Parisara Arathika Vidyawa

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net/publication/277809239
"Parisara Arthika Vidyawa" / Environmental

Economics published in Sinhala language.
Book · January 2000

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.5101.8408/1
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2 authors, including:
Hemesiri Kotagama
Sultan Qaboos University
121 PUBLICATIONS 179 CITATIONS
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.sksfldk os. wdishdkq wdrA:sl iy mrsir jevigyk
This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from Economy and
Environment Program for South East Asia (EEPSEA)

wdpdrAh tpz' tuz' .=K;s,l
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msgljrh - wPs;a wx.uzuk

ISBN 955-589-031-5
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os. wdishdkq wdrA:sl iy mrsir jev igykg (EEPSEA) iy tys
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b;du;a bjis,af,ka yd lemjSulska fjfyi jS mrs>kl wCIr ;enQ
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,nkakdjq Ph.%yKhls'
uydpdrAh tpz'mS'weuz' .=Kfiak

B.Sc. Agric. (Cey.), Ph.D. (Reading), D.Sc. FNASSL
wOHCIl
lDIsldrAusl mYapd;a WmdOs wdh;kh
fmardfoKsh
fmrjok 2
fuu jeo.;a lD;shg fmrjokla imhkqfha b;du;a i;=gsks.

wdishdfjz mrsir wdrA:sl jsoHdj y|qkajdoSug fmruqK .;a rgls Y%S
,xldj. Y%S ,dxlsh mrsir wdrA:sl jsoj;ayq .sksfldk os. wdishd;sl
wdrA:sl iy mdrsirsl jevigykg (EEPSEA) uyÛ= odhl;ajhla
\qkay.
1993 jifrA isg EEPSEA jevigyk wdishdfjz mrsir wdrA:sl

jsoHd mrAfhaIK iy wOHdmk jev igyka i|yd odhl jsh. wmf.a
iuzm;a odhl;ajh jevsjYfhka ,nd.kakd ,oafoa jsYaj jsoHd,
l:SldpdrAhjrekaf.a yelshdjka jrAOkhg iy Tjqka u.ska
jsIhud,d oshqKq lsrSugh. fuu odhl;ajfh M, jvd;a jsYd,
msrsila, tkuz bx.S%is ni fkdo;a foaYSh ni muKla okakd
nyq;rhla w;r fnoShdu i|yd fuu lD;sh WmldrS fjz hhs
EEPSEA jev igyfka n,dfmdfrd;a;=jhs.
fuu lD;sfha l;Dka jk wdpdrAh fyauisrs fldg.u iy

wdpdrAh tpz.tuz. .=K;s,lg uf.a m%Yxidj ysush.
wdpdrAh fvzjsvz .af,dajrA

wOHCIl
EEPSEA
Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia
ms\qu . . .

Y%S ,dxlSh jsYaj jsoHd, jsIh fCI;%hg y|qkajd \qqka
uydpdrAh mshfiak wfnz.=KjrAOkhkag
mgqk
msgqj
ye|skajSu
fmrjok 1
fmrjok 2
mgqk i
igyka j.=j iii
mrspzfPAoh 1 mrsir wdrA:sl jsoHdfjz jsldYh 1

1'1 usksid iy mrsirh 1
1'2 miq.sh jir ydrishh ;=< mrsir Ndjs;h 2
1'3 wdrA:sl jrAOkfha jdis iy wjdis 5
1'4 iuzm;a iy ;dÌKsl iSud( wjsksYaps; wkd.;hla 8
1'5 jsiªula i|yd m%fjzYh 10
mrspzfPAoh 2 ;sridr ixjrAOkh 13

2'1 wjsksYaps; ixjrAOkfhka ;sridr ixjrAOkh lrd 13
2'2 ;sridr ixjrAOkfha wdrA:sluh wrA:h 15
2'3 ;sridr ixjrAOkh( ixl,amfhka l%shd;aul 23
Ndjhg
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3'2 wdrA:sl l%u 30
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3'2'2 uOH.; wdrA:Sl l%uh 32
3'2'3 usY% wdrA:sl l%uh 33
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ldrAhÌu;dj
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3'3'3 mdrsfNda.sl iy ksIamdol mrdOSk yeisrSu 43
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3'3'3'2 mrsfN`ck ldrAhCIu;dj 49
3'4 ldrAhÌu;dj yd fj<|fmd< 56
3'4'1 iqNidOkh ms<sn| m<uqjk isoaOdka;h 59
3'4'2 iqNidOkh ms<sn| fojk isoaOdka;h 64
mrspzfPAoh 4 fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d 65

4'1 wiuzmQrAK foam, whs;sh 65
4'2 nysrA;djhka 72
4'2'1 nysrA;djhka wNHka;rSlrKh lsrSu 76
4'2'2 fldtaishka kHdhh 76
4'2'3 ms.=jshka n\q jsi|qu 84
4'2'4 wm\%jH ksl=;a lsrSu i|yd jk m%us; 86
4'2'5 mrsir \qIKhg wjir m;a ksl=;a lsrSu 86
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4'4 taldOsldr fj<|fmd< 92
4'5 m%;sm;a;s wiu;a jSu 92
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5'2 iuzm;a mrsfN`ckfha wdrA:sl wjia:d 99
mrspzfPAoh 6 m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iuzm;a 103

l<ukdlrKfha uq,OrAu
mrspzfPAoh 7 m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iuzm;a 113
m%;splS%lrK l<ukdlrKh
7'1 wm \%jH bj;,Sfuz ;SrKh 115
7'2 ksIamdok l,a meje;au 120
mrspzfPAoh 8 m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels iuzm;a 123

l<ukdlrKh
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8'1'1 u;aiH .yKhl ffPj hdka;%kh 125
8'1'2 psria:dhs wiajekak 128
8'1'3 ffPj wdrA:sl iu;=,s;;djh 130
8'1'4 OSjr iuzm;a l<ukdlrKh 137
8'1'4'1 u;aiH wiajekak u; n\q mekjSu 137
8'1'4'2 mrsY%uh u; n\q mekjSu 138
8'1'4'3 fldagd l%u 139
8'2 jkdka;r l<ukdlrKh 140
8'2'1 cSj jsoHd;aul moku 142
8'2'2 oej wiajkq fk,Sfuz wdrA:sl jsoHd;aul 144
moku
mrspzfPAoh 9 mrsir \QIKh md,kfha wdrA:sl 151

jsoHd;aul uq,OrAu
9'1 ldrAhCIu yd msrsjeh iM, mrsir \QIK 151
md,kh
9'2 us, md,k l%u 156
9'3 j.lSuz yd ne|Suz kS;s 161
9'4 m%udKd;aul md,k l%u 162
9'5 mrsir \qIK md,k m%;sm;a;s we.hSfuz 166
Wmudk
igyka j.=j
igyka wxl 3'1( WfmaÌd jl%
igyka wxl 3'2( whjeh frALd is;shu
igyka wxl 3'3( mrsfNdaPkfha iu;=,s; ;dj
igyka wxl 3'4( iu ksIamdok jl%
igyk wxl 3'5( iu msrsjeh frALdj
igyka wxl 3'6( ksIamdokfha iu;=,s;;dj
igyka wxl 3'7( mdka iy fldams i|yd iu ksIamdok jl%
igyk wxl 3'8( mdka iy fldams i|yd jQ iu ksIamdok jl%j,
fmgzgs igyk
igyka wxl 3'9( ldrAhÌu ksIamdok m:h
igyka wxl 3'10( ksIamdok yelshd jl%h
igyka wxl 3'11( 1 iy 2 mqoa.,hkaf.a WfmaÌd jl%
igyka wxl 3'12( WfmaÌd jl% fmgzgs igyk
igyka wxl 3'13( Wmfhda.s;d yelshd jl%h
igyka wxl 3'14( m%Odk Wmfhda.s;d m%;Hka;h
igyka wxl 3'15( mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;dj
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igyka wxl 3'17( iudc WfmaÌd jl% is;shu
igyka wxl 3'18( Wmrsu iudP iqNidOkh lrd ,ÛdjSu
igyka wxl 4'1( ksoyia m%fjzYhl yd mqoa.,sl foam,l iu;=,s;;dj

igyka wxl 4'2( ksIamdok nysrA;djhloS fj<|fmd< wiu;a jSu
igyka wxl 4'3( Ynzo \qIK nysrA;dj wNHka;rSlrKh
igyk wxl 4'4( mrsir \qIK md,kfha iu;=,s;;dj
igyka wxl 4'5( wdodhuz n,mEu iy fldtaishka jsi¥u
igyk wxl 4'6( .Kqfokq msrsjeh iy fldtaishka jsi¥u
igyka wxl 4'7( ms.=jshka n¥ yd iu;=,s;;dj
igyka wxl 4'8( fmd\q NdKav yd fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;djka
igyka wxl 6'1( fydfg,skaf.a uq, OrAuh

igyka wxl 6'2( ksiaidrKh lrk m%udKh ld,h;a iuÛ fjkia
jk wkaou
igyka wxl 7'1( m%;splS%lrKfha ldrAhCIu ugzgu
igyka wxl 8'1( jrAOk iS.%;djh yd .yKfha iuznkaO;djh

igyka wxl 8'2( wiajkq fk,Su .yKh flfrys n,mdk wkaou
igyka wxl 8'3( u;aiH .yKh" mrsY%uh yd wiajekak w;r
iuznkaO;dj
igyka wxl 8'4( mrsY%uh by, kexjSu wiajekakg yd .yKhg
n,mdk wkaou
igyka wxl 8'5( jrAOk iS.%;djh yd wh Ndrh w;r iuznkaO;dj
igyka wxl 8'6( Osjr iuzm;l jsjD; m%jsYagfha iu;=,s;;dj
igyka wxl 8'7( Osjr iuzm;l mqoa.,sl foam, iuz;=,s;;dj
igyka wxl 8'8( Osjr wiajekak u; n\q mekjSu
igyka wxl 8'9( mrsY%uh u; n\q mekjSu
igyka wxl 8'10( oej ksIamdok jl%h
igyka wxl 9'1( mrsir \qIK md,kfha iu;=,s;;dj

igyka wxl 9"2( fudapk n\q iu;=,s;;dj
igyka wxl 9"3( mrsir \QIKfha wju msrsjeh lrd ,Ûd jSu
igyka wxl 9"4( yqjudre l< yels n,m;% yd msrsjeh iM,;dj
m<uqjk mrspzfPAoh
1' mrsir wdrA:sl jsoHdfjz jsldYh
1'1 usksid iy mrsirh

usksidf.a ffcj iy iudc mrsKduh iuÛ tlajq ;dÌKsl
oshqKqj ksid iS>% f,i mrsir iuzm;a ydhkh jq (Environmental
Resource Degradation) wdldrh;a, tu iuzm;a Ndjs;fhka jq
ksIamdokfhys yd mdrsfNdaPkfhys w;=re M, f,i ksmhqKq
wm\%jHkaf.ka mrsirh iS>%j \QIKh jq (Environmental Pollution)
wdldrh;a fuu mrspzfPAofhka uQ,slj jsia;r fjz. fojkqj wksis
^wldrAhCIu& f,i mrsir iuzm;a Ndjs;h ksid u;=j we;s
wka;(mruzmrsh (Intra Generational) iy wka;rA mruzmrsh (Inter
Generational) widOdrKhka (Inequity), t;=<ska u;=j we;s ixjrAOkh
ms,sn|jq wjsksYaps;dj;a jsia;r flfrA. f;jkqj wjsksYaps;
ixjrAOkh ksYaps; ;sridr ixjrAOkhlg (Sustainable Development)
fhduq lsrSu i|yd Ndjs; l< yels, tkuz mrsir Ndjs;h ms,sn| usksia
;SrK ksis u.g fhduq l, yels, oekquz moaO;shla f,i mrsir
wdrA:sl jsoHdj (Environmental Economics) y|qkajd fokq ,efnz.
usksid iy mrsirfha we;s iuznkaO;dj ms,sn| jsjrKh merKs

odrAYksl u; Tiafia jsldY jS we; . oykujk Y;jrAIhg m%:u
hqfrdamSh hqfojz-ls%ia;shdks u;hg wkqj usksid;a, mrsirh;a usksidf.a
m%fhdaPkh i|yd, fojshka jykafia jsiska ujk ,oS. tu hq.fhau
wdishd;sl fn!oaO-yska\q u;hg wkqj usksid;a, mrsirh;a, ks;s fjkia
jk kuq;a tlu moaO;shl wka;rA iuznkaO;djhlska hq;a
ix>glhkah. wm ms,s.kakd u;h l=ula jqjo jir 300"000 muK
ffcj iy iudc mrsKdufhka miq usksid wo mD:sjsfhys wkd.;
meje;au ;SrKh lrkakdjQ m%Odk ffPj idOlh njg m;aj isgS.
ffcjuh jYfhka usksia mrsKdufha m%Odk wx. folla f,i

i,lkqfha js{dKsl îs;du;d ;SrK .; yels& yelshdjka we;s
{dkh jrAOkh iy ishquz ldrAhhka l< yels jk uymgeÛs,s
jrAOkh jSuh. iudPSh jYfhka usksia mrsKdufha m%Odk wx.hla
mrsir wdrA:sl jsoHdfjz jsldYh
jkafka iuqyhla f,i ^mjq,, f.da;%h, rdcH wdos jYfhka& iudPshj

PSj;a jSuh.
by; i|yka l< ffcjuh iy iudP mrsKduh fya;=fjka,

ovhuska yd iajNdjsl m, je, u; hemqK usksia m%cdj hemquz
lDIslrAudka;hg;a, w;srsla; ksmhquz lDIslrAudka;hg;a, w;srsla;
ksmhquz lrAudka;hg;a fhduqjqKs. w;srsla; ksIamdok yelshdjka
iu. jsfYaIs; ksIamdokh;a, yqjudre wdrA:slh;a f.dv ke.sKs.
fuys m%;sM,h jqfha iqfLdamfNda.S PSjk rgdjla we;slsrSu iy ksoyia
pska;khg wjia:d ie,iSuls. tfia jqjo fuu mrsKduh jskdYh yd
w;aje,a ne|qkla f,i ie,lSug ;=vq fok idCIs jevs jevsfhka
,efnuska mj;S. jevs jYfhka yd iS.%fhka mdrsirsl iuzm;a Ndjs;h,
fuys w;=re M,hla jsh. thska miq.sh jir 400 jvd;a lemS
fmfkhs.
1'2 miq.sh jir ydrishh ;=< mrsir Ndjs;h
mdrsirsl iuzm;a iS.% f,i Ndjs;h;a, \QIKhg ,la jSu;a

werUqfka miq.sh wjqre\q 400-500 muK jljdkqj ;=< is\qjq
;dCIKsl, iudP-wdrA:sl iy foaYmd,kuh fjkialuz ksidh. ir,
;dCIKsl fidhd .ekSuz jq frdaoh, k.=, isg g%elagrh;a Yla;s m%Nj
f,i i;ajhkaf.a isg .,a wÛ=re yd LKsP f;,a fidhd.ekSu wdosh
ksid hqfrdamfha ldrAusl iy lDIsldrAusl jsma,jhla ^w;srsla;
ksIamdok lsrSfuz yelshdj& we;sjsh. kdjsl .ukd.ukfhys
jrAOkh;a, fjvs fnfy;a Ndjs;h iy wjs wdhqO ;dCIKfhys
jrAOkh;a iuÛ we;sjq hg;a jsPs; jHdma;sh iuzm;a Ndjs;fhys
N+f.da,Sh lv buz mqMZ,a l< w;r, hqfrdamSh iudc-wdrA:sl iy
foaYmd,k OrAu;d iy rgdjka Pd;Hdka;rj jHdma; lf<ah. ta
iuÛu hqfrdamh i;= iuzm;a fukau Ok wdlr o mqMZ,a jkakg jsh.
tmuKgu wdishdj, wm%sldj wdoS wfkl=;a rgj, iuzm;a Ndjs;h o
iS>% jsK.s r;%x iy fjk;a jgskd \%jH ishrg /f.k hdfuka
werUs fuz iuzm;a Ndjs;h wk;=rej wdydr \%jH, fl¢jrA., LKsc
jrA. fukau usksia Y%uho hqfr`mSh lrAudka; wdrA:slfha wuq\%jH f,i
Ndjs;h olajd jrAOkh jsh.
fufia Ok OdkHfhka wdVH jq hqfr`mdlrh ;dCIK oshqKQjlg

ux fm; fy<s lf<ah. fuz ;dCIK oshqKqj;a iuÛ oshqKq nsc jrA.,
lDIs ridhk yd hka;% iq;% Ndjs;h lr,shg f.k wd yrs; fyj;a
lDIsldrAusl jsma,jhla we;s jsh. fuz f,i ksIamdok ls%hdodufha
fukau Wmfh`.s fldg .;a ;dCIKfha;a meyeos,s fjkialuz
olakg ,ensKs. tmuKla fkdj, LKsc f;,a jeks uska fmr
Ndjs;hg fkd.;a iuzm;a fidhd.ekSu ksid iuzm;a uq,hkaf.ao
2
jevsjSula is\qjsh. jsoHdfjz iy ffjoH Ydia;%fha we;s jq oshqKqj fmr

fkdjq jsrE ck.yK jrAOkhlgo uÛ mEoSh.
l,a h;au W;=re wefursldj, Tziafg%z,shdj, ol=Kq wms%ldj fukau

ol=Kq wefursldfjz iuyr fldgiaj,o mosxps jq hqfr`mSyq tajdfha uq,a
Wreulaldrhka jq iajfoaYSlhka wNsnjd hkakgo jqy . fuz kj
f,`lfhys, jsfYaIfhkau W;=re wefursldj i;= jq iuzm;a uq,hka
w;sjsYd, jsh. hqfr`mShhka yd wfkl=;a rgj,a fj;ska Wlyd .;a
;dCIKh yd ixialD;sl Wreuh;a fuz iuzm;a iuÛ tlafldg Y;
jrAI ;=Kl muK flgs ld,hla ;=<oS wefursldj m%n, wdrA:sl
Yla;shla f.dvk.d .;af;ah. hqfr`mfha;a fuz kj f,`lfha;a, cSj;a
jq hqfr`mShh iuzNjfhka hq;= ck;djg iuDoaOsu;a hq.hla fuz ld,h
;=<oS Wodjsh. fuz w;r cmdkh ;=<o tjeks msnsoSula olakg ,ensK.
miq.sh ishji ;=< is\qjq ;dCIKsl fjkialuz w;suy;ah.

