7 Fppdmtjo & Dfonm3 655>.
Bfpëtudj 6< d Yedjrjpdfstef `m Hmeomcm-Kecudebz 5=
Aenurf 6<-8
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BFYËP]DJ
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Yedjrjpdfstef `m Aeoomy
êddefk R. Bjll EQ,
EQ, K@
◁ Df pedjrjpdfstef `m Aeoomy ms df tåboebf `m mdmbbeòo bufo`j sm rmquemrm uof eobeseòo kæs dfrnf mo md
ùj`moj pfrf bjotrjdfr df hmkjrrfnef. ]o ùj`moj aelrjsf`j tfkleåo pum`m rmqumrer qum md bemrrm
sm rmfdebm bjo mstf pedjrjpdfstef.
◁ Bufo`j djs bfklejs bebftrezfdms `md pëdjrj y `m df fkpjddf ùj`mofd ekpe`mo rmfdezfr uof pedjrjpdfs-
tef `m Hmeomcm-Kecudebz pmrkmfldm seo tmoseòo, sm pum`m usfr uo bemrrm `m tepj Aeoomy. Df pedjrj-
pdfstef `m Aeoomy bjosestm læsebfkmotm mo uof nfstrjùj`mojstjkëf dftmrjdftmrfd.
◁ Mo md bjotmxtj fnu`j, sm `mlmrëf bjdjbfr uof sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf pfrf bjoaerkfr se mxestm uof hmkjrrfnef
ènmstevf y pfrf mvetfr df fsperfbeòo. Df mo`jsbjpef ènmstevf fdtf ms ÷ted pfrf md èfnoòstebj y pum`m
pmrketer md bjotrjd mo`jsbòpebj `m df hmkjrrfnef, dj qum mdekeof df ombmse`f` `m uof eotmrvmobeòo.
◁ Mo djs pfbemotms bjo ÷dbmrf påptebf bròoebf, sm `mlmrëf jptekezfr
jptekezfr md mstf`j outrebejofd kmèfotm
fdekmotfbeòo motmrfd j pfrmotmrfd. Yum`mo rmqumrersm vfrejs `ëfs pfrf bjrrmner df outrebeòo y djs mdmb-
tròdetjs mo djs pfbemotms bjo jlstrubbeòo `md trfbtj `m sfde`f `m dfrnf ùrfbeòo.
◁ Djs pfbemotms qum rmquemrfo uof eotmrvmobeòo pfrf uof jlstrubbeòo bròoebf `md trfbtj `m sfde`f sum-
dmo tmomr uof èdftfbeòo y mdjonfbeòo `md mstòkfnj. Mo mstjs bfsjs, sm prmaemrm uof pedjrjpdfstef `m
Aeoomy pjrqum pmrketm uo kmgjr `rmofgm `md mstòkfnj.
◁ Df prmpfrfbeòo prmjpmrftjref bjosestm mo df prjaedfxes `m df trjkljses vmojsf prjauo`f y df f`keoes-
trfbeòo `m foteleòtebjs. Kubhjs `m mstjs pfbemotms hfo rmbele`j uo trftfkemotj prjdjonf`j bjo eohe-
le`jrms `m df ljklf `m prjtjoms, dj qum kjèaebf df fbe`mz y df adjrf lfbtmrefof `m df duz næstrebf. Djs
foteleòtebjs prmjpmrftjrejs `mlmrëfo smr bmafdjspjreofs `m prekmrf j smnuo`f nmomrfbeòo.
5>
© <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs
d
6. Eobeseòo
◁ ]of eobeseòo kmèf fdtf prjpjrbejof

prjpjrbejof uof mxpjsebeòo f`mbuf`f pfrf df kfyjrëf `m djs prjbmèkemotjs
næstrebjs. Mo md bjotmxtj urnmotm, mstm fljr`fgm prjpjrbejof df motrf`f kæs ræpe`f y kmojs hmkj-
rrænebf f df bfve`f` fl`jkeofd. Bjkj fdtmroftevf, sm pum`m usfr uo f eobeseòo sulbjstfd ezquemr`f3 seo
mklfrnj, ms kæs `jdjrjsf y pum`m `fr dunfr f uof kfyjr tfsf `m hmroefs.
◁ Df eobeseòo kmèfd fdtf pum`m fkpdefrsm mo smote`j supmrejr hfstf df fpòaeses xeaje`ms pfrf df mxpjse-
beòo `md heftj msjaænebj. Df pjrbeòo bfrtedfneojsf `m df fpòaeses oj `mlmrëf bfutmrezfrsm pfrf mvetfr uof
jseaebfbeòo hmtmrjtòpebf.
◁ ]of vmz qum sm motrf mo md pmretjomj, sm `mlmrëf smbbejofr md denfkmotj afdbeajrkm pfrf pmrketer uof
smpfrfbeòo mo smote`j supmrejr `md dòludj dftmrfd ezquemr`j `md hënf`j.
<. @esmbbeòo
◁ F èamrmobef `m df pedjrjpdfstef `m Hmeomcm-Kecudebz, df eobeseòo pfrf df pedjrjpdfstef `m Aeoomy mstæ

kæs bmrbf `m df burvfturf kfyjr mo md df`j `md mstòkfnj y sjlrm df bfrf kmèfd `md ùj`moj mo md
df`j pfobrmætebj. Df djbfdezfbeòo `m mstf eobeseòo èskeouym df tmoseòo mo df dëomf `m suturf fotmrejr
(aen. 62-6).
62-6).
◁ Rm bjdjbf uof aedf `m puotjs sumdtjs bjo sm`f j pjdendfbteof 569 `m 2/9 pfrf fprjxekfr df burvfturf
kfyjr f df pjrbeòo supmrejr `m df zjof prjxekfd `md ùj`moj. Ms prmamreldm qum dfs suturfs sm bjdj-
qumo fotms `m rmfdezfr df eobeseòo `m pedjrjpdfstef (aen.
(aen. 62-<).
62-<).
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof eobeseòo mo ] eovmrte`f f uojs = kk `m df dëomf `m suturf. Mstf eobeseòo sm bjoteo÷f mo
tj`j md nrjsjr `md tmge`j. Df kubjsf `md ùj`moj y md fotrj næstrebj `mlmrëf smr veseldm bjo afbede`f`
(aen. 62-2).
62-2).
Bfpëtudj 62 d Yedjrjpdfstef `m Aeoomy 55
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◁ Df kubjsf sm rmfprjxekf bjkmozfo`j

bjkmozfo`j pjr md pdfoj eoamrejr bjo uof suturf bjoteouf ldjqumf`f `m
pjdendfbteof `m 2/9, qum sm rmfdezf mo smote`j bfu`fd. Bufo`j sm fdbfozf md aeofd `m df eobeseòo, df
suturf sm pfsf `m `motrj hfbef aumrf `m df pjrbeòo næstrebf (aen.
(aen. 62-0).
62-0).
◁ Md pdfoj kubjsj fotmrejr sm bemrrf bjo md keskj kftmrefd, bjo uof suturf `m Bjoomdd bjoteouf
(aen. 62-=).
62-=). Rm rmfdezf uo pdfoj fèbejofd smrjkubjsj, `m Dmklmrt, bjo sm`f j pjdendfbteof `m 0/9 mo md
bemrrm fotmrejr `m df smrjsf (aen.
( aen. 62-1).
62-1).
◁ Fd aeofdezfr df pedjrjpdfstef `m Aeoomy,
Aeoomy, sm `mlmrëfo pj`mr pfsfr `js `m`js f trfvås `m df duz.
2. Bemrrm

Aenurf 62-0
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rmterfrsm
◁ ]of vmz rmterf`f df sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf, df fdekmotfbeòo sm eoebef dmotfkmotm bjo dëque`js, prjnrm-
prjnrm-
sfo`j f uof èmtf ojrkfd. Ms kmgjr mvetfr dfs bfrnfs mdmvf`fs `m he`rftjs `m bfrljoj pfrf deketfr djs
sëotjkfs `m vfbefkemotj næstrebj fbmdmrf`j.
◁ Mo jbfsejoms, uo rmtrfsj `md vfbefkemotj næstrebj rmquemrm prjdjonfr
prjdjonfr df `msbjkprmseòo bjo sjo`f. Df
rmfdezfbeòo `m uo træosetj bjo bjotrfstm f trfvås `m df sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf `mlmrëf `mkjstrfr df pmr-
kmflede`f` foftòkebf. Mo djs bfsjs `m oæusmfs y vòketjs pmrsestmotms qum ekpe`mo rmterfr df sjo`f
ofsjnæstrebf, ms prmamreldm bjdjbfr uof sjo`f `m nfstrjstjkëf, kmèfotm mo`jsbjpef mo dunfr `m uof
rmeotmrvmobeòo. Bjo df nfstrjstjkëf sm pum`m eotrjùber uof sjo`f `m ymyuojstjkëf pfrf f`keoes-
trfr outrebeòo motmrfd. Bufo`j qum`f uo pmqumöj rmstj næstrebj, df outrebeòo pfrmotmrfd tjtfd ms uof
fdtmroftevf.
◁ Dfs aunfs pjr dfs dëomfs `m suturf pum`mo brmfr uof setufbeòo kjrtfd. Hfy qum mstfr kuy ftmotj f df
fpfrebeòo `m mstjs prjldmkfs ùrfotm djs prekmrjs =-1 `ëfs `md pjstjpmrftjrej. Dfs aunfs sumdmo
fsjbefrsm f tfquebfrèf, fukmotj `md `jdjr fl`jkeofd, aemlrm, èstmoseòo y dmubjbetjses. Rm `mlmrëf
rmfdezfr uo mstuèj eokmèftj bjo rfèjnrfaëfs fl`jkeofdms, PB bjo bjotrfstm j træosetj msjafnjnfs-
trjùj`mofd bjo bjotrfstm. Fuoqum dfs aunfs bjotrjdf`fs pum`mo trftfrsm seo berunëf, df kfyjrëf
rmquemrm uof rmeotmrvmobeòo. Df errenfbeòo y `rmofgm, df `msbjkprmseòo `md smnkmotj `jo`m mstæ df
aunf, md bemrrm j eotulfbeòo `m df keskf y uof ymyuojstjkëf `m fdekmotfb eòo sjo fspmbtjs `mstfbf`js
`md trftfkemotj.
◁ Df pedjrjpdfstef `m Aeoomy `mlmrëf pdfotmfrsm bufo`j df ÷dbmrf sm set÷m f oevmd èstfd mo md ùj-
`moj. Bufo`j df ÷dbmrf mstæ f kæs `m 0-= bk, df pedjrjpdfstef `m ` m Aeoomy ms prmamreldm f df `m
Hmeomcm-Kecudebz.
◁ Yfrf rmùber df tmoseòo mo df dëomf `m suturf mo df pedjrjpdfstef `m Aeoomy,
Aeoomy, sm rmquemrm uof kfoejlrf `m
Cjbhmr fkpdef f aeo `m pmrketer uof kjvedezfbeòo ùj`mofd mxtmosf. Ms prmamreldm rmfdezfr uo bemrrm
mo uo sòdj pdfoj `m df nfstrjmotmrjtjkëf mo dunfr `m mo `js pdfojs, pfrf rmùber df tmoseòo.
Leldejnrfaëf
6. Nrfljwsce
Nrfljwsc e K^, @mkpsmy @P. @P. Yydjrjpdfsty (Hmeomcm-Kecudebz
(Hmeomcm- Kecudebz fo` Aeoomy) jpmrftejo ajr ldmmèon ùj`mofd udbmr. Eo7 Rbjtt-Bj
Rbjtt-Bjoomr
oomr BM,
m`. Bhfsseo―s jpmrftevm strftmny eo nmomrfd surnmry . 2r` m`. Omw Ujrc7 Rpreonmr3 <99<.
<. Kfrteo BG, Cmoom`y P. P. \mbjostrubtejo ja thm pydjrus. ^jrd` G Rurn 658<3 17<<6.
2. Rjylmd @E, Weoomr KG. Rtjkfbh fo` ùj`mouk7 jpmrftevm prjbmùrms. Eo7 Weoomr KG, Rbhwfrtz RE, Mddes H, m`s. Kfeonjt―s fl`jkeofd
jpmrftejos. 69th m`. Rtfkajr`, BP7 Fppdmtjo & Dfonm3 655>.
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BFYËP]DJ
60
Yedjrjpdfstef `m Gfljudfy
êddefk R. Bjll EQ,
EQ, K@

◁ Df «pedjrjpdfstef³ `m Gfljudfy ms mo rmfde`f` uof nfstrjùj`mojstjkëf motrm md fotrj næstrebj y md

ùj`moj. @ms`m md puotj `m vestf tåboebj, oj sm rmfdezf uof eobeseòo `md pëdjrj (aen.
( aen. 60-6).
60-6).
◁ Mstf eotmrvmobeòo supjom uof fkpdef flmrturf motrm df pjrbeòo èstfd `md mstòkfnj y md ùj`moj, y
mvetf md prjbmsj eoadfkftjrej mo md ærmf pedòrebf.
◁ Df nfstrjùj`mojstjkëf `m Gfljudfy bjkleof`f bjo uof vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr

trjobudfr ms uof tåboebf e`òomf
pfrf md trftfkemotj `m df jlstrubbeòo `md trfbtj `m sfde`f næstrebj `mle`f f uof ÷dbmrf ùj`mofd. Rm
trftf `m uo prjbmèkemotj maebfz pfrf kmgjrfr md vfbefkemotj næstrebj.
◁ Mstf eotmrvmobeòo temom dfs vmotfgfs `m uof mxpjsebeòo y èsmbbeòo rmdftevfkmotm smobeddfs. Mvetf df
èsmbbeòo `md tmge`j prmpedòrebj eoadfkf`j j arefldm. Oj ms ombmsfrej suturfr j kfoepudfr df lfsm `m
df ÷dbmrf se oj sm hf prjùbe`j uof hmkjrrfnef fbtevf.
6. Eobeseòo
◁ ]of eobeseòo kmèf fdtf prjpjrbejof

prjpjrbejof uof mxpjsebeòo f`mbuf`f pfrf df kfyjrëf `m djs prjbmèkemotjs
næstrebjs. Mo md bjotmxtj urnmotm, mstm fljr`fgm prjpjrbejof df motrf`f kæs ræpe`f y kmojs hmkjrræ-
nebf f df bfve`f` fl`jkeofd. Bjkj fdtmroftevf, sm pum`m usfr uof eobeseòo sulbjstfd ezquemr`f, pmrj
ms kæs `jdjrjsf y pum`m `fr dunfr f uof kfyjr armbumobef `m mvmotrfbejoms.
◁ Df eobeseòo kmèf fdtf pum`m fkpdefrsm mo smote`j supmrejr hfstf df fpòaeses xeaje`ms pfrf df mxpjse-
beòo `md heftj msjaænebj. Df pjrbeòo bfrtedfneojsf `m df fpòaeses oj `mlmrëf bfutmrezfrsm pfrf mvetfr uof
jseaebfbeòo hmtmrjtòpebf.

Bfpëtudj 60 d Yedjrjpdfstef `m Gfljudfy 69=
Aenurf 60-6
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◁ ]of vmz qum sm motrf mo md pmretjomj, sm `mlmrëf smbbejofr md denfkmotj afdbeajrkm pfrf pmrketer uof
smpfrfbeòo mo smote`j supmrejr `md dòludj dftmrfd ezquemr`j `md hënf`j.
<. @esmbbeòo
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof kfoejlrf `m Cjbhmr kmèfotm df kjvedezfbeòo `m df pfrtm pjstmrejr `m df smnuo`f

pjrbeòo `md ùj`moj. Djs prekmrjs `js `m`js `m df kfoj ezquemr`f sm pum`mo utedezfr pfrf flrer `m
ajrkf rjkf md pdfoj rmtrjùj`mofd. Kmèfotm tegmrfs pu m`m flrersm md mspfbej rmtrjpmretjomfd y rmtrj-
pfobrmætebj.
◁ Md fotrj næstrebj y md ùj`moj sm fdeomfo bjdjbfo`j uof suturf `m trfbbeòo gustj prjxekfd
prjxekfd fd pëdjrj,
f dj dfrnj `m df burvfturf kfyjr `md mstòkfnj. Mstf zjof sm fprjxekf f uof rmneòo `md ùj`moj gustj
èstfd fd pëdjrj bebftrezfd. ]of smnuo`f suturf `m trfbbeòo sm èspjom kæs prjxekfd mo md mstòkfnj,
f dj dfrnj `m df burvfturf kfyjr
kf yjr y kæs èstfd mo md ùj`moj,
` uj`moj, f uojs >-5 bk `m df prekmrf suturf
su turf
(aen. 60-<).
60-<).
◁ Md pdfoj pjstmrejr `m puotjs sumdtjs sm rmfdezf mo prekmr dunfr.
dunfr. Rm mkpdmf sm`f j pjdendfbteof 569 (2/9)
pfrf fprjxekfr dfs supmraebems smrjsfs `md mstòkfnj y md ùj`moj (aen.(aen. 60-2).
60-2).
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, sm flrmo md mstòkfnj y md ùj`moj. ]of vmz bjosmnue`f df hmkjstfsef, sm rmfdezf uo
pdfoj eotmroj bjo uof suturf bjoteouf `m hedj rmflsjrleldm (pjdendfbteof j pjdeèjxfojof) qum sm
èrenm mo smote`j fotmrejr. Mo md puotj kmèj `m df flmrturf pjstmrejr sm usf uo hedj bjo uof fnugf
mo bf`f mxtrmkj pfrf rmfdezfr uof suturf qum sm bjoteo÷f mo smote`j bmaædebj y bfu`fd (aen.
( aen. 60-0).
60-0). Df
fofstjkjses sm bjkpdmtf bjo uo pdfoj `m puotjs sumdtjs `m sm`f j pjdendfbteof, utedezfo`j uof suturf
`m Dmklmrt (aen.
(aen. 60-=).
60-=).
Bfpëtudj 60 d Yedjrjpdfstef `m Gfljudfy 69>
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2. Bemrrm

rmterfrsm
◁ ]of vmz qum sm hf rmterf`j df sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf, df fdekmotfbeòo sm eoebef `mspfbej bjo dëque`js, prj-
nrmsfo`j f uof èmtf ojrkfd. Ms kmgjr mvetfr dfs bfrnfs mdmvf`fs `m he`rftjs `m bfrljoj pfrf deketfr
djs sëotjkfs `m vfbefkemotj næstrebj fbmdmrf`j.
◁ Mo jbfsejoms, uo rmtrfsj `md vfbefkemotj
vfbefkemotj næstrebj rmquemrm prjdjonfr
prjdjonfr df `msbjkprmseòo bjo sjo`f.
Df rmfdezfbeòo `m uo træosetj bjo bjotrfstm f trfvås `m df sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf `mlmrëf `mkjstrfr df
pmrkmflede`f` foftòkebf. Mo djs bfsjs `m oæusmfs y vòketjs pmrsestmotms bjo eobfpfbe`f` `m rmterfr
df sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf, ms prmamreldm bjdjbfr uof sjo`f `m nfstrjstjkëf `m ajrkf mo`jsbòpebf mo du nfr
`m uof rmeotmrvmobeòo. Kmèfotm df nfstrjstjkëf sm pum`m eotrjùber uof sjo`f `m ymyuojstjkëf
pfrf f`keoestrfr outrebeòo motmrfd. Mo djs bfsjs mo qum qum`f uo pmqumöj rmkfomotm næstrebj, df
outrebeòo pfrmotmrfd tjtfd ms uof fdtmroftevf.
◁ Df aunf pjr dfs dëomfs `m suturf pum`m smr pjtmobefdkmotm
pjtmobefdkmotm kjrtfd. Hfy qum mstfr kuy ftmotj f df fpf-
rebeòo `m mstjs prjldmkfs ùrfotm djs prekmrjs =-1 `ëfs `md pjstjpmrftjrej. Dfs aunfs sumdmo fsjbefrsm
f tfquebfrèf, fukmotj `md `jdjr fl`jkeofd, aemlrm, èstmoseòo y dmubjbetjses. Rm `mlmrëf rmfdezfr uo
mstuèj eokmèftj bjo rfèjnrfaëfs fl`jkeofdms, PB bjo bjotrfstm j træosetj msjafnjnfstrjùj`mofd
bjo bjotrfstm. Fuoqum dfs aunfs bjotrjdf`fs pum`mo trftfrsm seo berunëf, df kfyjrëf rmquemrm uof rmeo-
tmrvmobeòo. Df errenfbeòo y `rmofgm, df `msbjkprmseòo `md smnkmotj `jo`m mstæ df aunf, md bemrrm j eotu-
lfbeòo `m df keskf y uof ymyuojstjkëf `m fdekmotfbeòo sjo fspmbtjs ekpjrtfotms `md trftfkemotj.
Bfpëtudj 60 d Yedjrjpdfstef `m Gfljudfy 695
◁ Prfs df kfoejlrf `m Cjbhmr, rmsudtf lmomaebejsj e`moteaebfr djs vfsjs bòdebjs kmèjs, qum pum`mo bjdj-
bfrsm sjlrm md ùj`moj pfrf mvetfr su dmseòo ùrfotm df èsmbbeòo.
◁ Df puotf aeof `m uo mdmbtrjlesturë
mdmbtrjlesturë ms f`mbuf`f pfrf brmfr df nfstrjstjkëf y df ùj`mojtjkëf. Ymrketm
uof kmgjr hmkjstfsef qum md lesturë arëj y keoekezf df dmseòo pjr bfutmrezfbeòo.
Leldejnrfaëf
6. Afrres GK, Rketh NC. Djon-tmrk fpprfesfd ja thm trmftkmot ja nfstreb udbmr eo setu ly vfnjtjky fo` pydjrjpdfsty weth f ojtm jo thm Gflju-
dfy prjbmùrm. Fk
prjbmùrm. Fk G Rurn 65>236<1(<)7<5<-<55.
Rurn 65>236<1(<)7<5<-<55.
<. Rfwymrs GD. Rmdmbtevm
Rmdmb tevm vfnjtjky fo` pydjrjpdfs ty
ty.. Eo7 Oyhus DK, Lfcmr \G, Aesbhmr GM, m`s. Kfstmry ja surnmry.
surnmry . 2r` m`. Ljstjo7 Dettdm,
Lrjwo fo` Bj.3 655>.
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BFYËP]DJ
6=
Fotrmbtjkëf
êddefk R. Bjll EQ,
EQ, K@
◁ Df berunëf `md mstòkfnj y `md ùj`moj rmquemrm

rmquemrm bjojbmr
bjojbmr df errenfbeòo `m fkljs òrnfojs, fsë bjkj dfs
rmdfbejoms foftòkebfs bjo md pæobrmfs y md lfzj ( aen. 6=-6).
6=-6).
◁ Dfs eoèbfbejoms kæs armbumotms

armbumotms pfrf df fotrmbtjkëf
fotrmbtjkëf j nfstrmbtjkëf èstfd sjo df ÷dbmrf ùj`mofd, df
÷dbmrf næstrebf y djs tukjrms næstrebjs lmoenojs. Motrm dfs bjotrfeoèbfbejoms rmdftevfs, hfy qum betfr
df berrjses, df prmsmobef `m fluo`fotm tmge`j bebftrezfd mo df pjrbeòo prjxekfd `md ùj`moj y df berunëf
prmvef mo èbhf zjof.
◁ Bufo`j sm rmfdezf guotj bjo uof vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr, df fotrmbtjkëf ms df tåboebf `m mdmbbeòo pfrf
rmùber df smbrmbeòo æbe`f y df rmbeèvf mo bjkpfrfbeòo bjo df vfnjtjkëf, df pedjrjpdfstef y df vfnjtj-
këf supmrsmdmbtevf. Reo mklfrnj, dfs lfgfs tfsfs `m rmbeèvf `mlmo sjpmsfrsm armotm f dfs bjkpdebfbej-
oms pjsnfstrmbtjkëf y pjsvfnjtjkëf qum sm prjùbmo mo fdrm`m`jr `md <9% `m djs pfbemotms. Mo df
mrf `md H. pydjre, df fotrmbtjkëf sm rmfdezf `m ajrkf eoarmbumotm mo djs pfbemotms bjo ÷dbmrf påptebf.
◁ Df fotrmbtjkëf bjo rmbjostrubbeòo
rmbjostrubbeòo tepj Leddrjth E (nfstrjùj`mojstjkëf
(nfstrjùj`mojstjkëf)) ms df rmsmbbeòo næstrebf kæs
aesejdònebf, pums rmstfurf df bjoteoue`f` ojrkfd. Bufo`j df fotrmbtjkëf sm bjkleof bjo df vfnjtj-
këf, pmrketm bjosmrvfr md =9% `md mstòkfnj bjo df kmojr tfsf `m rmbeèvf `m tj`js djs prjbmèkemo-
tjs pfrf md trftfkemotj `m df ÷dbmrf (aen.
( aen. 6=-<).
6=-<).
◁ Mo djs pfbemotms kfdoutre`js, sjlrm tj`jtj`j mo kugmrms, df fotrmbtjkëf
fotrmbtjkëf `mgf uo rmsmrvjrej næstrebj suae-
bemotm pfrf kfotmomr uof outrebeòo pjstjpmrftjref f`mbuf`f. Df rmfdezfbeòo `m uof fofstjkjses nfs-
trjùj`mofd pfrf djnrfr uo tfkföj fprjxekf`j fd `md pëdjrj sumdm rmtrfsfr md vfbefkemotj næstrebj y
rmùbm djs prjldmkfs `m vfbefkemotj næstrebj fbmdmrf`j pjstnfstrmbtjkëf.
◁ Md mstf`j outrebejofd `md pfbemotm `mlm mvfdufrsm
mvfdufrsm `m ajrkf f`mbuf`f. Djs foædeses prmjpmrftjrejs
prmjpmrftjrejs
`mlmo vfdjrfr, motrm jtrjs pfrækmtrjs, df bjobmotrfbeòo `m prmfdl÷keof y `m fdl÷keof.
◁ Mo md bjotmxtj fnu`j, sm `mlm bjrrmner df bjobmotrfbeòo
bjobmotrfbeòo `m mdmbtròdetjs. Bufo`j mxestm uo buf`rj
buf`rj
bròoebj `m oæusmfs y vòketjs, sm `mlm bjrrmner df fdbfdjses y rmpjomr djs oevmdms `m pjtfsej.

Bfpëtudj 6= d Fotrmbtjkëf 666
Aenurf 6=-6
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6. Eobeseòo
◁ ]of eobeseòo kmèf fdtf ms e`òomf pfrf djnrfr uof mxpjsebeòo

mxpjsebeòo f`mbuf`f
f`mbuf`f `md mstòkfnj. Mstf eobeseòo
sm pum`m fkpdefr hfstf df fpòaeses xeaje`ms pfrf fbbm`mr fd heftj msjaænebj bjo md aeo `m rmfdezfr uof
vfnjtjkëf. Mo djs pfbemotms bjo uo tòrfx mo tjomd, uof eobeseòo sulbjstfd pum`m pmrketer uo fbbmsj
denmrfkmotm kmgjr fd eotmsteoj fotmrejr. Reo mklfrnj, df smbbeòo `md k÷sbudj bjoddmvf df pjselede`f`
`m kæs prjldmkfs `m df hmre`f y rmquemrm kæs temkpj `m èsmbbeòo.
◁ ]of vmz qum sm hf motrf`j mo md pmretjomj,
pmretjomj, sm `mlmrëf smbbejofr md denfkmotj afdbeajrkm
afdbeajrkm pfrf pmrketer
smpfrfr hfbef frrelf md dòludj dftmrfd ezquemr`j `md hënf`j.
<. @esmbbeòo
◁ Md prekmr pfsj `m df fotrmbtjkëf

fotrmbtjkëf pfrf df ÷dbmrf bjosestm
bjosestm mo mvfdufr md ùj`moj
ùj`moj pjr se `mlm rmfdezfrsm
uof rmsmbbeòo y df pjselede`f` `m uo bemrrm èaëbed `md kuöòo ùj`mofd. Mstf vfdjrfbeòo ms èaëbed
lfsæo`jsm sòdj mo df eospmbbeòo. ]of pfrm` ùj`mofd fotmrejr kuy aelrjsf`f j m`mkftjsf sunemrm
qum md bemrrm ùj`mofd smræ bjkpdebf`j. Df prmsmobef `m uo nrf`j bjose`mrfldm `m m`mkf j aelrjses
`md pëdjrj, pæobrmfs y denfkmotjs hmpftjùj`mofdms ms uof bjotrfeoèbfbeòo rmdftevf pfrf df fotrmb-
tjkëf.
◁ Df rmbjostrubbeòo
rmbjostrubbeòo tepj Leddrjth E rmquemrm uof kjvedezfbeòo
kjvedezfbeòo mxtmosf
mxtmosf `md ùj`moj. Md pmretjomj setuf`j
setuf`j
f dj dfrnj `md ljr`m pjstmrejr `m df smnuo`f pjrbeòo `md ùj`moj sm eobe`m y sm rmfdezf uof kfoej-
lrf `m Cjbhmr. Yjr dj nmomrfd, md ùj`moj pum`m smpfrfrsm mo smote`j kmèfd bjo df kfoj ezquemr`f
y dfs f`hmrmobefs pmretjomfdms sm mdekeofo kmèfotm èsmbbeòo rjkf bjo md `m`j j bjo uof tjruo`f.
Pfkleåo mo mstm bfsj, djs vfsjs bòdebjs kmèjs èsburrmo sjlrm df smnuo`f pjrbeòo `md ùj`moj y sm
pum`mo mobjotrfr `m rmpmotm. Md æonudj hmpætebj `md bjdjo `mlmrëf `mspdfzfrsm mo smote`j bfu`fd y
kmèfd pfrf e`moteaebfr prjotj djs vfsjs bòdebjs kmèjs ( aen. 6=-2).
6=-2).
◁ Md denfkmotj hmpftjnæstrebj
hmpftjnæstr ebj fvfsbudfr sm eobe`m f df `mrmbhf `m df burvfturf kmojr. Mstf kfoejlrf
pmrketm md pfsj `md `m`j ëoèbm ezquemr`j pjr `mtræs `md fotrj, sfdemo`j pjr `mtræs `m df frbf`f nfs-
trjmpepdjebf f dj dfrnj `m df burvfturf kfyjr. Md mpepdòo sm mdmvf fdmgæo`jdj `md kmsjbjdjo trfosvmrsj
y sm flrm, dj qum mvetf df dmseòo `m djs vfsjs bòdebjs kmèjs (aen.
(aen. 6=-0).
6=-0). Dfs rfkfs `m df frbf`f nfstrjm-
pepdjebf qum sm èrenmo f df burvfturf kfyjr sm smbbejofo `m ajrkf smbumobefd bjo peozfs y denfùrfs.
Mstf èsmbbeòo sm bjoteo÷f f dj dfrnj `m df burvfturf kfyjr hfstf uo puotj setuf`j fprjxekf`fkmotm
f kmèf èstfobef motrm md pëdjrj y md èfarfnkf ( aen. 6=-=).
6=-=). Md smnkmotj èstfd `m df frbf`f nfstrj-
mpepdjebf sm èsmbf, smpfræo`jdj `md fotrj. Hfy qum tmomr bue`f`j, pjrqum dfs vmofs setuf`fs bmrbf
`md jrenmo `m djs vfsjs nfstrjmpepdjebjs `mrmbhjs sjo arænedms y pum`mo `msnfrrfrsm bjo afbede`f`.
@urfotm mstf èsmbbeòo, dfs f`hmrmobefs bjonåoetfs motrm md pæobrmfs y df pfrm` pjstmrejr `md fotrj
pum`mo mdekeofrsm pfrf kjvedezfr pjr bjkpdmtj df ketf` èstfd `m df burvfturf kfyjr.
◁ Rm e`moteaebf uo puotj setuf`j f dj dfrnj `m df burvfturf kmojr, gustj prjxekfd f df tmrbmrf vmof prj-
keomotm. Mstm puotj sm mobumotrf fprjxekf`fkmotm mqueèstfotm motrm df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf y md
pëdjrj, y ms uof lumof mstekfbeòo `m df mxtmoseòo supmrejr `m df kubjsf fotrfd. Rm eosmrtf uof peozf
`m hmkjstfsef motrm df burvfturf kmojr y md afsbëbudj vfsbudfr f`yfbmotm mo mstf zjof. Djs vfsjs næs-
trebjs ezquemr`js sm smbbejofo motrm `js peozfs ( aen. 6=-1).
6=-1). Rm mkpdmfo denfùrfs `m sm`f `md 9 j `m
pjdendfbteof 569 pfrf bjotrjdfr djs bfljs smbbejof`js `m djs vfsjs. Ms prmamreldm `mgfr fd kmojs uo
kuöòo `m 6 bk `m frtmref næstrebf èstfd f bf`f denfùrf. Yum`m hflmr kubhfs vmofs næstrebfs fèbej-
ofdms qum rmquemrfo kæs denfùrfs.
Aenurf 6=-2 Aenurf 6=-0
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◁ Md mpepdòo sm smpfrf mo smote`j

