USLS College of Medicine
Anatomy: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
Lecturer: Cynthia Manalili, MD
ANATOMY: study of the structures/parts of the body - human,
animal and plant - and its relationship with one another
PHYSIOLOGY: study of the function of the parts and structures
of the body
• Basic Anatomy: study of minimal amount of anatomy
consistent with the understanding of the overall structures
and function of the body
• Human Anatomy: study of the parts that make up the
human body, with special emphasis on relationship
• Histology (Microscopic Anatomy): study of the minute
structures of the body, accomplished with the help of the
microscope
• Developmental Anatomy: study of the various changes
undergone by the body in its different states of
development – from the one-cell stage and throughout its
natural life
– Embryology: part of developmental anatomy
limited to the study of all body changes occurring
while developing inside the uterus (Intra-Uterine life)
• Gross Anatomy: study of the parts and structures that
are visible to the naked eye (natural vision)
– includes all means and procedures necessary to
arrive at the knowledge of the FORMS and
RELATIONS of the different structures that make up
the human body
– divided into:
1. Regional or Topographical Anatomy
o study of the relationship of all structures
(bones, joints, muscles, fasciae, tendons,
blood vessels, nerves and organs of the
body) found in a particular area
o knowledge of such relationship is of prime
importance for future Clinical and Surgical
applications
o Dissection Anatomy is topographical
anatomy
2. Systemic Anatomy
o form of study in which all parts of the body,
made up of the same structure and of
related function, are taken up individually
and as a group
o System: A group of organs similar in origin
and structure, united together in the
performance of a given function
o Organ: A group of fundamental tissues
bound together in the performance of a
given function.
o Fundamental Tissue:
§ Epithelial
§ Connective
§ Muscular
§ Nervous
§ Vascular
3. Surface Anatomy
o delineating of the external surface of the
body. The relative position of organs and
structures found inside the body.
1
o achieved by making use of constantly
seen or palpable bony projections or
depressions for our external landmarks
4. Radiographic Anatomy
o study of the normal contour, location and
relation of the parts of the body is pictured
in X-Ray plates
5. Applied Anatomy
o application of the knowledge gained in the
study of anatomy, to the actual practice of
Medicine
o Clinical and Surgical considerations serve
to give the students the rationale of
symptoms; the basis of diagnosis and the
possible treatment – from the anatomical
standpoint
INTRODUCTION TO REGIONAL ANATOMY
Regional or Topographical Anatomy: study by means of
which, all structures of the body as found in a definite and
particular area, are studied in detail – special emphasis being
given to existing normal relationship
Objectives of the Study
• To acquire a clear picture of the location and relations of
the different structures.
• Such knowledge serves to prepare the student to
understand, together with Physiology, the living individual
so that any deviation from the normal standard is easily
observed, explained and interpreted.
Object of Dissection
• All binding tissues, areolar and adipose connective tissue,
fasciae, membranes, etc. that more or less holds the body
into a compact WHOLE are removed, thereby allowing:
– Exposure of the deeper and more important
structures, and
– Observation and study of their normal relationship.
Anatomical Position
• fixed imaginary position to which description of any part of
the body is referred to
• serves to prevent any confusion that may arise when the
cadaver is turned in various ways, in the course of
dissection
– Body: erect in the standing position
– Upper Extremities: at the sides of the body
– Palm of the Hand: facing forward or anteriorly
– Thumb: directed away from the median plane
 USLS College of Medicine 2
Anatomy: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
Lecturer: Cynthia Manalili, MD

It is to be noted that anatomical position differs slightly from the
ordinary standing position assumed by a living individual, in that
the forearms and hands are in the supine position.
DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMICAL TERMS
Body Planes and Sections: planes or surfaces that may be
used as reference, when trying to obtain a clear image of the
relative position of two or more structures to one another
• Medial: towards the midline of the body; on
the inner side of
• Median (Middle or Medius): at the midline
of the body; between the anterior and
posterior
• Lateral: away from the midline of the body;
on the outer side of
• Intermediate: between a more medial and
a more lateral structure