g%dkaisiagrA Ndjs;h, bf,lafg%dksl ;dCIKh, mrs>Kl Ndjs;h,
wNHjldY .uka, kHIagsl jsoHdj, Pdk bxPsfkare jsoHdj wdosfhys
we;sjq oshqK qj ;=<ska lDIsldrAusl , ldrAusl iy ffjoH fCI;%j,
jsYd, ‘Wkak;shla ’ we;sjsh' iudc-wdrA:sl-foaYmd,k jHdma;sfhys
we;sjq fjkialuz flf;lao h;a jsjsO iudc-wdrA:sl-foaY md,k rgd
wkq.ukh l< rgj,a wo i,lkqfha iudldr iudc-wdrA:sl-
foaYmd,k rgdjla we;s jsYaj .uzudkhla (Global Village) f,ih.
fuu ishjia y;rl flgs ld,mrspzfPAoh jql,s usksia b;sydih

ksrEmkh lrk wdorAYkhla fkdjqKo jsisjk ishjfiys ixjrAOs;
rgj, usksiqkaf.a wfmaCId yev.eiajSug tu ld, jljdkqj fya;=
jqjdg iel ke;. tmuKla fkdj, Tjqkaf.a cSjk meje;au, pska;k
yelshdj fukau usksia iuznkaO;d (Human Relations) iy ksIamdok
ls%hdj,sh (Production Relation) ixjsOdkh lsrSug bjy,a jq
wdh;khkao (Institutions) yev.eiajSfuz,d th n,mEfjzh. ;dÌK
jsfYaI{hska, wdrA:sl jsoHd{hska, foaYmd,k jsYdrohska fukau
kS;s{hskao wkd.;h ms<sn| iajlSh mrsl,amkhkag uq,sl jq
w;aoelSuz Wlyd .;af;a fuz ld,mrspzfPAofhks.
miq.sh ishjia y;r uqMZ,af,a we;s jq msnsoSu bosrshg;a

wLKavj mj;skq we;ehs ksYaps; f,i lsjyelso@ tl t,af,a Bg
ms<s;=rla iemhSug fmr fuu ishjia y;r mqrd olakg ,enqKq
msnsoSug mdol jq jeo.;a ,CIK ;=kla flfrA wjOdkh fhduq lruq.
m<uqj hqfr`mSh cd;Ska jsiska <Ûd lr .;a iuDoaOsh msgqmi ;snq tla
m%Odk idOlhla jqfha, hqfr`mSh fkdjk rgj, iuzm;a Ndjs;hg bv
i,id .ekSuh. fojkqj, m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels ^Non Renewable),
fmfg%`,shuz, jgskd LKsc, jeks iuzm;a iSudj blaujd Ndjs;hg
.ekSuh. fuz ksidfjka wkd.; iudPhg tu iuzm;a Ndjs;hg we;s
3
wjia:d wdidOdrK f,i ke;sjsK. f;jkqj, h<s ielish fkdyels

(Irreversible), wkaofuz n,mEuz /ila mrsirhg is\qlrk ,oafoa;a, fuz
wjOsfhah. mrsirhg fukau tys fjfik i;aFj yd Ydl .yKhg
is\qjsh yels w;=re jsmdl fkdi,ld, ksIamdok l%shdj,sh jHdma;
lrk ,oS. is\qjsh yels ydks ms<sn|j oek fy` fkdoek, lDIsldrAusl
nsuzj,ska fukau lrAudka; Yd,dj,ska o ksmofjk wm\%jH mrsirhg
ksoyia lsrSug usksiqka fm<Uqks. mrsirh iy usksid w;r ;snQ
iyPSjk iuznkaOh (Symbiotic Relationship) ns| jegsk' fufia
jrA;udk fukau wkd.; iudPhg o widOdrK jk f,i
,.dlr.;a ixjrAOkh psria:dhs tlla fkdjSug we;s bvlv b;d
jsYd, nj wo fndfyda fokd f;areuz f.k we; .
mrsirh hkq usksia l%shdldrluzj,g ixfjzos jq usksia

wjYH;djka bgql< yels moaO;shls. mrsirfhka iemfhk usksia
wjYH;d fyda lD;Hhka m%Odk jYfhka m%Nj (Source), wjfYdaIl
(Sink) iy f.da,Sh (Global) f,i jrA.SlrKh l< yel. m%Nj
lD;Hh f,i ie,flkqfha mrsirfhka iemfhk m%;sIaGdmkh l<
yels ^jkdka;r jeks& iy m%;sIaGdmkh l, fkdyels ^fmfg%da,shuz
jeks& iuzm;a iemhquh. wjfYdaIl lD;H f,i ie,flkqfha ldrAusl
iy lDIsldrAusl ksIamdokfhaoS w;=re M, f,i ksmofjk \qIl \%jH
(Pollutants) jsfhdaPkh (Assimilation) lsrSuh. f.da,Sh lD;H f,i
ie,flkqfha iuia; f,djg ,efnk ffcj iyldrl moaO;sh,
yrs;d.dr wdjrKh (Green House Protection), ffcj jsjsO;ajh
(Biodiversity) jeks oE fjz. TzkEu moaO;shl l%shdldrs;ajh rod
mj;skqfha moaO;sh ieliqKq Wm wx.j, wka;rA l%shdldrs;ajh u;h.
mrsirfha Wm wx. f,i fN!;sl ^N+f.da, ;Fjhka& iy ffcj î;=ka
iy Ydl& iy usksiqka ie,lsh yel. by;ska jsia;r l< mrsos,
jsfYaIfhka miq.sh Y; jrAI y;r ;=<, usksiqka jsiska mrsirfha
fN!;sl iy ffcj Wmwx. tys iajNdjsl iSudjka wNsnjd
m%fhdackhg .kakd ,oS. ta fya;=fjka fuu Wm wx. w;r wka;rA
l%shdjka ySk jS wjYH;d ksmhquo ySk jS we;. fuu ySk jSu iuyr
jsgl h,s m%;sIa:dmkh l< fkdyels jk ;rugu is\qjS we;.
tnejskau mrsirh iy iajNdjsl iuzm;a u; wksjdrAhfhka mrdOSk
jk wdrA:sl ixjrAOkh psria:dhs fkdjk ;Fjhlg m;ajsh yel .
wdrA:sl jrAOkh iy mrsirh w;r we;s iuznkaO;dj mqMZ,a

f,i jgyd .ekSu jgS. mrsirh wOs Ndjs;hg iy \QIKhg ,la
jkqfha usksia ;SrK ksidh. mrsirh keKj;aj Ndjs;h psria:dhs
ixjrAOkfha wjYH;djla kuz wksis usksia ;SrK y|qkdf.k tu
;SrK ksis u.g fhduq l< hq;=h. ta i|yd kHdhd;aul m%fjzY hla
mrsir wdrA:sl jsoHdj u.ska imhhs.
4
1'3 wdrA:sl jrAOkfha jdis iy wjdis

ishjia y;rl wdrA:sl msnsoSu usksiqka fj; fndfy` oE <Ûd
lf<ah. l=ig wdydrhla ysig fijkla ms<sn| iqrCIs; nj;a, jevs
wdhq ld,hla, fukau jevs jsfjzlhlao, iajlSh olaI;d oshqKq lr .;
yels ugzgfuz wOHdmkhla fukau wd;au ;Dma;shlao usksiqkag ,ensK.
tfy;a fuu wdrA:sl msnsoSfuz jevs jdish Wodjqfhao ixjrAOs; rgj,
jsiq usksiqkagh.
wdrA:sl jrAOkfha hym;a m%;sM, iZZ|yd WodyrKhla f,i

miq.sh oYl 04-05 l ld,h i,luq. miq.sh oYl 5 ;=<oS jsYaj o,
cd;sl ksIamdokh weursldkq fvd,rA us,shk 3 isg 22 olajd ^y;a
.=Khlska muK& by, f.dia we;. 1960 oS f,dal Pk.yKfhka
70% la ksrfmaÌ ors\%;djfha miqjqKq w;r 1992 oS ksrfmaÌ
ors\%;djfha miqjkafka f,dal Pk.yKfhka 32% muKs.
fufia by< .sh ksIamdokh yd ne|qk by, wdodhuz ugzgu ksid

idys;Hh, ps;%mg, .=jkajs¥,s yd mqj;am;a jeks uq\%s; udOH fyj;a
ckms%h ixialD;sl wx. flfrAo ish uki fhduqlrjkakg ;ruz
w;sfrAl ld,fjz,djla j;auka usksidg ,enS ;sfnz. tfukau ovhuz
hq.fhaoS mej;=k ish meje;au ms<sn|j jq ksr;=re wjodkfuka iEfyk
\qrg usoSfuz yelshdj usksidg ,enS ;sfnz. tfyhska yq\q jsfkòh ;ld
jSr pdrsld, lS%vd fukau jsjsO wNSfh`. ls%hdjkays ksr; jSug;a, bka
;Dma;shla ,enSug;a usksiqkag wjldYh ,enS we;. fuf,i Tjqkag
fndfy` oE ysus jsh. tfy;a ta fkdusf,a kuz fkdfjz. ta iEu fohla
fjkqfjka u h<s lsis oskl ielish fkdyels mdvqjla u.ska jkaos
f.jSug j;auka yd wkd.; mruzmrdjkag is\qjS ;sfnz. ixjrAOkfha
m%;sM, nqla;s js|sk ixjrAOs; rgj, mjd l%ufhka W;aikak jk
udkj wdiykhla olakg we;s w;r \qrAj, fjuska mj;sk iudP
iuznkaO;d, by, k.sk wmrdO, by, k.suska mj;sk u;a \%jH
Ndjs;h yd jrAOkh fjuska mj;sk §;kslu¶ ms<sno ye.Su jeks
,ÌK fuu ixjrAOkh jsiskau we;s lrk ,o w;=re wksis m%;sM,
fjhs.
fuf;la Wodlr.;a ixjrAOkfha m%Odk \qrAj,;d folls. m<uq

jekak kuz fuz ixjrAOkfha m%;sM, f,dalfha oshqKq rgj,g m%Odk
jYfhka flaka\% .; jSuhs. WodyrKhla f,i wdydr yd ksIamdok
ldrAhdj,sfha we;s lr.;a jsYsIag Ph.%yK fldmuKla jqj;a
;ju;a f,dal ck.yKfhka 20% ksrdydrj rd;%sh .; lrhs.
f,dal Pk.yKfhka 25% PSjs;fha uq,sl wjYH;d, tkuz, nSug iq\qiq
c,h, wdrÌs; ksjdij,ska f;drj PSj;a fjz. f,dal Pk.yKfhka
32% la ;ju;a ksrfmaÌ ors\%;djfhka fj,S isgS.
5
fojkqj mrsirh iy usksid w;r ;snq iu;=,s; nj ixjrAOkh
fjkqfjka ys,jzlrkakg (Trade-off) usksidg is\qjsh. jekiqK
mrsirh;a iuÛ cdk iuzm;a /ila jekiS .sfhah. wkd.;fhaoS jsjsO
ksIamdok i|yd fhdod.eksfuz yelshdj fya;=fjka wdrA:sl jYfhka
jeo.;a jshyelsj ;snqKq ffcj iuzm;ao wksjdrAhfhkau ta w;r
;sfnkakg we;. tmuKla fkdfjz, wm\%jH wjfYÌKh lr
.ekSug;a, whym;a ld,.=Ksl ;Fjhka uev meje;ajSug;a mrsirhg
;snq yelshdj fukau, m<sfnÒlhkag o tfrysj iajNdjslj
f.dvk.d ;snq ;rÛldrS;ajho fuz iuÛ flfuka wvmK jS .sfhah.
fuz w;r f.dvnsu;a, jdhq f.`,h;a, c,h;a \qIKh jkakg mgka
.;af;a nshlre wkaousks. js\q,sn,h iy LKsc f;,a Ndjs;h iuÛu
.,a wÛ=re jeks bkaOk oykh ksid is\qjq mrsir \qIKh ;rula
wvqjk nj mejeiqk;a ienejskau is\qjS we;af;a Bg jvd jskdYldrS
\qIK \%jhka mrsirg tlajkakg mgka .ekSuhs. r: jdykj,ska msg
jk \qu, lrAudka; Yd,dj,ska neyer flfrk jskdY l< fkdyels
lD;s%u ridhksl \%jH fukau kHIagsl wm\%jHhkaa fuz i|yd
WodyrKh. tmuKla fkdfjz, kjSk lDIsldrAusl l%u fya;=fjka,
ireidr j.dnsuz /ila b;d blaukskau fiòdmd,qjg ,la jS we;s
w;r fmdfydr, lDIs ridhk fukau >k wm\%jH fya;=fjka is\q jq
mrsir \qIKh o ieu;eku oelsh yel.
jevsjk ck.yKh fya;=fjka k.rfha fukau bka msg; jsfjzl

ia:dko, uydudrA.j,o ;onohla yg.eKsk . fuz ish,a, usksia cSjs;
;=<g tla lf<a wiykhhs. w;S;fhaoS wdydrhlaa ksjykla fidhd
.eksSfuz wjsksYaps;;djfhka mSvdjsos usksid bosrsfha oeka we;af;a Bg
fnfyjska fjkia wdldrfha wjq,a ;ejq,a /ils.
jsYaj mdrsirsl .egMZ (Global Environmental Problems),

ixjrAOkh ;=<ska ,Ûd lr.;a mdrsirsl wjq,a ;ejq,a i|yd fyd|u
WodyrKhka fjz. i;a .=Khlska muK by< ke.s wdrA:sl l%shdodu
jsiska mrsirhg tl;= lr we;s yrs;d.dr jdhq ^Green House Gass&
ksid mrsir WIaK;ajh by< huska mj;sk nj fndfyda jsoHd{hka
jsiska fmkajd oS we;. mrsir WIaK;ajh by< hEu u.ska f,dalfha
iuyr my;a nsuz c,fhka hgjSug bv we;s w;r f,dalfha foaY.=Ksl
fjkia luz we;s jsh yels nj fmkajd oS we;. lrAuka;Yd,dj,ska
msgjk fkdfhla jsI jdhq u.ska mD:Sjsh jgd we;s Tzfidaka ia:rh
(Ozone Layer) jskdY flfruska mj;S. ffcj moaO;sfha meje;au
i|yd Tzfidaka ia:rh b;du jeo.;a jk w;r oekgu;a Tzfidaka
ia:rh ;=kSjS we;s m%foaYj, usksidg yd i;=kg fkdfhla prAu frda.
we;s jS ;sfnz. lDIslrAudka; yd wfkl=;a ixjrAOk lghq;= i|yd
jkdka;r t,slsrSu ksid ffcj jsjsO;ajh wvq jSu, P, f\%daks
(Watersheds) ls%hdldrs;ajhkag ndOd meusKSu we;=MZ mdrsirsl .egMZ
/ila we;s lr ;sfnz' kd.rsl mrsir ;=< we;s lrAudka; yd
6
.ukd.uk lghq;= ksid jd;h yd P,h \QIKhg ,la jS we;s w;r
wkd.;fha oS usksidg ;uka Wmka od isg fkdusf,a wdYajdi m%dYajdi
lsrSug ,enqk jd;h mjd ;uka jsiskau msrsis\q lr.ekSug is\qjk
;Fjhla Woa.;jsh yel. f,dalfha usrsosfhka jsYd, m%udKhla
lDIslrAudka;h i|yd fhdod .efkk w;r lDIslrAudka;fha ridhk
\%jH Ndjs;h ksid fuz usrsosh wmjs;% lrk ksid ;j \qrg;a tu P,h
wfkl=;a lghq;= i|yd fhdod .ekSug wmyiq jS we;. .Dyia:
lghq;= i|yd we;s usrsosh m%udKh l%ufhka wvq fjuska hk w;r
usksidf.a wkd.; meje;aug th buy;a ;rAPkhla jkq we;.
lEu nSu jevs jSu ksid we;s jq ia:q,;dj;a, jeyerS hk

;dreKHh;a, mdrsfN`.slhka iy wdodhuz Wmhkakka f,i imqrd .;
fkdyels jq b,lal fukau yqol,dj;a oeka usksid ;=< idxldjla we;s
lrkakg iu;a jS ;sfnz. fjz.fhka <Ûd jq fuz iuDoaOsh yq\q udhdjla
f,i wrA: olajkakg iuyreka fm<Uqfka ta ksidfjks. "wdrA:sl
jrAOkfha msrsjeh" `(The Cost of Economic Growth) keu;s .%ka:h
rpkd l< fcA' usIdka (J. Mishan) mjikafka "f;`rd .ekSug fndfy`
oE wm bosrsfha we;;a, Bg jvd fnfyjska jgskd oE wm fj;ska .s,syS
f.dia we;s njhs". wkd.;h ms<sn|j ksr;=re jslaIsma; njlska l,a
f.jq usksid fuz fjkialuz fya;=fjka ux uq,djlg weo jegSkehs
"Future Shock" keue;s .%ka:h iuzmdokh lruska we,ajska fgd*,rS
(Alvin Toflery) kuz jsoaj;d mjihs.
fuz ish,q ixisoaOSka, wdrA:sl jsoHdfjys, tla uq,sl isoaOdka;hla

jk "NdKav yd fiajd flfrA, b,a,qula, we;s l< yels ienE wdohu;a
^Real Income& usksidf.a ;Dma;shka w;r iDcq iuznkaO;djhla we; ."
hkak h<s jsuid ne,sug wmg n,lrhs. fuz ish,q wjq,a ;ejq,a w;r
nqoaOsu;=ka, jvd jHdl+,;ajhg m;a l< fjk;a is\qjsuz /ilao jsh.
wdrA:sl kjSlrKhka iuÛ we;s jq jsjsO myiqluz fya;=fjka fuz jk
jsg;a ckdlSrAKj meje;s rgj, ck.yKh ;j ;j;a jevs jkakg
mgka .;af;ah. 1973 jifrAos mekjqk LKsc f;,a us, by< hdu,
wkd.;fha we;sjsh yels, iuzm;a ysÛ;djhka ms<sn|j nshla usksid
;=< we;slrjkakg iu;a jq w;r, ;ukaa jsiska ksmojk ,o ma,diagsla
yd vS'vS'gs' jeks lDIs ridhk, myiqfjka jsfh`ckh fkdjk wm\%jH
ksid mrsirhg is\qjsh yels wdmodj ms<sn|j;a wjOdkh fhduqjkakg
jsh.
ishjia i;rl wdrA:sl msnsoSu;a iuÛu, ijxrAOs; rgj,a huz