smote`j supmrejr y df pfrm` pjstmrejr
pjstmrejr `md mstòkfnj sm delmrf `m df bæpsudf
bæpsudf `md
pæobrmfs. Bufdquemr f`hmrmobef qum sm mobumotrm `mlmrëf mdekeofrsm kmèfotm èsmbbeòo bjrtfotm. Re
mxestm uof ÷dbmrf mo df bfrf pjstmrejr, pum`m qum sm jlsmrvm uof mrjseòo mo df bæpsudf `md pæobrmfs.
Dfs f`hmrmobefs pum`mo mdekeofrsm
mdekeofrsm bjo md pudnfr y md ëoèbm, `mgfo`j md brætmr `m df ÷dbmrf mo df bæp-
sudf `md pæobrmfs (aen.
( aen. 6=->).
6=->). Pj`fs dfs ÷dbmrfs næstrebfs `mlmrëfo lejpsefrsm pfrf `msbfrtfr df prmsmo-
bef `m uo tukjr kfdenoj.
◁ Mo mstm kjkmotj, sm vmreaebf qum sm hf rmfdezf`j uof kjvedezfbeòo
kjvedezfbeòo fkpdef `md ùj`moj y `md mstò-
kfnj. F÷o oj sm hf `f`j oeon÷o pfsj qum jldenum f rmfdezfr df rmsmbbeòo. ]of vmz qum pfrmbm afbteldm
rmfdezfr uof fotrmbtjkëf,
fotrmbtjkëf, md berugfoj rmfdezf df smbbeòo `md mstòkfnj y md ùj`moj.
◁ Bufo`j sm fsjbef f uof vfnjtjkëf bjkpdmtf,
bjkpdmtf, oj ms ombmsfrej rmsmbfr
rmsmbfr kæs `m df ketf` `md mstòkfnj.
Åstm sm pum`m smbbejofr bjo uo ÷oebj èspfrj `m uof nrfpf`jrf deomfd, pjr dj nmomrfd `m 59 kk `m
djonetu`, bjo nrfpfs `m 2,= j 0,8 kk. Mstf tåboebf pmrketm uofs kmgjrms bjoèbejoms pfrf rmfdezfr
uof fofstjkjses nfstrjeotmsteofd bjo nrfpf`jrf (aen. ( aen. 6=-8).
6=-8). Re sm vf f rmfdezfr uof rmbjostrubbeòo
kmèfotm suturf kfoufd, sm bjdjbfo uofs peozfs vesbmrfdms smrrf`fs djonetuèofdms mo æonudjs `m
59 nrf`js rmspmbtj f df burvfturf kfyjr, smpfrf`fs uojs 2-0 bk. Df bfote`f` `m tmge`j mondjlf`j
pjr df peozf `mlmrëf bjrrmspjo`mr fd tfkföj `msmf`j `m df flmrturf fofstjkòtebf pfrf df nfstrjùj-
`mojstjkëf j nfstrjymyuojstjkëf.
nfstrjymyuojstjkëf. Df pfrm` næstrebf setuf`f motrm dfs peozfs sm smbbejof y sm utedezf
uof nrfpf`jrf deomfd pfrf smbbejofr df pjrbeòo rmstfotm `md mstòkfnj mo md df`j `m df burvfturf kmojr
(aen. 6=-5).
6=-5). Rm bjdjbf uof peozf `m Fddmo fèbejofd èstfd f df nrfpf`jrf, y md mstòkfnj sm smbbejof f
rfs bjo df nrfpf`jrf. Md ljr`m smbbejof`j `md mstòkfnj pum`m bfutmrezf
bfutmrezfrsm
rsm pfrf rmfdezfr hmkjstfsef.
Ms prmamreldm utedezfr uo rmaumrzj kmèfotm uof dëomf `m nrfpfs rmflsjrleldms pfrf keoekezfr df hmkj-
rrfnef. Rm pum`m rmfdezfr uof suturf `m Dmklmrt bjo puotjs sumdtjs `m sm`f j pjdendfbteof `m 0/9 pfrf
eovmrter df dëomf `m nrfpfs `m df ljdsf næstrebf. Bufo`j oj sm mkpdmf uof nrfpf`jrf (j se oj sm èspjom
Bfpëtudj 6= d Fotrmbtjkëf 66=
Aenurf 6=->
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`m mddf), df burvfturf kmojr sm smbbejof motrm `js peozfs `m Fddmo. Rm rmfdezf uof suturf `m pjdendfb-
teof `m 2/9 pfrf bmrrfr df ljdsf næstrebf pjr pdfojs, bjkmozfo`j pjr md df`j `m df burvfturf kmojr.
Df fnugf `m df suturf sm pfsf `m uof pfrtm f jtrf, gustj pjr `mlfgj `m df peozf `m Fddmo pfrf mambtufr
uof suturf bjoteouf `m bjdbhjomrj hjrezjotfd. Bufo`j sm fdbfozf df lfsm `m df peozf `m Fddmo, sm
rmnrmsf bjo df keskf suturf hfstf df burvfturf kmojr usfo`j uof suturf bjoteouf bjo ldjqumj qum
sm fou`f f su puotj `m jrenmo. F bjoteoufbeòo, df kubjsf sm eovemrtm bjo uof bfpf `m Dmklmrt `m
puotjs sumdtjs `m sm`f j pjdendfbteof `m 0/9 (aen.
( aen. 6=-69 FLB).
◁ Md senuemotm pfsj bmotrf df ftmobeòo mo df smbbeòo
smbbeòo `md ùj`moj. Re oj mxestm uo tmge`j aelrjsj y bebf-
trezfd senoeaebftevj, md ùj`moj sm kjvedezf y sm prmpfrf pfrf uof fofstjkjses tepj Leddrjth E. Rm `mlm
mdekeofr df nrfsf y djs vfsjs `m djs ljr`ms supmrejr m eoamrejr `m df pfrm` ùj`mofd f dj dfrnj `m pjr
dj kmojs 6-6,= bk. Df frtmref næstrebf `mrmbhf sm e`moteaebf y sm denf ( aen. 6=-66).
6=-66). Df pemzf næstrebf
rmsmbf`f sm smpfrf mo smote`j fotmrejr pfrf mxpjomr df pfrm` pjstmrejr `md ùj`moj y df supmraebem
fotmrejr `md pæobrmfs. Ms pjseldm mobjotrfr vfrejs (=-1) vfsjs pmrajrfotms `m pmqumöj tfkföj `ms`m
md pæobrmfs fd ùj`moj, qum `mlmo denfrsm bjo suturfs `m 0/9 motrm peozfs `m hmkjstfsef `m puotf
aeof. Re md vfsj sm rmtrfm mo md tmge`j pfobrmætebj, sm pum`m usfr uo puotj `m bjdbhjomrj `m sm`f j
pjdendfbteof `m 0/9 pfrf bjotrjdfr df hmkjrrfnef (aen.
( aen. 6=-6<).
6=-6<).
Bfpëtudj 6= d Fotrmbtjkëf 66>
Aenurf 6=-69
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◁ \mfdezfr df smbbeòo `md ùj`moj `m ajrkf f`mbuf`f

f`mbuf`f y smnurf ms auo`fkmotf
auo`fkmotfd,d, pmrj mo jbfsejoms ms
lfstfotm èaëbed, sjlrm tj`j mo prmsmobef `m uof ÷dbmrf ùj`mofd pjstmrejr pmrajrfotm. Df pfrm` fotm-
rejr `md ùj`moj setuf`f gustj èstfd f df bebftrez udbmrjsf sm smbbejof mo prekmr dunfr. Mstm bjrtm sm
rmfdezf bjo lesturë arëj dj kæs bmrbf `md pëdjrj qum pmrketf df ÷dbmrf. Df pfrm` pjstmrejr `md ùj`moj
sm eobe`m f bjoteoufbeòo `m `motrj hfbef aumrf lfgj vesufdezfbeòo èrmbtf ( aen. 6=-62).6=-62). Re mxestm uof
÷dbmrf pjstmrejr pmrajrfotm gustj èstfd fd pëdjrj, df pjrbeòo èstfd `md ùj`moj sm sumdm pj`mr delmrfr
uof èstfobef suaebemotm pfrf rmfdezfr uof fofstjkjses uof vmz smbbejof`j md ùj`moj. Re df ÷dbmrf
ùj`mofd pjstmrejr temom uof djbfdezfbeòo kæs èstfd (kæs fddæ `m <,= bk), df pfrm` pjstmrejr `md ùj-
`moj `mlmrëf `mgfrsm uoe`f fd dmbhj udbmrjsj `m kj`j qum sm pum`f rmfdezfr uo bemrrm kjèaebf`j `md
kuöòo ùj`mofd èaëbed.
◁ ]of vmz smbbejof`j md ùj`moj, md berugfoj `mlmrëf e`moteaebfr
e`moteae bfr df fkpjddf `m Qftmr,
Qftmr, pfrf dj qum
eotrjùbm md `m`j ëoèbm `mrmbhj mo df duz ùj`mofd, bjo md aeo `m pfdpfr df fkpjddf. Df mstrubturf
sumdm mstfr f = bk `md ljr`m smbbejof`j
smbbejof`j `md ùj`moj y f > bk `md pëdjrj. ]of vmz qum sm jlsmrvf md
puotj `m motrf`f mxfbtj `md bjoùbtj bjk÷o, md berugfoj pum`m prjsmnuer bjo kæs bjkjè`f` bjo
df rmbjostrub
rmbjostrubbeòo
beòo nfstrjeotmsteofd.
◁ Mo mstm kjkmotj, md berugfoj
berugfoj `mlm `mbeèr quå fofstjkjses
fofstjkjses sm rmfdezf. Hfy vfrejs mgmkpdjs
mgmkpdjs mo djs qum
df fofstjkjses nfstrjùj`mofd tmrkeojtmrkeofd oj pum`m mambtufrsm
mambtufrsm.. Df fofstjkjses ouobf `mlmrëf
ajrzfrsm. Re hfy èaebudtf`ms pfrf rmmstfldmbmr
rmmstfldmbmr df bjoteoue`f` nfstrjùj`mofd,
nfstrjùj`mofd, sm `mlmrëf rmfdezfr uof
fofstjkjses nfstrjymyuo
nfstrjymyuofd.fd.
◁ Yfrf uof fofstjkjses nfstrjùj`mofd
nfstrjùj`mofd tmrkeojtmrkeofd,
tmrkeojtmrkeofd, df peozf `m Fddmo bjdjbf`f prmvefkmotm
prmvefkmotm mo md
mxtrmkj smbbejof`j
smbbejof`j `m df pjrbeòo `md mstòkfnj bjrrmspjoèmotm
bjrrmspjoèmotm f df burvfturf kfyjr `mlmrëf tmomr
uof djonetu` `m tmge`j fprjxekf`fkmotm enufd fd mxtrmkj smbbejof`j `md ùj`moj. Dfs suturfs `m
djs æonudjs sm fpdebfo mo prekmr dunfr usfo`j df tåboebf `m Busheon. Rm rmfdezf uo pdfoj pjstmrejr
`m puotjs sumdtjs `m Dmklmrt `m sm`f j `m pjdendfbteof `m 0/9. Hfy qum prjburfr oj mondjlfr kubhj
tmge`j bjo bf`f puotj, pfrf rmùber df eobe`mobef `m jlstrubbeòo pjstjpmrftjref ( aen. 6=-60).6=-60). F bjo-
teoufbeòo, sm rmterf df peozf `m Fddmo y sm rmfdezf uof suturf `m pjdendfbteof `m 0/9 bjo uof fnugf
mo bf`f mxtrmkj mo md puotj kmèj `m df pfrm` pjstmrejr, rmfdezfo`j uo ou`j. Df bfpf kubjsf sm
bemrrf mo fklfs èrmbbejoms usfo`j uof suturf bjoteouf ldjqumf`f pfrf rmfdezfr hmkjstfsef. Mo df
pfrtm fotmrejr,
fotmrejr, mo dfs suturfs sm bjoteo÷f usfo`j md puotj `m Bjoomdd. Df dëomf `m suturf fotmrejr sm
rmaumrzf bjo puotjs sumdtjs `m Dmklmrt bjo sm`f j pjdendfbteof `m 0/9 ( aen. 6=-6= FLB). Mo md md æonudj
`jo`m df dëomf `m suturf næstrebf sm mobumotrf bjo md ljr`m supmrejr `md ùj`moj, sm fpdebf uo puotj
mo bjrjof, eobjrpjrfo`j df bfpf smrjkusbudfr `m df pfrm` fotmrejr `m df ljdsf næstrebf, df pfrm` pjs-
tmrejr `m df ljdsf næstrebf y df pfrm` `md ùj`moj (aen.
( aen. 6=-61).
6=-61). Df fofstjkjses uof vmz bjkpdmtf`f
`mlmrëf `mgfr pfsfr md pudnfr `md berugfoj. Mobekf `m df fofstjkjses, sm aegf uo pfrbhm `m mpepdòo
bjo puotjs oj kuy fprmtf`js. Djs bfljs `m dfs suturfs `m djs æonudjs sm pum`mo mkpdmfr pfrf aegfr
md mpepdòo fotms `m bjrtfrdjs.
Aenurf 6=-62 Aenurf 6=-60
Aenurf 6=-6=
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6<9 Rmbbeòo EEE Mstòkfnj
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◁ Rm pum`m rmfdezfr uof nfstrjymyuojstjkëf

nfstrjymyuojst jkëf j rmbjostrubbeòo tepj Leddrjth EE, `m ajrkf kfoufd j bjo
nrfpf`jrf. Ms prmamreldm uof fofstjkjses fotmbòdebf fuoqum sm pum`m mambtufr uof rmbjostrubbeòo
rmtrjbòdebf ddmvfo`j md ymyuoj f trfvås `md kmsjbjdjo trfosvmrsj. Rm msbjnm uo ærmf `md ymyuoj f
uojs 6<-6= bk `md denfkmotj `m Prmetz. Md fsf `m ymyuoj sm ddmvf fd df`j `m df burvfturf kfyjr `md
mstòkfnj smbbejof`j qum mstæ mondjlf`j bjo df peozf `m Fddmo. Md ljr`m fotekmsmotårebj
fotekmsmotårebj `md ymyuoj
sm smöfdf bjo uo rjtudf`jr j sm hfbmo uofs kfrbfs bjo df pfrtm oj bjrtfotm `m df hjgf `md lesturë. Df
bfpf smrjkusbudfr pjstmrejr sm mdfljrf prekmrj bjo puotjs sumdtjs `m sm`f j pjdendfbteof 569 `m 0/9.
Df kfrbf `md ymyuoj fsmnurf qum mstf bfpf sm bjdjqum mo dëomf rmbtf ( aen. 6=-6>).
6=-6>). Djs mxtrmkjs `m
dfs `js suturfs `m djs æonudjs sm `mgfo dfrnjs, utedezæo`jsm bjkj suturfs `m trfbbeòo pfrf md rmstj
`m df fofstjkjses. Md mxbmsj `m tmge`j næstrebj qum mstæ bjotmoe`j mo df peozf `m Fddmo sm rmsmbf f
rfs `m df peozf y åstf sm rmterf. F bjoteoufbeòo, sm brmf uof ymyuojstjkëf `m mspmsjr bjkpdmtj bjo
mdmbtrjlesturë mo uo puotj setuf`j f dj dfrnj `m df kfrbf. Dfs puotfs `m uof peozf `m hmkjstfsef sm
eosmrtfo mo df duz ymyuofd y df peozf sm flrm f uof èstfobef denmrfkmotm kmojr f df `m df flmrturf næs-
trebf. Dfs bfpfs `m kubjsf sm fprjxekfo bjo uof suturf `m pjdendfbteof `m 2/9 bjo uof fnugf mo bf`f
mxtrmkj. Df suturf sm bjdjbf mo md puotj kmèj `m df bfpf pjstmrejr y sm fou`f. F bjoteoufbeòo, sm
rmfdezf uof suturf bjoteouf ldjqumf`f hfbef bf`f kfrnmo dftmrfd ( aen. 6=-68).
6=-68). Df bfpf kubjsf fotm-
rejr sm bjkpdmtf bjo uof suturf `m Bjoomdd bjoteouf. Dfs `js hmlrfs s m fou`fo motrm së mo md puotj
kmèj fotmrejr. Rm rmfdezf uo smnuo`j pdfoj `m suturfs `m Dmklmrt bjo puotjs sumdtjs, kmèfotm
sm`f j pjdendfbteof `m 0/9 (aen.
( aen. 6=-65).
6=-65). Mo md kfrnmo kmèfd, sm mambt÷f uof suturf mo bjrjof (bjkj
sm hf `msbretj fotms mo df tåboebf `m nfstrjùj`mojstjkëf) mo md æonudj ajrkf`j pjr df fofstjkjses
næstrebf y ymyuofd (aen.
(aen. 6=-<9).
6=-<9).
Bfpëtudj 6= d Fotrmbtjkëf 6<6
Aenurf 6=-6> Aenurf 6=-68
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6<< Rmbbeòo EEE Mstòkfnj
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◁ Mo df mrf `m df dfpfrjsbjpef y `m df tmbojdjnëf `m dfs dfs nrfpf`jrfs, kubhjs berugfojs

berugfojs sm mobumotrfo
kæs bòkj`js bjo uof fofstjkjses kmbæoebf. Mo mstm bfsj, sm pum`m smbbejofr tj`j md mstòkfnj bjo
uof nrfpf`jrf deomfd `m 59 kk usfo`j nrfpfs `m 0,8 kk. Md ymyuoj sm fsbemo`m `m ajrkf fotmbòdebf
hfstf md df`j `m df burvfturf kfyjr `md mstòkfnj. Rm bjdjbfo uofs suturfs `m trfbbeòo `m sm`f `m 0/9
mo md df`j fotekmsmotårebj `md ymyuoj y mo df supmraebem pjstmrejr `md mstòkfnj, fprjxekf`fkmotm f
< bk mo smote`j prjxekfd f df dëomf `m nrfpf`j næstrebj ( aen. 6=-<6).
6=-<6). Fd keskj oevmd, sm rmfdezfo uof
ymyuojstjkëf y uof nfstrjstjkëf pmqumöfs bjo md mdmbtrjlesturë, gustj `mlfgj `m dfs suturfs `m trfb-
beòo. Md yuoqum `m uof nrfpf`jrf deomfd `m 0= kk sm bjdjbf mo md ymyuoj y md bflmzfd `m nrfpf`j sm
set÷f mo df duz næstrebf. Df nrfpf`jrf sm bemrrf, vmreaebfo`j qum oj sm hfyf mondjlf`j of`f `m tmge`j
mo md bemrrm bjo nrfpfs. @mlmrëf hflmr uof èstfobef `m < bk `m pfrm` næstrebf motrm df dëomf `m nrf-
pf`j næstrebj y df bubheddf deomfd, y md tmge`j `m df pfrm` næstrebf y `md ymyuoj `mlmrëf fprjxekfrsm
(aen. 6=-<<).
6=-<<). Df nrfpf`jrf sm èspfrf y sm rmterf. Df dëomf `m nrfpf`j sm eospmbbejof pjr md eotmrejr
usfo`j uof peozf foudfr. Df motmrjtjkëf bjk÷o sm sugmtf bjo `js peozfs `m Fddes y sm bemrrf bjo uof
nrfpf`jrf deomfd. Df nrfpf`jrf `mlm mondjlfr uo arfnkmotj `m mspmsjr bjkpdmtj `m tj`f df flmrturf
pfrf fsmnurfr qum md bemrrm smf f`mbuf`j. Dfs dëomfs `m nrfpfs pum`mo eovmrtersm bjo uo pdfoj `m
puotjs sumdtjs `m Dmklmrt, pmrj oj ms ombmsfrej.
◁ Re sm rmfdezf uof fofstjkjses nfstrjymyuofd
nfstrjymyuofd j Leddrjth EE, sm `mlm bmrrfr md kuöòo ùj`mofd. Rumdm
`mbersm qum «se sm pum`m bmrrfr md ùj`moj, sm pum`m rmfdezfr uof fofstjkjses bjo åd³. Mo kfojs `m
berugfojs næstrebjs mxpmrtjs, ms prjlfldm qum mstj smf bemrtj3 seo mklfrnj, bjkj bf`f vmz sm rmfdezfo
kmojs rmsmbbejoms næstrebfs, md oevmd `m mxpmremobef hf èskeoue`j `ræstebfkmotm y djs berugfojs
`mlmrëfo msbjnmr df kmgjr fofstjkjses pfrf bf`f setufbeòo bjobrmtf bjo df qum sm mobumotr
mobumotrmomo bòkj-
`js. Bufo`j md kuöòo ùj`mofd mstæ sfoj y admxeldm, dj kmgjr ms bmrrfrdj mo `js bfpfs. Rm utedezf
uof suturf `m Bjoomdd pfrf eovmrter df kubjsf `md ùj`moj ( aen. 6=-<2 FLB). Rm rmfdezfo suturfs
bjoteoufs bjo pjdendfbteof `m 0/9 `ms`m bf`f mxtrmkj `m df flmrturf ùj`mofd y sm aegfo motrm së mo md
puotj kmèj. Rm mambt÷f uo smnuo`j pdfoj `m suturfs `m sm`f j pjdendfbteof `m 0/9 smn÷o tåboebf `m
Dmklmrt. Re md ùj`moj oj ms dj lfstfotm admxeldm, df smnuo`f bfpf smrjkusbudfr `m suturfs `mlmrëf
jketersm. Pfkleåo sm pum`m utedezfr uof nrfpf`jrf deomfd pfrf bmrrfr uo kuöòo ùj`mofd admxeldm. Rm
`mlmrëf utedezfr uof nrfpf`jrf `m == kk bjo uo bfrtubhj `m nrfpfs `m 2,= j 0,8 kk. Reo mklfrnj,
se df pfrm` ùj`mofd ms dj lfstfotm pftjdònebf pfrf pmosfr qum dfs suturfs oj sm sugmtfræo,
s ugmtfræo, md nrfpf`j
tfkleåo pum`m arfbfsfr.
Bfpëtudj 6= d Fotrmbtjkëf 6<2
Aenurf 6=-<6 Aenurf 6=-<<
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◁ Bufo`j md kuöòo ùj`mofd

ùj`mofd ms èaëbed, md berugfoj `mlm bjotfr bjo vfrefs jpbejoms
jpbejoms pfrf md bemrrm.
Bufo`j df pfrm` pjstmrejr `md ùj`moj prmsmotf uof ÷dbmrf pmrajrfotm j se mxestm `mkfsef`j tmge`j
bebftrezfd bjkj pfrf delmrfrdf, df pfrm` fotmrejr y admxeldm `md ùj`moj sm utedezf pfrf bmrrfr md `mambtj.
Mstf tåboebf rmquemrm uof kfoejlrf `m Cjbhmr pfrf fukmotfr df kjvede`f` `md ùj`moj. Df tåboebf
`m Oessmo-Bjjpmr `m bemrrm ùj`mofd bjosestm mo utedezfr `js pdfojs `m puotjs sumdtjs `m Dmklmrt
pfrf rmfdezfr md bemrrm. Md prekmr pdfoj `m suturfs sm rmfdezf bjo sm`f j pjdendfbteof `m 0/9 pfrf aegfr
df pfrm` fotmrejr `md ùj`moj fd ljr`m èstfd `m df ÷dbmrf. Kmèfotm uo smnuo`j pdfoj `m puotjs
`m Dmklmrt sm eovemrtm df prekmrf dëomf `m suturf, aegfo`j df pfrm` fotmrejr admxeldm `md ùj`moj fd
ljr`m prjxekfd `m df ÷dbmrf y f df bæpsudf pfobrmætebf ( aen. 6=-<0 FL). Jtrf tåboebf pfrf md bemrrm mo
kfojs kæs mxpmrtfs bjosestm mo rmfdezfr uof nfstrjùj`mojstjkëf pfrf mondjlfr md bemrrm ùj`mofd.
Rm mambt÷f uof kjèaebfbeòo `m df rmbjostrubb
rmbjostrubbeòo
eòo hfletufd `m Leddrjth E. Df pfrm` pjstmrejr `md ùj-
`moj, qum mstæ mo df rmneòo `md brætmr udbmrjsj, sm suturf fd mstòkfnj bjo uo ÷oebj pdfoj `m puotjs
`m sm`f j pjdendfbteof `m 0/9. Bjo bf`f puotj sm `mlm mondjlfr md mstòkfnj, md pæobrmfs aelrjsf`j
f`yfbmotm y md ljr`m èstfd `md brætmr udbmrjsj kæs md ùj`moj. Md ou`j sm rmfdezf mo md eotmrejr `m df
duz (aen.
(aen. 6=-<=).
6=-<=).
2. Bemrrm
◁ Df pjsebeòo `m df sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf sm vmreaebf `m ajrkf eotrfjpmrftjref.

eotrfjpmrftjref. Md mxtrmkj
mxtrmkj `m df sjo`f
`mlmrëf mstfr mo md mstòkfnj y oj mo df zjof `m df dëomf `m s uturf.
◁ ]of vmz rmfdezf`f df hmkjstfsef,
hmkjstfsef, df eobeseòo sm bemrrf bjo uof suturf bjoteouf `m hedj kjojaedfkmotj
kjojaedfkmotj
rmflsjrleldm.
◁ Oj sm sumdmo `mgfr `rmofgms mo md bfkpj quer÷rnebj f kmojs qum md kuöòo ùj`mofd hfyf pdfotmf`j
èaebudtf`ms. Mo tfd bfsj, sm `mgf uo `rmofgm fsperftevj bmrrf`j mo df prjxeke`f` `md bemrrm ùj`mofd.
Rm `mlmrëf eotmrpjomr md mpepdòo motrm df puotf `md `rmofgm y df dëomf `m suturf.
◁ Mo uo preobepej, sm `mlm kfotmomr df he`rftfbeòo

he`rftfbeòo `md pfbemotm bjo
bjo dëque`js eotrfvmojsjs. Df rmfoe-
kfbeòo pum`m nuefrsm pjr df kjoetjrezfbeòo `m df èurmses rmbjne`f bjo sjo`f ureofref. Df sjo`f
ofsjnæstrebf sm bjombtf f fsperfbeòo eotmrketmotm sufvm y sm `mlm rmnestrfr df bfote`f` `rmof`f mo
bf`f turoj. Df sjo`f `mlmrëf dfvfrsm bjo pmqumöfs bfote`f`ms `m sumrj sfdeoj pfrf fsmnurfr qum ms
pmrkmfldm y mvetfr df èstmoseòo næstrebf. Dfs pårè`fs mxbmsevfs pjr df sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf `mlmrëfo
rmpjomrsm.
◁ Djs mdmbtròdetjs `mlmrëfo fofdezfrsm f èfrej kemotrfs md pfbemotm rmbelf
rmbelf dëque`js eotrfvmojsjs. ]of
vmz qum sm rmfou`f df èmtf, `mlmrëfo bjotrjdfrsm
bjotrjdfrsm bf`f <-2 `ëfs.
◁ Md pmsj `md pfbemotm `mlmrëf
`mlmrëf rmnestrfrsm f èfrej. Dfs eostrubbejoms
eostrubbejoms èmtåtebfs bjosestmo
bjosestmo mo df eonmstf
`m bjke`fs armbumotms y pjbj fluo`fotms, fsë bjkj mvetfr he`rftjs `m bfrljoj bjobmotrf`js. Djs fde-
kmotjs qum sm rmstreonemrjo mo df afsm prmjpmrftjref `mlmrëfo rmfou`frsm `m uoj mo uoj. Aeofdkmotm,
dfs ÷oebfs rmstrebbejoms èmtåtebfs sjo dfs ekpumstfs pjr df eotjdmrfobef `md pfbemotm.
pfbemotm.
◁ Rm rmquemrm uo smnuekemotj
smnuekemotj f dfrnj pdfzj pfrf `mtmrkeofr
`mtmrkeofr md åxetj `m df eotmrvmobeòo.
eotmrvmobeòo. Djs jlgmtevjs `md
trftfkemotj `mlmrëfo smr djnrfr uof èmtf seo rmstrebbejom
rmstrebbejoms,
s, kfotmomr uo pmsj bjrpjrfd e`mfd y mvetfr
djs sëotjkfs nfstrjeotmsteof
nfstrjeotmsteofdms
dms bròoebjs.
Bfpëtudj 6= d Fotrmbtjkëf 6<=
Aenurf 6=-<0
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◁ Mo df mvfdufbeòo eoebefd `m df bfde`f` `md ùj`moj pfrf pfrf `mtmrkeofr se ms pjseldm rmfdezfr df fotrmbtj-
këf, sm pum`m mambtufr uof pmqumöf eobeseòo mo df pfrtm fotmrejr `md ùj`moj pfrf eospmbbejofr df
pftjdjnëf udbmrjsf. Mo bfsj `m ù`f, semkprm ms prmamreldm rmfdezfr uof vfnjtjkëf y uo prjbmèkemotj
`m `rmofgm qum mondjlm df ùj`mojtjkë
ùj`mojtjkëf, f, mo dunfr `m frremsnfrsm f uof rmsmbbeòo bjo df pjselede`f`
`m qum sm prjùzbf uof aunf ùj`mofd j uof pfobrmftetes.
◁ Re md mstòkfnj sm smbbejof bjo uof nrfpf`jrf
nrfpf`jrf deomfd, semkprm hfy qum fsmnurfrsm `m qum sm hf rmterf`j
rmterf`j
df sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf hfbef md msòafnj. Df smbbeòo `m df sjo`f bjo df nrfpf`jrf pum`m oj e`moteaebfrsm
mo msm kjkmotj y rmqumreræ jtrf dfpfrjtjkëf pfrf su mxtrfbbeòo.
◁ Mo bfsj `m kuöòo ùj`mofd
ùj`mofd èaëbed, uof sjo`f `m ùj`mojstjkëf
ùj`mojstjkëf dftmrfd
dftmrfd ms uof lumof kmè`f bjk-
bjk-
pdmkmotfref pfrf prjtmnmr md bemrrm. Fotms `m bmrrfr md kuöòo, sm pfsf uof peozf `m æonudj rmbtj pjr
df duz y sm prmsejof bjotrf df pfrm` dftmrfd `m df pjrbeòo fsbmo`motm `md ùj`moj, `jo`m sm rmfdezf uof
èkeoutf ùj`mojtjkëf.
ùj`mojtjkëf. ]of sjo`f `m Ajdmy `md bfdelrm 60 `m Armobh sm bjnm bjo df peozf `m æonudj
rmbtj y sm eotrjùbm mo df duz. Df sjo`f sm suturf mo pjsebeòo bjo uof ljdsf `m tflfbj rmfdezf`f bjo
pjdendfbteof `m 0/9. Df sjo`f sm mxtmrejrezf pjr uof eobeseòo rmfdezf`f mo df pfrm` fl`jkeofd `mgæo-
`jdf dj lfstfotm hjdnf`f pfrf pmrketer df èstmoseòo fl`jkeofd, trfs dj qum sm bjombtf f uof tjkf `m
vfbëj `m eotmose`f` kj`mrf`f hfstf qum sm rmbupmrf df mvfbufbeòo `m nfs eotmsteofd, trfs dj qum pum`m
`mgfrsm `rmofr pjr nrfvm`f` y rmterfrsm fd 8.¹ `ëf `m pjstjpmrftjrej.
Leldejnrfaëf
6. Fjce P. Burrmot stftus ja fo` prjldmks eo thm trmftkmot ja nfstreb fo` ùj`mofd udbmr èsmfsm7 eotrjùbtejo. ^jrd` G Rurn <9993 <07 <05.
<. @mkpsmy @, Fshdmy R, Kmrbmr @^, @^, mt fd. Ympteb udbmr surnmry eo thm H. pydjre mrf7 eoèbftejos ajr jpmrftejo. Bjotmkp Rurn <9963 =>7
022‒006.
2. Hmrreontj
Hmrreontjo o GD. Qfnjtjky-f
Qfnjtjky-fotrmbtjky.
otrmbtjky. hjw E `j et. Fbtf Bhe Rbfo` Ruppd 655<3 ><7 22=.
0. Kmrbmr @^,
@^, \jleosjo MC. Rtjkfbh.
Rtjkfb h. Eo7 Pjwosmo`
Pjwosmo` BK, Gr., m`. Rflestjo tmxtljjc ja surnmry7 thm lejdjnebfd lfses ja kj`mro surnebfd prfbtebm .
Yhedf`mdphef7 Rfuo`mrs Mdsmvemr3 <990.
=. Oyhus DK. Rmdmbtevm vfnjtjky,
vfnjtjky, fotrmbtjky,
fotrmbtjky, fo` nfstrjùj`mojstjky ajr thm trmftkmot ja ùj`mofd udbmr. Eo7 Oyhus DK, Lfcmr \G, m`s.
Kfstmry ja surnmry. <o` m`. Ljstjo7 Dettdm, Lrjwo, fo` Bj., 655<.
1. Rbjtt-Bjoojr BMH. Nfstrmbtjky (fotrmbtjky) ajr pmpteb udbmr7 surnebfd dmnfby tmbhoequm. Eo7 Rbjtt-Bjoojr BMH, mètjr. Bhfsseo―s jpm-
rftevm strftmny eo nmomrfd surnmry . 2r` m`. Omw Ujrc7 Rpreonmr3 Eob., <99<.
BFYËP]DJ
61
Prftfkemotj quer÷rnebj
`m djs sëo`rjkms
pjsnfstrmbtjkëf

AFBR, AFBJR
AFBJR
◁ @mle`j f df nrfo vfrem`f` `m jpmrfbejoms næstrebfs qum sm rmfdezfo

rmfdezfo tfotj pfrf prjbmsjs lmoenojs
bjkj kfdenojs, ms jldenftjrej qum md berugfoj qum vfyf f rmfdezfr uof rmeotmrvmobeòo rmvesm tj`js
djs eoajrkms quer÷rnebjs prmvejs rmdftevjs f djs prjbmèkemotjs næstrebjs f djs qum sm hf sjkmte`j
md pfbemotm bjo fotmrejre`f`. Md bjojbekemotj prmvej y df bjkprmoseòo `m df foftjkëf y djs sëotjkfs
`md pfbemotm pmrketeræo qum md berugfoj `mbe`f bjo prmbeseòo quå rmeotmrvmobeòo ms f`mbuf`f pfrf
bf`f sëo`rjkm pjsnfstrmbtjkëf.
◁ Df mo`jsbjpef prmjpmrftjref, dfs rfèjnrfaëfs bjo bjotrfstm `md fpfrftj ènmstevj fdtj y dfs nfkkf-
nrfaëfs ledefrms pum`mo fyu`fr fd berugfoj pfrf mstfldmbmr md èfnoòstebj f`mbuf`j `m uo sëo`rjkm
pjsnfstrmbtjkëf.
Yfsj 27 Yfsjs quer÷rnebjs
Qfbefkemotj næstrebj fbmdmrf`j (ùkpeon)