• Proximal: close to the origin of

the body part or point of
attachment to a limb to the body
trunk
• Distal: farther from the origin of
a body part or the point of
attachment of a limb to the body trunk

• Superficial: toward or at the body surface;

external
• Deep: away from the body surface; more
internal
Terms of Movement
• Flexion: takes
• Median Plane (Mid-Sagittal) place in a sagittal
– vertical plane that divides the body into Right and plane
Left halves (non-symmetrical halves) – usually an
– only one such plane can be drawn through the body anterior
• Sagittal or Paramedian Plane movement
– vertical plane that divides the body into Right and – occasionally
Left unequal parts posterior (in
– parallel to the median plane the case of
• Frontal or Coronal Plane the knee)
– vertical plane at right angles to the median and • Extension:
sagittal plane, dividing the body into Anterior and straightening of
Posterior unequal parts the joint and that
• Transverse or Horizontal Plane usually takes
– at right angles to the three other planes, dividing the place in a
body into Superior and Inferior unequal parts posterior direction
o Superior: upper end of body • Lateral flexion:
o Inferior: lower end of body movement of the
It is to be noted, that while only one median plane can be drawn trunk in the
through the body, there can be an almost limitless number of the coronal plane
three other planes that can divide the body into unequal parts • Abduction: limb away from the midline of the body in the
Directional Terms coronal plane
• Superior (cranial or cephalad): toward the • Adduction: limb toward the body in the coronal plane
head end or upper part of a structure or the – fingers and toes
body; above o abduction: spreading of these structures
• Inferior (caudal): away from the head end o adduction: drawing together of these structures
or toward the lower part of a structure or the – thumb
body; below o abduction: away from the rest of the fingers
o adduction: towards the rest of the fingers is

• Ventral (anterior): toward or at the front

of the body; in front of
• Dorsal (posterior): toward or at the
backside of the body; behind
 USLS College of Medicine 3
Anatomy: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
Lecturer: Cynthia Manalili, MD

• Rotation: *Test for Appendicitis:

movement of a part • (+) Rebound test
of the body around • pain in R iliac region
its long axis • Labs
– Medial o CBC (increase neutrophils/eosinophils)
rotation o Urinalysis to rule out UTI: UTI = (+) WBCs, pus cells,
– Lateral bacteria
rotation o UTI = +LE (not all tho)
– Supination o Nitrite & Leukocyte Esterase positive (secondary)
– Pronation o Pyuria: (+) WBCs in urine
• Circumduction: • Peritonitis: inflammation of peritoneum
combination in o To be differentiated from appendicitis by abdominal
sequence of the guarding (testing of abdominal wall muscle)
movements of *Acute bacterial infection – neutrophils
flexion, extension, *Parasitic infection & allergic reactions – eosinophils
abduction, and *Chronic & viral infections - lymphocytes
adduction *Inflammation = increase WBCs
• Protraction: moving forward of the jaw
• Retraction: moving backwards of the jaw
• Inversion: movement of the foot so that the soles faces
in a medial direction
• Eversion: opposite movement of the foot so that the sole
faces in a lateral direction
Regional Terms
Anterior Body Landmarks Posterior Body Landmarks

BASIC STRUCTURES
1. SKIN
• External covering of the body
• Divided into 3 layers:
– Epidermis: keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
o palms of the hands and soles of the feet:
thick; wear & tear
o ant. surface of body: thin
o post. surface of body: thicker
– Dermis: composed of dense CT
Body Cavities o contains many blood vessels, lymphatics
• Dorsal and nerves
– Cranial cavity: brain o Dermis Papillary region: comprises 1/5 of
– Spinal cavity: spinal cord dermis; fingerprints
• Ventral o Reticular region: 4/5 dense irregular
– Thoracic cavity: heart, lungs, connective tissue; collagen for network
and others – Hypodermis: superficial fascia or subcutaneous
– Abdominopelvic cavity: tissue/layer
digestive system and most o connects dermis of the skin is connected to
urinary system organs the underlying deep fascia or bones
o shock absorber
• skin over joints has fold (skin creases)
• appendages of the skin:
RUQ: Right kidney, liver – Nails
gallbladder, pancreas – Hair
(head and neck) – Sebaceous glands
LUQ: stomach, spleen, – Sweat glands
body and tail of pancreas 2. FASCIAE
and Left kidney (slightly • divided into
superior than the right) – Superficial fasciae “Subcutaneous tissue”
RLQ: Right ovary, o mixture of loose areolar and adipose tissue
appendix and cecum that unites the dermis of the skin to the
LLQ: Left ovary, sigmoid underlying deep fasciae
colon o scalp, back of the neck, palms of the
hands, and soles of the feet: numerous
 USLS College of Medicine 4
Anatomy: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
Lecturer: Cynthia Manalili, MD