iuDoaOshla ,Ûd lr .;a;o usksiqka nyq;rhla jsiq wfkl=;a rgj,
;;ajh lKmsg fm/f<uska ;snqKs. tu rgj, ck;djf.ka
nyq;rh ors\%;dfjz m;=f,a lsusoS isgshy. ukao fmÌkh, wvq
ikSmdrCIl myiqluz, fukau wvq cSjs;fmalaIl ld,hlao ^wdhq
ld,hka& Tjqkaf.a Wreuhka jS ;snsKs. fuz rgj,ska iuyrl
7
iajdNdjsl iuzm;a ;snqKo ta b;d iq,q m%udK j,sks. iuzm;a ;snqKq

rgj, brKu o Bg fkdfofjks jqfha, tys iuzm;a hqfr`mShhka
jsiska b;d my;a wkaouska fld,a, ld .;a nejsks. tys ksh; m%;sM,
jqfha §tl ;ek m,ajk' (Stagnant) \qrAj, wdrA:slhla os<\q rgj,g
WreujSuh. funª jd;djrKhla hgf;a wka;rA cd;sl ugzguska
iuzm;a fnodyersh hq;=hehs, yefÛk b,a,Suz jvd oreKq jsh yelsh.
by; l< js.%yfhaoS jsYaj wdrA:slfha jHdma; jSu;a ta u.ska

iSudjka iys; mrsir moaO;sfha l%shdldrs;ajhg we;sjsh yels n,mEuz
o ms<sn|j huz woyila ,nd .;suq. fuu fjkialuzj,g iudka;rj
,xldj ;=<o wdrA:slfha jHdma; jSula olakg ,enqKs. WodyrK f,i
1950 oS us,shk 7'68 la jq Pk.yKh 1998 jk jsg us,shk 18'77la
olajd jrAOkh jsh. 1952 oS remsh,a oY,CI 4476 la jgskd NdKav
yd fiajd m%udKhla ksmojk ,o w;r, 1998 os remsh,a us,shk
34761la i;H jgskdlula we;s NdKav yd fiajd m%udKhla ksmojS
we;. fuz wkqj ,xldfjz ksmojk NdKav yd fiajd m%udKh o,
jYfhka 8 .=Khlska muK by, f.dia we;. 1950 oS jrA. ls'us'
tll usksiqka 117la muk PSj;a jS we;s w;r th jrA;udkfha 286
olajd by, f.dia we;. 70 oYlfhaoS jrAIhlg ,shdmosxps jq fudagrA
r: ixLHdj 90 oYlfha oS 22'8 .=Khlska jevsjS we;. fuu
jljdkqj ;=< Ndjs;d lrk ridhksl fmdfydr m%udKho
fo.=Khlska jevs jS we;. tla mqoa.,hl= i|yd jk, jkdka;r
m%udKh fylaghdrA 0'38 ^1950 oS& isg 0'11 fylghdrA olajd wvq jS
we;. fuz o;a;j,ska fmkakquz lrkqfha ,xldfjz iSus; mrsirh ;=<
oYl 04 muK ld,hloS wdrA:sl l%shdldrSluz b;d jsYd, jYfhka
jevs jS we;s njhs. fuz i|yd fhdod .kakd iajNdjsl iuzm;a
m%udKho uSg iudka;rj by, f.dia ;snsh hq;= fjz. tfukau
ksIamdokh lrk NdKav mdrsfNdackfhaoS we;s jk wm\%jH m%udKho
fuz wkaouskau by, f.dia we;s njg fkdfhla wkaofuz idCIs ,efnuska
mj;S. tuksid mrsir l<ukdlrKh ms<sn|j ukd wjOdkhla
fhduq lsrSu ld,Sk wjYH;djla jS we;.
1'4 iuzm;a iy ;dÌKsl iSud( wjsksYaps; wkd.;hla

wkd.; wfmaC Idjka fnfyjska wjsksYaps; jq ld,hl usksid wo
osjs f.jhs. wdrA:sl msnsoSug WmldrS jq idOl iodl,slj tf,iskau
fkdmj;S. iuzm;a laIh jS hdu fukau mrsirhg ord.; fkdyels
;rug wm\%jH uqodyerSu;a, usys;,h u; nsys jq YsIaGdpdrhkaf.a
meje;aug lKfldld yvjkakg iu;a jq wjia:d .ek ksoiqka
b;sydih mqrdu ;sfnz. tfiau cSjs;fha .=Kd;aul njgo tuÛska
t,a,jk ;rAck iq,qmgq fkdfjz.
8
jsoHdj yd ;dCIKh w;ska usksid fuz jk jsg os.= bosrs .ukla
f.dia ;snqK o wkd.;h ms<sn|j wkdjels m<lrkakg w;S;
m%jk;d Wojzlr .eksfuz mqreoaola ;ju;a wmg mj;S. ienejskau
w;S;fha is\qjq ienE fjkia jSuz ms<sn|j jvd fyd|ska yªkd .ekSug
,efnkqfha w;S;h foi jsuis,su;aj wdmiq yerS n,k jsgh. .; jq
iuDoaOsu;a ld,h ;=<o wdrA:sl wjmd;hka, wjsksYaps;;djka, fukau
wiqNjdoS is\qjSuzo ysÛfkdjSh. wm wo w;aolsk wjsksYaps; ld,hka
ireidr wkd.;hla lrd jegS we;s udjf;a yuqjk ;djld,sl
wekysgSula ke;fyd;a jsrduhla jsh yel. fuh wkd.;h ms<sn|j
iqNjdoS wdl,am orK ;dlaIK{hkaf.a u;hhs. jrA;udk f,`lh
yuqfjz we;s .eg,q jsioSfuoS l%fu`mdhhka ms<sn|j mQrAK ;lafiarejla
l,a;nd lsrSu, wiSre ldrAhhls. ta ukaoh;a kj iuzm;a wdldr fidhd
.eksug;a, ;sfnk iuzm;a jvd;a ldrAhÌu f,i;a M,odhs f,i;a
Wmfh`.s fldg.; yels ;dÌKsl Wml%u oshqKq jSug;a, usksiqkaf.a
mdrsfN`ck rgdjkays huz huz fjkia luz is\qjSug;a bv we;s nejsks.
tfukau jvd \qrA,N iuzm;a iq,N iuzm;aj,ska wdfoaY l<yels
wdldrfha ;dCIKsl fjkialuz we;s jsfuz bv lv;a neyer l<
fkdyels nejsks. tmuKla fkdfjz, iqrAh Yla;sh, mD:sjsfha pquznl
n,h jeks Ìh fkdjk Yla;sh, m%jdy iuzm;a, ^Flow Resources&&
iy fuf;la jeo.;a lula fkdbiq,q iuzm;a Ndjs; lsrSfuz l%u
wkd.;fha oS fidhd .ekSug o bv we; . ldrAhÌu f,iska yd
wdrA:sl jYfhka jdisodhl jk wdldrfhka iajNdjsl iuzm;a Ndjs;d
lsrSu n,Yla;s wrAnqohg fyd| wdfoaYkhla jshyelsh. tfukau Ìh
jS hk LKsc iuzm;a ldrAhÌu f,i m%;splS%lrKh lsrSug wjYH
jk wu;r Yla;sho bka ,nd.; yelsh.
osfkka osk by< hk iuzm;a W!k;dj;a, ta ksid Woa.; jk us,

by<hEu;a jrA;udkfhaoS ixrCIK flfrA usksidf.a wjOdkh fhduq
lrjkakg iu;a jS we;. mrsirh jskdY jSfuka is\qjsh yels ydksh
ms<sn| usksiqka oekqj;a lsrSu ;=<skao, mrsirfha .=Kd;aul ;Fjh
/l.eksug orK W;aidyhka fjz.j;a l<yelsh. Woa.; jq .eg,q
j,g jsi|qu ;dÌKsl msnsoSu hehs, jsYajdi lrkak jqka mjikafka,
;dCIKsl oshqKqjla ;=<ska Wodjsh yels .%yf,`l ;rKhka wdosh
;=<ska kj iuzm;a uq,hka fidhd .ekSfuka fuz .eg,qj,g jsiªula
fijsh yels njhs. if|ys ckmo we;sjk njg;a wNHdjldYfha /oejq
iqrAhcklh;a uÛska js\q,sh ksmojSug;a Tjqka wo olsk isysk yq\q
m%nkaO fia i,ld neyer l<yelso@
tfy;a ueosy;a is;ska fuz foi n,kafkl=g, ";dCIKh" iEu

.eg,qjlgu ms<shula fkdjk nj meyeos,s jkq we;. ;dCIKsl
ixjrAOkh y|qkd.;a tla .eg,qjlg jsiªuz f.fkk w;r wfkla
miska ;j;a .eg,q rdYshla we;slrk njg WodyrK TzkE;ruz
fidhd.; yelsh. kHIagsl ;dm n,d.dr n,Yla;s wrAnqohg fyd|
9
jsi|qula fia fmkqK;a tu ls%hdj,sfhaoS ksmofjk kHIagsl wm\%jH
neyer lr,Su ;j;a .eg,q /il wdruzNh jS ;sfnz. tfy;a usksidf.a
wkd.;h ms<sn|j, wksh; l<lsrSula we;slr .ekSu hq;= fkdfjz.
;dCIKh, iuzm;a wdfoaYkh, ixrlaIKh fukau ck.yK md,kh
jeks l%u iq\qiq f,i taldnoaO lr.ekSfuka, jvd idrA:l jsi\qula
lrd .uka l<yelsh. ta .ufkaos jvd wiSre ;SrKhka .ekSug we;.
ta tlu ldishl fome;a; fuka TzkEu l%shdjl jdis fukau wjdiso
/oS we;s fyhsks. huz wruqKla oskd .ekSu i|yd wfkl=;a wruqK q
tlla fyda lsysmhla wiSrefjka jqjo lemlrkakg ksielfhkau
is\qjkq we;.
1'5 jsiªula i|yd m%fjzYh

wo mj;akd wkd.;h ms,sn| wjsksYaps; nj we;slr .kakd
,oafoa usksid jsiskauh. Tjqka iuzm;a Ndjs;h ms,sn|j .kakd ,o
;SrK ksidh. tfia kuz ksYaps; ;sridr wkd.;hla we;s lr .ekSu
i|yd jsiªuz we;af;a iuzm;a Ndjs;h ms,sn|j usksia ;SrK fjkia
lsrSu ;=<hs. iuzm;a Ndjs;h ms,sn| usksia ;SrK .ekSu ms,sn|
wOHhkh wdrA:sl jsoHdjhs. wdrA:sl jsoHdfjz ixl,am iy kHdhka
Ndjs;fhka usksid mrsir Ndjs;h ms,sn| ;SrK wOHhk lsrSu;a, tu
;SrK mrsir ixrÌK ioyd fhduq lrk wdldrh;a mrsir wdrA:sl
jsoHdfjka wOHhkh flfrA.
f;dr;=re uq,dY%hka iy ksrAfoaYs; wu;r lshjSuz
Central Bank of Sri Lanka. “Annual Reports”, (Various Issues).

Howard, R.B. and R.B. Norgaard (1995). “International Choices under
Global Environmental Change” in Hand Book of Environmental
Economics Ed. D.W. Bromley, Blackwell, Cambridge, USA.
Mishan, E.J. (1967). “The Cost of Economic Growth”, Staples Press,
London.
National Environmental Action Plan (1998-2001). Ministry of Forestry
and Environment, Sri Lanka.
Tolba, M.K. and O.A. El-Kholy (1992). “The World Environment”, The
United Nations Environment Programme.
Toman, M.A., J. Pizzey and J. Kraulkraemer (1995). “Neoclassical
Economic Growth Theory and Sustainability”, in Hand Book of
Environmental Economics Ed. D.W. Bromley, Blackwell,
Cambridge, USA.
10
Sterner, T. and J.C.J.M. Van Den Berg (1998). “Frontiers of

Environmental Resource Economics”, Environmental and Resource
Economics Vol. II, no. 3-4, pp. 243-260.
World Bank (1992). “World Bank Development Report”, Oxford
University Press, UK.
usysl; wdh;k ^1991&, Y%S ,xldfjz iajNdjsl iuzm;a, ;Fj iy
m%jK;d, YS% ,xldfjz iajNdjsl iuzm;a, n,Yla;s iy jsoH
wOsldrsh Wfoid ms<sfh, l< jdrA;djls.
11
fojk mrspzfPAoh
2' ;sridr ixjrAOkh
ixjrAOs; rgj, Pk;dj wo ojfia N=la;s jsosk iqj myiq

PSjs;h W!k ixjrAOs; rgj,a lrd jHdma; jkq oelSug wm leu;sh.
tfukau tu iqj myiq PSjs;h ixjrAOs; fukau W!k ixjrAOs;
rgj, wkd.; mruzmrdjkag w;ajkq oelSugo wm leue;sh. th ,Ûd
lr .; yelafla flfiao@ f,`lfhys ixjrAOs; n,j;a cd;Ska fukau,
ixjrAOkh lrd md Tijk W!k ixjrAOs; rgj, nqoaOsu;=kaf.a iy
md,lhkaf.a idlpzPdjg tlfia n\qZka jq ud;Dldjls th. ta ms<sn|
jsjsO woyia /ila fuz jk jsg;a jdo jsjdohkag fya;= jS ;sfnz.
wjsksYaps; ixjrAOkhl isg ;sridr ixjrAOkh (Sustainable
Development) ,Ûd lr.kafka flfiao hkak ienejskau wNsfh`.hls.
;sridr ixjrAOkh ms<sn|j bosrsm;a jS we;s jsjsO woyia iy ;sridr
ixjrAOkh i|yd mrsir ixrÌKfha we;s ldrAhh Ndrh l=ulao@
hk lreKq ms<sn|j fuz mrspzfPAofhka jsuid nef,hs.
2'1 wjsksYaps; ixjrAOkfhka ;sridr ixjrAOkh lrd
;sridr ixjrAOkh ms<sn| jq wrA: oelajSuz fnfyjska mqMZ,ah.

wdrA:sl jsoHd{hka, mrsir jsoHd{hka yd wfkl=;a jsoaj;=ka Bg jsjsO
wre;a imhd ;sfnz. uq,a hq.fha iuzNdjH wdrA:sl jsoHd{hska
(Classical Economists), ;sridr ixjrAOkfha uq,sl b,lalhla f,i
ie,l+fha wLKav wdrA:sl jrAOkhls (Sustained Economic Growth).
iuzNdjH wdrA:sl jsoHd{hska w;=rska wdrA:sl jrAOkh ms<sn|j
wY=NjdoS orAYkhla wkq.ukh l< ue,a;=ia (Malthus) kuz wdrA:sl
jsoHd{hd olajd isgsfha ck.yKfha >d;sl (Exponential) jrAOkh;a,
wdydr ksIamodkfha frALSh (Linear) jrAOkh;a ksid we;sjk wdydr
wfyaksfhka iudP ixia:dj uqMZukskau weo jegSulg ,lajk njhs.
Tyqf.a jsYaf,aIkh ;=< ;dÌKsl oshqkqjg bvla fkdue;s jSu m%Odk
wvq mdvqjla jsh. we;a; jYfhkau hqfrdamh ;=< ck.yK jrAOkh,
ue,a;=ia jsiska m%lafIamkh lrk ,o wkaofuz wdrA:sl lvd jegSulg
;=vq \qkafka ke;. flfia kuq\q wo wms%ldkq uyd oajSmh mqrd olakg
we;s wdrA:sl lvd jegSu yd mrsir ydksh ue,a;=ia jsiska hqfrdamh
;sridr ixjrAOkh
i|yd m%lafIamkh l< foa fjk;a whqrlska t<s oelsSula f,i iuyre
y|qkajhs.
rsldfv` (Ricardo) iy Tyq wkq.dusl wrA: Ydia;%{hkaf.a

;rAlh jqfha wdrA:slh os.=ld,Sk jYfhka ia:dhs ;Fjhlg m;ajSfuz
m%jk;djhla olajk njh' tu m%jk;djh ck.ykKh jevsjSfuz
fukau cSjk ;;ajfhaa is\qjk Wiia jSuz wdoS fjkia jSuzj,g ,lajSulao
olakg ,efnz. iuzm;a ysÛ;dj;a, wdrA:sl ldrAhhkaf.a ,dNh ySk
jSu;a uÛska wdrA:slh u; t,a, jk ndOdjka ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq
l< iuzNdjH wdrA:sl jsoHd{hskaf.a u;hg wkqj b;d os. =
ld,dka;rhla mqrd fulS ;Fjhka kej; kej; we;sjsh yels jQj;a
;dÌKh th wNsnjk nejska wdrA:sl jrAOkh os.=ld,Skj psria:dhs
jk nj i,lk ,oS' wdrA:sl jrAOkh ms<sn| jq uq,sl ;rAlhkaf.kaa
Tnzng fkd.sho jvd iqNjdoS oDIags fl`Khlska wdrA:sl ixjrAOkh
ms<sn| is;d n,kakg l,a h;au fuz jsh;ayq fm<UqKy. wkd.;fha oS
is\qjsh yels kj iuzm;a fidhd .ekSfuz bv m%ia:d fukau
;dCIKfhys wfmaCIs; m%.;sh (Technological Optimism) ksid
wdrA:sl M,hkaf.a ySk jSu uev meje;a jsh yels nj;a, ck.yKh
md,kh lsrSfuka jdis ,ensh yels nj;a Tjqyq wjOdrKh l<y .
"wdrA:sl jrAOkh ;sridr l< yelss" hehs ks.uk lsrSug

iuzNdjH wdrA:sl jsoHd{hska fm<Uqfka, ";dCIKfhys ksrka;r
jrAOkhla is\qjkq we;" hk Wml,amkh mdol fldg .ksusks. tfy;a
wdrA:sl, jrAOkh iy iuDoaOsh ms<sn| f.dvke.=Kq fuz woyia
wdrA:sl jsoHd{hkaf.a fukau wfkl=;a jsoaj;=kaf.a wNsfhda.hkg uE;
ld,fha n|qka jsh. 50 oYlfhaoS fN!;sl iy cSj jsoHdjkaf.a uq,sl
ixl,am u; mokuzj mrsir jsoHdj t<soelajSu fuu wNsfhda.hka ys
lv bula f,i ie,lsh yel . bkaa uq,sl jYfhka idlpzPdjg ,la
flrefKa mrsir moaO;sfha psr meje;aug we;s ;rAckh ms<sn|jh.
\%jH iu;=,s;;djh (Material Balance) ms<sn|j uq,OrAu;a, fulS
;sridr mrsir moaO;shla (Environmental System) ms<sn| ixl,am;a
ixl,kfhka mrsir jsoHdj (Environemntal Science) f.dv ke.sK.
;sridr ixjrAOkhla i|yd wjYH wLKav wuq \%jH (Environmental
Resources Functions) yd mdrsirsl fiajd (Environmental Assimilative
Functions) iemhSfuz oS mrsir moaO;sh u.ska mkjk iajNdjsl
iSudlsrSuz ms,sn| mrsir jsoHdj u.ska wjOdrKh flrsKs.
mrsir jsoHdfjz wjOdkh fhduqjq lreKq w;r mrsir \qIKh