6. Qfbefkemotj
◁ Md sëo`rjkm bdæsebj `m vfbefkemotj næstrebj fbmdmrf`j, qum sm bfrfbtmrezf pjr df fpfrebeòo pjsprfoèfd
ræpe`f `m `mlede`f`, kfrmj, pfdpetfbejoms, èfajrmses, rmtjrtegjoms fl`jkeofdms y èfrrmf mxpdjsevf, sm
prjùbm bjkj rmsudtf`j `m uo ræpe`j vfbefkemotj næstrebj `mspuås `m uof pedjrjpdfstef j fotrmbtjkëf.
© <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs 6<>

d
◁ Df `mrevfbeòo mo U `m \jux `mspuås `m uof `momrvfbeòo vfnfd prmvef prmvef bjkpdmtf, rmtrfsfræ `m ajrkf
senoeaebftevf md vfbefkemotj næstrebj y rmvmrteræ md sëo`rjkm `m vfbefkemotj fbmdmrf`j, pjr dj qum
bjostetuym df berunëf `m mdmbbeòo pfrf rmsjdvmr mstm prjldmkf.
▼ Bjovmrseòo `m uof vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr
trjobudfr prmvef y pedjrjpdfstef mo uof fofstjkjses mo U `m \jux f
=9 bk (aen.
(aen. 61-6 F).
▼ Bjovmrseòo `m uof vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr y fotrmbtjkëf (Leddrjth E) mo uof fofstjkjses mo U `m
\jux f =9 bk (aen.
( aen. 61-6L).
61-6L).
▼ Bjovmrseòo `m uof vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr y fotrmbtjkëf (Leddrjth EE) mo uof fofstjkjses mo U `m
\jux f =9 bk (aen.
( aen. 61-6B)
61-6B)
Bfpëtudj 61 d Prftfkemotj quer÷rnebj `m djs sëo`rjkms pjsnfstrmbtjkëf 6<5
Aenurf 61-6
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<. Nfstrjpfrmsef
◁ Df nfstrjpfrmsef bròoebf pum`m prmsmotfrsm bjo oæusmfs, vòketjs, `jdjr fl`jkeofd, èstmoseòo pjs-
prfoèfd y ajrkfbeòo `m lmzjfr.
◁ Df eotmrvmobeòo pfrf sjdubejofr mstm prjldmkf `mlmrëf lfsfrsm mo df ombmse`f` `m rmsmbfr uof pjrbeòo
pjrbeòo
`md mstòkfnj ftòoebj.
◁ ]of vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr prmvef bjo pedjrjpdfstef jldenfræ f rmfdezfr uof nfstrmbtjkëf `md =9% bjo bjo
rmbjostrubbeòo tepj Leddrjth EE. Df fèbeòo `m uof motmrjmotmrjstjkëf `m Lrfuo mo u o puotj setuf`j f
<= bk mo smote`j èstfd f df nfstrjymyuojstjkëf `m Leddrjth EE, `mrevfræ uof nrfo pfrtm `m df ledes `md
mstòkfnj, dj qum mvetfræ uof nfstretes pjr rmadugj ledefr (aen.
( aen. 61-< F).
◁ ]of fotrmbtjkëf prmvef rmquemrm uof nfstrmbtjkëf bfse tjtfd
tjtfd bjo rmbjostrubbeòo tepj Leddrjth
Leddrjth EE. Re sm
pdfoeaebf uof rmbjostrubbeòo mo U `m \jux, sm `mlmrëf rmfdezfr uof nfstrmbtjkëf sultjtfd.
◁ Bjovmrseòo `m uof vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr y fotrmbtjkëf (Leddrjth E j EE) mo uof nfstrmbtjkëf sultjtfd
(?<=%) bjo uof rmbjostrubbeòo tepj Leddrjth EE y uof motmrjmotmrjstjkëf `m Lrfuo (aen. ( aen. 61-<L)
61-<L) j
nfstrmbtjkëf bfse tjtfd ( 4<=%) bjo rmbjostrubbeòo mo U `m \jux (aen. (aen. 61-<B).
61-<B).
Bfpëtudj 61 d Prftfkemotj quer÷rnebj `m djs sëo`rjkms pjsnfstrmbtjkëf 626
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2. \madugj fdbfdeoj
◁ Md rm﬌u gj fdbfdeoj, pmsm f smr uo èfnoòstebj `m mxbduseòo, sm prmsmotf bjo perjses eotmosf y `jdjr
fl`jkeofd fdtj. Djs hfddfznjs `m nfstretes y uof nfkkfnrfaëf ledefr bufotetftevf pfrf `mtmbtfr md rmadugj
motmrjnæstrebj pum`mo fyu`fr f mstfldmbmr md èfnoòstebj.
◁ Df jpmrfbeòo ombmsfref pfrf sjdubejofr mstm prjldmkf
prjldmkf jldenf f rmfdezfr uof nfstrmbtjkëf
nfstrmbtjkëf suaebemotm
pfrf mvetfr df ftjoëf næstrebf pjstjpmrftjref. F`mkæs, df rmbjostrubbeòo mo U `m \jux pmrketeræ uof
`mrevfbeòo ledefr bjkpdmtf.
◁ Bjovmrseòo `m uof vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr
trjobudfr y pedjrjpdfstef mo uof hmkenfstrmbtjkëf bjo rmbjostrubbeòo
mo U `m \jux (aen.
(aen. 61-2 F).
◁ Bjovmrseòo `m uof vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr y fotrmbtjkëf
fotrmbtjkëf (Leddrjth E) mo uof hmkenfstrmbtjkëf bjo U `m
\jux (aen.
(aen. 61-2L).
61-2L).
◁ Bjovmrseòo `m uof vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr
trjobudfr y fotrmbtjkëf (Leddrjth
(Leddrjth EE) mo uof nfstrmbtjkëf sultjtfd
sultjtfd bjo
U `m \jux (aen.
(aen. 61-2B).
61-2B).
Bfpëtudj 61 d Prftfkemotj quer÷rnebj `m djs sëo`rjkms pjsnfstrmbtjkëf 622
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0. Rëo`rjkm `m mstfses `m df U `m \jux
◁ Df mstfses `m df U `m \jux ms uo hfddfznj suted qum sekudf uof nfstrjpfrmsef.

nfstrjpfrmsef. @m hmbhj, df kfyjrëf `m
djs pfbemotms qum prmsmotfo mstm sëo`rjkm temomo uo mstòkfnj ftòoebj y uo rmtrfsj `md vfbefkemotj
`md fsf `m \jux.
◁ Df jpmrfbeòo pfrf sjdubejofr mstm prjldmkf `mlmrëf, bjkj këoekj, rmsjdvmr df ftjoëf næstrebf
kmèfotm uof rmsmbbeòo `md mstòkfnj, sjlrm tj`j se sm hf rmfdezf`j uof fotrmbtjkëf j uof hmkenfs-
trmbtjkëf prmvef. Re md pfbemotm yf sm hf sjkmte`j f uof nfstrmbtjkëf sultjtfd, sm pum`m pdfotmfr uof
rmvmrseòo `m df U `m \jux.
◁ Bjovmrseòo `m uof fotrmbtjkëf bjo U `m \jux mo nfstrmbtjkëf sultjtfd bjo U `m \jux \jux (aen.
(aen. 61-0 F).
◁ Bjovmrseòo `m uof fotrmbtjkëf bjo U `m \jux mo nfstrmbtjkëf sultjtfd y rmvmrseòormvmrseòo `m df fofstj-
kjses `m df U `m \jux mo uof rmbjostrubbeòo `m tepj Leddrjth EE bjo motmrjmotmrjstjkëf
motmrjmotmrjstjkëf `m Lrfuo
(aen. 61-0L).
61-0L).
=. Rëo`rjkm `md fsf famrmotm j mamrmotm
◁ Md trftfkemotj `m mstm sëo`rjkm

sëo`rjkm rmquemrm df rmveseòo j rmsmbbeòo `m df mstmojses fofstjkòtebf
fofstjkòtebf prmvef.
]o prjbmèkemotj `m Leddrjth EE bjo motmrjmotmrjstjkëf `m Lrfuo mvetfræ uo auturj rmadugj næstrebj
fdbfdeoj.
◁ Hfy qum rmvesfr df dëomf `m nrfpfs `m df nfstrjymyuojstjkëf (aen. 61-= F).
◁ Rm `mlm rmsmbfr y rmbjostruer kmèfotm uo prjbmèkemotj `m Leddrjth EE bjo uof motmrjmotmrjstjkëf
motmrjmotmrjstjkëf
`m Lrfuo (aen.
(aen. 61-=L).
61-=L).
Leldejnrfaëf
6. \etbhem ^Y,
^Y, Gr. Fdcfdeom rmadux nfstret es. Nfstrjmotmrjd Bdeo Ojrth Fk 65503
Fk 65503 <2(<)7<86-<50.
<. Qjnmd RL, Rurnmry ajr pjstnfstrmbtjky
pjstnfst rmbtjky syo`rjkms. Eo7 Oyhus DK, Lfcmr \G, Aesbhmr GM, m`s. Kfstmry ja surnmry Qjd.6.
surnmry Qjd.6. Ljstjo7 Dettdm, Lrjwo
fo` Bjkpfoy3 655>.
2. Qjnmd RL, @rfom ^M, ^jj`wfr` M\. Bdeoebfd fo` rfèjoubde`m mvfduf tejo ja ledm èvmrsejo ly Lrfuo motmrjmotm rjstjky7 prmvmotejo
prmvmotej o fo`
trmftkmot ja fdcfdeom rmadux nfstretes. Fo fdtmroftevm tj \jux-mo-U èvmrsejo. Foo
èvmrsejo. Foo Rurn 65503
Rurn 65503 <65(=)70=8-01=3 èsbussejo 01=-011.
0. Qjnmd RL, Hjbceon KY, ^jj`wfr`
^jj`wfr` M\. Bdeoebfd fo` rfèjoubde`m mvfduf tejo ja \jux-U èvmrsejo ajr pjstnfs trmbtjky ùkpeon. Fk G Rurn
65883 6==(6)7=>-1<.
=. ^jj`wfr` M\, Hjbceon KY. KY. Yjstnfstrmbtjky
Yjstnfstrmb tjky syo`rjkms. Rurn Bdeo Ojrth Fk 658>3 1>(2)7=95-=<9.
Bfpëtudj 61 d Prftfkemotj quer÷rnebj `m djs sëo`rjkms pjsnfstrmbtjkëf 62=
Aenurf 61-0
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Aenurf 61-=
BFYËP]DJ
6>
Berunëf dfpfrjsbòpebf `m df
÷dbmrf næstrebf
êddefk R. Bjll EQ,
EQ, K@
◁ Df smbbeòo `m djs omrvejs vfnjs

vfnjs ms uof pfrtm msmobefd `m bufdquemr
bufdquemr eotmrvmobeòo qum tmonf
tmonf bjkj jlgm-
tevj md bjotrjd `m df smbrmbeòo æbe`f næstrebf. Md omrvej vfnj ezquemr`j, qum sm bruzf f oevmd fotmrejr mo
md tmrbej èstfd `md msòafnj, y md omrvej vfnj `mrmbhj, qum hfbm dj prjpej f oevmd pjstmrejr, sm pum`mo
smbbejofr f oevmd eotrffl`jkeofd kmèfotm uof `m dfs senuemotms trms eotmrvmobejoms. Df vfnjtjkëf
trjobudfr bjosestm mo df smbbeòo `m djs `js trjobjs fprjxekf`fkmotm f = bk mo smote`j bmaædebj rms-
pmbtj f df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf.
nfstrjmsjaænebf. Df vfnjtjkëf smdmbtevf ekpdebf df smbbeòo `m djs rfkjs vfnfdms mo uo
puotj èstfd f djs rfkjs bmdëfbj (pjstmrejr) y hmpætebj (fotmrejr). Mstf eotmrvmobeòo oj sumdm rmfdezfrsm.
Df vfnjtjkëf supmrsmdmbtevf j `m dfs bådudfs pfremtfdms prjùbm df `msomrvfbeòo tfo sòdj `m djs `js
tmrbejs prjxekfdms `md mstòkfnj kmèfotm df smbbeòo `m djs omrvejs fotmrejr y pjstmrejr `m Dftfrgmt.
◁ Nrfbefs f df kmgjrf `m djs aærkfbjs pfrf md bjotrjd

bjotrjd `md æbe`j næstrebj y f df kfyjr bjkprmoseòo `md
pfpmd `m df eoambbeòo pjr H. pydjre,
pydjre, pjbjs pfbemotms sjo bfoè`ftjs f uof eotmrvmobeòo quer÷rnebf pfrf
trftfr df ÷dbmrf næstrebf j ùj`mofd. Mo df kfyjrëf `m bfsjs, md trftfkemotj quer÷rnebj sm deketf f djs
pfbemotms bjo bjkpdebfbejoms nrfvms y urnmotms `m df moamrkm`f` udbmrjsf. Djs fvfobms rmbemotms mo
dfs òptebfs `m vë`mj y mo djs eostrukmotjs,
eos trukmotjs, guotj bjo md o÷kmrj brmbemotm `m berugfojs dfpfrjsbòpebjs
qum `jkeofo djs prjbmèkemotjs `md eotmsteoj fotmrejr, bjkj dfs auo`jpdebfturfs y dfs nfstrjymyu-
ojstjkëfs mo U `m \jux, hfo hmbhj qum qu m dfs tåboebfs `m berunëf këoekfkmotm eo vfsevf sm fpdequmo mo
df moamrkm`f` udbmrjsf.
◁ ]o fljr`fgm këoekfkmotm eovfsevj pum`m rmùber df kjrlede`f` pjstjpmrftjref eokmèftf `mspuås `m
df berunëf pjr moamrkm`f` udbmrjsf. Dfs eoèbfbejoms `md trftfkemotj dfpfrjsbòpebj pfrf mstf fambbeòo
senumo semo`j dfs keskfs qum pfrf df berunëf flemrtf7 arfbfsj `md trftfkemotj kåèbj, jlstrubbeòo,
pmrajrfbeòo y sjspmbhf `m tukjr kfdenoj. Djs prjbmèkemotjs foteudbmrjsjs këoekfkmotm eovfsevjs
armbumotms bjosestmo mo df vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr y fotrmbtjkëf bjo rmbjostrubbeòo `m tepj Leddrjth E j
Leddrjth EE, vfnjtjkëf y pedjrjpdfstef, fsë bjkj vfnjtjkëf `m dfs bådudfs pfremtfdms. Mo kubhfs smrems
`m pfbemotms, sjlrm tj`j `m Murjpf, sm hfo `msbretj lumojs rmsudtf`js mo bufotj f df rmbeèvf `m df
÷dbmrf, bjo uof vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr pjstmrejr bjkleof`f bjo uof smrjkejtjkëf fotmrejr j bjo uof
nfstrmbtjkëf deomfd fotmrejr. Mo djs pfbemotms bjo jlstrubbeòo `md trfbtj `m sfde`f næstrebj, tfotj df

d
vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr dfpfrjsbòpebf bjo pedjrjpdfstef bjkj df vfnjtjkëf bjo fotrmbtjkëf sjo jpbej-
oms quer÷rnebfs væde`fs. Re sm prjùbm uof pmrajrfbeòo, df rmbjostrubbeòo dfpfrjsbòpebf bjo uo pfr-
bhm `m mpepdòo y bemrrm sekpdm, smnue`f `m uo dfvf`j pmretjomfd, ms f`mbuf`f mo df kfyjrëf `m dfs
jbfsejoms. Rm pum`m rmfdezfr uo prjbmèkemotj foteudbmrjsj kæs `maeoetevj se mxestm uof bjotfkeof-
beòo këoekf y md mstf`j `md pfbemotm dj pmrketm.
◁ Df dfpfrjsbjpef rmquemrm brmfr
brmfr uo omukjpmretjomj, pjr dj qum djs pfbemotms bjo uo buf`rj fnu`j j
såptebjs pum`m qum oj tjdmrmo uo fukmotj `m df prmseòo eotrffl`jkeofd y oj `mlmrëfo bjose`mrfrsm
bfoè`ftjs pfrf uo fljr`fgm dfpfrjsbòpebj. Dfs bjotrfeoèbfbejoms rmdftevfs pfrf uo fljr`fgm dfpf-
rjsbòpebj sjo, motrm jtrfs, uof ÷dbmrf bjo hmkjrrfnef fnu`f y uo kuöòo ùj`mofd èaëbed.
◁ Df mvfdufbeòo prmjpmrftjref `md pfbemotm bjo ÷dbmrf bjo vestfs f df dfpfrjsbjpef ms sekedfr f df `m djs
prjbmèkemotjs næstrebjs flemrtjs. Djs pfbemotms bjo pmrajrfbejoms nfstrjùj`mofdms fnu`fs `mlmo
tmomr uo mstf`j hmkjèoækebj mstfldm pfrf tjdmrfr md omukjpmretjomj. Mo djs pfbemotms bjo moamr-
km`f`ms bròoebfs y bjo ÷dbmrf sm `mlmrëf jptekezfr su mstf`j outrebejofd.
6. Eobeseòo
◁ Df bjdjbfbeòo `m djs trjbfrms ms enufd f df `m df kfyjrëf `m djs prjbmèkemotjs dfpfrjsbòpebjs `md

eotmsteoj fotmrejr. Md pfbemotm sm bjdjbf mo pjsebeòo `m detjtjkëf bjo m streljs j, prmamreldmkmotm, bjo
uof kmsf mo df qum sm pum`fo smpfrfr dfs pemrofs (aen.
( aen. 6>-6).
6>-6).
◁ Pj`js djs trjbfrms pum`mo smr `m = kk se oj hfy qum mxtrfmr pemzfs qu er÷rnebfs y se oj sm vfo f usfr
nrfpf`jrfs. ]of fnugf `m suturf burvf sm pum`m `jldfr pfrf qum sm pfrmzbf f uof fnugf mo msquë bjo
md aeo `m qum pum`f pfsfr pjr md trjbfr `m = kk.
<. @esmbbeòo
Bemrrm dfpfrjsbòpebj `m df pmrajrfbeòo nfstrjùj`mofd

◁ Rm hfo `msbretj èsteotfs tåboebfs pfrf md trftfkemotj dfpfrjsbòpebj `m uof ÷dbmrf påptebf pmrajrf`f.
Renuemo`j md preobepej `m df rmpfrfbeòo flemrtf bjovmobejofd, md bemrrm `m df ÷dbmrf sm pum`m mambtufr
kmèfotm tåboebfs `m suturf sekpdm j bjoteouf, eobjrpjrfo`j pfrbhms `m mpepdòo (aen. (aen. 6>-<).
6>-<).
◁ Pfkleåo sm hfo `msbretj tåboebfs nuef`fs pjr dfpfrjsbjpef pfrf brmfr tfpjoms `m mpepdòo bjo md
denfkmotj rm`jo`j `md hënf`j. Rm hfo usf`j tåboebfs seo suturfs mo dfs qum sm mkpdmfo tfpjoms `m
mspjogf `m nmdfteof j f`hmsevj `m aelreof, pmrj sm fsjbefo f uo kfyjr remsnj `m afddj, sjlrm tj`j se
df pmrajrfbeòo ms kfyjr `m = kk `m èækmtrj. ]of tåboebf `m suturf sekpdm qum mondjlm uo pfrbhm
mpepdjebj lfsf`f mo md bemrrm `m Nrfhfk y mo df qum oj sm usmo bumrpjs mxtrföjs fèbejofdms ms df
fdtmroftevf `m mdmbbeòo.
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, df bfve`f` pmretjomfd
pmretjomfd sm errenf fluo`fotmkmotm bjo vfrejs detrjs `m sumrj
sumrj sfdeoj aesej-
dònebj tmkpdf`j. Rm `mlmo dfvfr djs buftrj buf`rfotms y sjlrm tj`j df bfve`f` pådvebf, hfstf qum md
dëque`j sfdnf trfospfrmotm. Eobdeofr fd pfbemotm `m df`j f df`j y utedezfr dfs pjsebejoms `m Prmo`mdmo-
lurn y `m fote-Prmo`mdmolurn fyu`f f df errenfbeòo.
Bfpëtudj 6> d Berunëf dfpfrjsbòpebf `m df ÷dbmrf næstrebf 625
Aenurf 6>-6
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2. Qfnjtjkëf supmrsmdmbtevf dfpfrjsbòpebf
◁ Rm pum`m fbbm`mr bjo smnure`f` f df bfve`f` pmretjomfd

pmretjomfd gustj pjr mobekf `md jkldenj, fprjxekf`f-
kmotm f 6< bk `m df fpòaeses xeaje`ms. Ms pjseldm utedezfr uof tåboebf `m eosmrbeòo flemrtf j uo trjbfr
òptebj pfrf djnrfr md fbbmsj. Djs trjbfrms fèbejofdms `m = kk sm bjdjbfo bjkj sm kumstrf mo df aenurf
6>-6.. Hfy qum eotrjùber uo smpfrf`jr pfrf md hënf`j f trfvås `md trjbfr `md hepjbjo`rej `mrmbhj y
6>-6
aegfrdj bjo uo lrfzj mstfbejofrej kjotf`j mo uo rfëd dftmrfd `m df kmsf.
◁ Df mxtmoseòo prmvestf `m df vfnjtjkëf sm kfrbf bjo suturfs. Rm bjdjbf uo puotj gustj f df ezquemr`f
`md omrvej vfnj fotmrejr, mo su zjof `m sfde`f `m `mlfgj `md pmretjomj mo df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf.
Bjo uo smnuo`j puotj sm kfrbf md dëketm eoamrejr `m df vfnjtjkëf prmvestf, pjr dj nmomrfd f oevmd `md
prekmr rfkj `m df pftf `m nfddj (aen.
(aen. 6>-2).
6>-2).
◁ Df èsmbbeòo sm èrenm mo smote`j bfu`jbmaædebj.
bfu`jbmaædebj. Ms auo`fkmotfd kfotmomr df hmkjstfsef
hmkjstfsef pfrf mvetfr
qum djs tmge`js sm teöfo `m sfonrm y df ajrkfbeòo `m hmkftjkfs, qum pum`m jbudtfr df e`moteaebfbeòo `m
djs pm`ëbudjs omurjvfsbudfrms. Dfs tegmrfs udtrfsòoebfs sjo e`mfdms pfrf mstf èsmbbeòo y rmùbmo df prj-
pfnfbeòo `m bfdjr f djs tmge`js berbuo`fotms. Mo djs vfsjs `m kfyjr bfdelrm sm mkpdmfo bdeps vfsbudfrms.
Pj`js djs vfsjs `m df bfpf fotmrejr sm smbbejofo `ms`m df pftf `m nfddj fd æonudj `m Hes (aen.
(aen. 6>-0).
6>-0).
◁ Df smbbeòo `m df bfpf pjstmrejr
pjstmrejr sm bjoteo÷f motrfo`j mo df trfosbfve`f` `m djs mpepdjoms. Df burvf-
turf kfyjr `md mstòkfnj sm mdmvf y md mpepdòo sm smbbejof bjo tegmrfs udtrfsòoebfs pfrf flrer df trfos-
bfve`f`. Df bfrf pjstmrejr `md mstòkfnj sm vumdvm f sugmtfr bjo uof peozf pfrf mxpjomr df pftf `m
nfddj pjstmrejr. Md omrvej vfnj pjstmrejr sm vesufdezf bruzfo`j uof frbf`f `m vfsjs mo mstm puotj
(aen. 6>-=).
6>-=). Md vfsj sm smbbejof bjo bdeps. ]o `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm sm morjddf fdrm`m`jr `m df pjrbeòo
èstfd `md mstòkfnj mo df pftf `m nfddj pfrf mgmrbmr trfbbeòo mo smote`j `msbmo`motm ( aen. 6>-1).
6>-1). Df
èsmbbeòo sm bjoteo÷f hfbef df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf. Md ljr`m delrm `md mpepdòo kmojr sm smbbejof
bjo tegmrfs udtrfsòoebfs, smpfræo`jdj `m df burvfturf kmojr `md mstòkfnj.
Aenurf 6>-2 Aenurf 6>-0
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◁ @mlmrëfo mdekeofrsm tj`js djs rfkjs vfnfdms `m djs = bk èstfdms `md msòafnj. Df èsmbbeòo sm mxtemo`m
`ms`m df pjrbeòo kæs lfgf `md msòafnj f df pftf `m nfddj pfrbefdkmotm smbbejof`f (aen.
(aen. 6>->).
6>->).
0. Qfnjtjkëf trjobudfr y pedjrjpdfstef dfpfrjsbòpebfs
◁ Df vfnjtjkëf trjobudfr ms uo trftfkemotj `m df moamrkm`f` udbmrjsf rmarfbtfref qum temom uofs tfsfs
lfgfs `m rmbeèvf. Df `momrvfbeòo `m dfs aelrfs vfnfdms `msteof`fs f df pjrbeòo èstfd `md mstòkfnj
prjùbm uof fdtmrfbeòo `m df kjtede`f` fotrfd y, y, pjr tfotj, rmquemrm uof tåboebf `m vfbefkemotj. Rumdm
mkpdmfrsm uof pedjrjpdfstef `m Hmeomcm-Kecudebz.
◁ Df èsmbbeòo bjkemozf mo md heftj msjaænebj. Md dòludj ezquemr`j `md hënf`j sm mdmvf, dj qum mxpjom df
pjrbeòo adæbbe`f `md mpepdòo kmojr, qum sm eobe`m bjo dfs tegmrfs udtrfsòoebfs. Md pdfoj setuf`j motrm
md pedfr `mrmbhj y md msòafnj sm èsmbf bjo uof tåboebf rjkf. Md denfkmotj armojmsjaænebj sòdj mstæ
smpfrf`j `md msòafnj pjr uof aeof bfpf `m tmge`j frmjdfr dfxj. Hfy qum prjburfr oj dmsejofr df afsbef
qum bulrm md pedfr èfarfnkætebj. Re sm vesufdezfo dfs aelrfs kusbudfrms `m åstm, df èsmbbeòo mstæ mo md
pdfoj eof`mbuf`j.
◁ Df èsmbbeòo f dj dfrnj
dfrnj `md pedfr sm bjoteo÷f mo smote`j `msbmo`motm hfbef df uoeòo `m dfs aelrfs `m
djs pedfrms. Bufo`j sm vesufdezf df uoeòo motrm md pedfr ezquemr`j bjo md `mrmbhj, sm brmf uo pdfoj
kmèfotm èsmbbeòo rjkf pjr `mdfotm `m djs pedfrms. Mstf èsmbbeòo brmf læsebfkmotm uof vmotfof
rmtrjmsjaænebf. ]o `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm bjrtf`j f 68 bk sm pfsf f trfvås `m df vmotfof y sm mkpdmf pfrf
mgmrbmr smpfrfbeòo.
◁ Md msòafnj sm kjvedezf `m ajrkf berbuoamrmobefd mo md kmèfsteoj, dj qum tfkleåo sm rmfdezf mo nrfo
pfrtm kmèfotm uof tåboebf rjkf3 seo mklfrnj, pum`m qum sm rmquemrfo dfs tegmrfs udtrfsòoebfs pfrf
bjotrjdfr djs vfsjs `m pmqumöj bfdelrm. Re sm prjùbm uof h mkjrrfnef senoeaebftevf, md pdfoj `m èsmb -
beòo mstæ `mkfsef`j bmrbf `md msòafnj.
◁ Md omrvej vfnj fotmrejr sm vesufdezf mo su trfymbtj jldebuj `m ezquemr`f f `mrmbhf
`mrmbhf mo df supmraebem
fotmrejr `md msòafnj. Re sm smpfrf mo smote`j bfu`fd md msòafnj bjo uo `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm, sm tmosf md
omrvej y ms kæs aæbed e`moteaebfrdj (aen.
(aen. 6>-8).
6>-8). Rm pum`m mdmvfr md omrvej bjo `js èsmbtjrms `m Kfry-
dfo` kemotrfs sm èspmrsf md tmge`j berbuo`fotm setuf`j pjr `mlfgj `m åd. Md omrvej sm delmrf `m dfs
aelrfs djonetuèofdms `md msòafnj f dj dfrnj `m uojs 0-= bk y sm smbbejof motrm bdeps. Rm `mlm movefr
uof kumstrf f foftjkëf pftjdònebf pfrf bjoaerkfbeòo.
◁ Md omrvej vfnj pjstmrejr sm mxpjom smpfrfo`j md msòafnj hfbef md hjklrj ezquemr`j `md pfbemotm
(aen. 6>-5).
6>-5). Rm kjvedezf fdmgæo`jdj `md msòafnj `m uo kj`j sekedfr fd `msbretj pfrf md rfkj fotmrejr.
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof pedjrjpdfstef `m Hmeomcm-Kecudebz smn÷o sm hf `msbretj mo md bfpëtudj 6<. Df vmof
pedòrebf `m Kfyj bjostetuym uof rmamrmobef èstfd. Dfs tegmrfs udtrfsòoebfs brmfo uof nfstrjstjkëf qum
sm fkpdëf mo smote`j djonetuèofd hfbef md ùj`moj. Df flmrturf sm bemrrf mo smote`j trfosvmrsfd bjo
puotjs sumdtjs `m sm`f j pjdendfbteof `m </9. Pfkleåo pum`m usfrsm uof nrfpf`jrf deomfd pfrf bmrrfr
df nfstrjstjkëf.
Aenurf 6>->
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b Aenurf 6>-5
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=. Bemrrm
◁ Df afsbef `m djs puotjs `m eosmrbeòo `m trjbfrms kfyjrms `m = kk sm bemrrf bjo uo èspjsetevj `m

bemrrm afsbefd y suturf `m pjdendfbteof `md 9. Df pemd sm bemrrf bjo pjdendmbfprjof <= `m 0/9 y sm fpdebf
f`hmsevj quer÷rnebj mo md bemrrm butæomj.
◁ @mspuås `m uof pmrajrfbeòo, sm `mgf uof sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf ùrfotm md pjstjpmrftjrej

pjstjpmrftjrej pfrf `msbjk-
prmseòo. Md nrf`j `m ëdmj fèoækebj `mpmo`m `m df bfote`f` `m bjotfkeofbeòo. Df èmtf `md pfbemotm
sm eotrjùbm `mspfbej, bjkmozfo`j bjo uof èmtf dëque`f f kmè`f qum df auobeòo eotmsteofd sm rmbu-
pmrf. Djs foteleòtebjs `m fkpdej mspmb trj sm bjoteo÷fo mo md pjstjpmrftjrej mo djs bfsjs mo qum sm hf
prjùbe`j uof nrfo bjotfkeofbeòo.
◁ Df mvjdubeòo pjstjpmrftjref `mspuås `m djs prjbmèkemotjs
prjbmèkemotjs foteudbmrjsjs prjnrfkf`js sumdm trfos-
burrer seo bjkpdebfbejoms. Oj sm sumdm rmqumrer uof sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf se oj hf hfle`j pmrajrfbeòo.
Df èmtf pum`m rmfou`frsm bjkmozfo`j bjo dëque`js df prekmrf kföfof `md pjstjpmrftjrej.
◁ Djs lmomaebejs `m uo fljr`fgm

fljr`fgm dfpfrjsbòpebj pfrf dfs ÷dbmrfs nfstrjùj`mofdms pmrajrf`fs sjo oukm-
rjsjs. Df tåboebf këoekfkmotm eovfsevf rmùbm md trfukfteskj `m df dfpfrjtjkëf mo uof pjldfbeòo
`m pfbemotms qum kubhfs vmbms ms `m fdtj remsnj. Df dfpfrjsbjpef pum`m fyu`fr f bjoaerkfr j `msbfr-
tfr md èfnoòstebj y,
y, se df pmrajrfbeòo yf mstæ
m stæ smddf`f pjr md mpepdòo, fdnuojs futjrms hfo rmbjkmo`f`j
`mgfr md mpepdòo eotfbtj y rmfdezfr uo dfvf`j pmretjomfd dfpfrjsbòpebj.
Leldejnrfaëf
FP, Nf`fbz P\. Dfpfrjsbjpeb kfofnmkm ot ja pmpteb udbmr èsmfsm. Rurn Bdeo Ojrth Fk 65513 >17=6=-=<<.
6. Bfsfs FP,
vfnjtjk y. Lr G Rurn 65503 867==0-==1.
<. @fddmkfnom L, ^mmrts GK, Gmhfms B, mt fd. Dfpfrjsbjpeb henhdy smdm btevm vfnjtjky
2. Cftchju`f O, ^fd`rup @, Bfkpjs N, mt fd. Fo ekprjvm` tmbhoequm ajr dfpfrjsbjpeb henhdy smdmbtev m vfnjtjky useon hfrkjoeb shmfrs.
Rurn Mo`jsb 65583 6<769=6-69=0.
BFYËP]DJ
68
Nfstrmbtjkëf sultjtfd7
Leddrjth E y EE
Gudefo F. Cek, K@, AFBR

AFBR
◁ Md mstòkfnj bumotf bjo uof errenfbeòo frtmrefd prjausf prjausf qum prjvemom `m vfrejs jrënmoms7 frtmref
frtmref
næstrebf ezquemr`f (rfkf `md trjobj bmdëfbj), frtmref næstrebf `mrmbhf (rfkf `m df frtmref hmpætebf) y
frtmrefs nfstrjmpepdjebfs `mrmbhf m ezquemr`f, qum ajrkfo uof frbf`f f dj dfrnj `m df burvfturf kfyjr
y `m dfs frtmrefs næstrebfs bjrtfs `ms`m md pjdj supmrejr `md lfzj qum errenfo md bfrèfs. Yjr dj nmomrfd,
md kfotmoekemotj `m dfs frtmrefs næstrebfs bjrtfs ms suaebemotm pfrf prjpjrbejofr uof errenfbeòo frtmrefd
f`mbuf`f fd rmstj næstrebj qum qum`f trfs df nfstrmbtjkëf sultjtfd.
◁ Djs tmrretjrejs `m nfondejs deoaætebjs f djs qum md bæobmr sumdm èsmkeofrsm pum`mo èveèrsm mo vfrefs
rmnejoms mo auobeòo `m su prjxeke`f` fd tukjr prekfrej. Djs nfondejs deoaætebjs pmrenæstrebjs y djs
setuf`js bmrbf `m df frtmref næstrebf ezquemr`f y `md trjobj bmdëfbj sm bjose`mrfo tmrretjrejs nfondejofrms
`m prekmr msbfdòo. Djs nfondejs setuf`js f dj dfrnj `m df frtmref hmpætebf bjk÷o, md hedej hmpætebj, df
fjrtf, fsë bjkj djs pmrepfobrmætebjs, pmremspdåoebjs y `md hedej rmofd ezquemr`j, sm bjose`mrfo tmrretjrejs
nfondejofrms `m smnuo`j msbfdòo y sm pum`mo rmsmbfr, pmrj bjo uof kfyjr kjrlede`f` y bjo uof
kmgjrëf bumstejofldm `m df supmrvevmobef ndjlfd.
◁ Djs bæobmrms næstrebjs pum`mo mstfr mo df prjxeke`f` j eovfèr èrmbtfkmotm md tmrbej èstfd `md
msòafnj, md heftj j djs pedfrms èfarfnkætebjs, md pmrebfrèj, md lfzj, md trjobj bmdëfbj, md pæobrmfs,
df ndæoùdf f`rmofd y md reöòo ezquemr`j. Pfkleåo sumdmo kmtfstftezfr fd mpepdòo, md pmretjomj y md
hënf`j. Djs bæobmrms næstrebjs pfrf djs qum df nfstrmbtjkëf sultjtfd ms md kmgjr trftfkemotj sjo djs
qum fambtfo fd fotrj j fd auoùs3 mo djs tukjrms `m df pjrbeòo prjxekfd `md mstòkfnj y md bfrèfs, ms
kmgjr rmfdezfr uof nfstrmbtjkëf tjtfd j uof msjafnjnfstrmbtjkëf.
Yfsj <7 Bjose`mrfbejo