bundles of collagen fibers that holds the § fixed or immovable

skin firmly to the deeper structures o Cartilaginous
o eyelids, auricle of the ear, penis and § slightly movable
scrotum, and clitoris: devoid of adipose o Synovial
tissue § allow for smooth movements between
– Deep fasciae the adjacent bones
o membranous layer of CT that – Functional
clothes/wraps the muscles and other deep o Synarthroses
structures § immovable joints
o thin films of areolar tissue covering o Amphiarthrosis:
muscles and aponeuroses, definite § slightly movable
sheaths around muscles to hold them in o Diarthroses
place, fibrous septa b/w group of muscles § freely movable joints
forming compartments 5. BLOOD VESSELS
o thickened deep fascia to form restraining • Arteries
bands called retinaculum to hold tendons • Veins
in position or to serve as pulleys around • Capillaries
which tendons may move Description of an Artery
3. MUSCLES 1. Origin
• classified into: 2. Commencement
– Skeletal: voluntary 3. Course
o produce the movements of the skeleton 4. Branches
o made up of striped muscle fiber 5. Termination
§ caused by the regular arrangement of Description of a Vein
contractile proteins (actin & myosin) 1. Origin
o attachments: 2. Commencement
§ Origin 3. Course
§ Insertion 4. Branches
o muscle to muscle – aponeurosis 5. Termination
o muscle to bone – tendons 6. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
o muscle to cartilage or bone to bone – • Consists of:
ligaments – Lymphatic Tissues
o long and cylindrical o type of CT that contains large numbers of
o multinucleated lymphocytes
o has striations o organized into:
o types of contraction: twitch, jerky that last § Thymus
<10 sec § Lymph nodes
– Smooth: involuntary § Spleen
o long, spindle-shaped cell fibers closely § Lymphatic nodules
arranged in bundles or sheets o essential for the immunologic defenses of
o provides the motive power for propelling the the body against bacteria and viruses.
contents thru the lumen – peristalsis – Lymphatics Vessels
o fusiform o tubes that assist the CVS in the removal of
o uninucleated tissue fluid from tissue spaces of the body
o no striations bc has no troponin o returns the fluid to the blood
o type of contraction: tonic o essentially a drainage system
– Cardiac: involuntary o found in all tissues and organs EXCEPT
o striated muscle fibers that branch and unite CNS, eyeball, internal ear, epidermis of the
with each other (ex. myocardium of the skin, cartilage, and bone
heart) o Lymph: tissue fluid that enters the
o spontaneous and rhythmical contraction lymphatic vessels
o (+) intercalated disc 7. NERVOUS SYSTEM
o uninucleated • Main parts:
o type of contraction: rhythmic – CNS: brain and spinal cord
Description of a Muscle – PNS: cranial and spinal nerves
1. Origin – ANS
2. Insertion o Sympathetic NS (Efferent fibers):
3. Action thoraco-lumbar
4. Blood Supply o Parasympathetic NS (Afferent fibers):
5. Nerve Supply cranio-sacral
4. JOINTS (ARTICULATION) *check page 5
• 2 bones come together
• Classified into:
– Structural
o Fibrous
USLS College of Medicine 5
Anatomy: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
Lecturer: Cynthia Manalili, MD