(Environmental Pollution) iy wm\%jH neyer lsrSu ms<sn|j jsYaf,aIK
uq,a ;ekla .;af;ah. fuf,i m%:u j;djg wdrA:sl jrAOkfhys
iSudjka ms<sn|j;a, tys psria:dhs nj ms<sn|j;a m%Yak lsrSula
is¥jqfha 1960 oYlfha w.Nd.fhah. fuz jsYaf,aIKj, m%;sM, f,i
;sridr ixjrAOkh ms,sn| uq,sl ixl,amh 70 oYlfhaoS muK jsYaj
14
;sridr ixjrAOkh
m%Pdfjz wjOdkh fhduq jkakg mgka .;s. tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

mdrsirsl jevigyk;a (United Nations Environment Programme -
UNEP), jsjsO mdrsirsl wdh;k /il;a Wm; is\qjqfha fuz
jljdKqfjzoSh. ;sridr ixjrAOkh iuznkaOj fuf;la ms<s.eKqk
ckms%h u;hg jvd fjkia uÛlska ta foi n,kakg 1987 oS, wfma
fmd\q wkd.;h, (Our Common Future) kuska t<s oelajqKq tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a mrsir ixjrAOkh ms<sn|j jq c.;a fldusifuz jdrA;dj
fyj;a n%kagz,kavz fldusifuz jdrA;dj iu;a jsh. fuu jdrA;dfjz
isxy, mrsjrA;kh ‘wfma fmd\q wkd.;h’ f,i iurosjdlr ^1994&
mrsir wud;HdxYfha wkq.%yh u; m%ldY lr we;.
2'2 ;sridr ixjrAOkfha wdrA:sluh wrA:h

;sridr ixjrAOk ixl,amh wrNhd kefÛk m<uq ;rAlh
jrA;udk yd wkd.; mruzmrdjka w;r ;snsh hq;= iodpdrd;aul
nkaOkh ms<sn|j jq udkj jdoS ;rAlhls. bka yefÛkafka, wo ojfia
wm iuzm;a Ndjs; lrk iS.%;djh u.ska wkd.; mrmqfrys Wreuhka
iy wjia:djka wk;=frys fkdfy,sh hq;= njhs. fjk;a whqrlsk a
mjif;d;a wo wm N=la;s jsosk oE N=la;s jsoSfuz wju jYfhka iu
whs;sjdislula wkd.; mruzmrdjg;a Wreu lr osh hq;= njhs.
;sridr ixjrAOkh i|yd jk fojeks ;rAlh jkafka th

mrsir jsoHd;aul fl`Khlska ;yjqre lsrSug .;a mrsirjdo
;rAlhls. meje;au i|yd mrsirhg;a whs;shla we;ehs hful=
ms,s.kafka kuz, wdrA:sl l%shdj,sh u.ska mrsirfha meje;aug
;rAckh t,a, fkdl< hq;=h. tkuz mdrsirsl iu;=,s;;dj iy
jsjsOFjh iq/flk wkaouska wdrA:sl lghq;= yiqrejd .; hq;=h.
;=kajk W;aidyh jkafka wdrA:sl jsoHd;aul mokul isg tkuz

usksid iy mrsirh w;r wka;rA l%shdj ie,ls,a,g f.k ;sridr
ixjrAOkh ms<sn| jsuiSuls. wdrA:sl jsoHd;aul mokulska ;sridr
ixjrAOkh ms<sn| ixl,amhka ;yjqre lsrSug kuz, ldrAhCIu
wdrA:sl ls%hd oduhla, tfia fkdjk wdrA:sl ls%hdoduhlg jvd
psria:dhs iudP iqNidOkhla we;s lrk nj fmkajd osh hq;=h.
tfy;a ldrAhCIu;dj iy iudc iqNidOkh;a ms<sn| jq ixl,am
ms<sn| we;s mriamr u; rdYshls. ldrAhCIu;dj ,Ûdlr .;a
muKska iudP iqN idOkh ,Ûd fkdjk nj Y=NidOk wdrA:sl
jsoHdfjys tla m%Odk ;rAlhls.
;sridr ixjrAOkfha Wm ud;Dldjla jk ixjrAOkh yd iudP

iqN idOkh ms<sn| ixl,amhka o ixlSrAK ixl,amhka f,i y|qkd
.; hq;=h' taksid ;sridr ixjrAOkh ms,sn|j ir, wrA:l:khla
15
;sridr ixjrAOkh
iemhSu wiSre lreKls. tnejska, ;sridr ixjrAOkh ms<sn| woyila

,nd .ekSu i|yd f,dj mqrd jsh;ayq ta iuznkaOfhka t<s olajd we;s
woyia lSmhla jsuiSug ,la lsrSu jeo.;a jkq we;. mqMZ,a woyia
iuqyhla iuzmsKavkh lsrSfuka f.dvk.d .; yels, iqjsfYaIjq
jsl,am woyia myla fuz fPAofhka ilpzPdjg nªZka lruq.
1' Wmfh`.S;djh;a (Utility) mdrsfN`ckh;a (Consumption) ld,h;a

iuÛ ySk fkdjk ixjrAOkh ;sridr ixjrAOkhhs.
uE;la jk ;=reu fndfy` wdrA:sl jsoHd{hka jsiska psria:dhs

ixjrAOkh wrA: oelajSu i|yd fhdod.;af;a fuz iuzm%odhsl wrA:
oelajSuhs. ;sridr ixjrAOkh;a iuÛ mruzmrd w;r
idOdrK;djh (Intergenerational Equity) fmkakquz lrk idOl
iemsfrk nj frdngz fi`f,` (Robert Solow) jsiska fmkajd fokq
,enSh. Tyqf.a fuz woyi fc`ka rjq,a (John Rawls) keu;s
odrAYkslhd jsiska bosrsm;a lrkq ,enq idOdrKFjh ms<sn| isoaOdka;
(Theory of Justice) u; mokuz jS ;snsK' rjq,af.a ;rAlhkag wkqj
mqoa.,hka w;r ;Dma;sh iy iuzm;a fnoS hdfuz ms<sfj< ms<sn|
WfmaCId iy.; jSfuka Tjqkaf.a uq,sl whs;sjdisluz iy ksoyi
W,a,x>kh jSula is\qfjz. tnejska NdKav iy fiajdjkaf.ka ,efnk
Wmfh`.S;dj ld,h;a iuÛ fnodyerSfuz .egMZjg osh yels idOdrK
jsiªu mruzmrd w;r iu Wmfh`.S;djka cks;jk wdldrfhka th
bgq lsrSu hehs rjq,a m%ldY lrhs. funª ;Fjhla fkdlvjd
ls%hd;aul l< yels kuz th mdrsfN`ckfhka ,efnk Wmfh`.S;dj
ld,hla iuÛ ksh;j mj;s;ehs hk ks.ukhg t<USug lrk
fm<UjSuls. tnª ks.ukhl isgskakl= psria:dhs ixjrAOkh hkq
ld,h iuÛ fkdfjkia jk mdrsfN`ckhla iy Wmfh`.S;djhla
mj;ajd .ekSu hhs wrA: olajkq we;. tfy;a wjdikdjlg fuka
wdrA:slhla funª ia:djrhlg m;alsrSug wjYH iy iEfyk
;Fjhka ljfrAoehs ks.ukh lsrSug b;d wiSre lreKls. tla
ksIamdokhla muKla iys; tfukau tys jrAOkhlao is\q fkdjk
wdrA:slhla we;ehs is;=fjd;a tnª ;Fjhla hgf;a ksh;
mdrsfN`ckh ms<sn| Wmudk ksh; Wmfh`.S;djfha uskquzj,g iudk
fjz. tjsg ld,h;a iuÛ Wmfh`.S;dj;a mdrsfN`ckh;a ySk fkdjS
mj;shs.
fujka ir, wdrA:slhl jqjo Wmfhda.s;djh ld,h;a iuÛ

ksh;j ;nd .ekSu ir, ldrAHhla fkdfjz. WodyrKhla f,i
udkj jrA.hdf.a yeisrSu ;=< olakg we;s wkd.;fha
mdrsfNdaPkfhka ,efnk Wmfhda.s;djh jgzguz lsrSu i,lkak . iEu
mqoa.,hl=u wo osk ,efnk remsh,la ;j jrAIhlska ,efnk
remsh,lg jvd jevs w.hla we;ehs i,lhs. fjk;a jpkj,sk a
lsjfyd;a, ;j jrAIhlska ,efnk uqof,a jrA;udk w.h remsh,la
16
;sridr ixjrAOkh
jSug kuz tys kdusl jgskdlu Bg jevs jsh hq;=hs. fuz wkqj
jrA;udkfha isg wkd.; mdrsfNdaPkh foi n,k whl=g, Tyqf.a
mdrsfNdaPkh ksh; ugzgul mej;Sug kuz tys kdusl jgskdlu
Tyqf.a jgzguz wkqmd;hg iudk ugzgulska by< hd hq;= fjz. fuhska
woyia jkafka wdrA:slh wLKavj jrAOkh jsh hq;= njhs. fndfyda
mrsir jsoHd{hska fmkajd fokafka wkka;h olajd jsysoqkq tjka
wLKav wdrA:sl jrAOkhla mrsir iSudjka (Ecological Limits) ;=<
,Ûd lr .ekSug fkdyels njhs.
;sridr ixjrAOkhl wjYH;dj t<s oelajQ, tl lreKls

j;auka mruzmrdj wOsl iS.%;djlska kej; Pkkh l< fkdyels
iuzm;a (Non-renewable Resources) ksiaidrkh lsrSu. fuz ;Fjh
hgf;a wkd.; mruzmrdj i|yd tu iuzm;a b;srs fkdjk ;Fjhla
Woa.; jS we;. ;sridr ixjrAOkh ms<sn|j kej; Pkkh l<
fkdyels iuzm;a wdYs%;j wOHhkhl fh\qk fc`ka ydgzjsla (John
Hartwick) jsiska ;sridr ixjrAOkh ms<sn|j lrk wrA: oelajSug
mdol jS ;sfnkafka ld,h;a iuÛ ySk fkdjk mdrsfN`ckh ms<sn|j
;Fjhkah. fuz ;Fj f.dkq jS ;sfnkafka tla;rd b;=reuz kshuhla
(Savings Rule) jgdh' ydgzjslaf.a kshuh (Hartwik's Rule) f,i
ye|skafjkafka: CIh jk iuzm;a ksiaidrKh ksid ,ensh yels ,dNh
b;srs fldg kej; ckkh l< yels m%d.aOkh (Renewable Capital)
fjkqfjka th iuzmqrAKfhka wdfh`ckh lf<a kuz, tjsg we;euz
ksYaps; ;Fjhka hgf;a ksIamdokfha;a, mdrsfN`ckfha;a ugzguz
ld,h;a iuÛ ksh;j mj;S”. ydgzjsla f.a kshuh bosrsm;a lsrSfuz oS
lr we;s uq,sl Wml,amkhls, iajNdjsl m%d.aOkh yd usksid jsiska
ksrAudkh lrk ,o m%d.aOkh tlg tl wkqmd;hg wdfoaY lsrSug
ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh iu;a nj. fndfyda mrsir jsoaj;=ka fmkajd oS
we;s wkaoug fuu fojrA.fha m%d.aOkh huz \qrlg wdfoaYkh l<
yels kuq;a tla;rd iSudjloS fuu wdfoaYk yelshdj ke;s jS hk
njhs' jsYajfha iajNdjsl m%d.aOk ixps;h b;d my, ugzgulg jegS
we;s nj fmkajd fok mrsir jsoaj;=ka, ydgzjsla f.a kshuh fuu
iSudj ;=< oS ksjeros fkdjk nj mjihs.
fi`f,` iy ydgzjsla hk fofokdf.au wjOdkh fhduq jS

;snqfKa ld,h;a iuÛ ySk fkdjk mdrsfN`ck ;Fjhla mj;ajd
.ekSu flfrysh. tfy;a jvd jeo.;a jkafka iEu ukqIHfhl=gu
iEySulg m;ajsh yels wdldrfha cSjk ;Fjhla ,ndoSug iu;a huz
wju mdrsfN`ck ugzgula mj;ajd .ekSu hehs hul=g ;rAl lsrSug
mqMZjk. fuz wju mdrsfN`ck ugzgu l=ulaoehs ;SrKh lsrSu t;ruz
myiq lreKla fkdjqk;a th <Ûd lr .; yels ugzgfuz wruqKla
f,i ye|skajsh yel.
17
;sridr ixjrAOkh
2' “wkd.; ksIamdok wjia:djka fkdweysfrk wdldrfhka

jrA;udkfha iuzm;a Ndjs;d lsrSu ;sridr ixjrAOkhhs”.
jrAI 1986 oS ;sridr ixjrAOkhg by; wrA:l:kh ,nd

\qkafkao frdngz fi`f,` jsisks. fuysoS jsuis,a,g .eKqfka iSus;
m%udKj,ska mj;sk kej; m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iuzm;a
jrA;udkh;a wkd.;h;a w;r fnod.; hq;af;a ljr m%udKj,skao
hkakhs. fuz .egMZj idlpzPdjg nªka jSfuzoS fndfy` fokd wjOdkh
fhduq lf<a f,`l iuzm;a mrsyrKh ms<sn| jrA;udkfha .kq ,nk
;SrK j,oS ish reps wrepsluz ms<sn|j yvZla ke.sh fkdyels wkd.;
mrmqrg fulS iuzm;aj,ska ljr m%udKhla fnoS hd hq;=o hkak
ms<sn|jhs' tfy;a fuz wjOdkh ;sridr ixjrAOkh ms<sn| ixl,amh
"Wjukdjg jvd ir, lsrSulehs" fi`f,` mjihs.
wkd.; mrmqfrys reps wrepsluz ljrla jkq we;so@

;dCIKfhys ljr wdldr fjkialuz we;sfjzo@ usksia jrA.hd
usys;,h u; ;j;a fldf;la l,la cSj;a fjzo@ fun\q wjsksYaps;
.eg,q iuqodhla ms<sn|j lsis\q ksIaps; wjfnÒhla fkdue;sj
wkd.;hg ysuslr osh hq;= iuzm;a m%udKh ;SrKh l<
fkdyelalls. tfia kuz wmg l< yels jkafka wo ojfia wm <Ûd
lr.;a oE ,nd .ekSfuz bvlv wkd.; mruzmrdj i|yd b;srs lr
;enSuh. wkd.;h i|yd CIh fkdjk iuzm;aj,ska b;d iSus;
m%udKhla muKla ;nd th by< jsoHd;aul oekquz iuzNdrhlsk a
ys,jz l< yels kuz b;srsh jrA;udk mdrsfN`ckh i|yd .ekSu
fyd| woyila fia fmksh yelsh' fuz ;rAlhg wkqj ;sridr
ixjrAOkh hkak wrA: oelajsh hq;af;a, ksIamdokfha yd
mdrsfN`ckfha yelshdjka ld,h;a iuÛ fkdfjkia jk f,iska
mj;ajd .ekSula f,isks. ksIamdokfha we;s yelshdj, ksIamdok idOl
ixps;, u; r|d mj;S.
tkuz,
1. usksia Y%uh
2. m%d.aOkh (a) iajdNdjsl m%d.aOkh (Natural Capital) (Wod'
jkdka;r, N+ush, bkaOk&
(b) udkj m%d.aOkh (Human Capital) ^Wod'

usksid jsiska f.dvkÛk ,o iy Tyq i;= oekqu,
;dCIKh jeks ish,qu olaI;d&
fuz ksIamdok idOl Ndjs;h, fkdfjkiaj mj;ajd .; yelskuz

tu.ska wdrA:slfhys ksIamdok yelshdjo mj;ajdf.k hdug mqMZjk .
by; oelajq tla ksIamdok idOlhla wfkl uÛska lsis\q whqrlska
wdfoaY l<fkdyels kuz, tlS idOl folu ld,h;a iu.Z ySk
fkdjk wdldrfhka mj;ajd .; hq;+h. fndfy` wdrA:sl
18
;sridr ixjrAOkh
jsoHd{hskaf.a u;hg wkqj jsjsO \%jHhka iqMZ m%udKj,ska fy` fjk;a
oE uÛska wdfoaY lsrSfuz yelshdj mj;S. funª wdfoaYk wdldr
folla, jsfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;=h. odia .=ma; iy ys,a ^1974&
fmkajd \qka mrsos bka m<uq jekak jkqfha "h<s m%;sIaGdmkh l<
fkdyels iuzm;a l%ufhka ysÛ jS hk wjia:djloS jqj;a, tajd fjk;a
\%jHuh m%.aOkfhka jevs jevsfhka wdfoaY l< yels kuz wdrA:slhl
ksIamdok yelshdj mj;ajdf.k hd yels njh¶. oekqu hkq
m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iuzm;a i|yd fyd| wdfoaYlhla jsh yels
nj fojk lreKhs.
osfkka osk oshqKq jk udkj iy nqoaOsuh m%d.aOkh uÛska

iuzm;a CIh jS hdu ys,jz l< yels nj;a, tkuz kj iuzm;a fidhd
.ekSug fy` CIh jS hk iuzm;a jvd ldrAhCIuj Wmfh`.s lr
.ekSug usksia yelshdjka fhdod.; yels njla fuhska .uH fjz.
3' §iajdNdjSl m%d.aOk ixps; ^mrsirh iy iajNdjsl iuzm;a&

ld,h;a iuÛ ySk fkdjk ;Fjh ;sridr ixjrAOkhhs¶.
funª ;Fjhla lrd hd yels mrsoafoka m%;sm;a;s ilia

l<hq;=h hkak iuyr wdrA:sl jsoHd{hskaf.a woyihs. iajdNdjsl
iuzm;a, ksIamdok ldrAhfhys ,d w;HjYH idOlhla jkafka kuz iy
fjk;a idOl uÛska tajd wdfoaY l< fkdyels kuz muKlaa Tjqkaf.a
u;h yd tlÛ jsh yelsh. fujka wdfoaYlhl yelshdj m%dfh`.slj
fidhd ne,sh hq;a;la jskd, lsisfia;au yq\q isoaOdka; u; ;SrKh l<
yels fohla kuz fkdfjz. tfy;a fuu wdfoaYkfha yelshdj wm is;d
isgh
s dg jvd fnfyjska my< ;,hl mj;s;ehs ;j;a msrsila ;rAl
lr;s. lsishuz iuzm;la m%udKfhka wvqjk jsg ta i|yd jk
wdfoaYkfha yelshdjo my< hd yelsh. tnejska wkd.;fhaoS funª
yelshdjlg we;s bv lv ms<sn|jo we;af;a wjsksYaps; njls.
iajdNdjsl iuzm;a uÛska bgqlrkq ,nk iuyr ldrAhhka, ^Wod.
m%Ndixiaf,aIKh& i|yd ;ju;a lsis\q wdfoaYlhla fkdjSfuka fuh
;j\qrg;a meyeos,s jkq we;.
4' ";sridr ixjrAOkh hkq wLKav m%;s,dN ,enssh yels mrsoafoka