Bjose`mrfbejoms
ms prmjpmrftjrefs
◁ Ms auo`fkmotfd mstfldmbmr `m ajrkf f`mbuf`f

f`mbuf`f md mstfèj `m bufdquemr pfbemotm mo quemo
quemo sm mstå
vfdjrfo`j df rmfdezfbeòo `m uof nfstrmbtjkëf sultjtfd pjr uo bæobmr fotms `m bufdquemr eotmrvmobeòo
quer÷rnebf. Mo djs pfbemotms bjo tukjrms djbfdkmotm fvfozf`js qum tmonfo uof eovfseòo èrmbtf `m
dfs mstrubturfs berbuo`fotms, bjkj md trjobj bmdëfbj preobepfd, md heftj èfarfnkætebj j md pmrebfrèj,
fsë bjkj fqumddjs qum prmsmotmo kmtæstfses hmpætebfs j pudkjofrms, dj kmgjr ms mkpdmfr fdnuof
bjkleofbeòo `m quekejtmrfpef seståkebf y rfèjtmrfpef, `mpmo` emo`j `m se temomo sëotjkfs `m hmkj-
rrfnef j `m jlstrubbeòo. Yjr dj nmomrfd, mstjs tukjrms fvfozf`js temomo pjbfs prjlflede`f`ms `m
burfbeòo y djs eotmotjs quer÷rnebjs temomo uof aeofde`f` pfdeftevf.
60=
601 Rmbbeòo EQ Berunëf `md bæobmr næstrebj
d
▼ Df mo`jsbjpef fdtf y df mbjnrfaëf mo`jsbòpebf pum`mo smr ÷tedms pfrf `mtmrkeofr df djbfdezfbeòo y
mxtmoseòo `m df èsmkeofbeòo `m df moamrkm`f` mo df pfrm` næstrebf, fsë bjkj pfrf prjpjrbejofr
uo kåtj`j `m èfnoòstebj nrfbefs f uof lejpsef mo`jsbòpebf.
▼ Djs tukjrms sulkubjsjs `mlmrëfo rmketersm pfrf uof eokuojteobeòo bjo B@66>, bjo md aeo `m
`mtmrkeofr se mxestm uo tukjr mstrjkfd. Mstjs tukjrms, se sjo pmqumöjs y djbfdezf`js, sm pum`mo
rmsmbfr mo jbfsejoms kmèfotm uof rmsmbbeòo mo buöf, y ms pjseldm mvetfr uof nfstrmbtjkëf sultjtfd.
▼ Dfs lejpsefs `m djs tukjrms kubjsjs qum prmsmotfo uof hestjdjnëf èausf m eoaedtrftevf `m bådudfs
mo foeddj `m smddj pum`mo trftfrsm kmgjr kmèfotm uof nfstrmbtjkëf tjtfd, sjlrm tj`j se dfs
udbmrfbejoms kubjsfs sm mxtemo`mo f dj dfrnj `m uof fkpdef supmraebem hfbef df pjrbeòo prjxekfd
`md mstòkfnj.
▼ Dfs bjose`mrfbejoms fomståsebfs sjo sekedfrms f dfs `m bufdquemr prjbmèkemotj `m berunëf kfyjr.
kfyjr.
Md mquepj fomståsebj `mlmrëf bjojbmr df ombmse`f` `m df pjseldm eosmrbeòo y kfoepudfbeòo `m uof
sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf, fsë bjkj df pjselede`f` `m rmfdezfr uof mo`jsbjpef eotrfjpmrftjref.
▼ Dfs eostrubbejoms qum sm `fo fd pfbemotm y su bjosmotekemotj tfkleåo sjo msmobefdms pfrf
md åxetj. Djs pfbemotms `mlmrëfo bjojbmr df ombmse`f` `m uof hjspetfdezfbeòo prjdjonf`f, qum
pj`rëf rmdfbejofrsm bjo dfs pjseldms bjkpdebfbejoms `m dfs aëstudfs fofstjkòtebfs j `m djs flsbmsjs
eotrffl`jkeofdms. Ms prjlfldm qum md pfbemotm pemr`f uo 69-<9% `m su pmsj bjrpjrfd y tfd vmz oj
dj rmbupmrm `mspuås `m df eotmrvmobeòo. Pfkleåo pum`m qum rmquemrf supdmkmotjs outrebejofdms
motmrfdms prjdjonf`js kmèfotm uof sjo`f `m ymyuojstjkëf, y `mlmrëf mstfr eoajrkf`j `m mstf
pjselede`f`.
◁ Yjr dj nmomrfd, ms rfzjofldm rmfdezfr

rmfdezfr uof mo`jsbjpef fdtf eotrfjpmrftjref y uof dfpfrjsbjpef
dfpfrjsbjpef èfnoòs-
tebf pfrf fyu`fr f pdfoeaebfr df rmsmbbeòo quer÷rnebf. Mo djs pfbemotms qum tmonfo uof moamrkm`f`
kmtfstæsebf oj sjspmbhf`f prmvefkmotm mo md pmretjomj j md hënf`j, pum`m qum df kmgjr fdtmroftevf
smf df ymyuojstjkëf `m fdekmotfbeòo se sus sëotjkfs sjo deketf`js. Md usj `m sestmkfs `m smpfrfbeòo
futjmstætebjs afbedetfræ df mxpjsebeòo y hfræ kæs smobeddf df eotmrvmobeòo.
Bfpëtudj 68 d Nfstrmbtjkëf sultjtfd7 Leddrjth E y EE 60>
Aenurf 68-6. Df èsmbbeòo f dj dfrnj `m df burvfturf kmojr `md mstòkfnj sm

rmfdezf kmèfotm df smpfrfbeòo `md mstòkfnj f df ezquemr`f `md pfbemotm. Md
smnkmotj dftmrfd ezquemr`j `md hënf`j sm smpfrf hfbef df `mrmbhf. Df eobeseòo
`md mpepdòo kmojr mxpjom md dòludj bfu`f`j `md hënf`j, md pedfr `mrmbhj
`md èfarfnkf, df fjrtf fl`jkeofd y md trjobj bmdëfbj (admbhf). ]o tukjr qum
bjkprjkmtf md trjobj bmdëfbj pum`m deketfr md bjotrjd `m df frtmref næstrebf
ezquemr`f y pum`m smr uof bjotrfeoèbfbeòo rmdftevf pfrf df nfstrmbtjkëf
sultjtfd.
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Aenurf 68-<. Df frtmref nfstrjmpepdjebf ezquemr`f ofbm `m df frtmref nfs-
f
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trjùj`mofd y sm uom f df frtmref nfstrjmpepdjebf `mrmbhf pfrf errenfr df
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t burvfturf kfyjr `md mstòkfnj. Df èsmbbeòo f dj dfrnj `m djs vfsjs nfs-
u
f
o
trjmpepdjebjs smpfrf md mpepdòo kfyjr `md mstòkfnj y pmrketm md fbbmsj f df
e
s
r pfrm` pjstmrejr `md mstòkfnj, md bumrpj y df bjdf `md pæobrmfs y df mvfduf-
f
e
p beòo `md trjobj bmdëfbj pfrf `mtmrkeofr df rmsmbflede`f` fotms `m df smbbeòo
j
b `m dfs frtmrefs næstrebfs ezquemr`f y `mrmbhf.
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Aenurf 68-2. Djs nfondejs deoaætebjs eovfè`js pjr md tukjr (mo mstm bfsj,
kmdfojkf kmtfstæsebj) `mlmo rmsmbfrsm `ms`m md jrenmo `m df frtmref næstrebf
ezquemr`f fotms `m su denfùrf. F vmbms ms ÷ted denfr df zjof prjxekfd `m df
frtmref næstrebf ezquemr`f fotms `m uof kfoepudfbeòo mxtmosf pfrf fsmnurfr
md bjotrjd frtmrefd prjxekfd. Df frtmref næstrebf ezquemr`f ms uof frtmref ves-
bmrfd `m pfrm`ms `mdnf`fs y sm `mlmrëf denfr j suturfr. Df pårè`f `m bjotrjd
`md kuöòo `m mstf frtmref pum`m hfbmr qum sm d msejom `m ajrkf eovjduotfref
md trjobj bmdëfbj j df fjrtf fl`jkeofd.
Aenurf 68-0. Re md mpepdòo oj sm rmsmbf, df burvfturf kfyjr `md mstòkfnj

pum`m delmrfrsm `m åstm kmèfotm denfùrfs j bjo uo èspjsetevj futjkætebj.
Df èsmbbeòo `mlm rmfdezfrsm pjr aumrf `m djs vfsjs nfstrjmpepdjebjs bjo md aeo
`m eobduer djs nfondejs deoaætebjs pmrenæstrebjs. Mstf èsmbbeòo sm `mlm `mtmomr
fotms `m mobjotrfrsm bjo djs vfsjs næstrebjs bjrtjs mo df nfstrmbtjkëf sultj-
tfd, sjlrm tj`j se df frtmref næstrebf ezquemr`f sm hf smbbejof`j.
Bfpëtudj 68 d Nfstrmbtjkëf sultjtfd7 Leddrjth E y EE 605
Aenurf 68-=. @mspuås `m hflmr smbbejof`j df errenfbeòo frtmrefd, md ludlj

ùj`mofd prjxekfd sm smbbejof gustj èstfd fd pëdjrj. Df vmof pedòrebf pum`m
utedezfrsm bjkj puotj `m rmamrmobef se df foftjkëf ms èaëbed. Md ludlj ùj`m-
ofd `mlmrëf suturfrsm motjobms bjo puotjs sumdtjs j bjo uof suturf bjoteouf
bjo md aeo `m mvetfr qum md kuöòo sm flrf. Rm pum`m bjdjbfr uo `rmofgm mo md
kuöòo ùj`mofd pfrf fdmrtfr `m uof aunf `m bjotmoe`j ledefr fotms `m qum md
pfbemotm kumstrm senojs `m smpses.
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m Aenurf 68-1. Df frtmref nfstrjmpepdjebf ezquemr`f pum`m smbbejofrsm fotms
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j `mspuås `m smbbejofr md ludlj ùj`mofd. Mstf frtmref sm pum`m e`moteaebfr
f senuemo`j df frbf`f nfstrjmpepdjebf f dj dfrnj `m df burvfturf kfyjr hfbef md
z
e
r
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t pëdjrj. Md jrenmo `m df frtmref nfstrjmpepdjebf ezquemr`f (admbhf) sm mobumo-
u
f trf kuy bmrbf `m df supmraebem fotmrejr `md pæobrmfs y sm `mlm prjburfr oj
o
e
s pmrajrfr df bæpsudf pfobrmætebf. Djs tukjrms `md fotrj pum`mo eovfèr md pæo-
r
f
e
p brmfs pjr mxtmoseòo èrmbtf y `mlmo trftfrsm kmèfotm uof pfobrmftmbtjkëf
j
b mo ldjqum èstfd j sultjtfd.
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6=9 Rmbbeòo EQ Berunëf `md bæobmr næstrebj
d
Aenurf 68->. Df smbbeòo prjxekfd `md mstòkfnj sm rmfdezf fd kmojs = bk

pjr mobekf `md tukjr næstrebj. Re oj sm pum`m djnrfr uo kfrnmo `m = bk,
sm `mlm pdfotmfr uof nfstrmbtjkëf tjtfd. Md mstòkfnj sm smbbejof mo uof
zjof prjxekfd f df msbjtfùrf fonudfr (admbhf). Re sm utedezf uof nrfpf`jrf,
hfy qum prjburfr fsmnurfrsm `m qum df sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf j bufdquemr jtrj
èspjsetevj eotrfnæstrebj sm hfyf rmterf`j fotms `md èspfrj `m df nrfpf`jrf.
Oj hfy ombmse`f` `m kjvedezfr md msòafnj oe `m rmfdezfr uof vfnjtjkëf tjtfd,
pums df pjrbeòo smbrmtjrf `m æbe`j `md mstòkfnj sm v f f rmsmbfr.
Aenurf 68-8. Ms bjovmoemotm flrer df dëomf `m suturf prjxekfd `m df pemzf

pfrf `mtmrkeofr se sm hf djnrf`j uof rmsmbbeòo kfbrjsbòpebf `md tukjr.
tukjr. Re
sm `mlm rmfdezfr uof rmsmbbeòo fèbejofd, sm pum`m hfbmr fotms `m df nfstrj-
ymyuojstjkëf mo U `m \jux. Mo nmomrfd, df rmbjostrubbeòo tepj Leddrjth E y
EE `mspuås `m nfstrmbtjkëf sultjtfd pum`m bfusfr uof nfstretes bjose`mrfldm
pjr rmadugj ledefr.
Bfpëtudj 68 d Nfstrmbtjkëf sultjtfd7 Leddrjth E y EE 6=6
Aenurf 68-5. Rm brmf uo fsf mo U `m \jux smbbejofo`j md ymyuoj prjxekfd

y md kmsmotmrej. Md fsf mo U `m \jux pum`m fvfozfrsm f trfvås `m uof vmotfof
mo md kmsjbjdjo trfosvmrsj f df ezquemr`f `m df frtmref bòdebf kmèf, hfstf md
oevmd `m df pjrbeòo prjxekfd `md mstòkfnj. Rm rmfdezf uof fofstjkjses mo
`js pdfojs y sm eotrjùbm uof sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf pjr df fofstjkjses. Md fsf
`m \jux `mlmrëf suturfrsm f df vmotfof kmsjbòdebf y md `mambtj hflrëf `m
bmrrfrsm pfrf mvetfr uof hmroef eotmrof. Df tåboebf `m fofstjkjses nfstrjym-
yuofd sm `msbrelm mo djs bfpëtudjs prmvejs.
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6=< Rmbbeòo EQ Berunëf `md bæobmr næstrebj
d
◁ Fd enufd qum bjo bufdquemr berunëf fl`jkeofd fdtf, sm `mlmrëf rmfdezfr uof kjvedezfbeòo prmbjz `md
pfbemotm y df mdekeofbeòo eotmosevf `m dfs smbrmbejoms pudkjofrms. ]o bjotrjd f`mbuf`j `md `jdjr
kmèfotm uo bftåtmr mpeùrfd, uo bftåtmr sulbutæomj `m fomstmsef djbfd j djs èspjsetevjs `m fomstmsef
bjotrjdf`f pjr md pfbemotm, fyu`fræo mo df rmbupmrfbeòo.
▼ Df fdekmotfbeòo motmrfd prmbjz y md sjpjrtm outrebejofd bjostetuymo df fdtmroftevf `m mdmbbeòo
eobdusj `mspuås `m qum md pfbemotm rmfou`m df fdekmotfbeòo jrfd. Ms prjlfldm qum djs pfbemotms
`mlfo kjèaebfr sus hæletjs èmtåtebjs `mspuås `m uof nfstrmbtjkëf sultjtfd, bjo bjke`fs `m pjbf
bfote`f` y armbumotms.
▼ Djs mstuèjs ènmstevjs fdtjs pfrf bjkprjlfr df eotmnre`f` `m df fofstjkjses oj sjo msmobefdms,
pmrj pum`mo smr ÷tedms, sjlrm tj`j se djs pf bemotms prmsmotfo aemlrm eomspmrf`f, j lemo `jdjr fl`j-
keofd, mo md adfobj j mo md hjklrj mo md pjstjpmrftjrej prmbjz.
◁ Ms auo`fkmotfd mstfèaebfr bjo prmbeseòo md tukjr fotms `m df eotmrvmobeòo pfrf `mtmrkeofr se df rmsmbbeòo
pum`m rmfdezfrsm pjr uo fljr`fgm mstrebtfkmotm fl`jkeofd.
◁ Df rmsmbbeòo mo ldjqum `m djs òrnfojs fsjbef`js (pfobrmftmbtjkëf èstfd, rmsmbbeòo `md kmsjbjdjo) sm
pum`m rmfdezfr se md tukjr eovf`m èrmbtfkmotm mstfs mstrubturfs, pmrj sm fsjbef f uof kfyjr kjrlede`f`
quer÷rnebf.
◁ Yjr dj nmomrfd, sm prmaemrm
prmaemrm bjosmrvfr md lfzj, f kmojs qum prmsmotm uof eovfseòo
eovfseòo èrmbtf pjr md tukjr.
tukjr.
◁ Ms f`mbuf`j rmsmbfr df frtmref næstrebf ezquemr`f
ezquemr`f semkprm qum dfs frtmrefs næstrebfs bjrtfs sm `mgmo
eotfbtfs.
BFYËP]DJ
65
Nfstrmbtjkëf tjtfd
Gudefo F. Cek, K@, AFBR
AFBR
◁ Df errenfbeòo frtmrefd `md mstòkfnj sm `msbreleò mo md bfpëtudj 68. Df errenfbeòo sfonuëomf `md tmrbej
èstfd `md msòafnj prjvemom `m rfkfs frtmrefdms pmrajrfotms `m df fjrtf. ]of kjvedezfbeòo fkpdef `m
mstf pfrtm `md msòafnj pum`m eotmrrukper mstjs vfsjs y bjkprjkmtmr su errenfbeòo frtmrefd.
◁ Dj omrvejs vfnjs èsburrmo pfrfdmdjs fd tmrbej
tmrbej èstfd `md msòafnj. Md trjobj
trjobj `md omrvej vfnj `mrmbhj
pum`m rmspmtfrsm ùrfotm df smbbeòo msjaænebf pfrf bjosmrvfr djs rfkjs èrene`js f df vmsëbudf ledefr.

Bjose`mrfbejoms
ms prmjpmrftjrefs
◁ Mo djs pfbemotms qum sm prjnrfkfo pfrf uof nfstrmbtjkëf tjtfd, df mxtmoseòo prjxekfd `m df moamr-
moamr-
km`f` ms auo`fkmotfd pfrf `mtmrkeofr se `mlmrëf rmfdezfrsm uof msjafnmbtjkëf èstfd. Dfs ekænmoms
mo`jsbòpebfs prmjpmrftjrefs `mlmrëfo rmvesfrsm `m ajrkf bue`f`jsf y sm `mlmrëf hfldfr pjr tmdåajoj
bjo md nfstrjmotmròdjnj j berugfoj qum rmketm fd pfbemotm. Djs mstuèjs `m ekfnmo bjkj df PB j df
YMP tfkleåo pum`mo smr ÷tedms pfrf e`moteaebfr df mxtmoseòo `m dfs kmtæstfses.
◁ Djs tukjrms `m df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf sumdmo rmqumrer uof msjafnmbtjkëf èstfd, qum pum`m
mambtufrsm pjr uo fljr`fgm tjrfbjfl`jkeofd ezquemr`j, fl`jkeofd y tjræbebj `mrmbhj (Evjr Dmwes)
j trfosheftfd. Djs pfbemotms bjo tukjrms `m df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf `mlmrëfo mvfdufrsm `m ajrkf
bue`f`jsf fotms `m prjnrfkfrdjs pfrf bufdquemr prjbmèkemotj quer÷rnebj.
◁ Djs fomstmseòdjnjs `mlmrëfo smr bjosbemotms `m df pjseldm ombmse`f` `m fkpdefr dfs eobesejoms f dfs
bfve`f`ms tjræbebfs. Re mstj aumsm ombmsfrej, pum`m qum sm rmquemrf uo tulj mo`jtrfqumfd `m `jldm duz
y uof tåboebf `m vmotedfbeòo `m uo sòdj pudkòo ùrfotm pfrtm `m df eotmrvmobeòo.
6=2
d
◁ Df mo`jsbjpef eotrfjpmrftjref y df dfpfrjsbjpef èfnoòstebf pum`mo smr ÷tedms pfrf bjoaerkfr df mxtmo-
seòo `m df moamrkm`f`. Rm `mlm prmpfrfr `m ajrkf mståred fkljs hmketòrfx mo md bfkpj quer÷rnebj
pjr se sm rmquemrm fkpdefr df eobeseòo. Df pjrbeòo prjxekfd `md mstòkfnj y df èstfd `md msòafnj pum`mo
fljr`frsm pjr uof dfpfrjtjkëf kmèfd j pjr eobesejoms sulbjstfdms ledftmrfdms bjo mxtmoseòo vmrtebfd.
]of vmz kæs, djs smpfrf`jrms futjmstætebjs sjo ÷tedms pfrf mxpjomr md bfkpj.
◁ Fd enufd qum bjo bufdquemr berunëf fl`jkeofd fdtf, sm `mlmrëf rmfdezfr uof kjvedezfbeòo prmbjz `md
pfbemotm y df mdekeofbeòo eotmosevf `m dfs smbrmbejoms pudkjofrms. ]o bjotrjd f`mbuf`j `md `jdjr
kmèfotm uo bftåtmr mpeùrfd, uo bftåtmr sulbutæomj `m fomstmsef djbfd j djs èspjsetevjs `m fomstmsef
bjotrjdf`f pjr md pfbemotm, fyu`fræo mo df rmbupmrfbeòo.
▼ Df fdekmotfbeòo motmrfd prmbjz y md sjpjrtm outrebejofd bjostetuymo df fdtmroftevf `m mdmbbeòo
eobdusj `mspuås `m qum md pfbemotm rmfou`m df fdekmotfbeòo jrfd. Ms prjlfldm qum djs pfbemotms
`mlfo kjèaebfr sus hæletjs èmtåtebjs `mspuås `m uof nfstrmbtjkëf sultjtfd, bjo bjke`fs pmqum-
öfs y armbumotms.
▼ Djs mstuèjs ènmstevjs fdtjs pfrf bjkprjlfr df eotmnre`f` `m df fofstjkjses oj sjo msmobefdms,
pmrj pum`mo smr ÷tedms, sjlrm tj`j se djs pfbemotms prmsmotfo aemlrm eomspmrf`f, `jdjr fl`jkeofd j
mo md adfobj, j lemo `jdjr mo md hjklrj mo md pjstjpmrftjrej eokmèftj.
Bfpëtudj 65 d Nfstrmbtjkëf tjtfd 6==
Aenurf 65-6. Df prekmrf kfoejlrf ùrfotm uof nfstrmbtjkëf tjtfd mo bfsj

`m bfrbeojkf ms mvfdufr df mxtmoseòo prjxekfd `m df moamrkm`f`. Md smn-
kmotj dftmrfd ezquemr`j `md hënf`j sm smpfrf hfbef df `mrmbhf y sm eobe`m
md denfkmotj nfstrjaråoebj. Md msòafnj sm rj`mf bjo uo `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm
(admbhf) y sm kjvedezf uo smnkmotj `m =-1 bk `m msòafnj mo md fl`jkmo.
Re hfy prumlfs pfdpfldms `m moamrkm`f` mo md tmrbej èstfd `md msòafnj, sm
`mlm rmfdezfr uof msjafnjnfstrjùj`mojsbjpef eotrfjpmrftjref pfrf nfrfo-
tezfr qum df rmsmbbeòo pum`m rmfdezfrsm `ms`m md eotmrejr `md fl`jkmo bjo
kærnmoms sfojs.
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Aenurf 65-<. Re sm pum`m djnrfr uo kfrnmo prjxekfd sfoj `mspuås `m mvfdufr
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t
md msòafnj èstfd, sm mxpdjrf md trjobj bmdëfbj pfrf fsmnurfr df rmsmbflede`f`
u (admbhf). Df deoaf`mombtjkëf bmdëfbf pum`m mxtmo`mrsm mo smote`j prjxekfd f
f
o
e
s dj dfrnj `m df fjrtf fl`jkeofd hfstf md pedfr `mrmbhj `md èfarfnkf. Df èsmb-
r
f
e beòo sm bjoteo÷f hfstf md oevmd `md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm qum rj`mf md msòafnj
p
j pfrf kjvedezfr bjkpdmtfkmotm df burvfturf kmojr `md mstòkfnj.
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Aenurf 65-2. Md mpepdòo kfyjr sm rmsmbf `ms`m md bjdjo trfosvmrsj, bjkmo-

zfo`j mo md æonudj hmpætebj y ddmnfo`j hfstf md æonudj mspdåoebj. Df èsmb-
beòo sm bjoteo÷f f dj dfrnj `m d f burvfturf kfyjr `md mstòkfnj hfstf md oevmd
`m dfs frtmrefs næstrebfs bjrtfs (admbhf). Mstfs frtmrefs sm denfo `m ajrkf bue`f-
`jsf j sm smbbejofo kmèfotm uo èspjsetevj futjkætebj. Df mspdmombtjkëf
oj ms ombmsfref f kmojs qum md tukjr eovf`f èrmbtfkmotm md lfzj. Df èsmb-
beòo sm prjsenum f bjoteoufbeòo f dj dfrnj `md bfrèfs y `md pedfr ezquemr`j
`md èfarfnkf hfstf md `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm qum rj`mf md msòafnj pfrf bjk-
pdmtfr df kjvedezfbeòo `m df burvfturf kfyjr.
Aenurf 65-0. Fotms `m smbbejofr

smbbejofr md msòafnj,
msòafnj, sm bjdjbfo uofs suturfs dftmrfdms
`m sugmbeòo pfrf fsmnurfr md msòafnj y mvetfr qum sm rmtrfenf mo md kmèfsteoj.
Rm `mlmo kjvedezfr fd kmojs =-1 bk `m msòafnj pjr `mlfgj `md heftj èf-
arfnkætebj bjo md aeo `m rmfdezfr uof fofstjkjses kmbæoebf bjo smnure`f`.
Md msòafnj `mlm smbbejofrsm kmèfotm bjrtm y bjo bue`f`j pfrf bjosmrvfr
df djonetu` `m df pfrm` pjstmrejr. ]o lesturë bjo md kfonj mo æonudj rmbtj
pum`m smr ÷ted pfrf rmfdezfr uof smbbeòo pmrpmoèbudfr `md msòafnj.
Bfpëtudj 65 d Nfstrmbtjkëf tjtfd 6=>
Aenurf 65-=. ]of vmz qum md mstòkfnj sm hf rmsmbf`j, md kfrnmo prjxe-

kfd `mlm rmketersm pfrf su mstuèj kmèfotm bjrtms pjr bjonmdfbeòo. Oj
sm `mlmrëf rmfdezfr df rmbjostrubbeòo hfstf qum md mquepj quer÷rnebj mstå
sftesambhj bjo md rmsudtf`j `m djs kærnmoms, pums `mshfbmr df fofstjkjses
`md msòafnj `mspmrèbef djonetu` `m mstm òrnfoj. Fuoqum md msòafnj oj temom
uof vmr`f`mrf bfpf smrjsf, së bumotf bjo uofs bfpfs kubjsf y sulkubjsf
(admbhf), qum pum`mo smpfrfrsm `m dfs bfpfs kusbudfrms mxtmrofs. Bufdquemr
fofstjkjses `mlm eobjrpjrfr tj`fs dfs bfpfs `m df pfrm` msjaænebf.
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o Aenurf 65-1. Df msjafnjymyuojstjkëf mo U `m \jux sm pum`m Aenurf 65->. Md fsf `m \jux sm bjdjbf mo pjsebeòo pfrf fsm-
u
s
m rmfdezfr kmèfotm fofstjkjses kfoufd j bjo uof fofstjkjses nurfr qum df fofstjkjses msjafnjymyuofd oj mstå mo tmoseòo.
o tmrkeojtmrkeofd kmbæoebf bjo nrfpf`jrf MMF. Re sm jptf pjr df Md mxtrmkj nrfpf`j `md fsf `m \jux sm rmsmbf f bjoteoufbeòo
ò
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MMF, sm ke`m df duz `md msòafnj y sm smdmbbejof uof nrfpf`jrf y df nrfpf`jrf MMF sm bjdjbf `m kj`j qum df fofstjkjses sm
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t
f`mbuf`f. Md msòafnj pum`m prmsmotfr mspfskjs, y df errenfbeòo mobumotrm mo md ljr`m fotekmsmotårebj.
u
f bjo sumrj sfdeoj telej y èdftfbeòo sufvm fyu`fræo f rmdfgfrdj
o
e
s pfrf eotrjùber md yuoqum `m df MMF (admbhf). Md yuoqum sm aegf
r
f
e bjo uof suturf mo ljdsf `m tflfbj, qum pum`m rmfdezfrsm f kfoj
p
j j bjdjbfrsm bjo nrfpf`jrf. Rm `mlm prjburfr oj `msnfrrfr md
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msòafnj y rmfdezfr suturfs qum bjgfo tj`j md mspmsjr.
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Aenurf 65-8. Df nrfpf`jrf MMF sm aegf fd yuoqum msjaænebj lfgj veseòo

èrmbtf. Rm `mlm jremotfr md fsf `m \jux bjrrmbtfkmotm, `m kj`j qum df
fofstjkjses oj mstå rjtf`f. F bjoteoufbeòo, df nrfpf`jrf MMF sm bemrrf y
sm èspfrf, trfs dj qum sm rmterf bue`f`jsfkmotm f aeo `m oj tmosfr mxbmsevf-
kmotm df fofstjkjses. Md mxtrmkj flemrtj `md fsf `m \jux pum`m smr nrfpf`j
j suturf`j f kfoj pfrf bjkpdmtfr df n fstrjymyuojstjkëf mo U `m \jux.
Aenurf 65-5. @mspuås `m bjkpdmtfr df fofstjkjses, sm pum`m mxpdjrfr tj`f

su berbuoamrmobef kmèfotm eospmbbeòo vesufd. Yum`m rmfdezfrsm uof suturf
`m rmaumrzj `m df fofstjkjses, pmrj oj ms ombmsfref, y hfy qum prjburfr oj
bjostrmöer f÷o kæs df fofstjkjses. Md fsf `m \jux `mlm aegfrsm f djs pedfrms
`md èfarfnkf pfrf mvetfr su tjrseòo y df rmtrfbbeòo `m df fofstjkjses mo md
kmèfsteoj.
Bfpëtudj 65 d Nfstrmbtjkëf tjtfd 6=5
Aenurf 65-69. Hfy qum rmfdezfr uof prumlf pfrf `mtmbtfr uof pjseldm aunf,
pfrf dj qum sm peozf bjo sufve`f` md fsf `m \jux y sm eosuadf ferm mo md msò-
afnj èstfd, yf smf kmèfotm uo mo`jsbjpej j pjr uof sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf.
Bufdquemr senoj `m aunf `m ferm jldenf f eospmbbejofr df fofstjkjses y f
rmajrzfr df dëomf `m nrfpfs. Rm pum`m bjdjbfr uo `rmofgm fsperftevj bmrrf`j
guotj f df fofstjkjses y pum`m pdfotmfrsm df rmfdezfbeòo `m uof ymyuojstj-
këf `m fdekmotfbeòo pfrf df outrebeòo motmrfd pjstjpmrftjref.
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◁ Ms auo`fkmotfd rmfdezfr uof mstfèaebfbeòo prmjpmrftjref prmbesf `md tukjr pfrf `mtmrkeofr se df
rmsmbbeòo pum`m mambtufrsm pjr uo fljr`fgm mstrebtfkmotm fl`jkeofd.
◁ Df rmsmbbeòo mo ldjqum `m djs òrnfojs fsjbef`js (pfobrmftmbtjkëf èstfd, rmsmbbeòo `md kmsjbjdjo)
pum`m mambtufrsm se md tukjr eovf`m èrmbtfkmotm mstfs mstrubturfs, pmrj sm fsjbef f uof kfyjr kjr-
lede`f` quer÷rnebf.
◁ Hfy qum prmstfr uof ftmobeòo bue`f`jsf f djs fspmbtjs tåboebjs rmamrmotms f df smbbeòo y fofstjkjses
msjaænebfs. Ms bfse ekpjseldm rmsmbfr uof fofstjkjses msjafnjymyuofd y rmfdezfr uof smnuo`f fofstj-
kjses pjr uof eobeseòo fl`jkeofd.
◁ Re md pfbemotm `msfrrjddf uof aunf `m df fofstjkjses msjafnjymyuofd, md trftfkemotj pum`m vfrefr smn÷o
se sm `mtmbtf mo dfs prekmrfs 08 hjrfs (rmmxpdjrfbeòo, rmpfrfbeòo `m df aëstudf y `rmofgm), se md pfbemotm
oj temom senojs `m smpses y se df aëstudf sm `rmof pjr bjkpdmtj fd mxtmrejr (bjoteoufr md `rmofgm y df
fdekmotfbeòo pjr ymyuojstjkëf, bjo rmpmtebeòo `md mstuèj bjo bjotrfstm mo 6 smkfof).
BFYËP]DJ
<9
@mrevfbeòo
@mrevfbeòo næstreb
næstrebff mo
m o U `m \jux
◁ Fotms `m df eotmrvmobeòo, `mlmrëf mvfdufrsm df foftjkëf `m df pjrbeòo supmrejr `md fpfrftj ènmstevj
`md pfbemotm. Hfy qum lusbfr df mxestmobef `m sëotjkfs `m rmadugj, èsafnef j ÷dbmrf påptebf. Rm `mlm rëf
rmfdezfr uof mo`jsbjpef ènmstevf fdtf j uo træosetj lfretf`j mo lusbf `m uof hmroef `m heftj.
◁ Md berugfoj `mlm kmèr bjo prmbeseòo df tfddf y md pmsj `md pfbemotm mo df bjosudtf pfrf `mtmrkeofr
su ëoèbm `m kfsf bjrpjrfd (EKB). Md EKB `md pfbemotm `mlmrëf bjrrmspjo`mr f dfs èrmbtrebms `m djs
Oftejofd Eostetutms ja Hmfdth pfrf df berunëf lfreætrebf, qum mxenmo uo vfdjr kfyjr `m 09 cn/k <, j
kfyjr `m 2= cn/k< se hfy moamrkm`f`ms bjoburrmotms fsjbef`fs f df jlmse`f`.
◁ Rm `mlm pmèr f tj`js djs
djs pfbemotms qum `mgmo `m aukfr fotms `m bufdquemr prjbmèkemotj `m berunëf
lfreætrebf. Md tflfqueskj rmtrfsf df bebftrezfbeòo y fukmotf md remsnj `m bjkpdebfbejoms rmsperftjrefs
pmrejpmrftjrefs. F`mkæs, mo df fbtufde`f` md tflfqueskj ms df bfusf preobepfd `m kjrtfde`f` mvetfldm.
Oj mstæ eoèbf`j bjrrmner df smnuo`f bfusf (df jlmse`f`) se df prekmrf yf prjvjbf uof kjrtfde`f`
prmbjz.
◁ Rm `mlmrëf rmfdezfr uof mvfdufbeòo psebjdònebf `m djs pfbemotms pfrf `msbfrtfr uo trfstjroj `m tepj
ludëkebj. Md psebòdjnj j md psequeftrf tfkleåo pum`mo fyu`fr f mvfdufr se md pfbemotm mstæ prmpfrf`j
pfrf df berunëf y se temom uofs mxpmbtftevfs rmfdestfs sjlrm df keskf. Pfkleåo sm `mlmo rmfdezfr uof
mvfdufbeòo outrebejofd y uof vfdjrfbeòo kåèbf mxhfustevf fotms `m df eotmrvmobeòo.
◁ Rm `mlmo rmvesfr dfs pjseldms bjkpdebfbejoms bjo md pfbemotm `m ajrkf `mtfddf`f, eobdue`j md remsnj `m
aunf fofstjkòtebf y `m kjrtfde`f`. Md remsnj pmrejpmrftjrej `m bf`f pfbemotm vfrefræ `mpmoèmo`j `m
sus moamrkm`f`ms bjoburrmotms.
◁ Md pfbemotm `mlmrëf rmbeler uof eoajrkfbeòo f`mbuf`f sjlrm djs bfklejs `m df èmtf y `md mstedj `m ve`f
qum rmqumreræ pfrf djnrfr uof pårè`f `m pmsj sftesafbtjref y kfotmoe`f. @mlmrëf sflmr dfs kjèaebf-
bejoms èmtåtebfs qum hflræ `m rmfdezfr trfs df berunëf y mstfr prmpfrf`j pfrf mddfs.
◁ \msudtf ÷ted fbjosmgfr fd pfbemotm qum pemr`f pmsj fotms `m df berunëf pfrf afbedetfr md prjbmèkemotj
prjbmèkemotj
quer÷rnebj. ]of fdtmroftevf ms pmèr f djs pfbemotms qum pemr`fo 0 cn motrm df prekmrf bjosudtf y df
eotmrvmobeòo quer÷rnebf. Pfkleåo ms fbjosmgfldm qum djs pfbemotms senfo uof èmtf dëque`f ùrfotm
< smkfofs fotms `m df berunëf. Mstj fyu`f f rmùber df nrfsf vesbmrfd y sjlrm tj`j djs `mpòsetjs fèpj-
sjs eotrfhmpætebjs.

616
61< Rmbbeòo Q Berunëf `m df jlmse`f` kòrle`f
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◁ Md mquepj quer÷rnebj `mlm mstfr afkedefrezf`j bjo df berunëf lfreætrebf. Md pmrsjofd `m moamrkmrëf
`mlmrëf sflmr bjo `mtfddm dfs mtfpfs `md prjbmèkemotj. Md fomstmseòdjnj `mlmrëf bjojbmr df rmfoekf-
beòo eotmosf bjo dëque`js qum rmqumreræ md pfbemotm ùrfotm df eotmrvmobeòo y `jkeofr dfs eotulfbej-
oms èaëbedms.
◁ Djs pfbemotms sm sjkmtmo f uof prmpfrfbeòo eotmsteofd md `ëf prmvej
prmvej fd prjbmèkemotj.
◁ Md `ëf `m df eotmrvmobeòo, djs pfbemotms rmbelmo foteleòtebjs prjaedæbtebjs. Pfkleåo
Pfkleåo sm sjkmtmo f uof
prjaedfxes armotm f df trjkljses vmojsf prjauo`f bjo èspjsetevjs `m bjkprmseòo smbumobefd y hmpf-
reof sulbutæomf j arfbbejof`f.
6. @espjsebeòo `md queròafoj (aen. <9-6)

<9-6)
◁ Md pfbemotm sm bjdjbf mo `mb÷letj supeoj mo df kmsf `m jpmrfbejoms. Djs pems sm aegfo f uo fpjyj y
fkljs lrfzjs sm `mgfo aumrf. Hfy qum prjburfr qum djs lrfzjs mståo lemo fdkjhfèddf`js pfrf mvetfr
uof dmseòo `md pdmxj lrfquefd. Djs pems `mlmrëfo `msbfosfr pjr bjkpdmtj mo su fpjyj y aegfrsm pfrf
ekpmèr df supeofbeòo y df prjofbeòo. Rm `mlm eosmrtfr uof sjo`f `m Ajdmy fotms `m df bjdjbfbeòo `md
pfbemotm. Md berugfoj sm set÷f f df `mrmbhf `md pfbemotm, kemotrfs md fyu`fotm dj hfbm f df ezquemr`f y
tfkleåo sm mobfrnf `m kfomgfr df bækfrf.
<. Bjdjbfbeòo `m djs trjbfrms (aen. <9-6)

<9-6)
◁ Rm `mlmo rmvesfr djs fotmbm`motms quer÷rnebjs `md pfbemotm fotms `m bjdjbfr djs trjbfrms.
trjbfrms. Re oj hfy
fotmbm`motms `m berunëf mo md hepjbjo`rej ezquemr`j, mstf zjof sm utedezf bjkj puotj `m motrf`f eoe-
befd. Rm utedezf uo trjbfr òptebj pfrf motrfr m o df bfve`f` pmretjomfd lfgj vesufdezfbeòo
vesuf dezfbeòo èrmbtf. @mle`j
fd nrjsjr `m df pfrm` fl`jkeofd, uo fljr`fgm èrmbtj bjo trjbfr `m Hfssjo pum`m smr èaëbed.
◁ Md pumrtj `m df bækfrf sm set÷f f <6 bk `m df fpòaeses xeaje`ms y sm bjdjbf gustj f df ezquemr`f `m df
dëomf kmèf. Rm trfzf uof dëomf ekfneofref `ms`m mstm puotj f df uoeòo `md kfrnmo bjstfd ezquemr`j
bjo df dëomf kmèjbdfvebudfr. Md pumrtj eoebefd, uo trjbfr òptebj `m 6< kk seo bubheddf qum pmrketm
df vesufdezfbeòo èrmbtf f kmè`f qum sm motrf mo df bfve`f` pmretjomfd, sm set÷f mo md puotj kmèj
`m mstf dëomf mo md hepjbjo`rej ezquemr`j. Mstm pumrtj smrveræ bjkj kfoj `mrmbhf `md berugfoj. Md
fl`jkmo sm eosuadf f 6= kkHn y sm eosmrtf uo mo`jsbjpej `m 29 nrf`js f trfvås `m mstm pumrtj.
◁ Rm bjdjbfo trms trjbfrms fèbejofdms. ]o trjbfr
trjbfr `m 69 kk sm èspjom mo md setej `mtmrkeof`j bjo fotm-
rejre`f` bmrbf `m df dëomf kmèf (pfrf df bækfrf). ]o trjbfr `m 6< kk sm bjdjbf f uojs 8-69 bk `m
df fpòaeses xeaje`ms, smpfrf`j `md kfrnmo bjstfd, y sm èrenm f df ezquemr`f `md pfbemotm, `m kj`j qum
pmomtrm mo df bfve`f` pmretjomfd smpfrf`j `m df puotf `md dòludj ezquemr`j `md hënf`j y `m df uoeòo
`md denfkmotj afdbeajrkm (pfrf df kfoj ezquemr`f `md berugfoj). Yjr ÷dtekj, uo trjbfr `m = kk sm
bjdjbf mo df dëomf fxedfr fotmrejr ezquemr`f, gustj lfgj md rmljr`m bjstfd ezquemr`j (pfrf md fyu`fotm).
Bfpëtudj <9 @mrevfbeòo næstrebf mo U `m \jux
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610 Rmbbeòo Q Berunëf `m df jlmse`f` kòrle`f
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2. @esmbbeòo mo df trfosbfve`f` `m djs mpepdjoms (aen. <9-<)

<9-<)
◁ Df motrf`f mo df trfosbfve`f` `m djs mpepdjoms sm rmfdezf f dj dfrnj `m df burvfturf kfyjr `md mstòkfnj
kmèfotm uo lesturë frkòoebj pfrf mvetfr df hmkjrrfnef `m dfs frtmrefs næstrebfs bjrtfs. Rm rmfdezf uof
flmrturf `m uojs
u ojs <-2 bk `m èækmtrj.
` eækmtrj.
0. Brmfbeòo `m df ymyuoj-ymyuojstjkëf
◁ Md mpepdòo sm mdmvf y sm set÷f sjlrm md bjdjo trfosvmrsj,

trfosvmrsj, pfrf `mgfrdj mo md bjkpfrtekmotj supmrejr
`md fl`jkmo, dj qum mxpjom md denfkmotj `m Prmetz. Md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j sm rjtf `ms`m mstm puotj mo
md smote`j `m dfs fnugfs `md rmdjg f uof èstfobef `m 29 bk, y mstm puotj sm msbjnm pfrf smbbejofr md
ymyuoj. Kmèfotm èsmbbeòo rjkf, sm mkpdmf uof peozf bjo puotf `m @mLfcmy pfrf èsmbfr f trfvås
`md kmsmotmrej mo md pdfoj fvfsbudfr pròxekj fd eotmsteoj. F bjoteoufbeòo, sm pfsf uo bfrtubhj fzud
`m nrfpf`jrf f trfvås `m df zjof èsmbf`f rj`mfo`j md eotmsteoj, qum sm smbbejof (aen.
( aen. <9-2),
<9-2), trfs dj
qum sm mkpdmf md lesturë frkòoebj pfrf smbbejofr md kmsmotmrej hfbef su lfsm ( aen. <9-0).
<9-0). @mspuås, sm
suturf uo pmqumöj `rmofgm `m Ymorjsm fd mxtrmkj èstfd smbbejof`j `md eotmsteoj bjo sm`f `m </9 pfrf
kfrbfrdj bjo vestfs f uof mtfpf pjstmrejr `md prjbmèkemotj (aen.
(aen. <9-=).
<9-=).
◁ Df pjrbeòo èstfd `md eotmsteoj (auturf fsf `m \jux) sm rjtf f bjoteoufbeòo mo md smote`j bjotrfrej f
dfs fnugfs `md rmdjg uojs 6=9 bk, y mstm setej sm msbjnm pfrf df ymyuoj-ymyuojstjkëf. Md fsf ledejpfo-
brmætebf y mstm mxtrmkj èstfd `md fsf `m \jux sm suturfo motrm së bjo sm`f `m </9 qum sm bjdjbf mo md
mxtrmkj èstfd `m df auturf fofstjkjses.
d 61=
Aenurf <9-< Aenurf <9-2
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◁ Md fyu`fotm sugmtf mstf suturf y md berugfoj rmfdezf

rmfdezf uof motmrjtjkëf mo bf`f fsf eotmsteofd usfo`j md
lesturë frkòoebj. Hfy qum prjburfr qum mstfs motmrjtjkëfs tmonfo sòdj df fkpdetu` mxfbtf pfrf qum
pfsm df nrfpf`jrf (aen.
(aen. <9-1).
<9-1). F bjoteoufbeòo, uo bfrtubhj ldfobj `m nrfpf`jrf sm eotrjùbm pjr md
pumrtj `md hepjbjo`rej `mrmbhj y sm rjtf mo smote`j f otmrejr (aen.
(aen. <9->),
<9->), trfs dj qum sm brmf uof fofs-
fo fs-
tjkjses tmrkeoj-tmrkeofd auobejofd.
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, df motmrjtjkëf bjk÷o sm kfotemom bmrrf`f bjo trms suturfs `m sugmbeòo (aen. (aen. <9-8).
<9-8).
@js `m mddfs dfs sugmtf md fyu`fotm y df jtrf, md berugfoj. @mspuås, df motmrjtjkëf sm bemrrf kmèfotm
uof nrfpf`jrf, usfo`j uo bfrtubhj fzud, trfs dj qum df dëomf `m nrfpfs sm eospmbbejof `m ajrkf bue-
`f`jsf pfrf fsmnurfr qum md bemrrm ms f`mbuf`j.
◁ Md `mambtj kmsmotårebj sm bemrrf bue`f`jsfkmotm kmèfotm uof suturf bjoteouf bjo bdeps Dfprf-Py Dfprf-Py
(Mthebjo, Beobeoofte, Jhej) mo bf`f mxtrmkj pfrf mvetfr df fpfrebeòo `m auturfs hmroefs eotmrofs
(aen. <9-5).
<9-5).
d 61>
Aenurf <9-1 Aenurf <9->
Aenurf <9-8
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=. Yfsj `md fsf `m \jux
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, df ftmobeòo sm èrenm fd kmsjbjdjo trfosvmrsj y sm e`moteaebf md ærmf «`msou`f³ mo

pjsebeòo dftmrfd f djs vfsjs bòdebjs kmèjs, trfs dj qum sm eobe`m usfo`j md lesturë frkòoebj pfrf
motrfr mo df trfosbfve`f` `m
` m djs mpepdjoms. Md mxtrmkj prjxekfd `md fsf `m \jux sm pfsf f oevmd rmtrj-
bòdebj hfstf df trfosbfve`f` (aen.
(aen. <9-69).
<9-69). Df motrf`f f df trfosbfve`f` f dj dfrnj `m df burvfturf kfyjr
`md mstòkfnj sm usf pfrf ddmvfr md mxtrmkj prjxekfd `md fsf `m \jux f uof pjsebeòo fotenæstrebf. Md
mxtrmkj prjxekfd `mlmrëf jremotfrsm fd df`j ezquemr`j `md pfbemotm y fsbmo`mr bjo afbede`f` seo tmo-
seòo pfrf qum oj sm prjùzbf uof tjrseòo `md kmsmotmrej (aen.(aen. <9-66).
<9-66).
1. Brmfbeòo `m df ljdsf
◁ Md pfbemotm sm bjdjbf mo fote-Prmo`mdmolurn

fote-Prmo`mdmolurn kfrbf`j y uo smpfrf`jr `m Ofthfosjo sm set÷f gustj f df
ezquemr`f `m df fpòaeses xeaje`ms mo df zjof kmèf `md mpenfstrej. Rm trftf `m uo smpfrf`jr burvj qum
sm kfoepudf pjr `mlfgj `md dòludj ezquemr`j `md hënf`j pfrf mxpjomr md heftj msjaæ nebj y qum sm kfo-
temom mo su pjsebeòo bjo uo smpfrf`jr futjmstætebj qum sm aegf f uo dftmrfd `m df kmsf (aen.
( aen. <9-6<).
<9-6<).
◁ Df èsmbbeòo sm bjkemozf mo df burvfturf kmo jr f = bk `m df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf. Mstf zjof bjos-
tetueræ df bfrf eoamrejr `m df ljdsf næstrebf. Df motrf`f mo df trfosbfve`f` `m djs mpepdjoms sm rmfdezf
kmèfotm èsmbbeòo rjkf y bjo md lesturë udtrfsòoebj. Hfy qum prjburfr bjosmrvfr djs omrvejs vfnjs
(aen. <9-62).
<9-62).
◁ Mo md bumrpj `md mstòkfnj sm rmfdezf uof nfstrjstjkëf, èstfd f df auturf ljdsf. Df eobeseòo `md hepj-
bjo`rej ezquemr`j sm fkpdëf, y md yuoqum `m uof nrfpf`jrf MMF `m <= kk (Mthebjo) sm eotrjùbm
mo df bfve`f` pmretjomfd, trfs dj qum sm bjdjbf uo prjtmbtjr `m df hmre`f mo mstm setej, sustetuymo`j fd
trjbfr.
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Aenurf <9-69 Aenurf <9-66
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6>9 Rmbbeòo Q Berunëf `m df jlmse`f` kòrle`f
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◁ Bjo uof peozf pfrf yuoqum, åstm sm eotrjùbm f trfvås `m df nfstrjstjkëf

nfstrjstjkëf hfstf md setej `m df auturf
nfstrjymyuojstjkëf, qum `mlmrëf setufrsm gustj pjr mobekf `md puotj `m motrf`f mo df trfosbfve`f`
`m djs mpepdjoms mo df burvfturf kmojr `md mstòkfnj (aen.
( aen. <9-60).
<9-60). F bjoteoufbeòo, df nfstrjstjkëf sm
bemrrf usfo`j uo bfrtubhj `m nrfpf`jrf fzud j vmr`m, `mpmoèmo`j `md nrjsjr `md mstòkfnj.
◁ Md senuemotm pfsj ms brmfr df ljdsf fdrm`m`jr
fdrm`m`jr `md yuoqum. Rm bjdjbf uof ÷oebf dëomf `m nrfpfs gustj
pjr `mlfgj `md yuoqum, `jo`m sm hf rmfdezf`j df motrf`f mo df trfosbfve`f` `m djs mpepdjoms. F bjo-
teoufbeòo, df ljdsf sm bjkpdmtf kmèfotm uo nrfpf`j fsbmo`motm hfbef md æonudj `m Hes. Yum`m smr
÷ted rmfdezfr uo rmaumrzj bjo kftmrefd rmflsjrleldm f dj dfrnj `m df dëomf `m nrfpf`j pfrf keoekezfr df
hmkjrrfnef `m èbhf dëomf, y mo fdnuojs
f dnuojs mstuèjs sm hf `mkjstrf`j qum rmùbm md o÷ kmrj `m aëstudfs.
]of sjo`f `m Mwfd` sm eotrjùbm mo df ljdsf fotms `m bf`f èspfrj vmrtebfd `m nrfpfs pfrf fyu`fr
f aegfr md tfkföj `m df ljdsf y pfrf oj rmfdezfr md nrfpf`j f trfvås `m df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf ( aen.
<9-6=).
<9-6= ). Hfy qum prjburfr fsmnurfrsm `m qum df ljdsf y md rmstj næstrebj sm smbbejofo pjr bjkpdmtj.
>. Brmfbeòo `m df nfstrjymyuojstjkëf
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, df ftmobeòo sm èrenm fd mxtrmkj prjxekfd `md fsf `m \jux. Rm rmfdezf

rmfdezf uof motmrjtjkëf
mo df dëomf `m nrfpf`j dj lfstfotm nrfo`m pfrf qum pmrketf eotrjùber uof nrfpf`jrf MMF `m <= kk.
Df puotf sm quetf `md yuoqum y df MMF sm eotrjùbm mo df bfve`f` pmretjomfd f trfvås `m df eobeseòo `md
hepjbjo`rej ezquemr`j y sm pfsf pjr df motmrjtjkëf uojs 2-0 bk. Mstf kfoejlrf df afbedetf md fyu`fotm
fd sugmtfr bjo aerkmzf md mxtrmkj prjxekfd `md fsf `m \jux (aen. ( aen. <9-61).
<9-61). Df puotf sm pfsf f trfvås
`md df`j fotekmsmotårebj `md ymyuoj. Md senuemotm pfsj ms bjombtfr df nrfpf`jrf MMF `m <= kk bjo
md yuoqum, bjo dj qum sm brmf uof fofstjkjses nrfpf`f berbudfr. Ms ÷ted bjotfr bjo uof peozf mspm-
bëaebf pfrf sugmtfr md yuoqum, pums sumdm smr èaëbed sugmtfrdj bjo df kfyjrëf `m dfs peozfs ftrfukæte-
bfs. Df MMF sm rmterf y sm bjkprumlf qum djs rmstjs berbudfrms `m tmge`j smbbejof`js mståo bjkpdmtjs
(aen. <9-6>).
<9-6>).
◁ Md kmsmotmrej sm smbbejof mo df zjof
zjof `jo`m qum`f uo mxbmsj `m ymyuoj y df motmrjtjkëf sm bemrrf
kmèfotm nrfpf`j. Md mxbmsj `m eotmsteoj sm rmsmbf (aen.
(aen. <9-68).
<9-68). Df fofstjkjses sm rmaumrzf kmèfotm
uof suturf bjo bdeps mo ] `m Km`trjoeb (aen.
(aen. <9-65).
<9-65).
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof prumlf eotrfjpmrftjref mo lusbf `m aunfs kmèfotm df eosuadfbeòo mo`jsbòpebf `m df
ljdsf y md rmddmoj `m df bfve`f` pmretjomfd bjo sumrj sfdeoj. Re sm jlsmrvfo lurlugfs, df dëomf `m nrfpfs
sm suturf pjr mobekf hfstf qum oj sm jlsmrvfo aunfs, qum sjo eoarmbumotms, pmrj buyf e`moteaebfbeòo
ms msmobefd.
d 6>6
Aenurf <9-60 Aenurf <9-6=
Aenurf <9-61 Aenurf <9-6>
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© Aenurf <9-68 Aenurf <9-65
6>< Rmbbeòo Q Berunëf `m df jlmse`f` kòrle`f
d
8. Bemrrm
◁ Md `mambtj `md kmsjbjdjo trfosvmrsj sm bemrrf bjo uof suturf bjoteouf `m hedj oj rmflsjrleldm. Yfrf
fhjrrfr temkpj, sm usf uo bdep Dfprf-Py pfrf aegfr df suturf mo su pjsebeòo mo bf`f mxtrmkj.
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof eospmbbeòo vesufd `md rmsudtf`j foftòkebj aeofd (aen. <9-<9).
<9-<9).
◁ Rm bjdjbf uo `rmofgm pjr md trjbfr `m = kk y sm `mgf mo md hepjbjo`rej ezquemr`j, bmrbf `m df dëomf `m
nrfpfs.
◁ Df eobeseòo `md hepjbjo`rej ezquemr`j sm bemrrf bjo suturfs `m pjdendfbteof `md 9 qum sm fpdebfo mo
ajrkf `m jbhj bjo md pfsfhedjs dfpfrjsbòpebj.
◁ Md fl`jkmo sm `mseoadf, y djs jtrjs trjbfrms sm rmterfo.
rmterfo. Dfs eobesejoms sm bemrrfo bjo uof suturf eotrf-
`årkebf bjoteouf kmèfotm pjdendfbteof 569 `m 0/9.
◁ Mo dfs hmre`fs sm fpdebf f`hmsevj lejdònebj.
◁ Djs pfbemotms sumdmo he`rftfrsm eotmosfkmotm ùrfotm md prjbmèkemotj

prjbmèkemotj y mo md pjstjpmrftjrej
pjstjpmrftjrej pfrf
kfotmomr uof èurmses `m 9,= bk2 /cn/hjrf. Mo djs jlmsjs kòrle`js, mstj pum`m supjomr >= bk2 j
kæs.
◁ Df `mfkludfbeòo prmbjz md `ëf `m df berunëf ms auo`fkmotfd guotj bjo df prjaedfxes `m df PQY pfrf mve-
tfr dfs bjkpdebfbejoms `m df trjkljmkljdef. Df `mf kludfbeòo guotj bjo df msperjkmtrëf `m eobmotevj
fyu`f f keoekezfr df ftmdmbtfsef y dfs bjkpdebfbejoms rmsperftjrefs pjstjpmrftjrefs.
◁ Djs pfbemotms èflåtebjs `mlmrëfo rmbeler uof pfutf `m eosudeof, pums sus ombmse`f`ms `m mstf hjr- hjr-
kjof pum`mo èskeouer `mspuås `m df berunëf.
◁ Md `ëf 6 `md pjstjpmrftjrej sm rmfdezf uo træosetj bjo bjotrfstm he`rjsjduldm pfrf bjoaerkfr `m oumvj
df fusmobef `m aunfs mo df nfstrjymyuojstjkëf.
◁ Md `ëf 6 `md pjstjpmrftjrej, se df mvjdubeòo bdëoebf `md pfbemotm ms f`mbuf`f y md træosetj bjo bjo-
trfstm ms omnftevj, sm pum`m bjkmozfr uof èmtf dëque`f. Md pfbemotm bjkemozf bjo 29 bk 2 `m fnuf j
zukj bf`f hjrf ùrfotm 0 hjrfs y `mspuås fukmotffukm otf hfstf 6<9 bk2 /hjrf. Md `ëf < `md pjstjpmrftjrej,
pjstjpmrftjrej,
2 2
md pfbemotm fukmotf df eonmstf mo 29 bk bf`f hjrf hfstf <09 bk /hjrf, kjkmotj mo md bufd sm pum`m
rmfou`fr df tjkf `m djs aærkfbjs ombmsfrejs mo ajrkf treturf`f j dëque`f.
◁ Md pfbemotm rmbelm md fdtf `md hjspetfd md `ëf < `md pjstjpmrftjrej bjo uof èmtf dëque`f, qum `mlm kfo-
tmomr ùrfotm 6 smkfof, trfs dj qum pfsf f tjkfr fdekmotjs treturf`js. Fd kms `m df eotmrvmobeòo, sm
pum`m fukmotfr df bjosestmobef `m df bjke`f y tjkfr fdekmotjs ldfo`js.
d 6>2
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©
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◁ Fd enufd qum bjo bufdquemr prjbmèkemotj

prjbmèkemotj quer÷rnebj, df smdmbbeòo `m djs pfbemotms ms auo`fkmotfd
pfrf djnrfr uo lumo rmsudtf`j. Rm `mlmrëf rmfdezfr uof mvfdufbeòo prmjpmrftjref mxhfustevf pfrf
`mtmbtfr uof fpomf `md sumöj kmèfotm uo mstuèj `md keskj, prjldmkfs bfr`ëfbjs kmèfotm MBN y
mbjnrfaëf `m mstrås, fsë bjkj mambtufr prumlfs auobejofdms rmsperftjrefs y uof mvfdufbeòo psebjdònebf.
Mo sus prekmrfs eotmrvmobejoms, djs b erugfojs `mlmrëfo mvetfr djs pfbemotms kfyjrms `m 19 föjs y bjo
su pmrejr f == cn/k< pums sm sflm qum sm fsjbefo f uof kfyjr kjrlede`f`.
uo EKB supmrejr
◁ Df bjkuoebfbeòo mstrmbhf bjo md fomstmseòdjnj y uof rmfoekfbeòo eotrfjpmrftjref
eotrfjpmrftjref moårnebf pum`mo
smr bdfvms pfrf djnrfr uof rmbupmrfbeòo seo eobe`motms. Djs pfbemotms sm hfo sjkmte`j f uof prmpfrf-
beòo eotmsteofd fotms `m df berunëf y ddmnfo fd queròafoj `mshe`rftf`js. Yjr dj nmomrfd, uo jlgmtevj `m
uojs 0 d `m dëque`js eotrfvmojsjs ùrfotm df berunëf fyu`fræ f mvetfr df ombmse`f` `m k÷dtepdms ljdjs
mo md pjstjpmrftjrej.
◁ Df kjoetjrezfbeòo bue`f`jsf `m df armbumobef bfr`ëfbf y df èurmses pum`m fdmrtfr fd berugfoj `m uof
bjkpdebfbeòo pjstjpmrftjref. Kubhjs mstuèjs hfo `mkjstrf`j qum uof tfquebfrèf sjstmoe`f (arm-
bumobef bfr`ëfbf supmrejr f 699 dpk ùrfotm kæs `m 2-0 hjrfs) ms md kmgjr afbtjr prmèbtevj `m uof
aunf fofstjkòtebf pjstjpmrftjref. Re pjr bufdquemr kjtevj df rmbupmrfbeòo `md pfb emotm sm `msvëf `m df
mvjdubeòo bdëoebf mspmrf`f, sm `mlm tmom r uo fdtj ëoèbm `m sjspmbhf y md pfbemo tm `mlm rmeotmrvmoersm
fotm df këoekf ù`f. Mstj afbedetfræ uof eotmrvmobeòo prmbjz se md pfbemotm temom uof aunf fofstjkò-
tebf qum oj sm e`moteaebò mo md kjkmotj `m df berunëf y mvetfræ bjosmbumobefs f÷o pmjrms.
◁ Jarmbmr fluo`fotms bjosmgjs outrebejofdms y sjlrm md mgmrbebej fotms `m df eotmrvmobeòo ms kuy ÷ted
pfrf djs bue`f`js pjstjpmrftjrejs `md pfbemotm. Kubhfs kjèaebfbejoms `md mstedj `m ve`f `md p fbemotm,
bjkj mvetfr dfs lmle`fs bfrljoftf`fs, tjkfr vetfkeofs y `mèbfr uo temkpj èfrej fd mgmrbebej mo df
ruteof `md pfbemotm, pum`mo rmfdezfrsm fotms `m df jpmrfbeòo. Mstj afbedetfræ kæs fd pfbemotm df f`jp-
beòo `m djs jtrjs bfklejs `md mstedj `m ve`f ombmsfrejs mo md pjstjpmrftjrej.
◁ Dfs motmrjtjkëfs `m dfs fsfs ymyuofdms pfrf df ymyuoj-ymyuojstjkëf oj `mlmo rmfdezfrsm `mkfsef`j
nrfo`ms, pums `m dj bjotrfrej, md bemrrm `m df motmrjtjkëf pum`m bfusfr uof mstmojses mo mstf zjof. Re
df motmrjtjkëf ms nrfo`m, df fofstjkjses `mlm rëf rmfdezfrsm bjo `js èspfrjs `m df nrfpf`jrf (dëomf `m
nrfpfs `m 59 kk) pfrf mvetfr èbhf mstmojses.
d 6>=
Aenurf <9-<6
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◁ Fd brmfr df ljdsf næstrebf fdrm`m`jr `md yuoqum, ms ÷ted qum md fomstmseòdjnj kumvf df sjo`f `m Mwfd`
hfbef `motrj y aumrf `m df ljdsf fotms `m èspfrfr df nrfpf`jrf.
◁ Fuoqum oj ms ombmsfrej `mgfr uo `rmofgm fd aeofd `md prjbmèkemotj, ms ÷ted pfrf mxtrfmr md dëque`j `m
df prumlf `m df aëstudf y tfkleåo pfrf bjotrjdfr uof pjseldm aëstudf se sm prjùbm. Rumdm rmterfrsm fotms
`md fdtf hjspetfdfref `md pfbemotm.
◁ Re md pfbemotm tjkf vfrefs kmèbfbejoms, `mlm bjose`mrfrsm df bjdjbfbeòo `m uof sjo`f `m nfstrjs-nfstrjs-
tjkëf mo md mstòkfnj rmseùfd, qum pum`m rmterfrsm bufo`j md pfbemotm `mgm fdnuojs `m sus aærkfbjs
y pum`f tjdmrfr md rmstj pjr vëf jrfd. Kubhjs aærkfbjs temomo uo sfljr `msfnrf`fldm fd treturfrdjs y
pum`m smr èaëbed qum md pfbemotm djs tjdmrm fd preobepej `mspuås `m df eotmrvmobeòo.
Leldejnrfaëf
6. Bjdquett G, Bdmnn F, Djvmkfo M, mt fd. Rurnmry ajr kjrle` jlmsety. Bjbhrfom @ftflfsm Ryst \mv <99=3 Jbt 653 (0)7B@992106.
<. Afrrmdd PK, Hfnnmrty RY, @^, mt fd. Bdeoebfd fppdebftejo ja dfpfrjsbjpeb lfref treb surnmry7 fo mve`mobm-l fsm` rmvemw. Rurn Mo`jsb
RY, Jvmrly @^,
<9953 <2(=)7529-505.
2. Yuzzeamrr
Yuzzeamrree O, Fustrhmek-Rketh EP,
EP, ^jdam
^jdam LK, mt fd. Phrmm-ymfr ajddjw-up ja f prjspmbtevm rfo`jkezm` trefd bjkpfreon dfpfrjs bjpeb vmrsus
jpmo nfstreb lypfss. Foo Rurn <9913 <02(<)7686-688.
BFYËP]DJ
<6
Lfo`f næstrebf
næstr ebf
◁ Df lfo`f næstrebf sm bjdjbf mo df pjrbeòo supmrejr `md mstòkfnj, gustj èstfd f df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaæ-
nfstrjmsjaæ-
nebf, fprjxekf`fkmotm f oevmd `m df prekmrf j smnuo`f vmof `m df burvfturf kmojr `md mstòkfnj.
◁ Yfrf fbbm`mr f mstf zjof `md fl`jkmo,
fl`jkmo, md dòludj ezquemr`j `md hënf`j `mlm smpfrfrsm mo smote`j fotm-
fotm-
rejr ùrfotm tj`j md prjbmèkemotj.
◁ Df lfsm `m djs pedfrms èfarfnkætebjs
èfarfnkætebjs pum`m e`moteaebfrsm flremo`j
flremo`j md ærmf trfospfrmotm `md mpepdòo
nfstrjhmpætebj
nfstrjhmpæ tebj y smpfrfo`j df burvfturf kmojr `md mstòkfnj mo smote`j dftmrfd.
◁ Md æonudj `m Hes sm pum`m e`moteaebfr
e`moteaebfr f dj dfrnj `md pedfr ezquemr`j.
ezquemr`j. Df nrfsf mpepdjebf setuf`f
setuf`f mo md
auoùs næstrebj sm smpfrf mo smote`j bfu`fd y md auoùs mo smote`j kmèfd pfrf e`moteaebfr md æonudj
y md pedfr ezquemr`j.
◁ Md berugfoj `mlm kmèr bjo prmbeseòo

prmbeseòo df tfddf y md pmsj `md pfbemotm mo df bjosudtf pfrf
pfrf `mtmrkeofr
su ëoèbm `m kfsf bjrpjrfd (EKB). Md EKB `md pfbemotm `mlmrëf bjrrmspjo`mr
bjrrmspjo`mr f dfs èrmbtrebms `m djs
OEH pfrf df berunëf lfreætrebf, qum mxenmo uo vfdjr kfyjr `m 09 cn/k <, j kfyjr `m 2= cn/k< se hfy
moamrkm`f`ms bjoburrmotms.
◁ Rm `mlmrëf rmfdezfr uof mvfdufbeòo
mvfdufbeòo psebjdònebf `m djs pfbemotms pfrf `msbfrtfr
`msbfrtfr uo trfstjroj `m tepj
ludëkebj. Md psebòdjnj j md psequeftrf tfkleåo pum`mo fyu`fr
fyu`fr f mvfdufr se md pfbemotm mstæ prmpfrf`j
prmpfrf`j
pfrf df berunëf y se temom uofs mxpmbtftevfs rmfdestfs sjlrm df keskf. Pfkleåo sm `mlmo rmfdezfr uof
mvfdufbeòo outrebejofd y uof vfdjrfbeòo kåèbf mxhfustevf fotms `m df eotmrvmobeòo.
◁ Rm `mlm pmèr f tj`js djs pfbemotms qum `mgmo `m aukfr fotms `m bufdquemr prjbmèkemotj `m berunëf
pmrejpmrftjrefs.
pmrejpmrftjref s. F`mkæs, mo df fbtufde`f` md tflfqueskj ms df bfusf preobepfd `m kjrtfde`f` mvetfldm.
Oj mstæ eoèbf`j bjrrmner df smnuo`f bfusf (df jlmse`f`) se df prekmrf yf prjvjbf uof kjrtfde`f`
prmbjz.
◁ Md pfbemotm `mlmrëf rmbeler
rmbeler uof eoajrkfbeòo f`mbuf`f
f`mbuf`f sjlrm djs bfklejs `m df èmtf y `md mstedj `m ve`f
bejoms èmtåtebfs qum hflræ `m rmfdezfr trfs df berunëf y mstfr prmpfrf`j pfrf mddfs. Rm `mlm fbjosmgfr
f djs pfbemotms md kj`j `m eobjrpjrfr md mgmrbebej f su fnmo`f èfref pfrf rmfdezfr 6 hjrf `m mgmrbebej
=-> `ëfs f df smkfof.