iuzm;a l<ukdlrKh lsrSuhs".
wLKav m%;s,dN (Sustainable Benefits) ms<sn| ixl,am,

jkdka;r, u;iH .yK jeks ld,h Tiafia kej; ckkh l< yels
^m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels& ffcj iuzm;a (Renewable Biological
Resources) yd ne|S mj;skakls. funª iuzm;a ms<sn|j miq
mrspzfPAohloS oS>— jYfhka idlpzPd flfrk nejska, fuysoS fmd¥
lreKq lsysmhla flfrA muKla wjOdkh fhduq lruq. huz ffcj
iuzm;lska wLKav wiajekakla fy` m%;s,dNhla ,efnk .;sl
19
;sridr ixjrAOkh
jYfhka iu;=,s; wjOshla (State of Dynamic Equilibrium) hkq tlS

iuzm;a ixps; huz ksh; ugzgulska mj;ajd f.k hk w;ru
ld,hh;a iuÛ tu iuzm;a Wmfhda.sS lruska ksh; mdrsfNdaPk
ugzgula mj;ajd .ekSuh. fuu ixl,amh jvd;a meyeos,s jSu i|yd,
jkdka;rhla nª ffcj iuzm;la WodyrKhg .ksuq.
jkdka;rh oej i|yd t<slrk w;ru iq\qiq f,i kej; jk

j.djka mj;ajdf.k hdfuka os.=ld,hla mqrd jk iuzm;lska
wLKav M, m%fh`ck ,ensh yelsh. tn\q wjia:djla .;sl jYfhka
iu;=,s; wjOshla f,i ie,lsh yelsh' ld,h;a iuÛ mrsir
iuzm;lska Wlyd .; yels by<u wiajekak Wmrsu ia:sridr
wiajekak (Maximum Sustainable Yield) f,iska ye|skafjz. tla tla
mrsir iuzm;l ia:sridr wiajekafkys Wmrsuh ms<sn| fkdi,ld,
tnªZ mrsir iuzm;a ixps;hla iuqy hla ia:Sridr wiajekafkys
Wmrsuh ms<sn| jYfhka ie,lSfuka o ;sridr ixjrAOkhg wrA:
ksrEmkhla iemhsh yelsh. tfy;a th ;rul wiSre ldrAhhls.
jsfYaIfhkau iuzm;a ixps;hla jsjsO \%jHhkaf.ka ie\quz,;a tlla
jk jsg, wLKav iuzm;a m%jdyhla mj;ajd .ekSu hkqfjka woyia
lrkafka lskuz ;Fjhlao hk j. tkuz, tla tla \%jHhka fjk
fjku ksh; m%udK j,ska mj;ajdf.k hdulao, fkdtfia kuz huz
lsis ksYaps; wkqmd;hlg tlÛj mj;ajd .ekSula o hkak f;`rd
.ekSu b;d wiSreh.
.;sl iu;=,s; wjOsh ms<sn|j ve,S iy fn`,avska jsiska

bosrsm;a l< jsl,am woyiska lshfjkafka, ksIamdokfha oS iy
mdrsfN`ckfhaoS we;s wm\%jH m%udKh" mrsirfhys m%;splS%lrK
yelshdjg (Assimilative Capacity of the Environment) iudk jk
;Fjhla .;sl iu;=,s; wjOshla njhs. mrsir moaO;shl Wmrsu
m%;splS%lrK yelshdj t;=<g wjfYÌKh jk Yla;sh, ^jsfYaIfhka
iqrAh Yla;sh& u; r|d mj;S. .;sl iu;=,s; wjOshloS wdrA:slhla
jsiska Wmrsu iS>%;djhlska wLKav f,i \%jH Ndjs; lrk w;r bka
ksmojk wm\%jH mrsir moaO;sh u.ska m%;spl%SlrKh lrhs.
5' §mrsir moaO;shl ia:dhs;dj (Stabililty) iy osrsh iajNdjh

(Ressilience Capacity) ld,h;a iuÛ fkdfjkiaj mj;ajd
.ekSug wjYH wju ;Fjhka iemsrS mj;skafka kuz th ;sridr
ixjrAOkhla f,i ie,fla¶.
mrsir jsoHd{hka ;sridr nj olsk wdldrh fuuÛska meyeos,s

lrhs' jvd ,sys,a wrA:hlska f.k ne,qjsg, ;sridr nj ;lafiare lr
we;af;a mj;sk mrsir moaO;sfha ,CIK iy jHqyh mj;ajd f.k
hdug Bg we;s yelshdj wkqjh. iuia; mrsir moaO;sh ie,l+ jsg
;j;a tla m%dKshl= muKla jk usksidf.a TzkE tmdluz ms<sn|j fuz
20
;sridr ixjrAOkh
;lafiarefjz oS jsfYaI jeo.;alula olajd ke;. tfy;a, wo wm olsk

;Fjh wvq jevs jYfhka iudk wdldrhlska ffcj f.`,fha wLKav
meje;au iy l%shdldrsFjh yd neªkla f,i usksid y|qkdf.k ;snsK.
wo ojfia wdrA:sl jsoHd;aul wdl,am yd ixl,am fndfy` fihskau
wrA: olajd we;af;a fy` f.dv kÛd we;af;a usksid flka\% fldg
.ksusk.s Bg fya;=j jS ;sfnkafka, usksid jsiska jeo.;a ia:dkhla
Wiq,kafka hehs is;k jrA;udk mrsir moaO;sfha jHqyh tys fjk;a
uqyqKqjrlg jvd fyd| tlla f,i i,lkakg fm<Usuh' WodyrK
f,i mD:sjs f.`,fhys WIaKFjh by< hdu (Global Warming)
ms<sn|j wdrA:sl jsoHd{hl= olajk wdl,amh usksidf.a meje;au yd
ne|S mj;sk nj fmkajd osh yelsh. mD:sjsfha WIaK;ajh jsYd, f,i
by< .shfyd;a .yfld< i;=ka iys; uqMZ ffcj f.`,hgu
(Biosphere) th n,mdk w;r tys ie,lsh hq;= fjkia jSuz o is\qjsh
yels jqj;a tys ls%hdldrSFjh k;r fkdjkq we; . tfy;a fuz wrNhd
yvZ ke.Sug wdrA:sl jsoHd{hka fm<Us we;af;a tnª ;rAckhla t,a,
jsh yelafla usksidg hehs is;d isgsk fyhsks. tfy;a ienEj jkafka
tys wfkla me;a;hs. fjkia jk mrsir ;Fjhka yuqfjz tajdg
.e,fmk fia fjkia jsfuz jevsu yelshdj mj;skafka usksidgh.
wfkl=;a fndfy` cSjSkag fjkia jk mrsirhg Tfrd;a;= fok f,i
mrsKdusl jYfhka yev .eiSug is\qjS we;. ke;skuz Tjqkg
is\qjkafka wys;lr ;Fjhka hgf;aoS j|jShdugh. kuq;a tjeks ;Fj
hgf;ao .eg,qq ksrdlrKh i|yd fuj,uz ;kd .ekSfuz nqoaOsuh
yelshdj usksidg ;sfnz. flfia jqj;a ffcj f.da,h yd ta ;=< we;s
mrsir moaO;Skao mj;skafka ksrka;r fukau l%usl jq fjkialuz
j,g ,lafjusks. mrsir jsoHd;aulj fuz nj meyeos,s lsrSfuzoS Ndjs;d
jk ixl,am folla ;sfnz. ta ms<sn|j jsuid n,uq.
w) ia:dhs;dj (Stability) hkq lsishuz ndysr n,mEulg

wk;=rej h<s iu;=,s;;djhg m;ajSu iuznkaOfhka
.yKhla i;= yelshdjhs' th mrsir moaO;shl we;s
TzkEu i;aFj jsfYaIh fy` .yKhl ,CIKhlehs mrsir
jsoHd{hka mjihs. kuq;a fuz yelshdj iSudiys;h. tkuz
mrsir moaO;shlg h<s m%lD;s ;;ajhg meusKsh yelafla
tla;rd iSudjla olajd jk ndOdlsrSuz i|yd muKs. tfiau
jsfYaIhka i;= fulS ndOdjkg Tfrd;a;= oSfuz Yla;sh
;ekska ;ekg fjkia fjhs. huz fyhska ndOdfjz m%udKh
tu iSudj blaujd .shfyd;a t;eka mgka tys mrsydKsh
werfUhs.
wd& m%lD;s iajdNdjhg kej; meusKSu fyj;a osrsh

(Ressilience) hkq ;ks jsfYaIhlg jvd mrsir moaO;shla
i;= .=Kdx.hla f,i ye|skajsh yel. by, ;sj%;djlska hq;=
ndOdjkaf.ka wk;=rej jqj;a tys uq,a iajremhg, iy
21
;sridr ixjrAOkh
ls%hdldrS;ajhg h<s m;ajSug huz mrsir moaO;shlg we;s
yelshdj uska jsia;r flfrhs. moaO;shla m%lD;s ;Fjhg
m;ajSfuzoS tys ix>gl jk ish,qu .yKhka ia:dhs ;;ajhg
m;a jSula bka woyia fkdflfrA. funª ndOd lsrSula ksid
moaO;sfhys tla jsfYaIhla ioygu jskdY jS .sho
moaO;shla jYfhka thg fmr mrsos ls%hd;aul jSug
yelshdjla ;sfnz. kuq;a fuho tu j|jSug m;a jsfYaI uÛska
moaO;shg bgqjq fiajfha ;ru wkqj fjkia jsh yelsh.
wfkla w;g ;ks jsfYaIhlg ia:dhs ;Fjhg m;ajSug
yelsjkafka mrsir moaO;shg m%lD;s iajNdjhg m;ajSfuz
yelshdjla we;s jsgloS muKs.
fuz wkaouska mrsir moaO;shla i;=j ijhx ilia jsfuz

yelshdjla we;ehs mrsir jsoHd{fh` jsYajdi lr;s. fuz ijhx ilia
jSu ndysr mrsirfha fjk;a wixjsOdkd;aul fy` lvdlmam,aldrs
n,hka iuÛ ;=,khg m;aj ;sfnz kuz funª mrsir moaO;shla
iu;=,s; wjOshl mj;s;ehs woyia flfrA. funª iu;=,s;;d /ila
mrsir moaO;shl meje;sh yels nejska thska lsisjla w;sjsYsIaG
iu;=,s;hka f,i ie,lsh fkdyelsh. mrsir moaO;shl
ixlSrAKFjh jevsjk ;rug th m%lD;s ;Fjhg m;ajSug we;s
yelshdj jevsfj;ehs we;euqka is;=j;a iEu jsgu th i;Hhla fkdfjz.
fufia mrsir moaO;Ska ms<sn|j ,nd.;a fuz woyia iuqyh, ;sridr
ixjrAOkh yd .e,msh yelafla flfia o hkak u|la jsuid n,uq.
flduka (Common) iy fmrsxia (Perrings) f.a wrA: oelajSug

wkqj mrsirhl m%lD;s iajNdjh fjkia lr ouk TzkEu yeisrSula,
ls%hdldrlula moaO;sh wia:djr lrk yeisrSula jk w;r
ixjrAOkh wia:djr lrhs' tfy;a wjdikdjlg fuka mrsirfhys
huz jsm;a;sodhl le<Usula we;sjSug fmrd;=j th m%lD;s ;Fjfha
mj;skakla oehs fidhd .ekSfuz yelshdjla, oekqula wm i;=j ke;'
tnejska l< yels {dKjka;u jEhu jkqfha, wkd.; jHikhloS th
yeisfrk wdldrh ms<sn|j wkqudk jYfhka jsuid ne,Su muKls'
;sridr ixjrAOkh mrsirfha ;sr meje;au ,qyqne| hdhq;=h hkak
wruqKla fia is;kafka kuz, tuÛska wdrA:slhg mekfjk iSudjka o
ms<s.ekSug is\qjkq we;. tnejska mrsirfha meje;aug wju
ydkshla jk ugzguska wdrA:sl lghq;= mj;ajd .ekSug wm W;aiql
jsh hq;=h.
funªq lghq;= yªkd .ekSfuz j.lSu, mrsir jsoHdjg wh;ah.

wdrA:sl ls%hdoduhla ksid mrsirfhys m%lD;s ;Fjfha fjkialuz
ms<sn|j ksYaps;j m%ldY lsrSfuz yelshdjla ke;;a wdfjzKsl i;aFj
yd Ydl jsfYaIhkaf.a (Endemeic Fauna and Flora) ixLHd;aul fjkia
jSu, jk jeiafuz fjkialuz, LKsc ixps;hkaf.a yd mfia CIq\%
fmÌl \%jHj, (Micro Nutrients) fjkialuz jeks orAYl ta ms<sn| huz
22
;sridr ixjrAOkh
woyia ,nd .ekSu i|yd Ndjs; l< yelshehs mrsir jsoHd{hka
fmkajd oS ;sfnz.
2'3 ;sridr ixjrAOkh( ixl,amfhka l%shd;aul Ndjhg

;sridr ixjrAOkh ms,sn|j by; l< flgs jsYaf,aYkfha oS
th fl;ruz ixlSrAK ixl,amhla o hkak ;rula \qrg fyda meyeos,s
jkakg we;ehs is;uq. ;sridr ixjrAOkh jvd wrA:j;a wkaoulska
js.%y lsrSug .kakd W;aidyhkays oS tys ixlSrAK njg wu;rj ta
yd iuznkaO jsjsO jsIh m:hkays we;s ûdkj jdoS yd mrsir jdoS&
orAYkd;aul w.hka ^Philosophical Values), nyq;rhlg tlÛ jsh
yels wrA: oelajSula t,s oelajSug ndOdjlaj mj;S' flfiaj;=\q fuh
ms,sn| woyia olajd we;s iEu fofkl=f.au fmd\q woyi jkafka
;sridr ixjrAOkhla wjYH njhs. tfia kuz fuz ms,sn|j os.ska
os.gu jdo jsjdoj, fhoS isgsuq o, fkdtfia kuz jdo jsjdo lrk
w;r ;sridr ixjrAOkhla i|yd wvs;d,u fhdouqo hkak is;d
ne,Sug ld,h t,US we;. ;sridr ixjrAOkhla i|yd mrsir iy
iajNdjsl iuzm;a keKj;aj Ndjs; l< hq;=h. keKj;a hhs woyia
lrkqfha jrA;udk mruzmrdj Wmrsu f,i ;Dma;su;a jk f,i;a
wkd.; mruzmrdj wju jYfhka jrA;udk mruzmrdj N=la;s jsos
;Dma;sh N=la;s jsoSug wjia:d ke;s fkdjk f,i;a mrsir iy
iajNdjsl iuzm;a Ndjs; lsrSuh. ;sridr ixjrAOkh ms<sn|
wjYH;dj wo u;=j we;af;a w;S;fhaoS wm ta ms<sn|j fkd;el+ ksidh.
wm fkd;el+ m%Odk oehska, mrsir iy iajNdjsl iuzm;a m%udKh
blaujd Ndjs; lsrSu is\qjsh. uSg fya;= jqfha iuzm;a Ndjs;h ms<sn|
usksid fidhd .;a ;dCIKh m%Odk fldg.;a usksia ;SrKhkah.
jrA;udkfha olakg we;s wOs iuzm;a mrsyrK rgdj fjkia lsrSug
kuz, ta i|yd n,mE usksia ;SrK flfrys n,mEuz we;s l< hq;=h.
ta;=<ska Ndjs; jk ;dCIKh, iuzm;a m%udKh, ksIamdok jk NdKav
yd fiajd mrsir ys;lduS njg fhduq l< yel. mrsir wdrA:sl jsoHd
wOHhkfha uq,sl wruqK usksia ;SrK fjkia lrkqfha flfiao jsuid
ne,Su usi ;dCIKh mrsir ys;ldusj fhdod .ekSu fkdfjz. flfia
jQjo ;dCIKh fhdod .ekSu;a usksia ;SrK u; is\qjk nj ms<s.;
hq;=h.
mrsir iy iajNdjsl iuzm;a Ndjs;h ms<n| usksia ;SrK

.ekSu ms<sn| wOHhk lrk jsoHdj mrsir wdrA:sl jsoHdj hs. usksia
;SrK flfrys n,mEuz l< yels uq,sl wldr ;=kls. m<jekak usksia
repsl;ajh (Changing Preferences) fjkia lsrSuhs. fuz i|yd
wOHdmkh, f;dr;=re iemhSu, iudP iNH;ajh wdosh fhdod .;
yel. fojekak jsOdkh yd md,kh (Command and Control) u.sk a
usksia ;SrK fjkia lsrSuhs. fuz i|yd kS;srS;s we;s lsrSu iy
23
;sridr ixjrAOkh
l%shd;aul lsrSu ie,lsh yel. f;jekak wdrA:sl osrs oSuz (Economic