6>>
d
◁ \msudtf ÷ted fbjosmgfr fd pfbemotm

pfbemotm qum pemr`f pmsj fotms `m df berunëf pfrf afbedetfr md prjbmèkemotj
prjbmèkemotj
quer÷rnebj. ]of fdtmroftevf ms pmèr f djs pfbemotms qum pemr`fo 0 cn y pfutfr uof èmtf dëque`f
ùrfotm < smkfofs fotms `m df berunëf. Mstj fyu`f f rmùber df nrfsf vesbmrfd y sjlrm tj`j djs `mpòsetjs
fèpjsjs eotrfhmpæteb
eotrfhmpætebjs.
js.
◁ Djs pfbemotms `mlmrëfo
`mlmrëfo mvfdufrsm mo lusbf `m df prmsmobef
prmsmobef `m uof hmroef `m heftj
heftj fotms `m df eotmrvmo-
beòo pfrf rmfdezfr uof prmpfrfbeòo f`mbuf`f bjo vestfs fd prjbmèkemotj. Re mxestm uof hmroef kj`m-
rf`f j nrfo`m ( ?< bk), hfy qum bjose`mrfr su rmpfrfbeòo mo md keskj fbtj quer÷rnebj `m bjdjbfbeòo
`m df lfo`f.
6. @espjsebeòo `md queròafoj (aen. <6-6)

<6-6)
◁ Md pfbemotm sm bjdjbf mo `mb÷letj

`mb÷letj supeoj mo df kmsf `m jpmrfbejoms.
jpmrfbejoms. Djs pems sm aegfo f uo fpjyj
fpjyj y
uof dmseòo `md pdmxj lrfquefd. Djs pems `mlmrëfo fpjyfrsm pjr bjkpdmtj mo su aegfbeòo y sugmtfrsm pfrf
ekpmèr df supeofbeòo y df prjofbeòo
prjofbeòo..
◁ Md berugfoj sm set÷f f df `mrmbhf `md pfbemotm, kemotrfs md fyu`fotm dj hfbm f df ezquemr`f y tfkleåo sm
mobfrnf `m kfomgfr df bækfrf.
<. Bjdjbfbeòo `m djs trjbfrms (aen. <6-6)

<6-6)
◁ Rm `mlmo rmvesfr djs fotmbm`motms quer÷rnebjs

quer÷rnebjs `md pfbemotm fotms `m bjdjbfr djs trjbfrms. Re oj hfy
fotmbm`motms `m berunëf mo md hepjbjo`rej ezquemr`j, mstf zjof sm usf bjkj puotj `m motrf`f eoebefd.
Rm utedezf uo trjbfr òptebj pfrf motrfr mo df bfve`f` pmretjomfd lfgj vesufdezfbeòo èrmbtf. @mle`j fd
nrjsjr `m df pfrm` fl`jkeofd, uo fljr`fgm èrmbtj bjo trjbfr `m Hfssjo pum`m smr èaëbed.
◁ Rm `mtmrkeof uo puotj setuf`j
setuf`j f 6< bk `m df fpòaeses xeaje`ms, mo df dëomf kmèf, y gustj dftmrfd f åd y
kmèfd f df dëomf kmèjbdfvebudfr mo md hepjbjo`rej ezquemr`j sm bjdjbf md pumrtj eoebefd `m 69 kk. kk.
Rm utedezf uof hjgf `m lesturë `md o.¹ 66 pfrf rmfdezfr uof eobeseòo `m 6 bk y sm eotrjùbm md trjbfr.
trjbfr. F
bjoteoufbeòo,, md fl`jkmo sm eosuadf bjo BJ < f 6= kkHn.
bjoteoufbeòo kkHn.
◁ Rm bjdjbfo trms trjbfrms
trjbfrms fèbejofdms. ]oj `m 6= kk seo bubheddf sm set÷f lfgj veseòo èrmbtf gustj f df
`mrmbhf `m df dëomf kmèf, dftmrfd fd puotj kfrbf`
kfrbf`jj f 6< bk pjr `mlfgj `m df fpòaeses xeaje`ms. Mstm
trjbfr sm eosmrtf mo uo æonudj tfd qum ftrfvemsm df lfsm `md denfkmotj afdbeajrkm.
◁ Djs jtrjs `js trjbfrms sjo `m = kk. ]oj sm bjdjbf mo df dëomf fxedfr fotmrejr, gustj `mlfgj `md kfrnmo
bjstfd ezquemr`j, y ms pfrf md fyu`fotm. Md jtrj sm eosmrtf mo md hepjbjo`rej `mrmbhj, fdmgf`j `m df

puotf `md dòludj `mrmbhj `md hënf`j y ms pfrf df kfoj ezquemr`f `md berugfoj. Yum`m qum smf ombm-
sfrej bjdjbfr mstm pumrtj mo uof pjsebeòo denmrfkmotm kæs kmèfd, `mpmoèmo`j `m df bjrpudmobef
`md pfbemotm. Mstf bjdjbfbeòo `md trjbfr mstfræ mo dëomf èrmbtf bjo md pdfoj `m èsmbbeòo pjstmrejr fd
mstòkfnj. Dfs peozfs `m prmoseòo `mlmrëfo pj`mr fdbfozfr md hepjbjo`rej ezquemr`j
ezquemr`j bjo bjkjè`f`.
Fkljs trjbfrms
trjbfrms sm bjdjbfo
bjdjbfo lfgj veseòo
veseòo èrmbtf `mspuås `m fomstmsefr df zjof bjo
bjo lupevfbfëof
lupevfbfëof fd 9,=%
(aen. <6-6).
<6-6).
Bfpëtudj <6 d Lfo`f næstrebf 6>5
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◁ Yjr ÷dtekj, sm bjdjbf uo smpfrf`jr `m Ofthfosjo

Ofthfosjo pfrf mdmvfr md dòludj ezquemr`j
ezquemr`j `md hënf`j y mxpj-
omr df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf. Rm rmfdezf uof pmqumöf eobeseòo gustj f df ezquemr`f `m df fpòaeses xeaje-
`ms y sm bjdjbf md jlturf`jr `m uo trjbfr `m = kk pmrpmoèbudfr
pmrpmoèbudfr f df pemd hfbef md oevmd `md pmretjomj,
pmrj seo ftrfvmsfrdj. F bjoteoufbeòo, pjr md keskj trfymbtj sm pfsf md smpfrf`jr `m Ofthfosjo y sm
kfoepudf hfstf setufrdj lfgj md dòludj ezquemr`j `md hënf`j. Mstm smpfrf`jr sm kfotemom mo pjsebeòo
kmèfotm uo lrfzj futjmstætebj kmbæoebj qum sm aegf fd dftmrfd ezquemr`j `m df kmsf `m jpmrfbejoms
(aen. <6-<).
<6-<).
2. @esmbbeòo
◁ Df èsmbbeòo sm eoebef mo md æonudj `m Hes (aen.

(aen. <6-2).
<6-2). Md fyu`fotm bjdjbf su peozf sjlrm df nrfsf mpe-
pdjebf `md auoùs y df `mspdfzf mo smote`j bfu`fd hfbef djs pems. ]of mspjogf hmkjstætebf pum`m smr
÷ted pfrf mstf kfoejlrf. Hfy qum prjburfr oj mgmrbmr uof trfbbeòo mxbmsevf sjlrm md lfzj. F bjote-
oufbeòo, md berugfoj smpfrf md auoùs kæs mo smote`j bfu`fd bjo df peozf qum mstæ eotrjùbe`f pjr
md pumrtj setuf`j kæs f df `mrmbhf, pfrf mxpjomr md æonudj `m Hes. Kmèfotm èsmbbeòo rjkf y bjo
md nfobhj `m mdmbtrjbfutmrej sm èsmbf f dj dfrnj `m df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf hfstf df lfsm `md pedfr
ezquemr`j.
◁ Re md pfbemotm temom uof fdkjhfèddf nrfsf armojmsjaænebf
armojmsjaænebf kuy prjkeomotm,
prjkeomotm, `mlmrëf èsmbfrsm y smpf-
rfrsm `md mstòkfnj mo smote`j bmaædebj, kmèfotm èsmbbeòo rjkf, bjo lesturë udtrfsòoebj y/j bjo mdmb-
trjbfutmrej,
trjbfutmr ej, `mpmoèmo`j `m df mdmbbeòo `md berugfoj. Mstf fdkjhfèddf pum`m rmsmbfrsm pjr bjkpdmtj
pfrf djnrfr uof mxpjsebeòo f÷o kmgjr mo djs pfbemotms bjo uo EKB kæs mdmvf`j. Mstj pmrketeræ qum
df pjrbeòo `md mstòkfnj rj`mf`f pjr df lfo`f smf kmojs prjpmosf f jlstruersm pjr df bjdjbfbeòo `m
èbhf lfo`f.
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, df ftmobeòo sm èrenm f df burvfturf kmojr
kmojr `md mstòkfnj. Df pjrbeòo trfospfrmotm
trfospfrmotm `md
mpepdòo nfstrjhmpætebj (pjrbeòo adæbbe`f) sm eobe`m ( aen. <6-0).
<6-0). Md mstòkfnj sm smpfrf mo smote`j dftm-
rfd pjr md fyu`fotm pfrf mxpjomr md pedfr `mrmbhj hfbef df lfsm `m df uoeòo `m djs pedfrms ( aen. <6-=).
<6-=).
Mo mstf zjof, df fpdebfbeòo `m bfutmrezfbeòo `mlm smr kuy deketf`f y, `mspuås, df peozf `m df kfoj
ezquemr`f `md berugfoj sm pfsf f trfvås `m mstf zjof hfbef md hepjbjo`rej ezquemr`j, hfstf df pfrtm yf
èsmbf`f `md æonudj `m Hes. Df peozf `mlmrëf pfsfr bjo kubhf sufve`f` seo rmsestmobef ( aen. <6-1).
<6-1).
Bfpëtudj <6 d Lfo`f næstrebf 686
Aenurf <6-< Aenurf <6-2
Aenurf <6-0 Aenurf <6-=
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0. Bjdjbfbeòo `m df lfo`f mo md fl`jkmo
◁ Df lfo`f sm errenf bjo sumrj sfdeoj fotms

fotms `m bjdjbfrdf mo df bfve`f` pmretjomfd.
pmretjomfd. Ru mxtrmkj
mxtrmkj sm sugmtf
bjo uof peozf `m @mLfcmy y sm pfsf pjr md trjbfr `m 6= kk hfbef df bfve`f` pmretjomfd. F bjoteouf-
beòo, sm quetf df peozf y md mxtrmkj `md tulj sm pfsf pjr md keskj trjbfr fd fl`jkmo, `m kj`j qum
tj`f df lfo`f mstå mo pjsebeòo eotrffl`jkeofd (a en.en. <6-<).
<6-<).
◁ @mspuås, md mxtrmkj
mxtrmkj `md tulj sm trfosaemrm f df peozf, qum f÷of÷o mstæ setuf`f mo md hepjbjo`rej
hepjbjo`rej ezquemr`j
(aen. <6->),
<6->), y sm ddmvf fdrm`m`jr `m df pfrtm pjstmrejr `md mstòkfnj. Bufo`j df lfo`f mstæ pfsfo`j
fdrm`m`jr `md mstòkfnj, oj hfy qum terfr `mkfsef`j aumrtm `m mddf pfrf qum oj sm `mspdfbm `m su setej.
Df pjrbeòo kæs èaëbed `m df lfo`f qum hfy qum pfsfr sjo sus «hjklrjs³ (aen. ( aen. <6-8).
<6-8).
◁ Md tulj sm pfsf pjr df hmleddf `m df lfo`f
lfo`f y åstf sm flrjbhf
flrjbhf mo pjsebeòo (aen. (aen. <6-5).
<6-5). Mo msm kjkmotj,
df lfo`f pum`m suturfrsm mo su setej. Md fyu`fotm `mlmrëf smpfrfrsmpfrfr md tulj `m df lfo`f hfbef dfs > mo
puotj pfrf qum md berugfoj tmonf uof vesufdezfbeòo pmrambtf.
pmrambtf.
◁ @mspuås, sm rmfdezf uof pdebfturf
pdebfturf `md auoùs sjlrm df pjrbeòo
pjrbeòo fotmrejr `m df lfo`f bjo puotjspuotjs sumdtjs
pfrf kfotmomrdf mo pjsebeòo. Mstf pdebfturf sm bjkemozf mo uof zjof dj kæs dftmrfd pjseldm `m df bur-
vfturf kfyjr y sm fvfozf hfbef df burvfturf kmojr (aen. ( aen. <6-69).
<6-69). Yjr dj nmomrfd, sm bjdjbfo 2-0 sutu-
rfs bjo uof fpjsebeòo bue`f`jsf `m dfs `js zjofs `m smrjsf næstrebf motrm së. Df pdebfturf oj `mlmrëf
suturfrsm fd msòafnj. Dfs suturfs `mlmrëfo `mtmomrsm fotms `m df zjof `jo`m md mstòkfnj sm bjdjbf
sjlrm md hjklrj `m df lfo`f pfrf keoekezfr md remsnj `m mrjseòo (aen. ( aen. <6-66).
<6-66).
Bfpëtudj <6 d Lfo`f næstrebf 682
Aenurf <6-> Aenurf <6-8
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=. Prjbfr `m smnure`f` (aen. <6-6<)

<6-6<)
◁ Md mxtrmkj `md tulj sm sugmtf y sm mxtmrejrezf pjr md pumrtj `m 6= kk aumrf `m df pfrm` fl`jkeofd.
fl`jkeofd. Md
smpfrf`jr `m Ofthfosjo y djs jtrjs trjbfrms sm mxtrfmo lfgj veseòo èrmbtf y md fl`jkmo sm `mseoadf.
◁ Md trjbfr sm aegf fd tulj qum sm hf mxtmrejrezf`j
mxtmrejrezf`j y `mspuås sm èsmbf uo ljdseddj mo md tmge`j sulbutæ-
sulbutæ-
omj, mo uof pjsebeòo bmaædebf y kmèfd rmspmbtj f df eobeseòo `m 6= kk, `m kj`j qum md trjbfr pum`f
setufrsm mo df zjof kmèf `md mpenfstrej. Mstf ms df pjrbeòo kæs `mdnf`f `m df pfrm` fl`jkeofd, dj qum
afbedetfræ djs fgustms pjstmrejrms.
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, buftrj
buftrj suturfs `m pjdeprjpedmoj
pjdeprjpedmoj j `m jtrj
jtrj hedj oj rmflsjrleldm `md 9 sm set÷fo mo djs
æonudjs `m uo buf`rf`j y sm pfsfo pjr djs jreaebejs `m aegfbeòo `md pumrtj. Md fbbmsj f df afsbef fotmrejr
pum`m smr èaëbed y sm rmquemrmo smpfrf`jrms
smpfrf`jrms dfrnjs y mstrmbhjs. Djs smpfrf`jrms `m Rbhjaemd` sjo kuy
÷tedms. Re oj sm èspjom `m mddjs, pum`mo utedezfrsm smpfrf`jrms
smpfrf`jrms `m @mfvmr j smpfrf`jrms `m fpåoèbm
dfrnjs y mstrmbhjs. Md pumrtj sm `msbemo`m sjlrm df afsbef fotmrejr y sm aegf mo su setej. @mlmrëf mstfr dj
lfstfotm fdmgf`j `md setej `md trjbfr `m 6= kk pfrf qum sm fpjym pjr bjkpdmtj mo df afsbef. Df pjrbeòo
mxbm`motm `md tulj sm rmeotrjùbm mo df bfve`f` fl`jkeofd. @ebhj tulj `mlm `mgfrsm dfrnj pfrf qum
oj fbt÷m bjkj uof lfo`f f`hmsevf mo df bfve`f` pmretjomfd.
Bfpëtudj <6 d Lfo`f næstrebf 68=
Aenurf <6-6<
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1. Bemrrm
◁ Pj`js djs pumrtjs sm bemrrfo mo md pdfoj butæomj bjo suturfs rmflsjrleldms `m 0/9, qum sm fpdebfo
`m ajrkf eotrf`årkebf. Oj sm rmfdezf bemrrm afsbefd mo oeonuoj `m djs pumrtjs. Md setej `md pumrtj `m
6= kk sm bemrrf mo `js pdfojs. Df afsbef `m Rbfrpf sm bemrrf bjo puotjs sumdtjs `m pjdendfbteof 569
`m 2/9, trfs dj qum sm bemrrf df pemd. Mo tj`fs dfs hmre`fs sm fpdebf f`hmsevj lejdònebj dëque`j.
◁ Djs pfbemotms sm kfotemomo eonrmsf`js

eonrmsf`js ùrfotm <2 hjrfs pfrf fsmnurfr qum pum`fo
pum`fo tjdmrfr uof eonmstf
jrfd suaebemotm qum ekpe`f su `mshe`rftfbeòo bufo`j rmbelfo
rmbelfo md fdtf. Md `ëf `m df berunëf sm kfotemomo
f èmtf flsjdutf y `mspuås bjkemozfo bjo èmtf dëque`f md `ëf 6 `md pjstjpmrftjrej. Rm mkpemzf bjo
29 bk2 /hjrf `m dëque`js,
dëque`js, trfs dj qum sm fvfozf
fvfozf dmotfkmotm
dmotfkmotm hfstf 6<9 bk2 /hjrf.
◁ Djs pfbemotms sjo mvfduf`js
mvfduf`js pjr md outrebejoestf fotms `md fdtf pfrf rmvesfr
rmvesfr y rmajrzfr df èmtf pjst-
jpmrftjref.
◁ Rm `mlm kfotmomr uof prjaedfxes
prjaedfxes `m df PQY kmèfotm èspjsetevjs
èspjsetevjs `m bjkprmseòo smbumobefd
smbumobefd y hmpf-
reof sulbutæomf. Djs pfbemotms bjkemozfo df `mfkludfbeòo md `ëf `m df berunëf pfrf keoekezfr md
remsnj `m trjkljmklj
trjkljmkljdefdef vmojsf.
◁ Djs pfbemotms `mlmrëfo he`rftfrsm eotmosfkmotm ùrfotm y `mspuås `md prjbmèkemotj
prjbmèkemotj pfrf kfotmomr
uof èurmses `m fd kmojs 9,= bk /cn/hjrf. Md mstf`j `m he`rftfbeòo
2
he`rftfbeòo `md pfbemotm `mlm kjoetjrezfrsm
kjoetjrezfrsm
mstrmbhfkmotm.
◁ Pj`js djs aærkfbjs sm treturfo j sm f`keoestrfo mo ajrkf deque`f ùrfotm pjr dj kmojs md prekmr kms
trfs df berunëf.
◁ Oj sm rmfdezfo fgustms `m df lfo`f
lfo`f ùrfotm fd kmojs
kmojs 1 smkfofs trfs md prjbmèkemotj.
prjbmèkemotj.
◁ Djs pfbemotms `mlmrëfo rmbeler

rmbeler uof eoajrkfbeòo
eoajrkfbeòo f`mbuf`f sjlrm mdmd èspjsetevj qum sm dms hf ekpdfo-
tf`j. Md kfyjr lmomaebej `m df lfo`f ms qum mdekeof df smosfbeòo `m hfklrm. Oj prjvjbf uo sëo`rjkm
`m vfbefkemotj næstrebj fbmdmrf`j, pjr dj qum oj mvetf qum djs pfbemotms bjosukfo bfdjrëfs dëque`fs
eoombmsfrefs. ]of vmz qum sm pum`m fvfozfr f uof èmtf sòde`f, hfy qum rmbjkmo`fr qum df kfyjrëf `m
df outrebeòo prjtmebf sm eonemrf mo ajrkf sòde`f. Mstj ms dj qum prjvjbfræ df smosfbeòo `m pdmoetu`.
◁ @urfotm df èsmbbeòo `m df zjof setuf`f
setuf`f pjr `mtræs `md mstòkfnj pfrf pfsfr df peozf, tfotj
tfotj df hmkj-
rrfnef bjkj df rmsestmobef qum sm mobumotrmo `mlmo smr këoekfs. Mo bfsj bjotrfrej, md berugfoj `mlm
rmmvfdufr md pdfoj `m èsmbbeòo.
◁ Hfy qum fsmnurfrsm qum md pumrtj mstæ aegf`j bjo aerkmzf f df afsbef. Md usj `m uojs smpfrf`jrm
smpfrf`jrmss
e`òomjs afbedetfræ mstf mtfpf `md prjbmèkemotj. Djs smpfrf`jrms `m Rbhjaemd` sjo kmgjrms qum djs
`m @mfvmr j djs `m fpåoèbm. Åstf sumdm smr df mtfpf kæs dfljrejsf y èaëbed `m df jpmrfbeòo. Dfs sutu-
rfs `mlmrëfo bjdjbfrsm mo djs buftrj æonudjs `m uo buf`rf`j y `mspuås pfsfrsm pjr djs jreaebejs `md
pumrtj. Åstm `mlmrëf `msbmo`mrsm hfstf df afsbef y aegfrsm mo su pjsebeòo.
◁ Md vmr`f`mrj
vmr`f`mrj trflfgj `md berugfoj bjo mstm prjbmèkemotj
prjbmèkemotj oj ms df eotmrvmobeòo
eotmrvmobeòo mo së keskf, seoj djs
bue`f`js prmvejs y pjstmrejrms `md pfbemotm. Hfy qum mstfr afkedefrezf`
afkedefrezf`jj bjo dfs èsteotfs mstrftmnefs
`m fgustm `m df lfo`f, pfrf pj`mr utedezfr df qum kmgjr auobejom bjo bf`f pfbemotm. Jtrj afbtjr qum
ms kuy ÷ted mo djs bue`f`js pjstmrejrms `m mstjs pfbemotms ms pj`mr èspjomr f`mbuf`fkmotm `m uo
outrebejoestf.
BFYËP]DJ
<<
Kfonuetj næstrebj
◁ Fotms `m df eotmrvmobeòo, `mlmrëf mvfdufrsm df foftjkëf `m df pjrbeòo supmrejr `md fpfrftj ènmstevj
`md pfbemotm. Hfy qum lusbfr df prmsmobef `m sëotjkfs `m rmadugj, èsafnef j ÷dbmrf påp tebf. Rm `mlmrëf
rmfdezfr uof mo`jsbjpef ènmstevf fdtf j uo træosetj lfretf`j mo lusbf `m uof hmroef `m heftj.
◁ Mo df fbtufde`f`, mstm prjbmèkemotj sm rmsmrvf sjlrm tj`j f djs pfbemotms supmrjlmsjs j qum pum`mo
tmomr uo remsnj kuy mdmvf`j se sm sjkmtmo f uof eotmrvmobeòo `m `mrevfbeòo næstrebf. Df nfstrmbtjkëf
mo kfonuetj pum`m utedezfrsm bjkj uo prjbmèkemotj trfosetjrej pmosfo`j mo uof auturf `mrevfbeòo
næstrebf j mo uof eotmrrupbeòo ùj`mofd. Rm trftf `m uof eotmrvmobeòo sòdj rmstrebtevf.
◁ Md berugfoj `mlm kmèr bjo prmbeseòo df tfddf y md pmsj `md pfbemotm mo df bjosudtf, pfrf `mtmrkeofr
su ëoèbm `m kfsf bjrpjrfd (EKB). Md EKB `md pfbemotm `mlmrëf bjrrmspjo`mr f dfs èrmbtrebms `m djs
OEH pfrf df berunëf lfreætrebf, qum mxenmo uo vfdjr kfyjr `m 09 cn/k <, j kfyjr `m 2= cn/k < se hfy
moamrkm`f`ms bjoburrmotms fsjbef`fs f df jlmse`f`.
◁ Rm `mlm pmèr f tj`js djs pfbemotms qum `mgmo `m aukfr fotms `m bufdquemr prjbmèkemotj `m berunëf
pmrejpmrftjrefs. F`mkæs, mo df fbtufde`f` md tflfqueskj ms df bfusf preobepfd `m kjrtfde`f` mvetfldm. Oj
mstæ eoèbf`j bjrrmner df smnuo`f bfusf (df jlmse`f`) se df prekmrf yf prjvjbf uof kjrtfde`f` prmbjz.
◁ Rm `mlmrëf rmfdezfr uof mvfdufbeòo psebjdònebf `m djs pfbemotms pfrf `msbfrtfr uo trfstjroj `m tepj
ludëkebj. Md psebòdjnj j md psequeftrf tfkleåo pum`mo fyu`fr f mvfdufr se md pfbemotm mstæ prmpfrf`j
pfrf df berunëf y se temom uofs mxpmbtftevfs rmfdestfs sjlrm df keskf. F`mkæs sm `mlm rmfdezfr uof mvf-
dufbeòo outrebejofd y uof vfdjrfbeòo kåèbf mxhfustevf fotms `m df eotmrvmobeòo.
◁ Rm `mlmo rmvesfr dfs pjseldms bjkpdebfbejoms bjo md pfbemotm `m ajrkf `mtfddf`f, eobdue`j md remsnj `m
aunf fofstjkòtebf y `m kjrtfde`f`. Md remsnj pmrejpmrftjrej `m bf`f pfbemotm vfrefræ `mpmoèmo`j
`m sus moamrkm`f`ms bjoburrmotms.
◁ Md pfbemotm `mlmrëf rmbeler uof eoajrkfbeòo f`mbuf`f sjlrm djs bfklejs `m df èmtf y `md mstedj `m ve`f
bejoms èmtåtebfs qum hflræ `m rmfdezfr trfs df berunëf y mstfr prmpfrf`j pfrf mddfs.
◁ \msudtf ÷ted fbjosmgfr fd pfbemotm qum pemr`f pmsj fotms `m df berunëf pfrf afbedetfr md prjbmèkemotj
prjbmèkemotj
quer÷rnebj. ]of fdtmroftevf ms pmèr f djs pfbemotms qum pemr`fo 0 cn motrm df prekmrf bjosudtf y df
eotmrvmobeòo quer÷rnebf. Pfkleåo ms fbjosmgfldm qum djs pfbemotms senfo uof èmtf dëque`f ùrfotm <
smkfofs fotms `m df berunëf. Mstj fyu`f f rmùber df nrfsf vesbmrfd y sjlrm tj`j djs `mpòsetjs fèpjsjs
eotrfhmpætebjs.

d
◁ Md mquepj quer÷rnebj `mlm mstfr afkedefrezf`j bjo df berunëf lfreætrebf. Md pmrsjofd `m moamrkmrëf
`mlmrëf sflmr bjo `mtfddm dfs mtfpfs `md prjbmèkemotj. Md fomstmseòdjnj `mlmrëf bjojbmr df rmfoekf-
beòo eotmosf bjo dëque`js qum rmqumreræ md pfbemotm ùrfotm df eotmrvmobeòo y `jkeofr dfs eotulfbej-
oms èaëbedms.
◁ Djs pfbemotms sm sjkmtmo f uof prmpfrfbeòo eotmsteofd md `ëf prmvej
prmvej fd prjbmèkemotj.
◁ Md `ëf `m df eotmrvmobeòo, djs pfbemotms rmbelmo foteleòtebjs prjaedæbtebjs. Pfkleåo
Pfkleåo sm sjkmtmo f uof
prjaedfxes armotm f df trjkljses vmojsf prjauo`f bjo èspjsetevjs `m bjkprmseòo smbumobefd y hmpf-
reof sulbutæomf j arfbbejof`f.
6. @espjsebeòo `md queròafoj (aen. <<-6)

<<-6)
◁ Md pfbemotm sm bjdjbf mo `mb÷letj supeoj mo df kmsf `m jpmrfbejoms. Djs pems sm aegfo f uo fpjyj y
uof dmseòo `md pdmxj lrfquefd. Djs pems `mlmrëfo fpjyfrsm pjr bjkpdmtj mo su sugmbeòo y aegfrsm pfrf
ekpmèr df supeofbeòo y df prjofbeòo. Rm `mlm bjdjbfr uof sjo`f `m Ajdmy fotms `m df bjdjbfbeòo `md
pfbemotm. Md berugfoj sm set÷f f df `mrmbhf `md pfbemotm, kemotrfs md fyu`fotm dj hfbm f df ezquemr`f y
tfkleåo sm mobfrnf `m kfomgfr df bækfrf.
<. Bjdjbfbeòo `m djs trjbfrms (aen. <<-6)

<<-6)
◁ Rm `mlmo rmvesfr djs fotmbm`motms quer÷rnebjs `md pfbemotm fotms `m bjdjbfr djs trjbfrms.
trjbfrms. Re oj hfy
fotmbm`motms `m berunëf mo md hepjbjo`rej ezquemr`j, mstf zjof sm utedezf bjkj puotj `m motrf`f eoe-
befd. Rm utedezf uo trjbfr òptebj pfrf motrfr m o df bfve`f` pmretjomfd lfgj vesufdezfbeòo
vesuf dezfbeòo èrmbtf. @mle`j
fd nrjsjr `m df pfrm` fl`jkeofd, uo fljr`fgm èrmbtj bjo trjbfr `m Hfssjo pum`m smr èaëbed.
◁ Djs pumrtjs sm bjdjbfo `m ajrkf sekedfr f df usf`f mo df `mrevfbeòo næstrebf. Md pumrtj eoebefd `m
6< kk sm set÷f mo md hepjbjo`rej ezquemr`j, kmèfd f df dëomf kmèjbdfvebudfr, fprjxekf`fkmotm f
oevmd `m df lfsm `m df bfgf tjræbebf. Rm pum`m usfr uo trjbfr òptebj pfrf fbbm`mr f df bfve`f` pmretj-
omfd. Mstm pumrtj smræ pfrf df kfoj `mrmbhf `md berugfoj y sm usfræ pfrf mxtrfmr md rmstj næstrebj.
◁ ]o smnuo`j pumrtj `m 6< kk sm bjdjbf f uojs uo js 8-69 bk `m df fpòaeses xeaje`ms, fdmgf`j `md kfrnmo
bjstfd `mrmbhj.
◁ Md fyu`fotm bjdjbf uo pumrtj `m = kk mo df dëomf fxedfr fotmrejr, smpfrf`j `md kfrnmo bjstfd
ezquemr`j.
◁ Md pumrtj `m df bækfrf sm set÷f f <9 bk `m df fpòaeses xeaje`ms, gustj f df ezquemr`f `m df dëomf kmèf.
◁ Md pfbemotm sm bjdjbf mo pjsebeòo `m fote-Prmo`mdmolurn
fote-Prmo`mdmolurn kfrbf`f, y uo smpfrf`jr `m Ofthfosjo sm
èspjom gustj f df ezquemr`f `m df fpòaeses xeaje`ms mo df zjof kmèf `md mpenfstrej. Rm trftf `m uo
smpfrf`jr burvj qum sm kfoepudf pjr `mlfgj `md dòludj ezquemr`j `md hënf`j pfrf mxpjomr md heftj
msjaænebj y qum sm kfotemom mo pjsebeòo bjo uo smpfrf`jr futjmstætebj aegf`j f uo dftmrfd `m df kmsf
`m jpmrfbejoms.
Bfpëtudj << d Kfonuetj næstrebj 685
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2. Yrjbmèkemotj
◁ Md prjbmèkemotj bjkemozf pjr df smbbeòo `md mpepdòo pfrf smpfrfrdj `m df burvfturf kfyjr `md
mstòkfnj, mkpmzfo`j f =-1 bk mo smote`j prjxekfd fd pëdjrj y prjnrmsfo`j hfstf df uoeòo `md pedfr
ezquemr`j y md æonudj `m Hes. Mstj pum`m rmfdezfrsm bjo md lesturë udtrfsòoebj j bjo jtrj èspjsetevj
lepjdfr `m smddf`j `m vfsjs (aen.
(aen. <<-<).
<<-<). Rm `mlm kfotmomr uof hmkjstfsef kmtebudjsf.
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, sm eotrjùbm uo mo`jsbjpej j uof lugëf `md bfdelrm 2< Armobh mo md mstòkfnj f dj
dfrnj `m df burvfturf kmojr, hfbef md pëdjrj.
◁ Kmèfotm èspfrjs smbumobefdms `m uof nrfpf`jrf deomfd f dj dfrnj `md eostrukmotj `m bfdelrf`j sm
brmf md auturj mstòkfnj tuludezf`j. Dfs nrfpf`jrfs sm èspfrfo f dj dfrnj `m df lugëf pfrf qum md mstò-
kfnj qum`m tuludezf`j `m ajrkf hjkjnåomf hfstf df uoeòo nfstrjmsjaænebf y md æonudj `m Hes. Rm
`mlmrëfo usfr nrfpf`jrfs bjo nrfpfs `m 2,= j 0,8 kk, `mpmoèmo`j `md nrjsjr `md mstòkfnj. Mstfs
dëomfs `m nrfpf`j pum`mo rmajrzfrsm bjo kftmrefd rmflsjrleldm, j lemo sm pum`m suturfr pjr mobekf
tj`f df dëomf `m nrfpf`j (aen.
( aen. <<-2).
<<-2). @m mstm kj`j sm djnrf uo tulj næstrebj `m 19-89 bk. Md mstòkfnj
smbbejof`j sm mxtrfm pjr df eobeseòo `md hepjbjo`rej ezquemr`j.
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof prumlf eotrfjpmrftjref
eotrfjpmrftjref pfrf `mtmbtfr df prmsmobef `m aunfs, kmèfotm df eosuadfbeòo `m
ferm mo md mstòkfnj y ddmofo`j df pjrbeòo supmrejr `md fl`jkmo bjo sumrj sfdeoj. Bufdquemr aunf
`mlm suturfrsm.
◁ Pj`js djs pumrtjs kfyjrms `m 69 kk sm bemrrfo f oevmd `m df afsbef usfo`j md pfsfhedjs dfpfrjsbòpebj
pfrf `fr puotjs sumdtjs. Df pemd sm bemrrf mo uo pdfoj eotrf`årkebj bjo pjdendfbteof 569 `m 0/9. Mo
tj`fs dfs hmre`fs sm fpdebf f`hmsevj lejdònebj dëque`j (aen.
( aen. <<-0).
<<-0).
Aenurf <<-<
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◁ Djs pfbemotms sumdmo he`rftfrsm eotmosfkmotm ùrfotm md prjbmèkemotj

prjbmèkemotj y mo md pjstjpmrftjrej
pjstjpmrftjrej pfrf
kfotmomr uof èurmses `m 9,= bk /cn/hjrf. Mo djs jlmsjs kòrle`js, mstj pum`m supjomr >= bk2 j
2
kæs.
◁ Df `mfkludfbeòo prmbjz md `ëf `m df berunëf ms auo`fkmotfd guotj bjo df prjaedfxes `m df PQY pfrf mve-
tfr dfs bjkpdebfbejoms trjkljmklòdebfs. Df `mfkludfbeòo guotj bjo df msperjkmtrëf ajrzf`f fyu`fo
f keoekezfr df ftmdmbtfsef y dfs bjkpdebfbejoms rmsperftjrefs pjstjpmrftjrefs.
◁ Djs pfbemotms èflåtebjs `mlmrëfo rmbeler uof pfutf `m eosudeof, tmoemo`j mo bumotf qum sus ombmse-
`f`ms `m mstf hjrkjof pum`mo èskeouer `mspuås `m df berunëf.
◁ Md `ëf 6 `md pjstjpmrftjrej sm rmfdezf uo træosetj bjo bjotrfstm he`rjsjduldm pfrf bjoaerkfr `m oumvj
df fusmobef `m aunf mo df dëomf `m nrfpf`j.
◁ Md `ëf 6 `md pjstjpmrftjrej, se df mvjdubeòo bdëoebf `md pfbemotm ms f`mbuf`f y md træosetj bjo bjotrfstm
ms omnftevj, sm pum`m eoebefr uof ` emtf dëque`f. Md pfbemotm bjkemozf bjo 29 bk2 `m fnuf j zukj bf`f
hjrf ùrfotm 0 hjrfs y `mspuås fukmotf hfstf 6<9 bk2 /hjrf. Md `ëf < `md pjstjpmrftjrej, md pfbemotm
fukmotf df eonmstf mo 29 bk2 bf`f hjrf hfstf <09 bk2 /hjrf, kjkmotj mo md bufd sm pum`m rmfou`fr
df tjkf `m djs aærkfbjs ombmsfrejs mo ajrkf treturf`f j dëque`f.
◁ Md pfbemotm rmbelm md fdtf `md hjspetfd md `ëf < `md pjstjpmrftjrej bjo uof èmtf dëque`f, qum `mlm kfo-
tmomr ùrfotm 6 smkfof, trfs dj qum pfsf f tjkfr fdekmotjs treturf`js. Fd kms `m df eotmrvmobeòo, sm
pum`m fukmotfr df bjosestmobef `m df bjke`f y tjkfr fdekmotjs ldfo`js.
◁ Df nfstrmbtjkëf vmrtebfd `mlmrëf jarmbmrsm fd pfbemotm bjkj pfrtm `m uo prjbmèkemotj smbumobefd. Rm

trftf `m uo prjbmèkemotj rmstrebtevj y sm rmsmrvf f djs pfbemotms `m fdtj remsnj j bufo`j md EKB ms
<
?19 cn/k .
◁ Rm pum`m bjose`mrfr bjkj uo prjbmèkemotj

prjbmèkemotj prekfrej mo djs pfbemotms bjo uo EKB kæs lfgj, lfgj, fuoqum
mstf eoèbfbeòo sm bjose`mrf qum f÷o mstæ mo afsm `m eovmstenfbeòo.
◁ Mstm prjbmèkemotj pum`m smr f`mbuf`j pfrf su rmfdezfbeòo mo fobefojs. Df ùrfbeòo `m df berunëf ms
lrmvm y dfs bjkpdebfbejoms sjo rmdftevfkmotm pjbfs mo bjkpfrfbeòo bjo df `mrevfbeòo næstrebf.
◁ Rm pum`m usfr bjkj uo prjbmèkemotj trfosetjrej fotms `m rmfdezfr uof eotmrrupbeòo ùj`mofd j uof
`mrevfbeòo næstrebf mo pfbemotms supmrjlmsjs, dj qum `mgf fdtmroftevfs fd berugfoj. Md eotmrvfdj kmèj
qum trfosburrm hfstf df smnuo`f eotmrvmobeòo ms `m fdrm`m`jr `m 6 föj.
Leldejnrfaëf
6. Afrrmdd PK, Hfnnmrty RY, @^, mt fd. Bdeoebfd fppdebftejo ja dfpfrjsbjpeb lfref treb surnmry7 fo mve`mobm-l fsm` rmvemw. Rurn Mo`jsb
RY, Jvmrly @^,
<9953 <2(=)766<=‒66<5.
<. Cfrfkfofc
Cfrfkfofcjs js RO, Qfnmofs
Qfnmofs C, Cfdafrmotz js A, mt fd. ^menht
^menht djss, fppmtetm supprm ssejo, fo` bhfonms eo afsteon fo` pjstprfoèfd nhrm deo
fo` pmpte`m-UU dmvmds fatmr \jux-mo-U nfstreb lypfss fo` sdmmvm nfstrmbtjky7 f prjspmbtevm, `juldm ldeo` stu`y. Foo Rurn <9983 <0>(2)7
096‒09>.
2. Kjy G, Yjkp F, @fceo N, mt fd. Dfpfrjsbjpeb sdmmvm nfstrmbtjky ajr kjrle` jlmsety.jlmsety. Fk G Rurn <9983 651(=)7m=1-m=5.
0. Pubcmr JO, Rzjkstmeo R, \jsmothfd \G. Eoèbftejos ajr sdmmvm nfs trmbtjky fs f prekfry prjbmùrm ajr wmenht djss eo thm kjrle`dy jlmsm.
G Nfstrjeotmst Rurn <9983 6<(0)711<-11>.
Aenurf <<-0
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BFYËP]DJ
<2
\msmbbeòo y fofstjkjses
`md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j
Lrf`dmy Bhfkpfnom, K@
◁ Df bfpf sulkubjsf `md eotmsteoj ms df kæs rmsestmotm y sm `mlm eobduer mo tj`fs

tj`fs dfs fofstjkjses, bjo
eo`mpmo`mobef `m df tåboebf fofstjkòtebf.

Bjose`mrfbejoms
ms prmjpmrftjrefs
◁ Df tåboebf pfrf df rmsmbbeòo `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j vfrëf mo auobeòo `m df prmsmotfbeòo

prmsmotfbeòo bdëoebf, djs
hfddfznjs eotrfjpmrftjrejs y df djbfdezfbeòo mo md tulj ènmstevj. Ms prmamreldm utedezfr tfotj tåboebfs
`m nrfpf`j bjkj jtrfs `m suturf kfoufd. Df fofstjkjses bjo nrfpf`jrf pum`m rmfdezfrsm bjo rfpe-
`mz, prmbeseòo y bjo uof tfsf `m aunfs kmojr qum df `m df fofstjkjses kfoufd mo fdnuofs smrems. Reo
mklfrnj, bufo`j hfy uof èsbrmpfobef ` m èækmtrj `mle`j f df jlstrubbeòo j se df rmsmbbeòo ms ` mkf-
sef`j prjxekfd, ms prmamreldm rmfdezfr uof fofstjkjses kmèfotm suturf. Mo mstm bfpëtudj sm `msbrelmo
fklfs tåboebfs.
6. Fofstjkjses kmèfotm nrfpf`jrf
◁ Rm brmf uof vmotfof motrm df pfrm` kmsmotårebf `md eotmsteoj y md kmsmotmrej setuf`j motrm dfs frbf`fs
vfsbudfrms, kmèfotm md mdmbtrjlesturë y uof peozf burvf. Mstj sm rmfdezf f oevmd prjxekfd y èstfd mo
uof zjof `m tmge`j vefldm j bjo uo kfrnmo f`mbuf`j mo dfs rmsmbbejoms jobjdònebfs (aen.
( aen. <2-6 FL).
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, sm fpdebf uof nrfpf`jrf NEF `m bjrtm deomfd `m 19 kk `m djonetu` bjo nrfpfs `m
2,8 kk, y sm eosmrtf f trfvås `m df vmotfof mo uo æonudj denmrfkmotm jldebuj ( aen. <2-< FL).

Bfpëtudj <2 d \msmbbeòo y fofstjkjses `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j 65=
Aenurf <2-6
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651 Rmbbeòo QE Berunëf `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j
d
◁ Df nrfpf`jrf `m bjrtm deomfd sm èspfrf `ms`m md df`j fotekmsmotårebj hfbef md df`j kmsmotårebj pfrf
smbbejofr md eotmsteoj.
◁ @mspuås, sm smbbejof md kmsmotmrej motrm peozfs `m Cmddy (aen. <2-2 FL).
◁ Mo df rmsmbbeòo jobjdònebf, md vfsj preobepfd qum errenf md smnkmotj sm smbbejof mo su lfsm pfrf rmsm-
bfr uof bfote`f` suaebemotm `m nfondejs deoaætebjs.
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, sm denfo djs vfsjs qum errenfo mstm smnkmotj y dfs peozfs sm rmterfo, trfs dj qum df pemzf
sm mxtrfm `md bfkpj.
◁ Djs `js mxtrmkjs nrfpf`js sm fprjxekfo y sm fdeomfo `m ajrkf pfrfdmdf. @mspuås, df lfsm `md kmsmo-
tmrej sm mxpdjrf pfrf vmreaebfr qum oj mxestf uof rjtfbeòo foòkfdf.
◁ Hfy qum bjdjbfr nfsfs mo md bfkpj quer÷rnebj pfrf mvetfr bufdquemr vmrte`j eoombmsfrej `md bjotmoe`j
eotmsteofd mo df bfve`f` fl`jkeofd.
◁ Mo bf`f mxtrmkj smbbejof`j, sm bjdjbfo `js peozfs `m Fddes mo md æonudj fotekmsmotårebj nrfpf`j3
åstm æonudj sm rmsmbf bjo uofs tegmrfs `m Kfyj burvfs, trfs dj qum dfs peozfs sm rmbjdjbfo mo df duz `md
eotmsteoj, mondjlfo`j tj`j md nrjsjr `m df pfrm` hfstf df smrjsf mxtmrof.
◁ ]of rfkf `m df nrfpf`jrf NEF `m bjrtm deomfd `m 19 kk bjo nrfpfs `m 2,8 kk sm eosmrtf mo bf`f
mxtrmkj `md eotmsteoj `jo`m sm hf rmfdezf`j df motmrjtjkëf, trfs dj qum df nrfpf`jrf sm mosfkldf mo
df pjsebeòo `m ldjqumj eotmrkmèj (aen.
(aen. <2-0).
<2-0).
◁ Df nrfpf`jrf sm bemrrf y sm bjdjbf uof suturf rmflsjrleldm `m 2/9 f 6 bk mo smote`j èstfd `md mxtrmkj
`m df nrfpf`jrf, f kj`j `m puotj smrjkusbudfr mo bf`f fsf pfrf rmùber df tmoseòo mo md æonudj `m
df fofstjkjses.
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, sm èspfrf df nrfpf`jrf (aen. <2-=).
<2-=).
◁ Djs `js smnkmotjs sm fofstjkjsfo bjo `js aedfs `m nrfpfs msbfdjof`fs motrm së.
◁ Rm eotrjùbm uof tjruo`f pjr df flmrturf y sm kumvm pjr df zjof mo lusbf `m bufdquemr hmkjrrfnef
fbtevf, qum sm `mlm bjotrjdfr bjo uof suturf rmflsjrleldm `m 2/9.
◁ Md rmstj `m df motmrjtjkëf sm bemrrf bjo uof nrfpf`jrf PF
PF 19 j NEF 19, vmreaebfo`j qum sm mondjlf df
smrjsf mo fkljs df`js (aen.
(aen. <2-1).
<2-1).
◁ @mspuås, sm bjdjbfo `js suturfs `m pjdendfbteof 569 `m 2/9 smn÷o uof tåboebf `m Dmklmrt mo md
æonudj `m df fofstjkjses rmbeåo rmfdezf`f, y djs æonudjs sm eovemrtmo pjr `mlfgj `md ou`j.
Bfpëtudj <2 d \msmbbeòo y fofstjkjses `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j 65>
Aenurf <2-2
Aenurf <2-0
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© Aenurf <2-= Aenurf <2-1
658 Rmbbeòo QE Berunëf `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j
d
<. Fofstjkjses bjo suturf kfoufd
◁ Md smnkmotj `m eotmsteoj `mdnf`j qum sm vf f rmsmbfr sm bjdjbf

bjdjbf sjlrm uof nfsf pfrf mvetfr md vmrte`j
`m su bjotmoe`j.
◁ Rm rmfdezfo uofs vmotfofs mo md kmsmotmrej pfrfdmdfs fd ljr`m `msmf`j `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j qum sm vf
f rmsmbfr (aen.
(aen. <2-> FL).
◁ Md kmsmotmrej setuf`j motrm dfs vmotfofs sm smbbejof y sm denf motrm peozfs `m Cmddy (aen.
(aen. <2-8).
<2-8).
◁ Rm bjdjbfo `js peozfs burvfs mo smote`j trfosvmrsfd sjlrm df supmraebem `md eotmsteoj, uof f bf`f df`j
`m df djbfdezfbeòo `msmf`f pfrf rmfdezfr df smbbeòo (aen.
( aen. <2-5).
<2-5).
◁ Md eotmsteoj sm smbbejof bjo uo lesturë arëj, `mgfo`j 6 bk `m tmge`j èstfd f df peozf (aen.
(aen. <2-69).
<2-69).
Bfpëtudj <2 d \msmbbeòo y fofstjkjses `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j 655
Aenurf <2->
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<99 Rmbbeòo QE Berunëf `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j
d
◁ Djs mxtrmkjs sm fprjxekfo

fprjxekfo motrm së y sm bjdjbfo `js suturfs `m sugmbeòo uoemo`j èbhjs mxtrmkjs
(aen. <2-66 FLB).
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo sm rmfdezf
rmfdezf uof fofstjkjses mo `js pdfojs (aen.
(aen. <2-6<).
<2-6<).
Bfpëtudj <2 d \msmbbeòo y fofstjkjses `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j <96
Aenurf <2-66
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<9< Rmbbeòo QE Berunëf `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j
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◁ Md pdfoj eotmroj pjstmrejr sm rmfdezf bjkmozfo`j mo md bmotrj

bmotrj `m df fofstjkjses. Rm bjdjbfo `js sutu-
rfs qum mondjlfo tj`j md nrjsjr `m df pfrm` f trfvås `m bf`f fsf eotmsteofd y sm fou`fo uoeåo`jdfs
motrm së. @mspuås, sm rmfdezf uof suturf bjoteouf hfstf ddmnfr fd æonudj (aen.
(aen. <2-62 FLB).
◁ Bufo`j sm fdbfozf md æonudj, sm rmfdezf uo puotj `m Bjoomdd mo md pdfoj eotmroj fotmrejr y djs bfljs
vumdvmo f fou`frsm mo md bmotrj.
◁ Md pdfoj mxtmroj `m df pfrtm fotmrejr sm rmfdezf bjo puotjs sumdtjs `m Dmklmrt (aen.
(aen. <2-60).
<2-60).
Bfpëtudj <2 d \msmbbeòo y fofstjkjses `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j <92
Aenurf <2-62
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◁ Df fofstjkjses sm eovemrtm y sm rmfdezf md smnuo`j pdfoj mo df pfrtm pjstmrejr, `m oumvj bjo puotjs
sumdtjs smrjkusbudfrms `m Dmklmrt (aens.
(aens. <2-6= FL y <2-61
<2-61).
).
◁ Yjbfs vmbms ms ombmsfrej bjdjbfr uof sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf.

◁ Md kjkmotj `m rmeoebefr df outrebeòo jrfd
jrfd ms bjotrjvmrte`j, pmrj
pmrj ms prjlfldm qum oj sm rmdfbejom bjo
df tfsf `m aunfs fofstjkòtebfs pjstjpmrftjrefs.
◁ Yfrf keoekezfr dfs prjlflede`f`ms `m qum sm prjùzbfo aunfs fofstjkòtebfs, hfy qum fsmnurfr uof
errenfbeòo sfonuëomf mxbmdmotm, df fofstjkjses oj `mlm rmfdezfrsm f tmoseòo y df tåboebf quer÷rnebf
`mlm smr kmtebudjsf.
◁ Dfs fofstjkjses `m fdtj remsnj pum`mo prjtmnmrsm bjo uof edmjstjkëf/ymyuojstjkëf mo df pfrtm prj-
xekfd `md fsf, `mpmoèmo`j `m df djbfdezfbeòo `m df fofstjkjses.
Bfpëtudj <2 d \msmbbeòo y fofstjkjses `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j <9=
Aenurf <2-6=
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BFYËP]DJ
<0
Umyuoj
Umyuojstjkëf
stjkëf
◁ Df e`moteaebfbeòo `md fsf ymyuofd fprjpef`f, f uojs <9 bk èstfd f df uoeòo ùj`mojymyuofd, ms msmo-
befd pfrf djnrfr djs kæxekjs lmomaebejs outrebejofdms.

Bjose`mrfbejoms
ms prmjpmrftjrefs
◁ Md prjbmèkemotj pum`m rmfdezfrsm lfgj eoaedtrfbeòo

eoaedtrfbeòo djbfd j bjo ldjqumj mo pfbemotms qum oj tjdm-
rmo df fomstmsef nmomrfd, se oj ms prmbesj mxpdjrfr md fl`jkmo. Re md mstf`j kåèbj `md pfbemotm
pmrketm usfr df fomstmsef nmomrfd j se sm rmquemrm uof mxpdjrfbeòo fl`jkeofd, mstjs fljr`fgms sjo
f`mbuf`js.
◁ @mle`j f qum df ymyuojstjkëf sm fsjbef f uof kfyjr kjrlede`f`, `mlmrëf rmsmrvfrsm f djs pfbemotms
bjo bjotrfeoèbfbejoms pfrf rmfdezfr uof nfstrjstjkëf.
6. Påboebf `m êtzmd
◁ Rm rmfdezf uof eobeseòo pfrfkmèfd vmrtebfd ezquemr`f, bjo èveseòo `md k÷sbudj rmbtj. Df eobeseòo
sumdm tmomr uof djonetu` `m =-1 bk y bjkemozf gustj `mlfgj `md kfrnmo bjstfd y f 9,= bk pjr `mtræs
`m df dëomf fxedfr fotmrejr (aen.
(aen. <0-6 F). Rm fbbm`m hfstf md pmretjomj f trfvås `m djs k÷sbu djs jldebuj
mxtmroj, jldebuj eotmroj y trfosvmrsj. Md pmretjomj sm flrm uof djonetu` `m 2 bk, trfs dj qum sumdm
fpfrmbmr `m ajrkf mspjotæomf uo fsf ymyuofd setuf`f f <9-<= bk mo smote`j èstfd `md æonudj ùj-
`mojymyuofd. Re oj sm jlsmrvf mstf fsf, sm pfdpf df pfrtm eoebefd `md ùj`moj mo èbhj æonudj lfgj
md bjdjo trfosvmrsj y md kmsjbjdjo, f df ezquemr`f `m df bjdukof vmrtmlrfd. Df prekmrf fsf eotmsteofd
sm sugmtf bjo sufve`f` kmèfotm uof peozf `m Lflbjbc j bjo md `m`j y sm mxtmrejrezf pjr df eobeseòo
fl`jkeofd. Dj e`mfd ms qum md setej msbjne`j mstå f <9-09 bk `md æonudj ùj`mojymyuofd.
<91
Bfpëtudj <0 d Umyuojs
myuojstjkëf
tjkëf <9>
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◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, sm mambt÷f uof motmrjtjkëf mo df pfrtm fotekmsmotårebf `md eotmsteoj y sm eotrjùbm df

sjo`f mo smote`j èstfd fd kmojs >,= bk.
◁ Df sjo`f sm aegf f df duz kmèfotm uo ÷oebj puotj rmflsjrleldm, qum sm pfsf f trfvås `m dfs pfrm`ms `m
df eobeseòo eotmsteofd y pjr df pfrm` `m df sjo`f, seo pmrajrfrdf.
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, df sjo`f sm `jldf sjlrm
sjlrm md eotmsteoj y sm `mprekm bjo mddf df pfrm` eotmsteofd denmrf-
kmotm, kemotrfs dfs bfpfs mxtmrofs `md eotmsteoj sm s uturfo sjlrm df sjo`f bjo puotjs smrjkusbudfrms
sumdtjs, hfstf qum df sjo`f qum`f tjtfdkmotm motmrrf`f mo df pfrm` ymyuofd (aen.
(aen. <0-6LB@,
<0-6LB@, pfrtms 6 y <).
Rm usf sòdj df èstfobef suaebemotm `m pfrm` eotmsteofd pfrf qum qum`m lemo fgustf`f fdrm`m`jr `m df
sjo`f, bjo md aeo `m mvetfr uof mstmojses senoeaebftevf `m df duz eotmsteofd (aen.
( aen. <0-6M,
<0-6M, pfrtms 6, < y 2).
◁ Re sm èspjom `m mpepdòo, md mxtrmkj delrm `m df sjo`f sm pfsf f trfvås `m åd. Md mpepdòo sm aegf sjlrm
df dëomf `m suturf bjo <-2 puotjs `m hedj rmflsjrleldm. Md mxtrmkj delrm `m df sjo`f sm mxtmrejrezf f
bjoteoufbeòo pjr uof eobeseòo pmqumöf èsteotf rmfdezf`f mo df pfrm` fl`jkeofd, trfs dj qum sm suturf
md eotmsteoj f df pfrm` eotmsteofd mo uof zjof fkpdef (aen.
(aen. <0-6A,
<0-6A, pfrtms 6 y <).
<. Påboebf `m Rtfkk-Cf`mr
◁ Mstm prjbmèkemotj sumdm rmsmrvfrsm pfrf djs pfbemotms bjo èstmoseòo ymyuofd j bjo uof djonetu` `m
ymyuoj eosuaebemotm pfrf uof tåboebf `m êtzmd.
◁ Rm mambt÷f uof motmrjtjkëf mo md df`j fotekmsmotårebj motrm `js suturfs bjobåotrebfs mo ljdsf `m
tflfbj. Md prekmr puotj `m df ljdsf `m tflfbj `mlm `frsm fd rmvås y md rmstj fd `mrmbhj. Df prekmrf
ljdsf `m tflfbj `mlm rmfdezfrsm bjo hedj rmflsjrleldm y uoj `m djs puotjs `mlm ftrfvmsfr tfonmobefd-
kmotm df pfrm` `m df sjo`f `m dætmx. Df senuemotm suturf mo ljdsf `m tflfbj pum`m smr `m hedj rmflsjr-
leldm j oj rmflsjrleldm, y tj`js djs puotjs `mlmo smr sòdj smrjkusbudfrms, seo pmomtrfr mo df duz.
◁ Df sjo`f sm eosmrtf f trfvås `m dfs `js suturfs mo ljdsf `m tflfbj.
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, sm aegf f df pfrm` fl`jkeofd (aen. <0-< FLB@).
◁ Yjr ÷dtekj, df sjo`f sm mxtmrejrezf pjr uof flmrturf fl`jkeofd, bjkj sm hf `msbretj bjo fotmrejre`f`.
myuojstjkëf
tjkëf <95
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2. Påboebf pmrkfomotm
◁ Df bfve`f` fl`jkeofd sumdm flrersm pjr uof eobeseòo pfrfkmèfd ezquemr`f j bjo èveseòo `md k÷sbudj
rmbtj. Md fsf prjxekfd `m ymyuoj setuf`j f <9-<= bk `md æonudj ùj`mojymyuofd sm mxtmrejrezf pjr
df eobeseòo y sm smbbejof motrm peozfs.
◁ Md kmsmotmrej qum èsburrm pfrfdmdj f mstf dëomf `m smbbeòo `mlmrëf bjrtfrsm uojs 69 bk pfrf fukmotfr
df kjvede`f`.
◁ Md mxtrmkj smbbejof`j `md ymyuoj sm mxtmrejrezf pjr uof eobeseòo èsteotf dftmrfd f df prekmrf. Rm `mgf
uof djonetu` `m 2 bk qum prjtruyf `ms`m md ljr`m butæomj y sm aegf bjo jbhj puotjs sumdtjs `m hedj
rmflsjrleldm qum aegfo df pfrm` eotmsteofd f df bfpf sulmpe`årkebf `m df pemd.
◁ F trfvås `m df eobeseòo fl`jkeofd, md mxtrmkj smbbejof`j `md smnkmotj prjxekfd `m ymyuoj sm fofs-
tjkjsf f df pfrtm dftmrfd `md smnkmotj èstfd mo uo puotj setuf`j fd kmojs f 0= bk mo smote`j èstfd
fd mstjkf `m ymyuojstjkëf (aen.
(aen. <0-2).
<0-2).
Yfsj 07 Mtfpfs pjstjpmrftjrefs
◁ Dfs sjo`fs `mlmrëfo bjo 69 bk2 `m sumrj sfdeoj mo bf`f turoj y `mspuås `m bf`f fdekmotfbeòo
`mlmrëfo errenfrsm bjo
pfrf mvetfr qum sm jlstruyfo. Df fdekmotfbeòo pjr df sjo`f sumdm bjkmozfrsm f dfs <0 hjrfs `m su
bjdjbfbeòo.
myuojstjkëf
tjkëf <66
Aenurf <0-2
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◁ F èamrmobef `m uof nfstrjstjkëf, mo df qum sm kfotemom tj`j md kmsmotmrej `md mstòkfnj, df ymyu-
ojstjkëf ms prjpmosf f qum sm ajrkm uo vòdvudj. Yjr tfotj, md ymyuoj `mlm aegfrsm mo uof zjof kæs
fkpdef `m df pfrm` fl`jkeofd pfrf keoekezfr dfs prjlflede`f`ms `m qum sm prjùzbf md vòdvudj.
◁ Yumstj qum df kfyjrëf `m dfs sjo`fs sm bjdjbfo smn÷o uof tåboebf
tåboebf `m êtzmd, se uof sjo`f `m ymyu-
ojstjkëf sm sfdm `m su setej, `mlmrëf rmbjdjbfrsm seo kubhf `mkjrf pfrf qum oj sm pemr`f su trfymbtj.
Re oj sm pum`m rmbupmrfr åstm, f kmou`j sm pum`mo bjosmrvfr mstfs sjo`fs kmèfotm md usj `m aduj-
rjsbjpef y nuëfs kmtædebfs.
◁ Remkprm qum sm sustetuyf uof sjo`f, `mlmrëf rmfdezfrsm uo mstuèj rfèjnræaebj
rfèjnræaebj kmèfotm eoymbbeòo
`m bjotrfstm èdue`j pfrf bjoaerkfr su bjdjbfbeòo f`mbuf`f fotms `m f`keoestrfr df fdekmotfbeòo fd
pfbemotm.
◁ Md kåtj`j `m êtzmd `mlmrëf mvetfrsm mo djs bfsjs `m èstmoseòo u jlstrubbeòo eotmsteofd, pjrqum oj
pum`mo rmfdezfrsm dfs suturfs smrjkusbudfrms mo uo eotmsteoj kuy f`mdnfzf`j seo pmomtrfr mo df duz.
BFYËP]DJ
<=
Mstrebturjpdfstef pfrf df
moamrkm`f` `m Brjho
◁ Djs pfbemotms bjkpdmgjs bjo moamrkm`f` `m Brjho

Brjho `mlmrëfo sjkmtmrsm f uof mvfdufbeòo `md eotmsteoj
`mdnf`j pfrf `mdeketfr df mxtmoseòo `m su moamrkm`f` y df bfote`f` `m eotmsteoj `mdnf`j qum pum`m
bjosmrvfrsm. Df mo`jsbjpef fdtf y lfgf tfkleåo ms ÷ted pfrf mstuèfr jtrfs zjofs pftjdònebfs y nuefr df
pdfoeaebfbeòo quer÷rnebf.
◁ Nrfbefs f djs fvfobms `md trftfkemotj kåèbj y quer÷rnebj `m df moamrkm`f` `m Brjho, df rmsmbbeòo
rmsmbbeòo ms
md prjbmèkemotj quer÷rnebj rmfdezf`j bjo kæs armbumobef. Reo mklfrnj, uo pmqumöj pjrbmotfgm `m
pfbemotms bjo mstmojses mxtmosfs, djs qum prmsmotmo remsnj `m sëo`rjkm `m eotmsteoj bjrtj j quemoms
yf tmonfo mstm sëo`rjkm, pum`mo rmqumrer uof mstrebturjpdfstef. Djs `js prjbmèkemotjs qum sm `ms-
brelmo mo mstm bfpëtudj mstæo eoèbf`js mo smnkmotjs bjrtjs y dfrnjs fambtf`js pjr df mstmojses. Mstfs
tåboebfs sm fsjbefo bjo lfgfs tfsfs `m aunf fofstjkòtebf y `m bjkpdebfbejoms.
6. Påboebf `m Hmeomcm-Kecudebz (smnkmotj bjrtj, 4 8 bk)
◁ Rm `mlm rmfdezfr uof eospmbbeòo bue`f`jsf `m tj`jtj`j md eotmsteoj pfrf pdfoeaebfr df mstrftmnef. Hfy qum
kmèr md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j rmstfotm y fojtfr df djonetu` `m dfs mstmojses mo df hestjref bdëoebf. Re oj sm
mstæ smnurj `m df ombmse`f` `m df mstrebturjpdfstef, sm pum`m prjlfr se df duz eotmsteofd temom djs < bk
ombmsfrejs pfsfo`j uof sjo`f `m Ajdmy f trfvås `m jtrf zjof m eoadæo`jdf f 1 bk2, qum mquevfdmo f
< bk.