Incentives) u.ska usksia ;SrK fjkia lsrSuhs. fuu osrs oSuz l%shd;aul
l< yels ;SrK .kakd ugzguz i;rla y|qkd .; yel. tkuz
Pd;Hka;r (International), Pd;sl (National), jHdmD;s (Project) iy
mqoa., (Individual) ugzguzh. fuu .%ka:fhka wmf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=j
mqoa., ugzgu ;SrK flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrSuh.
iuzm;a Ndjs;h ms<sn| mqoa. , ugzgfuys ;SrK flfrys

n,mdk m%Odk idOlhls wdrA:sl l%uh. m%Odk wdrA:sl l%u fol jk
fj<|fmd< (Market Economic System) iy uOH.; ie,iquz (Central
Planned Economic System) wdrA:sl l%u fol w;=rska wm wjOdkh
fhduq lrkqfha fj<|fmd< wdrA:sl l%uhgh.
fj<|fmd< wdrA:slh ;=< iuzm;a Ndjs;h ms<sn| ;SrK .kafka

us< i,ld n,dh. fj<|fmd< wdrA:slfha us< ;SrKh jSfuzoS
jsfYaIfhka mrsir iy iajNdjsl iuzm;a ms<sn| us< fndfyda jsg
wj;lafiare fjz. mrsir iuzm;a yd fiajdj, us< wj;lafiare jSulg
,la jkqfha tu iuzm;a Ndjs;h u.ska we;slrk ishMZu msrsjeh jrA.,
jsfYaIfhkau iudP msrsjeh (Social Cost), mqoa.,sl ;SrKj,oS
fkdi,ld yefrk ksidh. fuh fj<|fmd< wldrAhCIu;djhls
(Market Failure). mrsir wdrA:sl jsoHdfjz wruqK jkqfha mrsir
iuzm;a Ndjs; ;SrK .ekSfuzoS fj<|fmd< wldrAhCIu;d y|qkd
.ekSu;a tajd i|yd m%;slrAu fhdaPkd lsrSu;ah. fjk;a jpk j,sk a
lsjfyd;a mrsir wdrA:sl jsoHdfjzoS W;aidy lrkqfha fj<|fmd<
wldrAhCIu;djhka u.ska jslD;s (Distort) lrk ,o us,g mdrsirsl
w.hka wka;rA.; lr h:d w.hkag m;a lsrSuhs.
Ayers, R.V. and Kneese, A.V. (1969). “Production Consumption and

Externalities”, American Economic Review, 69(3) June, pp. 282-
297.
Barbier, E.B., A. Markandya and D.W. Pearce (1990). “Sustainable
Agricultural Development and Project Appraisal”, European
Review of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 17, pp. 181-196.
Barbier, E.B., A. Markandya and D.W. Pearce (1990). “Environmental
Sustainability and Cost-Benefit Analysis”, Environment and
Planning, Vol. 22, pp. 1259-1266.
Boulding, K.E. (1966). “The Economics of the Coming Spaceship
Earth”. In H. Jarett (ed.), Environmental Quality in a Growing
Economy, Resources for the Future John Hopkins Press.
Bruntland Commission (1987). “Our Common Future”.
24
;sridr ixjrAOkh
Castle, E.N., Berrens, R.P. and S. Polasky (1996). “The Economics of

Sustainability”, Journal of Natural Resources, Vol. 36, pp. 475-
490.
Chichilnisky, G. (1997). “What is Sustainable Development?”, Land
Economics, Vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 467-491.
Common, M. (1988) Environmental and Resource Economics: An
Introduction, Longman, London.
Daly, H.E. (1990). “Toward Some Operational Principles of Sustainable
Development”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 2, pp. 1-6.
Endress, L.H. and J.A. Roumasset (1997). “Is Sustainability Necessary?”,
Dept. Paper Series, Dept. of Economics, University of Hawaii,
USA.
Faucheux, S., E. Muir, and M. O’Connor (1997). “Neoclassical Natural
Capital Theory and “Weak” Indicators for Sustainability”, Land
Economics, Vol 73, no. 4, pp. 528-552.
Dasguptha, S., and G.M. Heal (1974). Economic Theory and Exhaustible
Resources, Cambridge University Press, England.
Hartwick, J.M. (1977). “Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of
Rents from Exhaustible Resources”, American Economic
Review, 67.
Hartwick, J.M (1978). “Substitution Among Exhaustible Resources and
Intergenerational Equity”, Review of Economic Societies, 45.
Hartwick, J.M. (1997). “Paying Down the Environmental Debt”, Land
Holling, C.S. (1973). “Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems”,
Annual Review of Ecological Systems, Vol. 4, pp. 1-24.
Holling, C.S. (1986). “The Resilience of Teristrial Eco Systems Local
Surprise and Global Change”, In W.C. Clark and R.E. Munn (ed.)
Sustainable Development of the Bio-Sphere, Cambridge University
Press.
Howe, C.W. (1997). “Dimensions of Sustainability: Geographical,
Temporal, Institutional, and Psychological”, Land Economics, Vol.
73, no. 4, pp. 597-607.
Howarth, R.B. (1997). “Sustainability as Opportuniy”, Land Economics,
Vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 569-579.
Janvry, A.D., E. Sadoulet and B. Santos (1995). “Project Evaluation for
Sustainable Rural Development: Plan Sierra in the Dominican
Republic”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,
Vol. 28, pp. 135-154.
Michiel, J.F. van P., A. Kuyvenhoven and P. Nijkamp (1990). “Project
Appraisal and Sustainability: Methodological Challenges”, Journal
of Project Appraisal, Vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 139-158.
25
;sridr ixjrAOkh
Mohtadi, H. (1996). “Environment, Growth, and Optimal Policy Design”,

Journal of Public Economics Vol. 63, pp. 119-140.
Norton, B.G. and M.A. Toman (1997). “Sustainability: Ecological and
Economic Perspectives”, Land Economics, Vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 553-
568.
Page, T. (1997). “On the Problem of Achieving Efficiency and Equity,
Intergenerationally”, Land Economics, Vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 580-596.
Perrings, J. (1987). Economy and the Environment, Cambridge
University Press.
Pezzey, J.C.V. (1997). “Sustainability Constraints Versus Optimality
Versus Intertemporal Concern, and Axioms Versus Data”, Land
Rawls, J. (1977) A Theory of Justice, Oxford University Press.
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29-46.
Solow, R.M. (1986). “On the Integenerational Allocation of Natural
Resources”, Scandanavian Journal of Economics Vol. 88, no. 1. pp.
141-149.
Thambapillai, D.J. and H.E. Uhlin (1997). “Environmental Capital and
Sustainable Income: Basic Concepts and Empirical Tests”,
Cambridge Journal of Economics Vol. 21, pp. 379-394.
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World Bank (1992). World Bank Development Report, Oxford
University Press, UK.
26
;=kajk mrspzfPAoh
3' fj<|fmd< wdrA:sl kHdh
wdrA:slhla hkq NdKav yd fiajdjkaf.a ksIamdokh ixjsOdkh

lrkakd jq fukau tajd ck;djg fnod yrskakd jqo iudc moaO;shls.
tmuKla fkdfjz, jdhqf.`,h, c, f.`,h iy Ys,d f.`,fhka
ie\quz,;a iajNdjsl moaO;sh;a (Natural System), usksiqka w;r wka;rA
in|;d fufyhjk “iudc moaO;sh;a” (Social System) tlsfkl hd
lrkq ,nkafka wdrA:slh uÛsks. fuu mrspzfPAofhka wdrA:slh hkq
l=ula oehs mqMZ,aj js.%y lrk w;r, fj<|fmd< wdrA:slh uÛska
iudP iqNidOkh bgq lrk wdldrh o kHdhd;aulj js.%y lrhs.
3'1 wdrA:slhl ls%hdldrluz
wdrA:slhl m%Odk l%shdldrluz folla we;. tajdkuz
1' ksIamdokh iy
2' mrsfN`ckhhs.
iajdNdjsl iuzm;a, m%d.aOkh, Y%uh jeks ksIamdok idOl oekqu

iy ;dCIKh iuÛ uqiq fldg NdKav yd fiajdjka ;ekSu
ksIamdokfha ldrAhNdrhhs. fuysosS ksIamdok ls%hdoduh fN!;sl
jsoHdfjz kshuhkag hg;a nj jgyd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fjz. tkuz,
usksidg m%fh`ckj;a ksIamdokhloS is\qjkafka mj;akd iuzm;a ksujq
\%jH yd Yla;sh njg mrsjrA;kh lsrSuls. tlS Yla;sh fy` \%jH
lsisjla jskdY lsrSug fyda uejSug kqmqMZjk. ta wkqj meyeos,s jkafka
ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh ksrAudKd;aul l%shdjlg jvd mrsjrA;k
ls%hdj,shla jk njh. ldrAhCIu ksIamdokhla ;=<ska fhdod.kakd
\%jHhkag yd Yla;shg Wmrsu jgskdlula ,nd osh yelsh.
ksIamdokfhysoS fndfydajsg jgskdlula rys;, usksidg yd mrsirhg
ydkslr wm\%jH ksIamdokh fjz.
wdrA:slhl uS<Û jeo.;a l%shdldrlu jkafka mrsfN`ckhhs

(Consumption). ksIamdos; NdKav yd fiajdjka Ndjs;h ;=<ska îuyr
wjia:djkays oS fl<skau iajNdjsl iuzm;a j,ska& usksid ;Dma;sh;a,
fj<|fmd< wdrA:sl kHdh
meje;au;a <Ûd lr.ekSu mrsfN`ckh f,i ie,lSug mqMZjk'
mrsfN`ckho fN!;sl jsoHdfjz kshuhkag hg;aj yeisfrhs.
mrsfN`ckh ksid \%jH jekiS hdula is\q fkdjk w;r tajd fjk;a
wdldrhl Yla;shla fy` \%jHhla njg mrsjrA;kh jSula muKla
is\qfjz.
by; lreKq i,ld ne,SfuzoS ksIamdokh;a mrsfN`ckh;a hkq

ksmojk iy ns|ouk ls%hdj,Ska follg jvd fN!;sl mrsjrA;khla
(Physical Transformation) f,i ie,lSu fh`.Hh. \%jH iu;=,s;h
(Material Balance) ms<sn| jq fN!;sl jsoHd;aul kshuhka, wdrA:sl
ls%hdj,sh ms<sn| ksjeros ps;%hla f.dv ke.Sug WmldrS fjz. tkuz
ksIamdokfha iy mrsfN`ckfhaa w;=reM, f,i ksmojk wm\%jH
m%udKfhaa iSudjka tuÛska yªkd.; yelsh. fufia iajdNdjsl
isoaOdka;hka uÛska mkjd we;s fuz iSudjkag ljr wjia:djl fy`
uqyqK oSug wdrA:slhlg is\qjkq we;.
wdrA:slhl lemS fmfkk ,CIK jkqfha tys we;s

iuznkaOSlrK yd ixjsOdk ldrAhdj,shhs. wdrA:slhl ksIamdok
l%shdj,sh msrslaiSfuka th jvd;a ;yjqre lr .; yelsh. TzkEu
ksIamdokhla ksismrsos is\qjSug kuz Bg odhl jk Y%uh, ;dCIKh
wdosh uqiq lsrSu, wuq\%jH us<g .ekSu, ksIamdok ls%hdj,Ska w;r
ld,igyk, wf,jssh fukau wkd.; ksIamdokhka i|yd wdfh`ck
lsrSu jeks iEu wxYhla w;ru ukd ine|shdjla meje;sh hq;=h. uSg
wu;rj NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh yd tajd mrsfN`ckh w;r
iuznkaO;djla mej;sh hq;=h. fufia wjYH NdKav yd fiajd ksmojSu
flfrys jevs wjOdkhla fhduq lsrSu fyd| wdrA:slhl ,CIKhls.
w;Dma;shla f.kossh yels wdldrfha ksIamdok fyj;a lsis\q
jgskdlula ke;s wm\%jH yd mrsir \qIlhkaf.a m%udKh yd bka jk
ydksh wju lsrSu;a fuz wruqK bgq lr .ekSu i|yd w;HdjYHh.
Y%uh, m%d.aOkh jeks ksIamdok idOl fhojSfuzoS tajdg by<
jgskdlula tla l< yels ksIamdok i|yd muKla tajd Ndjs; lsrSug
ks;ru W;aidy .;hq;=h. tfiau ksIamdok idOl, uq,H myiqluz,
.nvd myiqluz jeks hgs;, fiajdjka iemhSu ksIamdok
ldrAhdj,sfhys Wkka\q lsrSu i|yd wjYHh. ish,qu ksIamdok idOl,
ksIamdos; NdKav yd fiajdjka i|yd jq idfmaCI jgskdlu ms<sn|
f;dr;=re iq,n lsrSfuka ksIamdokh yd mrsfNdaPkh w;r
iudfhdaPkh jvd;a myiq fjz. ksIamdok idOl flfrys mqoa.,hkag
we;s whs;sh ;yjqre lr ;snSu iy th wdrCId lr we;s wdldrho
fuysoS jeo.;a fjz. tnª whs;shla uÛsZka whs;slrejd i;= whs;sjdisluz
fukau tys iSudjkao meyeos,s l< hq;=h. tjsg ksIamdos; NdKav yd
fiajdjka ksIamdolhdf.a wdodhu njg;a, Tyq Ndjs; lrk wuq\%jHj,
jgskdlu jshou njg;a m;afjz. wdodhu iy jshou w;r mr;rh
fyj;a ksIamdolhd Wmhk ,dNh Tyqf.a iajhx mrsfN`ckh i|yd
fukau wkd.; ksIamdok i|yd wdfh`ck lsrSug;a Wmfh`.s lr
28
.efkhs. ish ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh jvd ldrAhCIu iy M,odhS

;,hlg f.k tafuka Tyqg jvd by< mrsfN`ck yelshdjla fukau
wkd.; wdfh`ck bv m%ia:do jsjr lr .ekSug mqMZjk.
by; jsia;r flreKq ksIamdok wxYh ;=< is¥jsh hq;=

iuznkaOSlrkhg wu;rj mrsfNdaPkh yd ksIamdokh w;ro
iuznkaOSlrKhla ;snsh hq;=h. ksIamdolhska jsiska ;u ysÛ ksIamdok
idOl fhojsh hq;af;a mdrsfNda.slhska jevsfhkau w.h lr NdKav
yd fiajd ksmojSu i|ydh. tfukau ksIamdokh lrk ,o NdKav yd
fiajd iemhsh hq;af;a tajd i|yd jevsu we.hSula lrk
mdrsfNda.slhkagh. m%jdykh, .nvd lsrSu yd uq,H fiajd iemhSu
uÛska ksjeros ksIamdokh iq\qiq mdrsfNda.slhka lrd ,Ûd jSu myiq
l< hq;=h. tfukau fhojquz, NdKav yd fiajd j, Ndjs;h yd
we.hSu ms<Sn| f;dr;=re mdrsfNda.slhd yd ksIamdolhd w;r iq,N
l< hq;=h. fuz iuznkaOSlrKh i|yd NdKav yd fiajd we.hSu
ms<sn|j fmd\q uskquz oKavla wjYHh lrhs, wdrA:slhl fuz fmd\q uskquz
oKav us<hs. us< uÛska ksIamdolhd i;= jsh hq;= osrs.ekajSu,
ksIamdolhdf.a wdodhu f,i ,nd fok w;r iSus; mdrsfNda.sl
NdKavhka i|yd ;rÛ lrk mdrsfNda.slhka w;r tu NdKav i,dl
lsrSula (Rationing) lrhz. fuf,i wdrA:slfha us< fjkia jSuz tys
NdKav yd fiajd j, ysÛlu fyda tajd ms<sn|j mdrsfNda.slhdf.a
repsfha fjkialuz ksrEmkh lrhs. tfukau us, fjkia jSuz uÛska
wdrA:slhl we;s wiu;=,s;;d ke;s lrhs.
WodyrKhla f,i, NdKavhl us< by, hkjsg mdrsfNda.slhska

tu NdKav us<oS .ekSu wvq lrhs. ta iuÛu ksIamdolhska tu
NdKav ksIamdokh jevs lrhs. fuz jevs lsrSfuzoS tu wxYh i|yd
wu;r iuzm;a Ndjs;hla we;sfjz. NdKavfha mrsfNdaPkh wvq jk jsg
ta i|yd jk wdfoaYlhka Ndjs;h by, hhs. wdfoaYl ksmojSu i|yd
wjYH iuzm;a Ndjs;h o by, hhs. fuf,i us< fjkialuz i|yd
mdrsfNda.slhd yd ksIamdolhd olajk m%;spdr u.ska wjYH lrk
iuzm;a wkqhqla; lsrSuz is\q lrhs.
;j;a WodyrKhla f,i m%d.aOkfha us< jk fmd,S wkqmd;slh

i,lkak. fmd,S wkqmd;slh by< hdfuka woyia jkafka wdrA:slfha
m%d.aOkh ysÛ njhs. Bg m%;spdr jYfhka mdrsfNda.slhska ;u
mrsfNdaPkh wvq lr b;srs lsrSuz jevs lrhs. b;srs lsrSuz u.ska
m%d.aOkh jevs lr m%d.aOk ysÛh u. yrjd .kS. ta ksid
wdrA:slhl us< uÛska ksIamdokh iy mrsfN`ckh;a, b;srslsrSuz iy
wdfh`ck;a iuzm;a \qn,;dj iy ;dCIKh;a ck;djf.a wjYH;d
TzkE tmdluz iy Tjqka i;= whs;ska w;r;a iuznkaOSlrKhla we;s
lrhs. jsjsO wrA:l%u w;r fulS iuznkaOSlrK l%shdj,sh we;s lr
.kakd wdldrfha uq,sl fjkialuz olakg ,enqKo by; jsia;r l<
29
wdrA:slh jHqyh TzkEu wrA: l%uhl tkuz jsjD; fj<| fmd< wdrA:sl
l%uhl (Free Market Economy) fy` ixjD; fyj;a uOH .; wdrA:sl
l%uhl (Centralized Economy) fy` fuz foflys w;r ueos wjia:djla
n\qZ usY% wdrA:sl l%uhlg (Mixed Economy) idOdrK tajd f,i
ie,lsh yelsh. fuz tla tla wrA: l%uhla hgf;a ksIamdok l%shdj,sh
iuznkaOSlrKh jk wdldrh fyj;a iuznkaOSlrK hka;%kh uS<Ûg
jsuid n,uq.
3'2 wdrA:sl l%u