<60 Rmbbeòo QE d Berunëf `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j
`mdnf`j
◁ Md eotmsteoj prjxekfd y èstfd f df zjof prjpumstf

prjpumstf pfrf df mstrebturjpdfstef sm fësdf bjo peozfs `m
Rfteoscy pfrf mvetfr md vmrte`j `m su bjotmo e`j. Kmèfotm md lesturë mdåbtrebj mo kj`j `m bjrtm, df bfpf
smrjkusbudfr sm eobe`m hfstf md oevmd sulkubjsj. Df eobeseòo sm prjdjonf 2 bk mo smote`j prjxekfd y
èstfd f df zjof `m mstmojses pfrf ddmnfr f uof zjof `m eotmsteoj sfoj (aen.
( aen. <=-6).
<=-6).
◁ Rm mambt÷f uof motmrjtjkëf mo md mxtrmkj `m eotmsteoj seo mstmojses y sm utedezfo uofs peozfs fonudf-
`fs pfrf flrer df motmrjtjkëf.
◁ Df sulkubjsf y df kubjsf mxpumstfs `m df pfrm` fotmrejr `m df mstmojses sm smbbejofo f bjoteouf-
beòo.
◁ Rm bjdjbfo uofs suturfs smrjkusbudfrms `m pjdendfbteof 569 `m 2/9 uof armotm f jtrf mo md puotj
kmèj `md `mambtj y sm smpfrfo bjo peozfs (aen.
(aen. <=-<).
<=-<).
◁ Rm mambt÷f uof lejpsef `m df kubjsf.
◁ Rm fpdebf trfbbeòo mo smote`j dftmrfd y md `mambtj djonetuèofd sm bjovemrtm mo uo `mambtj trfosvmrsj
(aen. <=-2).
<=-2).
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, sm rmfdezf uo bemrrm mo uo sjdj pdfoj bjo puotjs sumdtjs mxtrfkubjsjs `m 2/9 f eotmr-
eotmr-
vfdjs `m < kk, y sm fpdebf uo bdep rfèjnræaebj (aen.
( aen. <=-0).
<=-0).
Bfpëtudj <= d Mstrebturjpdfstef
Mstrebturjpdfstef pfrf df moamrkm`f` `m Brjho <6=
Aenurf <=-6 Aenurf <=-<
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<61 Rmbbeòo QE d Berunëf `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j
`mdnf`j
<. Påboebf `m Aeoomy (smnkmotj dfrnj)
◁ Rm mkpdmf uof motmrjtjkëf sekedfr f df `msbretf bjo fotmrejre`f` pfrf uof mstrebturjpdfstef, pmrj sm
rmfdezf f oevmd fotmrjdftmrfd (aen.
( aen. <=-=).
<=-=).
◁ Md smnkmotj flemrtj sm pdemnf f bjoteoufbeòo sjlrm së keskj.
◁ Md smnkmotj kuy mstmojsf`j sm fdeomf armotm f uo smnkmotj `m bfdelrm rmdftevfkmotm ojrkfd.
◁ Kmèfotm uof suturf bjoteouf `m pjdendfbteof `m </9 sm uomo djs ljr`ms
ljr`ms kmèfdms `md `mambtj. Djs
puotjs pfsfo f trfvås `m tj`fs dfs bfpfs `md ljr`m eotmsteofd (aen.
(aen. <=-1).
<=-1).
◁ @mspuås, mstm pdfoj sm rmaumrzf bjo puotjs sumdtjs `m pjdendfbteof `m 2/9 pfrf fprjxekfr
fprjxekfr f÷o kæs
bufdquemr zjof oj moarmotf`f `m kubjsf `jo`m smf pjseldm (aen.
(aen. <=->).
<=->).
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, df bfpf fotmrejr sm bemrrf bjo puotjs sumdtjs `m pjdendfbteof `m </9 mo uo sjdj pdfoj
utedezfo`j uof suturf smrjkusbudfr.
◁ Oj mxestm oeon÷o fspmbtj `mstfbf`j.
◁ Dfs bjotrfeoèbfbejoms pfrf rmfdezfr uof mstrebturjpdfstef sjo

sjo df pmrajrfbeòo, aëstudf j esqumkef `m df
zjof. Fsekeskj, oj sm rmbjkemo`f rmfdezfr mstm prjbmèkemotj mo ëotekf prjxeke`f` bjo jtrf rmsmb-
beòo `m mstrebturjpdfstef.
Bfpëtudj <= d Mstrebturjpdfstef
Mstrebturjpdfstef pfrf df moamrkm`
moamrkm`f`
f` `m Brjho <6>
Aenurf <=-= Aenurf <=-1
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BFYËP]DJ
<1
Dfpfrjsbjpef
Dfpfrjsbjpef pfrf df
moamrkm`f` `m Brjho
Yfsj <7 Bjose`mrfbejom

Bjose`mrfbejomss prmjpmrftjrefs
◁ Df rmsmbbeòo dfpfrjsbòpebf kæs armbumotm pfrf df moamrkm`f` `m Brjho ms, seo ù`f, df rmsmbbeòo
edmjbmbfd. Df mstrftmnef y djs pfsjs eotrfjpmrftjrejs vfrëfo `mpmoèmo`j `m df prmsmotfbeòo y `m djs
hfddfznjs eotrfjpmrftjrejs. Rumdm usfrsm md fljr`fgm `m kmèfd f dftmrfd qum sm `msbrelm f bjoteouf-
beòo, bjo `js mxbmpbejoms ojtfldms7
▼ ]o kmsmotmrej monrjsf`j. Re md kmsmotmrej ms kuy vjdukeojsj y èaëbed `m kfomgfr pjr dfpfrjsbjpef,
dfpfrjsbjpef,
pum`m prjùbersm uof hmkjrrfnef prjausf fd eotmotfr smbbejofr md pm`ëbudj edmjbòdebj. Mo mstjs
bfsjs, sm rmfdezf tj`f df kjvedezfbeòo, pmrj md pm`ëbudj vfsbudfr sm denf bjo smnure`f` `m ajrkf
mxtrfbjrpòrmf.
▼ Yrmsmobef `m admkòo/flsbmsj kmsmotårebj. Mo djs bfsjs `jo`m md kmsmotmrej mstå jbupf`j pjr uo
nrfo flsbmsj j admkòo, dj f`mbuf`j ms rmfdezfr uo fljr`fgm `ms`m df pfrtm dftmrfd f df kmèfd.
6. \msmbbeòo edmjbmbfd ruteofref
◁ Bjdjbfbeòo `md pfbemotm7 tj`js djs pfbemotms sm bjdjbfo

bjdjbfo bjo dfs pemrofs sjlrm mstreljs fdkjhfèddf`js
y pfrfdmdfs f df kmsf `m jpmrfbejoms y bjo djs lrfzjs aegf`js (aen.
( aen. <1-6 FL).
◁ Md kjoetjr preobepfd sm set÷f f df `mrmbhf
`mrmbhf `md pfbemotm (aen.
(aen. <1-<).
<1-<).
◁ Rm bjdjbf uo trjbfr ukledebfd kmèfotm uof tåboebf flemrtf `m Hfssjo y sm eosmrtf uof bækfrf `m
69 kk y `m 29 nrf`js.
<68 © <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs

Bfpëtudj <1 d Dfpfrjsbjpef pfrf df moamrkm`f` `m Brjho <65
Aenurf <1-6
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<<9 Rmbbeòo QE d Berunëf `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j
`mdnf`j
◁ Djs trjbfrms fèbejofdms sjo7 uo trjbfr `m = kk, qum sm eosmrtf f 0-= bk mo smote`j kmèfd y f 1-8 bk
mo smote`j supmrejr rmspmbtj f df msp eof edëfbf fotmrjsupmrejr `mrmbhf. Jtrj trjbfr `m = kk sm eosmrtf
mo md hepjbjo`rej ezquemr`j. F bjoteoufbeòo, sm mxpdjrf md fl`jkmo y md eotmsteoj `mdnf `j sm rmbjrrm
`ms`m md denfkmotj `m Prmetz hfstf md bemnj, jlsmrvfo`j df prmsmobef `m bufdquemr mstmojses j aëstudf
(aen. <1-2).
<1-2).
◁ Re sm pum`m fbbm`mr fd kmsmotmrej y oj mstæ fambtf`j pjr df moamrkm`f`, sm eosmrtf uo trjbfrtrjbfr `m 6< kk
mo df ajsf edëfbf ezquemr`f. Pj`js djs trjbfrms sm eosmrtfo dftmrfdms f djs vfsjs mpenæstrebjs.
◁ Md fyu`fotm sm bjdjbf mo md df`j ezquemr`j
ezquemr`j y sugmtf df bækfrf y md trjbfr
trjbfr `m df ajsf edëfbf `mrmbhf. Md
Md
berugfoj trflfgf pjr djs `js trjbfrms ezquemr`js (aen.
( aen. <1-0).
<1-0).
◁ Df kmsf `m jpmrfbejoms sm bjdjbf mo u of denmrf pjsebeòo `m Prmo`mdmolurn
Prmo`mdmolurn y sm eobdeof f df ez-
quemr`f.
◁ Md mpepdòo sm rmbhfzf mo smote`j bmaædebj pfrf qum sm set÷m sjlrm md mstòkfnj y md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j sm
`mspdfzf hfbef df ezquemr`f `md pfbemotm pfrf pmrketer df vesufdezfbeòo `md pm`ëbudj edmjbòdebj.
◁ ]of peozf oj trfukætebf `m eotmsteoj sm set÷f mo md kmsmotmrej mo df uoeòo edmjbmbfd pfrf èstmo`mr md
pm`ëbudj edmjbòdebj (aen.
(aen. <1-=).
<1-=).
◁ Dfs tegmrfs `m mdmbtrjbfutmrezfbeòo sm mkpdmfo pfrf flrer md pmretjomj f dj dfrnj `m uof dëomf pfrfdmdf
fd vfsj (aen.
(aen. <1-1).
<1-1).
Bfpëtudj <1 d Dfpfrjsbjpef
Dfpfr jsbjpef pfrf df moamrkm`f` `m Brjho <<6
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<<< Rmbbeòo QE d Berunëf `md eotmsteoj
eotmsteoj `mdnf`j
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, sm utedezf èsmbbeòo rjkf pfrf mdmvfr md vfsj y smpfrfrdj `md rmtrjpmretjomj
rmtrjpmretjomj y md ùj-
`moj, trfs dj qum md ùj`moj sm èsmbf mo smote`j pjstmrejr (aen.
( aen. <1->).
<1->).
◁ Md vfsj sm smbbejof bjo smnure`f` trfs brmfr
brmfr uof vmotfof mo smote`j bmaædebj bjo uof nrfpf`jrf vfs-
budfr j uo èspjsetevj lepjdfr pfrf smddf`j `m vfsjs.
◁ Md pdfoj mxestmotm motrm md kmsmotmrej `md bjdjo fsbmo`motm y md rmtrjpmretjomj sm flrm kmèfotm
èsmbbeòo rjkf hfstf vesufdezfr md hënf`j pjr `mlfgj `md kmsmotmrej (aen.(aen. <1-8).
<1-8).
◁ Df trfosbfve`f` `m djs mpepdjoms sm flrm y md æonudj hmpætebj `md bjdjo sm kjvedezf.
◁ Df pjrbeòo tmrkeofd `md ëdmjo sm mdmvf, smpfræo`jdf `md rmtrjpmretjomj,
rmtrjpmretjomj, y sm kjvedezf md bjdjo fsbmo-
`motm.
◁ Df pemzf sm mxtrfm pjr uof eobeseòo pmreukledebfd `m 2-0 bk (aen.
(aen. <1-5 FL).
◁ Df rmsmbbeòo y df fofstjkjses sm rmfdezfo
rmfdezfo smn÷o dj `msbretj mo md bfpëtudj <2.
◁ Df eobeseòo `m df dëomf kmèf sm bemrrf.
◁ Rm rmstfldmbm md omukjpmretjomj y md trjbfr `m df ajsf edëfbf ezquemr`f sm bemrrf bjo fyu`f `m uof
bækfrf `m = kk (aen.
(aen. <1-69).
<1-69).
◁ Df eotmosf rmfbbeòo eoadfkftjref y f kmou`j df mxestmobef `m uo kmsmotmrej fbjrtf`j pum`mo hfbmr

qum df rmsmbbeòo dfpfrjsbòpebf pfrf df moamrkm`f` `m Brjho
B rjho smf pmdenrjsf. Mstjs prjbmèkemotjs sòdj
`mlmrëfo eotmotfrsm `mspuås `m f`querer uof fkpdef mx pmremobef bjo df bjdmbtjkëf dfpfrjsbòpebf pfrf
jtrfs eoèbfbejoms.
Bfpëtudj <1 d Dfpfrjsbjpef pfrf df moamrkm`f` `m Brjho <<2
Aenurf <1-> Aenurf <1-8
Aenurf <1-5
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BFYËP]DJ
<>
@evmrtebudmbtjkëf `m Kmbcmd
◁ Md èvmrtëbudj `m Kmbcmd ms uof kfdajrkfbeòo bjonåoetf qum sm `mlm f df prmsmobef

prmsmobef `m uo rmstj `md
bjoùbtj joafdjkmsmotårebj. Rumdm djbfdez frsm f uojs 19->9 bk `m df vædvudf edmjbmbfd y fpf rmbm mo md
<% `m df pjldfbeòo.
◁ Md èvmrtëbudj `m Kmbcmd pum`m bjotmomr kubjsf pfobrmætebf y næstrebf mbtòpebf qum pum`m prmès-
pjomr f ÷dbmrfs kubjsfs, hmkjrrfnef, eoambbeòo, jlstrubbeòo y pmrajrfbejoms.

Bjose`mrfbejoms
ms prmjpmrftjrefs
◁ Md trftfkemotj quer÷rnebj `md èvmrtëbudj `m Kmbcmd `mpmo`m `m dfs eoèbfbejoms `m df berunëf, `m

djs hfddfznjs eotrfjpmrftjrejs y `m dfs prmamrmobefs `md berugfoj. Dfs `js jpbejoms qum mxestmo sjo df
msbeseòo fkpdef `md èvmrtëbudj j df rmsmbbeòo eotmsteofd.
◁ Mo md bjotmxtj `m uof eovfneofbeòo bjo md èvmrtëbudj `m Kmbcmd bjkj puotj `m pfrte`f, df msbeseòo
fkpdef ms uof jpbeòo fbmptfldm. Mo bfsj `m hmkjrrfnef, df rmsmbbeòo eotmsteofd ms df fdtmroftevf `m
mdmbbeòo pjrqum df udbmrfbeòo sumdm setufrsm mo md df`j kmsmotårebj `md eotmsteoj ulebf`j armotm fd
èvmrtëbudj. Df rmsmbbeòo y fofstjkjses ms e`åotebf f df rmsmbbeòo `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j bjo suturf
kfoufd `msbretf mo md bfpëtudj <2, \msmbbeòo y fofstjkjses `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j.
◁ Md hfddfznj bfsufd `m uo èvmrtëbudj `m Kmbcmd oj sumdm rmqumrer su rmsmbbeòo.
◁ Md fljr`fgm flemrtj sm rmfdezf

rmfdezf kmèfotm uof eobeseòo trfosvmrsf mo ajsf edëfbf `mrmbhf (aen.
(aen. <>-6).
<>-6).
◁ Rm e`moteaebf md bemnj y sm trfbbejof `md ëdmjo tmrkeofd hfbef df eobeseòo, trfs dj qum sm mxpdjrf mo smo-
te`j prjxekfd hfstf ddmnfr fd èvmrtëbudj `m Kmbcmd.
◁ Df msbeseòo sm rmfdezf `md senuemotm kj`j7
▼ Rm mambt÷f uof motmrjtjkëf mo smote`j djonetuèofd
djonetuèofd fdrm`m`jr `m df lfsm `md èvmrtëbudj, bjo uo
mdmbtrjlesturë kjojpjdfr bjo puotf `m fnugf (aen.(aen. <>-<).
<>-<).
<<0 © <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs

Bfpëtudj <> d @evmrtebudmbtjkëf
@evmrt ebudmbtjkëf `m Kmbcmd <<=
Aenurf <>-6
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<<1 Rmbbeòo QE Berunëf `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j
d
▼ Rm rmsmbf md èvmrtëbudj `m Kmbcmd.

▼ Rm bemrrf df msbeseòo mo smote`j trfosvmrsfd.
▼ Rm bjkemozf uof suturf bjoteouf `m Bjoomdd aumrf `md eotmsteoj, rmfdezf`f mo uo sjdj pdfoj
(aen. <>-2).
<>-2).
▼ Mstj èskeouym df prjlflede`f`
prjlflede`f` `m rmùber df duz eotmsteofd (aen.
(aen. <>-0).
<>-0).
▼ Mo djs ÷dtekjs föjs, df tåboebf kmèfotm nrfpf`j, bjkj sm kumstrf mo dfs aenurfs <>-= y <>-1,
<>-1,
tfkleåo sm hf pjpudfrezf`j, y sm rmfdezf bjo uof nrfpf`jrf PF j NEF.
◁ Mo djs bfsjs `m hmkjrrfnef ènmstevf `m jrenmo oj e`moteaebf`j, semkprm `mlm pmosfrsm mo uo èvmrtë-
budj `m Kmbcmd.
◁ Bufo`j hfy uof hmkjrrfnef, df rmsmbbeòo smnkmotfref ms uof fdtmroftevf f`mbuf`f pfrf mxterpfr df
÷dbmrf sfonrfotm setuf`f armotm fd èvmrtëbudj `m Kmbcmd.
Bfpëtudj <> d @evmrtebudmbtjkëf
@evmrt ebudmbtjkëf `m Kmbcmd <<>
Aenurf <>-2 Aenurf <>-0
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BFYËP]DJ
<8
\mùbbeòo `m dfs
eovfneofbejoms eotmsteofdms
◁ Df eovfneofbeòo eotmsteofd pum`m prjùbersm f bufdquemr m`f`, pmrj sòdj md 69% `m djs bfsjs bjrrms-
pjo`mo f pfbemotms kfyjrms `m < föjs. Pj`fs dfs eovfneofbejoms `m djs pfbemotms fùdtjs `mlmo
trftfrsm kmèfotm rmsmbbeòo smnkmotfref, buyf tåboebf sm `msbrelm mo md bfpëtudj <2, \msmbbeòo y fo fs-
tjkjses `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j.

Bjose`mrfbejoms
ms prmjpmrftjrefs
◁ Prftfkemotj oj quer÷rnebj7 uof vmz qum sm mstfldmbm md èfnoòstebj `m eovfneofbeòo eotmsteofd y sm

eoebef df rmfoekfbeòo, sm pum`m pdfotmfr uof rmùbbeòo he`rjstætebf j omukætebf se oj hfy pmretjoetes,
pmrajrfbeòo, smpses fvfozf`f j nfonrmof eotmsteofd. Mstf `mbeseòo df tjkf md berugfoj. Mstfs tåboebfs
temomo åxetj mo md >=-50% `m djs pfbemotms. @mspuås `md prjbmèkemotj, md pfbemotm `mlm kfotmomrsm
f èmtf flsjdutf ùrfotm <0 hjrfs.
◁ Prftfkemotj quer÷rnebj7 mstæ eoèbf`j mo oeöjs bjo senojs `m shjbc, pmretjoetes j rmùbbeòo eobjk-
pdmtf. @m ajrkf prmjpmrftjref sm f`keoestrfo foteleòtebjs, sm rmfdezf uof `msbjkprmseòo kmèfotm
sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf y sm eoauo`mo dëque`js eotrfvmojsjs.
◁ ]of eobeseòo trfosvmrsf mo ajsf edëfbf `mrmbhf bjo

bjo smbbeòo kusbudfr j uof eobeseòo kmèfd sjo fdtmr-
oftevfs fprjpef`fs. Df eobeseòo pum`m fkpdefrsm se ms prmbesj (aen.
(aen. <8-6).
<8-6).
◁ Hfy qum e`moteaebfr df eovfneofbeòo, qum sumdm smr `md ëdmjo tmrkeofd mo md bjdjo
bjdjo `mrmbhj. Rm `mlmrëf
mxtmrejrezfr pjr df eobeseòo uof djonetu` `m bjdjo `mrmbhj dj kæs dfrnf pjseldm (aen.
( aen. <8-<).
<8-<).
◁ Re mxestm eotmsteoj ombròtebj sm `mlm prjbm`mr f su rmsmbbeòo.
◁ Rm `mlm rmfdezfr uof kfoepudfbeòo sufvm `md eotmsteoj, mkpugfo`j sjlrm md puotj `m jrenmo hfstf su
pjsebeòo ojrkfd, mo dunfr `m trfbbejofr `m åd. Df trfbbeòo fpdebf`f sjlrm md ëdmjo `mlm smr këoekf j
oudf (aen.
(aen. <8-2).
<8-2).
◁ Re sm mobumotrf rmsestmobef y md `msnfrrj
`msnfrrj `m df smrjsf pfrmbm
pfrmbm eokeomotm, bjoteoufr bjo djs eotmotjs
pum`m bfusfr uof pmrajrfbeòo. Mo tfd bfs j, sm rmquemrm uof rmsmbbeòo, bjo df bjosenuemotm bjotfkeof-
beòo (aen.
(aen. <8-0).
<8-0).
◁ @mspuås `m bjkpdmtfr df rmùbbeòo, sm fpdebfo nfsfs bfdemotms sjlrm
sjlrm md eotmsteoj y sm mvfd÷f su veflede`f`.
<<8 © <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs

Bfpëtudj <8 d \mùbbeòo `m dfs eovfneofbejoms eotmsteofdms <<5
Aenurf <8-6 Aenurf <8-<
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◁ Hfy qum lusbfr md puotj `m jrenmo.

jrenmo. Yjr dj nmomrfd, uofs pdfbfs `m Ymymr ukledebf`fs mo md ëdmjo tmr-
tmr-
keofd j uo èvmrtëbudj `m Kmbcmd sjo dfs bfusfs mo fùdtjs. Re sm e`moteaebf uo èvmrtëbudj `m Kmbcmd,
`mlmrëf rmsmbfrsm.
◁ Rm sumdm rmfdezfr uof fpmoèbmbtjkëf pfrf mdekeofr auturfs ù`fs èfnoòstebfs.
◁ Yum`m prjùbersm uof rmbeèvf pjstjpmrftjref `m df eovfneofbeòo. Mo djs pfbemotms bjo uo `jdjr
fl`jkeofd mxbmsevj j rmbeèvfotm, sm `mlmrëf pdfotmfr uof rmmxpdjrfbeòo.
◁ Mo djs fùdtjs bjo eovfneofbeòo, djs tukjrms pum`mo smr df bfusf y,y, se sm sjspmbhf su prmsmobef, sm
`mlmrëf rmfdezfr uof rmsmbbeòo jobjdònebf fprjpef`f.
◁ Re sm prjùbm uof pmrajrfbeòo `m ajrkf eotrf j prmjpmrftjref, j lemo se sm e`moteaebf uof nfonrmof
eotmsteofd, sm `mlmrëf mambtufr uof rmsmbbeòo edmjbmbfd.
◁ Rm pum`m mkpdmfr uof tåboebf dfpfrjsbòpebf, pmrj sòdj pjr pfrtm `m berugfojs qum tmonfo uof fkpdef
mxpmremobef bjo mddf mo pfbemotms pmèætrebjs. Md fljr`fgm fpjrtf kuy pjbj f df eotmrvmobeòo pjrqum
df eovfneofbeòo rmquemrm uof rmùbbeòo kfoufd.
◁ Bufo`j df veflede`f` eotmsteofd smf bumstejofldm, ms bjovmoemotm prjnrfkfr uo prjbmèkemotj `m
rmmxpdjrfbeòo («smbjo`-djjc³).
BFYËP]DJ
<5
Jlstrubbeòo
Jlstrubbeòo `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j

Bjose`mrfbejoms
ms prmjpmrftjrefs
◁ Md pfbemotm bjo jlstrubbeòo `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j rmquemrm uof mvfdufbeòo prmjpmrftjref bue`f`jsf.
Oe df hestjref, oe df mxpdjrfbeòo aësebf, o e df mvfdufbeòo `m dfljrftjrej hfo `mkjstrf`j smr aefldm s pfrf
`mtmrkeofr df eokeomobef `m df esqumkef eotmsteofd. Yjr tfotj, mo bfsj `m sjspmbhf auo`f`f sm `mlm
eoèbfr df eotmrvmobeòo quer÷rnebf, sjlrm tj`j mo dfs jlstrubbejoms bjkpdmtfs.
◁ Dfs rfèjnrfaëfs sekpdms `m fl`jkmo, df PB y md træosetj eotmsteofd sjo bjkpdmkmotjs ÷tedms pfrf
`mtmrkeofr se df jlstrubbeòo ms bjkpdmtf j pfrbefd.
◁ Mo dfs jlstrubbejoms smvmrfs `m eotmsteoj `mdnf`j, djs bfklejs `m vjdukmo y dfs fojkfdëfs mdmbtrjdë-
tebfs pum`mo smr senoeaebftevfs y `mlmrëfo mvfdufrsm bue`f`jsfkmotm fotms `m df eotmrvmobeòo.
6. \msmbbeòo flemrtf
◁ Bufo`j sm hf tjkf`j df `mbeseòo `m eotmrvmoer pfrf rmfdezfr uof rmsmbbeòo `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j, ms
auo`fkmotfd bjkmotfr md mstf`j `md pfbemotm y su èfnoòstebj bjo md fomstmseòdjnj pfrf fsmnurfsm `m
qum sm tjkfo tj`fs dfs prmbfubejoms pjseldms bjotrf df fsperfbeòo.
◁ Df mdmbbeòo `m df eobeseòo ms brubefd. Rm sumdm prmamrer uof dfpfrjtjkëf
dfpfrjtjkëf kmèf, pmrj `mlmrëf fkpdefrsm
f uo ærmf `m fl`jkmo oj smbbejof`f prmvefkmotm pfrf keoekezfr md remsnj `m dmseòo eotmsteofd. Mo
fdnuojs bfsjs, pum`m bjose`mrfrsm uof eobeseòo trfosvmrsf j pjr mobekf `md jkldenj.
◁ Df motrf`f mo df bfve`f` fl`jkeofd sm rmfdezf seo mdmbtrjlesturë3 mo su dunfr,
dunfr, sm prmaemrm mkpdmfr uo
lesturë arëj j uofs tegmrfs.

d
◁ Dfs f`hmrmobefs setuf`fs f dj dfrnj

dfrnj `m df hmre`f sm delmrfo bjdjbfo`j uof peozf `m Cjbhmr mo df afsbef
y mgmrbemo`j tmoseòo y bjotrftrfbbeòo sjlrm mddfs ( aen. <5-6).
<5-6).
◁ Hfy qum jlsmrvfr dfs bfrfbtmrëstebfs `md dëque`j pmretjomfd y tjkfr budtevjs.
◁ Dfs f`hmrmobefs sm mdekeofo kmèfotm èsmbbeòo
èsmbbeòo bjrtfotm y sm e`moteaebf md puotj
puotj `m trfosebeòo (aen.
(aen. <5-<).
<5-<).
◁ Re sm e`moteaebf uo puotj `m trfosebeòo bjo afbede`f` y md rmstj `m eotmsteoj `mdnf`j f oevmd prjxekfd
mstæ èdftf`j y f oevmd èstfd oj, dfs f`hmrmobefs setuf`fs mo èbhf zjof sm pum`mo smbbejofr y oj sm
rmquemrm kæs èsmbbeòo (aen.
(aen. <5-2).
<5-2).
◁ Re df setufbeòo oj mstæ bdfrf j se hfy kubhjs smnkmotjs `m eotmsteoj èdftf`js y `msbjkpreke`js, ms
msmobefd mdekeofr tj`fs dfs f`hmrmobefs `ms`m md denfkmotj `m Prmetz hfstf md bemnj.
◁ Re dfs f`hmrmobefs sjo `mkfsef`j `mosfs pfrf `mdeketfr uo pdfoj fprjpef`j, hfy qum eoymbtfr mo mddfs
sumrj sfdeoj (aen.
(aen. <5-0).
<5-0).
◁ Rm `mlm mvfdufr df veflede`f` eotmsteofd y bjose`mrfr df rmsmbbeòo `m djs smnkmotjs oj vefldms.
◁ Mo bufotj f uof pjseldm `mrevfbeòo, se hfy uo fsf èdftf`f qum pmomtrf mo df pmdves y `mspuås sfdm `m
mddf uo fsf `msbjkpreke`f, bjo uof pmdves `m kuy èaëbed fbbmsj bjo fotmbm`motms `m rfèjtmrfpef
j smpses, sm pum`m pdfotmfr uof `mrevfbeòo eotmsteofd. Rm rmfdezf kmèfotm fofstjkjses dftmrjdftmrfd y
suturf`f `m ajrkf kfoufd mo `js pdfojs, `m ajrkf sekedfr f df `msbretf mo md bfpëtudj <2.
◁ Dfs motmrjtjkëfs sm rmpfrfo bjo puotjs sumdtjs `m suturfs rmflsjrleldms `m 2/9.
◁ Md bjotmoe`j eotmsteofd `mlm `msbjkprekersm mxprekeåo`jdj hfbef md ùj`moj bjo bjo uof sjo`f ofsj-
næstrebf.
◁ Df afsbef y df pemd sm bemrrfo, f kmojs qum mxestf uof nfonrmof eotmsteofd j uof bjotfkeofbeòo
eotmosf.
Bfpëtudj <5 d Jlstrubbeòo `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j <22
Aenurf <5-6 Aenurf <5-<
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<. Dfpfrjsbjpef
◁ Eoèbfbejoms7 sjo sekedfrms f dfs `m df berunëf flemrtf, pmrj djs pfbemotms bjo smpses j senojs `m pmraj-
rfbeòo j ombrjses oj `mlmrëfo eobduersm.
◁ Brmfbeòo `md omukjpmretjomj7 pjr dj nmomrfd, sm usf uof tåboebf flemrtf `m Hfssjo f trfvås `m uof
eobeseòo `m 69 kk mo md hepjbjo`rej `mrmbhj j ezquemr`j, `mpmoèmo`j `m df berunëf fotmrejr. Re df
fambbeòo prmvef mstflf mo df `mrmbhf, hfy qum motrfr pjr md df`j ezquemr`j y vebmvmrsf. Mo pfbemotms
qum sòdj sm hfo sjkmte`j f berunëf pådvebf bjo fotmrejre`f` (hestmrmbtjkëf, mtb.), uo trjbfr kmèfd
fdtj smræ suaebemotm.
◁ @mspuås `m rmfdezfr df eobeseòo, sm mkpdmfo smpfrf`jrms mo R y sm eobe`m df afsbef fotmrejr (aen. <5-=).
<5-=).
Md k÷sbudj sm smpfrf y df afsbef pjstmrejr y md pmretjomj sm èsmbfo kmèfotm tåboebf bjrtfotm. Df
motrf`f mo md fl`jkmo sm rmfdezf kmèfotm smbbeòo y `mspuås sm bjdjbf uo pumrtj bjo lfdòo (aens. (aens.
<5-1 y <5->).
<5->).
◁ F bjoteoufbeòo, sm bjdjbfo trjbfrms
trjbfrms fèbejofdms `m = kk, `mpmoèmo`j `m djs hfddfznjs eotrffl`jke-
ofdms. Dj e`mfd ms qum sm set÷mo pfrfdmdjs f df bækfrf.
◁ Dfs f`hmrmobefs fl`jkeofdms fotmrejrms `mlmrëfo smbbejofrsm seo mdmbtrjlesturë kjojpjdfr j lepjdfr.
lepjdfr.
◁ Md puotj `m trfosebeòo sm e`moteaebf fyu`æo`jsm `m peozfs eotmsteofdms ftrfukætebfs.
◁ Mo mstf rmneòo sm rmfdezf uof deses `m f`hmrmobefs bjkpdmtf.
◁ Rm sumdm `mgfr uof sjo`f ofsjnæstrebf ùrfotm vfrejs

vfrejs `ëfs `mspuås `m df eotmrvmobeòo, pums df èstmo-
seòo eotmsteofd prjvjbf uo ëdmj prjdjonf`j.
◁ Fd mxpdjrfr md fl`jkmo mo uo pfbemotm bjo jlstrubbeòo `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j y èdftfbeòo eotmsteofd,
tfotj se sm rmfdezf pjr berunëf flemrtf bjkj pjr dfpfrjsbjpef, md berugfoj `mlmrëf mvetfr kfoepudfr dfs
fsfs èdftf`fs. Hfy qum bjkmozfr mo df vædvudf edmjbmbfd y èrenersm mo smote`j prjxekfd hfstf md puotj
`m trfosebeòo.
Bfpëtudj <5 d Jlstrubbeòo `md eotmsteoj `mdnf`j <2=
Aenurf <5-=
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Atlas de Tecnicas Quirurgicas Del Tracto Digestivo Superior y Del Intestino Delgado

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Atlas de Tecnicas Quirurgicas Del Tracto Digestivo Superior y Del Intestino Delgado

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Bjpyrenht © KKX Mdsmvemr, fo ekpreot ja Mdsmvemr Eob.

© <96< Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D.

Ajtjbjpefr ms uo `mdetj. (Frt. <>9 B.Y.)

ERLO m`ebeòo jreneofd7 5>8-6-0619-=<>8-0

Prfùbbeòo y prjùbbeòo mètjrefd7 @\C Mèbeòo

^eddefk R. Bjll EQ,

Dmmof Chfetfo, K@, KYH

«]of ekfnmo vfdm kæs qum ked pfdflrfs³

Bjurtomy K. Pjwosmo`, Gr., K@

Yhedep F. Deo`mo, K@, AFBR, ABBY y Kftthmw J. Hullfr`, K@

Yfsj 67 Foftjkëf quer÷rnebf

Yfsj <7 Bjose`mrfbejoms prmjpmrftjrefs

© <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs 6

◁ Kubhjs afbtjrms, bjkj df djbfdezfbeòo `md tukjr,

Yfsj 27 Mtfpfs quer÷rnebfs

◁ Md pfbemotm sm bjdjbf mo `mb÷letj dftmrfd ezquemr`j bjo uof eobdeofbeòo fprjxekf`f

Aenurf 6-6 Aenurf 6-<

sef`j fprmtf`f, pums pj`rëf `msnfrrfr md bjo`ubtj (aen.(aen. 6-2).

Aenurf 6-0 Aenurf 6-=

2. Afsm bmrvebfd y dfpfrjtjkëf

◁ Dumnj sm rmfdezf uof pedjrjpdfstef j pedjrjtjkëf,

Yfsj 07 Bue`f`js pjstjpmrftjrejs

Yfsj =7 Yuotjs bdfvm y pjseldms mrrjrms

Yhedep F. Deo`mo, K@, AFBR, ABBY

Yfsj 67 Foftjkëf quer÷rnebf

Yfsj <7 Bjose`mrfbejoms prmjpmrftjrefs

◁ Qåfsm md bfpëtudj 6 pfrf rmvesfr dfs bjose`mrfbejoms

Yfsj 27 Mtfpfs quer÷rnebfs

6. Dfpfrjtjkëf y kjvedezfbeòo næstrebf

◁ Pj`j md mstòkfnj sm `esmbf smn÷o sm hf `msbretj mo md fpfrtf`j «Dfpfrjtjkëf³ `md bfpëtudj 6.

© <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs 6=

rmaumrzf bjo puotjs sumdtjs `m sm`f `m 2/9 eklrebfotms.

◁ Rm `mlmrëf mstekfr df djonetu` `md bjo`ubtj næstrebj. Re ms mxbmsevf, sm `mlmrëf rmbjrtfr

◁ Md pjstjpmrftjrej ms sekedfr fd `m jtrfs rmsmbbejoms msjaænebfs trfostjræbebfs (v.

Yfsj =7 Yuotjs bdfvm y pjseldms mrrjrms

6. Bhu C, Dfw R, ^jon

Yfsj 67 Foftjkëf quer÷rnebf

Yfsj <7 Bjose`mrfbejoms prmjpmrftjrefs

◁ Q. md bfpëtudj 6 pfrf rmvesfr dfs bjose`mrfbejoms prmjpmrftjrefs nmomrfdms.

© <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs <6

Yfsj 27 Mtfpfs quer÷rnebfs

Aenurf 2-6 Aenurf 2-<

Aenurf 2-2 Aenurf 2-0

Yfsj =7 Yuotjs bdfvm y pjseldms mrrjrms

6. Neoslmrn \. Dmat thjrfbjfl`jkeofd bmrvebfd fpprjfbh.

Yfsj 67 Foftjkëf quer÷rnebf

◁ Mo md fljr`fgm trfosheftfd sm rmsmbf uo prjkm`ej

Yfsj <7 Bjose`mrfbejoms prmjpmrftjrefs

◁ Qåfsm md bfpëtudj 6 pfrf rmvesfr dfs bjose`mrfbejoms

Yfsj 27 Mtfpfs quer÷rnebfs

© <96<. Mdsmvemr Mspföf, R.D. \msmrvf`js tj`js djs `mrmbhjs <>

6. @esmbbeòo `md msòafnj m eobeseòo bmr vebfd

◁ @mspuås `m kjvedezfr md kfonuetj næstrebj

Aenurf 0-6 Aenurf 0-<

<. Mdmvfbeòo `md kfonuetj næstrebj y fofstjkjses bmrvebfd

◁ Rjo e`åotebfs f dfs `m df tåboebf `m trepdm fljr`fgm

◁ Md pjstjpmrftjrej ms sekedfr fd `msbretj mo md bfpëtudj 6. Bufdquemr fofstjkjses bmrvebfd bjoddmvf uo

Aenurf 0-0 Aenurf 0-=

Yfsj =7 Yuotjs bdfvm y pjseldms mrrjrms

◁ Re sm mobumotrfo èaebudtf`ms senoeaebftevfs fd smpfrfr md msòafnj `m df træqumf kmèfotm èsmbbeòo

6. Bhu C, Dfw R, ^jon

Yfsj 67 Foftjkëf quer÷rnebf

◁ Df msjafnmbtjkëf këoekfkmotm eovfsevf rmburrm f df tjrfbjsbjpef, df dfpfrjsbjpef

Yfsj <7 Bjose`mrfbejoms prmjpmrftjrefs