3'2'1 fj<|fmd< wdrA:sl l%uh
fj<|fmd< wdrA:sl l%uhl meje;au r|d mj;sk jeo.;a

,CIKh foam, ms<sn| whs;shhs. tkuz ysuslrejd i;= whs;Ska tuÛska
;yjqre lr we;s w;ru msgia;r mqoa.,hskag ta fj; ysusluz mEfuz
bv lv o wyqrd we;. wjYH jsfgl tlS whs;sh fjk;a whl= fj;
mejerSfuz yelshdj o Tyq i;=h' fuz fya;=j ksid by< m%;s,dNhla
,nd.;yels wjia:djl ;uka i;= ysusluz fjk;a whl=g mejerSug
wjia:dj ;sfnz. fomdrAYjfha tlÛ;djh u; tysoS tu NdKav fy`
fiajdjkag jgskdlula ;SrKh fjhs. fj<|fmd< wdrA:sl l%ufhaoS
us< hka;%kh (Price Mechanism) jeo.;au ldrAhh Ndrh bgq lrhs.
ksIamdolhl= jsiska fldmuK ksmojsh hq;=oehs ;SrKh lrkq
,nkafka NdKav yd fiajdjka i|yd kshu jk us< wkqjh. tfiau
mdrsfN`.shl= jsiska us<oS .kakd NdKav yd fiajdj, m%udKh Tyq
i;= wdodhu u; ;SrKh jk nejska NdKav yd fiajd tallhlg
kshu jk us< tysoS;a jeo.;a ;ekla .kS.
ish,qu NdKav yd fiajd i|yd us< kshu jkafka tajd flfrys

we;s jk b,a,qu (Demand) iy iemhqu (Supply) u;h. tnejska usf<ys
is\qjk fjkiajSuz mdrsfN`.slhdg;a ksIamdolhdg;a ;SrK .ekSu
i|yd jeo.;a f;dr;=re imhk ix{djla f,i ie,lSug mq,qjk.
fuu f;dr;=re Wmfh`.S fldg f.k ksIamdokfhys;a
mrsfN`ckfhys;a fjkialuz is\q lr.ekSug Tjqkg yelshdj ;sfnz.
fuz ksid us< l%uh, fj<|fmd< l%uhla iajhx ksrjoH;djhla lrd
f.k hkafka hehs lshkq ,efnz. jvd;a ijsia;rj olajf;d;a wfkl=;a
NdKav yd fiajdjkag idfmaCIj we;s jq ysÛ;djhla fya;=fjka huz
NdKav fy` fiajdjka jevsmqr ksmojSug ksIamdolhska Wkka\q jk
w;r by< us< iys; NdKav wvqfjka mrsfN`ckh lsrSug;a, us< wvq
wdfoaYl ta fjkqjg Ndjs;d lsrSug;a mdrsfN`.slhd fm<fUhs' funª
jd;djrKhla ksid tlS NdKav fy` fiajdjka flfrys we;sjq ysÛ;dj
uÛ yefrA. tmuKla fkdfjz Ndjs;h ksid CIh jS hk, kej;
m%;sIaGdmkh jSu i|yd b;d os.= l,la .;jk, tfukau b;d iSus;
m%udKj,ska mj;sk LKsc f;,a jeks ixps; iuzm;a mrsyrKh us<
30
hka;%kh uÛska b;d idrA:l f,i fufyhjkq ,nk nj;a fmfkhs.

osfkka osk by< hk us< uÛska funª iuzm;a i|yd wdfoaYlhka
fidhd.ekSug;a, mrsfN`ckh wvq lsrSug;a iudch ;=< wod< iuzm;a
ixrCIKh iy m%;splS%lrKh flfrys;a Wkka\q lsrSula we;sflfrA.
wevuz iaus;a (Adam Smith) kue;s iqm%lg wrA: Ydia;%{hd jsiska

fj<|fmd< wrA: l%ufhys woDYHudk yia;h (Invisible Hand) f,i
js.%y lrkq ,enqfha fuz us< hka;%khhs. lreKq fufia jqjo us<
hka;%kh lsi\ s q wvqmdvqjla ke;s mqrAK ldrAhCIu l%uhla hhs jrojd
jgyd .; hq;= ke;. ta ukaoh;a us< hka;%kh idrA:l f,i ls%hdfjz
fhojSu msKsi iemsrsh hq;= wjYH;d /ila, mj;sk nejsks. tkuz,
1' uq,qukska js.%y lrk ,o foam, ms<sn| whs;shla (Well

Defined Property Rights) mej;Su.
2' meyeos,sj;a mqMZ,a f,i;a fj<|fmd< f;dr;=re ixirKhla
mej;Su.
tfy;a fuzjd m%dfh`.sl f,`lfhaoS myiqfjka iemsrsh fkdyels

jshouz wOsl wjYH;d /ila jk nejska us< hka;%kh n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jk wdldrfhka l%shd;aul fkdjkq fndfy` jsg oelsh yelsh. ksoyia
fj<|fmd< wdrA:sl l%ufhaoS t;=< ls%hd;aul jk ish,qu ksIamdolhka
l=vd mrsudKfha tkuz fj<|fmd< us< flfrys iDcq n,mEula t,a,
l< yels mrsudKfhka ksIamdokh fkdlrk jsg us< hka;%kh
ldrAhCIu f,i ls%hd;aul fjhs. fj<|fmd< us< ksIamdolhdf.a
wdodhu ;SrKh lrhs. lDIs ksIamdok jeks, mrsirfha yosis
fjkiajSuzj,g k;=jk ksIamdok ldrAhhloS tajdfha fj<|fmd< us<o
oreKq f,i by< my< hdug bv we;s nejska jsfgl us< hka;%kh
lDDr wd{dhlFjhl iajrEmh Wiq,hs.
fj<|fmd< wrA: l%uhlg wm%idoh m< lrkakjqka kÛk tla

m%Odk fpòkdjla jkafka tysoS us<;a wdodhu;a w;r we;s jk
jl%dldr iuznkaOhhs. fj<|fmd< us< uÛska wdodhu ;SrKh
lr;ehs is;=j;a i;H jYfhkau us< mdrAYajsl jYfhka wdodhfuys
;Fjh u; ;SrKh jk idOlhls. jvd;a meyeos,s lrkafka kuz huz
NdKavhla fy` fiajdjla i|yd mdrsfN`.slhl= jsiska b,a,qula we;s
lrkafka Tyq i;= us<oS .ekSfuz yelshdj fyj;a Tyqf.a wdodhuz
ugzgu wkqjh. fj<|fmd< ;=< fun\q im, b,a,qula (Effective
Demand) we;ss lsrSfuz by<u yelshdj we;af;a fyd| wdodhuz ;Fjhlg
Wreu lshk Okj;=kag muKs' uq,sl wdodhuz fnoS hdfuz uyd mrsudK
fjkialuz iys; m%dfh`.sl iudchl fj<|fmd< usf<ys
idOdrKFjh ms<sn| idOdrK ielhla we;sjSu iajdNdjslh.
tfyhsk,a ish wdrA:slfhys iuznkaOSlrK hdka;%kh fufyh jSu
i|yd us< l%uhlg jvd idOdrK l%uhla ;snsh hq;= hehs jsYajdi
31
lrkjqka f;`rd f.k we;af;a uOH.; wdrA:Sl l%uhls (Centrally

Planned Economic System).
3'2'2 uOH.; wdrA:Sl l%uh
uOH.; fyj;a iudcjdoS f,i ie,flk wdrA:Sl l%uhla

fj<|fmd< l%uhlska lemS fmfkk f,i fjka l< yels jkafka ta ;=<
fm!oa.,sl foam, whs;sh wkqu; fkdlrk ksidh. tkuz iajdNdjsl
fukau m%d.aOk iuzm;a iduqysl (rdcH) whs;sh hgf;a mj;S. fuhska
Wolau wfmaCId lrkqfha wdruzNl wdodhuz fnoS hdfuz jsIu;dj ;=rka
lsrSuls. wfkla jeo.;a lreK jkafka fmd\q hym; yd iqN isoaOsh
Wfoid iuzm;a mrsyrKfhaoS rchla jsiska .kq ,nk os.=ld,Sk
ie,iquz iy ;SrK, fj<|fmd< wdrA:slhloS ;ks mqoa.,hka jsiska .kq
,nk flgsld,Sk ie,iquz iy ;SrKj,ska fjkia jk njhs.
Okj;=kaf.a iqL jsyrKh i|yd jq NdKav yd fiajdjka ksmojSug
funª l%uhla ;=< we;s bv lv iSus;h. wdrA:sl jrAOkh <Ûd lr
.ekSfuz Wmdh udrA.h b;srs lsrSuz yd wdfh`ckhka osrs .ekajSuhs.
funª mqMZ,a iudcShh fya;=ka ksIamdok ldrAhfhys ,d

mqoa.,hka osrsu;a lrjk idOl f,iska fhdod .kafka flfiao hkak
jsuid ne,Sh hq;=h' ixlSrAK uÛ fmkajSfuz ls%hd mgsmdgs, ksIamdok
mx.= (fl`gd) l%uh, osrs .ekajsuz fukau ov kshu lsrsuz jeks Wml%u
u.ska uOH.; md,kh jsiska mqoa.,hka fmd\q hym; fjkqfjka ls%hd
lsrsug fufyhjkq ,nhs' fuz lreKq ie,lSfuka muKla "iudcjdoS
wdrA:sl l%uhla ;=< wdodhuz jsIu;d ke;" hkqfjka ks.ukhlg
t<eUSug ;ruz blauka jsh hq;= ke;. rcfha ie,iquz ls%hdfjz fhojSug
kuz t;=<ska mqoa.,hkago fmr<d ,dNhla fy` iqN idOkhla ,ensh
hq;=h. ta w;ru th Tjqkaf.a oCI;djka, W;aidyhka fukau
fjkialuz we;s lsrSug Tjqka olajk leu;a; u; ;SrKh jsh hq;=h.
tnejska wdodhuz jsIu;djlg we;s bv lv funª wrA: l%uhla ;=<
jqjo uqMZukskau neyer l< fkdyelsh. fujeks hdka;%khla idrA:lj
l%shdfjz fhojSu msKsi mqMZ,a f;dre;=re cd,hla, tkuz l=ula, flfia
ljr m%udKfhka ksmojsh hq;=o jeks uq,sl .egMZ ms<sn| ksjeros
f;dr;=re rch i;= jsh hq;=h. tfiau tajd jsYaf,aIKh lsrSuo tl
fia jeo.;ah.
fj<|fmd< wdrA:slfhaoS iuznkaOSlrK ls%hdj,sh is\q jqfha

fj<|fmd< us< hka;%kh uÛska nj wms oeka oksuq. uOH.; wdrA:sl
l%uhloS ta ldrAhh bgq jkqfha uOHu wOsldrsh uÛska ;SrKh lrkq
,nk us< fyj;a Pdhd us< (Shadow Price) uÛsk.s fuu l%ufha oS
fj<|fmd< wdrA:slhl fuka mqoa.,hska f.a oÌ;d yd repswrepsluz
j,g wdrA:slh flfrys >DPqj n,mEuz lsrSug we;s bv lv wvqh.
jsfYaIfhka wdrA:slfha m%;s,dN mqoa.,hka w;r fnoS hkafka Tjqkaf.a
oÌ;d fyda lemjSug jvd ishMZ fokd w;r tajd idOdrkj fnoS hd
32
hq;=h hkak mokuz lr f.khs. fuysoS fj<|fmd< wdrA:slhl oS

olakg ,efnk ksIamdokfha kjH;djka lrd hEu i|yd jk Wkka\qj
wvq jS hEula is\q jsh yel. tfia jkafka mj;sk foam, l%uh wkqj
tjka kjH;djhl m%;sM, wdrA:slfha ish,q fokd nqla;s jsosk nejsks.
fuz wkaouska wdrA:slh ;=< mqoa.,Sl jqjukd tmd luz iSud lsrSu ksid
kj ;dÌKsl l%u yd fjk;a kuH;d lrd t,Usu \qrAj, jSu
fidajshgz foaYh we;=MZ iudPjdoS rgj, uE; ld,fha is\qjQ wdrA:sl ns|
jegSug fya;= jq tla lreKls.
3'2'3 usY % wdrA:sl l%uh
by;ska jsia;r flrek l%u foflysu iuzusY%Khla jq usY%

wdrA:sl l%uhloSs fj<|fmd< fufyhjSu msKsi us< l%uh Ndjs; jk
w;ru ksIamdok iy mrsfN`ck rgdj flfrys n,mEuz lsrSug rchg
yelshdjla ;sfnz.
iudcfha fmd\q iqNisoaOsh ;ld w;HjYH hhs ;SrKh lrkq

,nk iuyrla NdKav iy fiajdjka ksmojSfuz;a fnodyerSfuz;a
j.lSu rch uÛska mjrd .ekSula fuysos oelsh yelsh. fuz wkqj
NdKav iy fiajdjkays idfmaCI usf<ys iDcq f,i fy` jl%dldrj
ishquz fjkialuz we;s lsrSu u.ska mdrsfN`.slhdf.a;a,
ksIamdolhdf.a;a l%shdldrluz flfrys n,mEuz lsrSug rchg mqMZjk.
jvd;a meyeos,s jkq i|yd usf,ys iDcq fjkialuz we;s l< yels tn|q
wdldr iuyrla my; oelafjz(
1. n\q wh lsrSu,
2. iykdOdr iemhSu,
3. ;Sren\q whlsrSu,
4. wdkhk yd wmkhk mx.= l%u we;s lsrSu,
5. rdcH us<oS .ekSuz.
fuz wkqj n,kjsg usY% wdrA:slhla, fj<|fmd< us< l%uh u;

mQrAK jsYajdihla ;nd lghq;= fkdlrk, tfy;a t;=< we;s we;euz
ldrAhCIu ,CIK Wlyd .kakg lrk ,o jEhula f,i ye|skajsh
yelsh. fjk;a wdldrhlska olajf;d;a fj<|fmd< us< uÛska
ksIamdokh iy mrsfN`ckh osrsu;a lrk w;ru ta iuÛ us<oS
.ekSfuz yelshdj fkdue;s wvq wdohuz ,nkakjqka yg;a wju
mrsfN`ck ugzgula fy` ,nd oSug rdcH wxYh ueosy;a jSu usY%
wdrA:slfha tla ,CIKhls. tnª wdrA:Slhl ie,iquz ilia lsrSu,
b,lalhka we;s lr .ekSu, f;dr;=re tla /ia lsrSu iy
jsYaf,aIKh fukau b,lalhka imqrd .ekSug wjYH osrs .ekajSuz we;s
lsrSfuz j.lSu we;af;a rdcH wxYhghs. fuz wruqKq bgq lr
.ekSfuys,d rdcH wxYh i;= yelshdj iuznkaOfhka u; fNao ;sfnz.
33
fuz ljr wrA: l%uhl jqj wjidk wruqK tys iudcSlhkayg
by< ;Dma;shla <Ûd lr oSuhs. fuz wdrA:sl l%uhka i;= \qrAj,;d
fukau yelshdjkao /ils. ta ms<sn|j oSrA> wOHhkhl fhoSug wms
fuysoS woyia fkdlruq. wmf.a uq,sl wjOdkh fuysoS fhduqjkafka
fj<|fmd< wdrA:sl l%uh flfrysh.
3'3 wdrA:sl ldrAhÌu;dj

fj<|fmd< wrA: l%uhla lrd .uka .kakd iudchla ;=<
iajNdjsl iuzm;a iy mrsir wdrA:sl jsoHd{hka i;= ldrAhh jkqfha
tlS l%uh mqMZ,a f,i jsYaf,aIKh fldg \qrAj,;d yªkd .ekSu iy
tajdg jsi|quz idlpzPd lsrSuhs' fuu wdrA:sl l%uh ;=< mdrsfN`.slhd
ish ;Dma;sh Wmrsu lr .; yels wdldrhg;a, ksIamdolhd ,ensh
yels ,dNh Wmrsu lr lr.; yels wdldrhg;a yeisfrhs' iuzm;aj,
we;s idfmaCI \q,n;djh fya;=fjka by; lS wruqK jvd;a ldrAhCIu
f,i bgqlr .ekSug mdrsfNda.slhd iy ksIamdolhd fm,fUz.
iajNdjsliuzm;a fj<|fmdf<ys u;=jk wvqmdvq iy wldrAhCIu;d
yªkd .ekSfuz;a tajd ;lafiare lr .ekSfuz;a j.lSu mejfrkafka
iajdNdjsl iuzm;a wdrA:sl jsoHdjg (Natural Resource Economics) iy
mrsir wdrA:Sl jsoHdjg (Environmental Economics) h. iajdNdjsl
iuzm;a uÛska bgqjk m%Odk ldrAh ;=k tkuz wjfYÌKh (Sink), yd
OrKSh (Global), ldrAh ms<sn|j mrsir wdrA:sl jsoHdfjz wjOdkh
fhduqjk w;r, m%Njhla (Source) f,i tys we;s jeo.;alu jsuid
ne,Su iajdNdjsl iuzm;a wdrA:Sl jsoHdfjzoS is\qfjz.
wdrA:sl l%shdoduhl idrA:l widrA:l Ndjh uekSug huz usKquz

oKavla ;snsh hq;=h. wdrA:sl jsoHdfjz oS wdrA:slhl idrA:l widrA:l
Ndjh ukskqfha ldrAhÌu;dj u.sks' fuz mrspzfPAofha wruqK tnª
usKquz oKavla ms<sn| jsuid ne,Suh. ldrAhCIu;dj (Efficiency)
hkqfjka ksrAjpkh jkafka l=ulao@ fj<|fmdf<ys us<, iuzm;a
Ndjs;fhys bvlv, mdrsfN`.sl repsh iy ksIamdok ;dCIKh iuÛ
tys we;s iuznkaO;djh ljr wdldro@ hk .egMZ /ila ta iuÛ
u;=fjhs. fuz .egMZ ms<sn|j jsOsu;a wkaofuz jsuid ne,Sula fuu
mrspzfPaofha b;srs fldgfika is\q flfrA.
3'3'1 iudc iqNidOkh iy wdrA:sl ldrAhÌu;dj
iudchlg ,Ûd lr.; yels by<u wdrA:sl b,lalhls Wmrsu

iudc iqNidOkh (Maximum Social Welfare). wdrA:slhl ;sfnk
iuzm;a m%udKh ;=<, tlS iudch i;= ksIamdok ;dCIKh Ndjs;
lruska tys idudcslhkaf.a repslFjh iy leue;a; wkqj ,Ûd jsh
yels by<u iqNidOk ugzgu fuz ixl,amfhka jsia;r flfrA. fuz
wkqj n,k jsg Wmrsu iudc iqNidOkh hkq ixlSrAK ixl,amhla
34
nj meyeoe,s jkq we;. Wmrsu iudP iqNidOkhla i|yd wdrA:sl

ldrAhCIu;dj (Economic Efficiency) ,Ûdlr .ekSu b;d jeo.;ah'
wdrA:sl ldrAhCIu;dj Wodlr .ekSug kuz tu iudch ;=<
ksIamdokfha;a (Production), fjf<|dfuys;a (Exchange),
mdrsfN`ckfhys;a (Consumption), hk wxY ;=fkysu ldrAhCIu;dj
lrd tljr ,ÛdjSu w;HdjYHh' wdrA:sl ls%hdj,sfhys m%;s,dN
iudcfha ishMZu fldgia w;r idOdrKj fnoShdu ldrAhCIu;dj
,enSfuka is\q fkdjSug bv we;s nejska Wmrsu iudch iqNidOkh
,Ûd lr .ekSug wdrA:sl ldrAhCIu;dj muKla fkdiEfya. bka
woyia jkafka" wdrA:sl ldrAhCIu;dj iuÛ, wdrA:sl m%;s,dNo,
iudPh ;=< idOdrKj fnod yerSfuz l%uhla ;=< muKla, Wmrsu
iudch iqNidOkh ,Ûd lr .; yels njh.
idudkH jHjydrfhaoS wdrA:sl ldrAhCIu;dj i|yd jsjsO wre;a

iemhsh yels jqjo fuu .%ka:fhaoS wdrA:sl ldrAhCIu;dj f,i
ie,flkafka ksIamdokh, fj<odu iy mrsfN`ckh hk wxY ;=fkysu
we;s jk ldrAhCIu;dj fyj;a mefrfgd-ldrAhCIu;djhs (Pareto
Efficiency).
wdrA:sl ldrAhCIu;djg t<USfuz udrA. js.%y lsrSug m%:u"

wdrA:slhla ;=< ;ks mqoa.,hkaf.a yeisrSu (Individual Behavior), tkuz
mdrsfN`.slhl= f,i fy` ksIamdolhl= f,i Tjqkaf.a, ;SrK ms<sn|j
jsoHd;aul jsurAYKhla flfrk CIq\% wdrA:sl jsoHdfjz uq,OrAu
lsysmhla ms<sn|j wjfnÒhla ,nd.ekSu wjYHh.
3.3.2 mdrsfN`.sl iy ksIamdol iajdOSk yeisrSu
huz NdKavhla fy` fiajd mrsfN`ckh lsrSfuka fy` tys

whs;sh ysus lr.ekSfuka mdrsfN`.slfhda ;Dma;shla ,n;s. wdrA:sl
jsoHd;aul jHjydrfhaoS fuu ;Dma;sh Wmfh`.s;dj f,i ye|skafjz.
Wmfh`.S;dj ixLHd;aulj uekSu wiSre jqj;a tlsfkl NdKav yd
fiajd mrsfN`ckfhka ,ensh yels Wmfh`.S;dj ixikaokh fldg,
wkqms<sfj,lg fY%aKs .; lsrSu (Ordering) l< yelsh.
Wmfh`.s;dj mrsfN`ckh lrkq ,nk NdKav yd fiajdjkays

Y%S;hla f,i oelajSug mq,qjk.
U  f ( Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 ,..............., Z n )
fuys
U = Wmfh`.S;djo
Z1, Z2, Z3 ….Zn = mdrsfN`ckh lrkq ,nk NdKav yd fiajd
m%udKhka o ksfhdaPkh lrhs.
35
jsia;r lsrSfuz myiqj ;ld mdrsfN`.slhl=g f;`rd .ekSu

i|yd we;af;a, Z1 iy Z2 kuz NdKav fojrA.h muKlehs is;=fjd;a
by; Ys%;h my; oelafjk f,i oelajsh yelsh.
U  f (Z1 , Z 2 )
mdrsfN`.slhdg ish ;Dma;s ugzgu fjkia fkdjk wdldrfhka

fuu NdKav fojrA.fhkau f;`rd .; yels ish,qu ixfh`. m%ia:dr
.;l< jsg thg WfmaCId jl%h (Indifference Curve) kuska ye|skafjzz'
jsjsO Wmfh`.S;djkag irs,k mrsos w|skq ,nk WfmaCId jl% /il
tl;=j WfmaCId jl% is;shuls (Indifference Map). igyka wxl 3'1
uÛska Z1 iy Z2 kue;s NdKav fol i|yd jq WfmaCId jl% is;shu
fmkakquz flfrA. I1, I2 iy I3 u.ska fmkakquz lrkqfha l%ufhka jevs
Wmfhda.s;djfhka fmkajk WfmaÌd jl% ;=kls.
mdrsfN`.slhl=f.a wruqK Tyqg f;`rd .ekSu i|yd we;s jsjsO

NdKav yd fiajd w;=rska Wmrsu ;Dma;sh ,nd fok ixfh`.h f;`rd
.ekSuh. fuysoS Tyq yuqfjz we;s ndOl jkafka jshouz lsrSu i|yd Tyq
i;=j we;s yelshdjhs. tnejska ;Dma;sh Wmrsu lr.ekSfuz wruqK
iys; mdrsfN`.slhd ish whjeh ;Fjho mokuz fldgf.k Tyqg
,nd.; yels fyd|u NdKav ixfh`.h f;`rd .ekSug W;aiql fjhs.
WodyrKhla f,i Z1 NdKavfha tall us< remsh,l=;a Z2 NdKavfha
tall us< re 2'00 l=;a fjz kuz re' 10'00la we;e;s mdrsfN`.slhl=
fuu NdKav foflka us<hg .kakd ixfh`.h igyka 3'2ka meyeos<s
l< yelsh' funª ir< frALSh igyka ye|skafjkafka whjeh frALd
(Budget Lines) kusk.s whjeh frALdj isria wCIh lmk ,CIfhaoS uqMZ
wdodhuu Z2 NdKavh mrsfNdackhg fh\qjfyd;a mrsfNdackh l<
yels Z2 tall .Kk;a, ;sria wCIh lmk ,CIfhaoS Bg wkqrEm Z1
tall .Kk;a fmkajhs. fuu ,CI fol yerekq jsg whjeh frALdfjz
wfkl=;a ,CIhka u.ska NdKav 2 lskau us<oS .;yels jsjsO NdKav
ixfhda.hka fmkakquz lrhs. fuu whjeh frALdj u; fyda Bg my<ska
msysgs TzkEu ,Ìhl us<oS .ekSu i|yd YlH;djhla (Feasibility) we;s
w;r whjeh frALdjg by<ska msysgs ,Ìhl us<oS .ekSu i|yd oS we;s
whjefhka fkdyel. uqMZ wdodhuu us<oS .ekSu i|yd fhdod.kafka
kuz, mdrsfNda.slhd whjeh frALdj u; msysgs ,Ìhl mrsfNdackfha
fhfoa. jsjsO wdodhuz i|yd jk whjeh frALdjka whjeh frALd
is;shulska fmkakquz flfrA.
36
Z2 m%udKh
45
30
I3
I2
15
I1
10 20 30 40 Z1 m%udKh
igyka wxl 3'1( WfmaÌd jl%
Z2 m%udKh
wdodhu re'10 jk jsg whjeh frALdj

2.5
0
5 10 Z1 m%udKh
wdodhu re'5 jk jsg wh jeh frALdj
igyka wxl 3'2( whjeh frALd is;shu

fuu whjeh frALd is;shu" WfmaCId jl% is;shu iuÛ iumd;
l< jsg" oS we;s whjeh g hg;aj mdrsfN`.slhl=g ,ensh yels by<u
Wmfh`.S;dj l=ula oehs fidhd .; yelsh' igyka wxl 3'3 uÛska
fmkajkafka tnª m%ia;drhls'
37
Z2 m%udKh
a
Z2 *
I3
I2
I1
Z1* 10 Z1 m%udKh
igyka wxl 3'3( mrsfNdaPkfha iu;=,s;;dj
igyka wxl 3'3 ys olajd we;s wkaoug I2 WfmaCId jl%h,

jgskdlu 10 jq whjeh frALdj a ,CIfhaoS iamrAY lrk nj
meyeos,sh. fuu whjeh uÛska I1 WfmaCId jl%fhka oelafjk NdKav
yd fiajd ixfh`. us<g .; yels jqj;a tuÛska Tyqf.a Wmfh`.S;dj
Wmrsu fkdjk nj fmkajsh yelsh' I3 WfmaÌd jl%h by,
Wmfhda.s;djhla ,nd\qkak o tys ,Ìhl mrsfNdackh lsrSu i|yd
wh jeh frALdj wkqj YlH;djla fkdue; . tnejska by; lS
mdrsfN`.slhd I2 WfmaÌd jl%hg wkqrEm jk Z1* iy Z2* keue;s
NdKav ixfh`.h us<g f.k ish wdodhuz iSudj ;=< ,Ûdjsh yels
by<u Wmfhda.s;djh ,nd .kS. ‘a’ ,CIfhka fmkajk NdKav yd
fiajd ixfh`.h, Wmfh`.S;djh Wmrsu jk mdrsfN`ck ixfh`.h
(Utility Maximizing Consumption Bundle) hkqfjka ye|skafjz.
WfmaCId jl%hl nEjqu uÛska fmkakquz lrk ,CIKh jkafka

Z1 yd Z2 NdKav fol tlsfkl yd wdfoaY lsrSug we;s yelshdj
fyj;a NdKav yd fiajd wdfoaYk wkqmd;hh (Rate of Commodity
Substitution, RCS) hs. à' ,CIfhaoS whjeh frALdfjz nEjqu fyj;a Z1
iy Z2 NdKav w;r us< wkqmd;h (Price Ratio) WfmaCId jl%fha nEjqu
(RCS) iuÛ iudk jSu, Wmfh`.S;dj WmrSuhla jSu i|yd wjYH
;Fjhls (Necessary Condition for Utility Maximization). .Ks;uh
iuSlrKhlska th my; mrsos oelajsh yelsh.
38
PZ 1
RCS Z 1 Z 2 
PZ 2
Wmrsu Wmfh`.S;djhla ,enSu i|yd msrsueish hq;= wfkla

;Fjh jkafka WfmaCId jl%h wj;, yevhla (Convex) .ekSuh.
by; jsYaf,aIkfhaoS wdrA:slhla ;=, mdrsfNda.slhl= ;u

;Dma;sh Wmrsu lr.kakd wkaou wOHhkh lf<uq. oeka wms uSg
iudka;r, ksIamdolhd ;u ,dNh Wmrsu lrk wdldr ms<sn|j
wOHkhl fhfouq. wdrA:slh ;=< ksIamdolhl=f.a yeisrSu tla w;lska
mdrsfN`.slhl=f.a yeiSrSu yd iudk jk uq;a ta w;r meyeos,s
fjkialuz o olakg ,efnz. ksIamdok Ys%;hla (Production Function)
u.ska ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh iy wod, ksIamdok ;dCIKh ksrEmkh
l< yelsh. fhojquz iy ksIamdos; NdKav$ fiajd w;r we;s
iuznkaO;dj tuÛska jsia;r flfrA. WodyrKhla f,i Q keue;s
NdKavh ksIamdok lsrSug X1, X2 keue;s fhojquz Ndjs;fjz kuz ta
w;r we;s iuznkaO;dj ksIamdok Ys%;hl oelajq jsg my; wdldr
.kS.
Q = f( X1, X2)
ksIamdok idOlj, l=uk ixfhdackhla fhoSfuka ,dNh Wmrsu

lr.; yelso hkak ksIamdolhl= bosrsfha we;s m%Odk .eg,qjhs. Tyq
ta ms<sn|j ks.ukh lr .kakd wdldrh jsuiSu i|yd WodyrKhla
i,luq.
jS f.djs;eka lrk f.djshl=, ish ksIamdokh (Q) i|yd Y%uh

(L) iy m%d.aOkh (K) keue;s fhojquz fol muKla Ndjs;d lrkafka
hehs Wml,amkh l<fyd;a Tyqf.a f.djsm< i|yd ksIamdok
iuznkaO;dj iu ksIamdok Y%s;hla weiqrska js.%y lsrSug mqMZjk.
Y%uh;a, m%d.aOkh;a ksIamdok m%udKh iuÛ fjkia jk tkuz jsp,H
fhojquz (Variable Inputs) hehs ie,l=jsg, huz lsis ksh; ksIamdok
b,lalhla iemsrSu i|yd fuu fhojquz foflka Ndjs; l< yels
ish,qu ixfh`. m%ia:dr.; l<fyd;a iu ksIamdok jl%hla (Isoquant)
,efnz. funª iu ksIamdok jl%hla fndfy` \qrg WfmaCId jl%hg
iudkluz olajhs' tfy;a ksIamdokh ms<sn|j jsYaf,aIKh lsrSfuzoS
oelsh yels uq,slu fjki jkafka ksIamdok m%udKd;aulj js.%y l<
yels jSuh. jS nqi,a jsiaila hkq meyeos,sju jS nqi,a oyhla fuka
fo.=Khelehs m%ldY l< yelsh. tfy;a WfmaCId jl% is;shuloS wmg
mejeish yels jkafka uq, ,CIhg by,ska we;s jl%hl Wmfh`.S;dj
uq, ,Ìhh wdikakfha we;s jl%hl Wmfhda.s;djhg jvd jevs jSu
39
jskd ta fl;ruz m%udKhlska o hkak fkdfjz. iu ksIamdok jl% (Iso

Quant) /il tl;=j fyj;a iu ksIamdok jl% is;shul (Iso Quant
Map) iajrEmh igyka wxl 3'4ka fmkakquz flfrA'
m%d.aOkh / K
Q= 15
Q = 10
Q=5
Y%uh / L
igyka wxl 3'4( iu ksIamdok jl%
ksIamdok fhojquz m%udKh jevs lrk jsg uqMZ ksIamdokfhys

jevs jSula is\qfjhs' tfy;a tla wjia:djlg miqj ksIamdok l%shdj,sh
i|yd ;j \qrg;a tlalrkq ,nk fhojquz tallhla uÛska wu;rj
ksmojsh yels NdKav m%udKh l%ufhka ySk jS hhs. fuz isoaOdka;h
ySkjk wdka;sl M,odj (Diminishing Marginal Returns) f,i
ye|skafjhs. fuz fya;=j ksid ldrAhCIu ksIamdokhla we;s l< yels
ksIamdok iSudfjzoS iu ksIamdok jl%hla m%ia;drfha uq,CIh foig
wj;, jq iajrEmhla .kS. iu ksIamdok jl%hl nEjquz huzlsis
ksIamdok ugzgula ,nd.ekSu i|yd ljr wkqmd;hlska fhojquz
tlsfkl yd wdfoaY l< yelsoehs meyeos,s flfrA. th ;dCIK
wdfoaYk wkqmd;h f,i yªkajhs (Rate of Technical Substitution)' iu
ksIamdok jl% lsisjsgl tlsfkl fPAokh fkdlrk w;r fuz ,Ìhh
WfmaCId jl%j,o oelsh yelsh.
mdrsfN`.slhl= i|yd wdodhu lvbula jq fiau ksIamdolhl=

i|ydo tnª iSudjla mj;S. th, ksIamdok idOl i|yd jeh lsrSug
Tyqg we;s yelshdjhs. fuu yelshdj iu msrsjeh jl%hla u.ska
40
m%ia;drslj ksrEmkh lsrSug mqMZjk. WodyrKhla f,i Y%uh

tallhl l=,sh re' 100la f,io m%d.aOkh tallhl jgskdlu re' 50
la o hehs Wml,amkh l<fyd;a ksIamdokh i|yd re' 500 la jshouz
lrk ksIamdolhl= i|yd iu msrsjeh frALdj (Iso-cost Line) igyka
wxl 3'5 uÛska oelafjz'
m%d.aOkh / K
^tall .Kk&
500
50
iu msrsjeh frALdj ^500&
Y%uh / L
0 500
^tall .Kk&
100
igyka wxl 3'5( iu msrsjeh frALdj
iu msrsjeh frALdjl nEjqu ksIamdok idOl foflys us,

wkqmd;h fmkakquz lrhs. whjeh frALdjg iudkqrEmj, iu msrsjeh
jl%hg by,ska msysgs ,Ìhl ksIamdokfha fhoSug YlH;djhla
fkdue;. fuf,i iu msrsjeh jl%h u; fyda Bg my,ska msysgs TzkEu
,Ìhl ksIamdokfha fhoSu i|yd oS we;s iu msrsjeh jl%fhka bv
,nd foa. oS we;s msrsjeh iSudj hgf;a ,dNh Wmrsu lr.; yels
ksIamdok b,lalh i|yd Ndjs; l< hq;= fhojquz ixfh`.h ;SrKh
lsrSu ksIamdolhdf.a wruqKhs. jsiªula ,nd .ekSu i|yd,
mdrsfN`.slhl=f.a ;Dma;sh Wmrsu lrjk NdKav$ fiajd ixfh`.h
jsYaf,aIKh l< wdldrhu fuysoS;a fhdod.; yelsh. ksIamdokh
i|yd jshouz l< yels jsjsO msrsjeh m%udKhka ksrEmkh lrk iu
ksIamdok jl% is;shu;a, iu msrsjeh jl% is;shu;a tlsfkl yd
iumd; lsrSfuka ksIamdolhd f.a iu;=,s; ,Ìh fidhd .ekSug
mqMZjk îgyka wxl 3'6 n,kak&.
41
m%d.aOkh / K
a
K*
Q= 15
Q = 10
Q=5
L* Y%uh / L
igyka wxl 3'6( ksIamdokfha iu;=,s;;dj
,dNh Wmrsu lrjk fhojquz ixfh`.fhaoS, fhojquz w;r

;dCIK wdfoaYk wkqmd;h (Rate of Technical Substitution, RTS)
tajdfha us< wkqmd;h yd iudk jk nj by; jsYaf,aIkfhka meyeos,s
fjz. .Ks;uh iQ;%hlska m%ldY l< jsg th my; i|yka wdldrh
.kS.
PL
RTS LK 
PK
ksIamdok fhojquz us<oS .ekSu i|yd oS we;s whjehla ;=<

,nd.; yels Wmrsu ,dnh ,nd .ekSu by; jsia;r l,
iu;=,s;;djfhka fmkakquz flfrA' fuu .egMZj oS we;s ksIamdok
ugzgula lrd ,Ûd jSu i|yd wju msrsjehla Ndjs; lsrSugo iudkh'
tfyhska" iu ksIamdok jl%h;a, iu msrsjeh jl%fha;a nEjqu iudk
jk ,CIfhka fmkakquz lrk fhojquz ixfh`.h, msrsjeh wju lrjk
fhojquz ixfh`.h f,i ie,fla' fuz wjia:dfjz uq,q msrsjeh my;
iuSlrK weiqfrka ,nd.; yelsh'
C *  PL .L*  PK .K *
42
C* = wju uq,q msrsjeh

PL = Y%u tallhl jgskdlu
L* = wju msrsjeh ,ndfok Y%u tall .Kk
PK = m%d.aOk tallhl jgskdlu
K* = wju msrsjeh ,ndfok m%d.aOk tallhl .Kk
ksIamdok fhojquz ldrAhCIu Ndjs; lsrSu i|yd iemsrsh hq;=

;Fjh (Sufficient Condition) f,i ie,flkafka iu ksIamdok jl%
wj;, yevhla .ekSuh.
3'3'3 mdrsfNda.sl iy ksIamdol mrdOSk yeisrSu
mdrsfN`.slhl= iy ksIamdolhl= ;ud bosrsfha we;s iuzm;a

iSudjkag hg;aj, ish wruqKq uq\qka muqKqjd .kakd wdldrh wms oeka
oksuq. mefrfgda ldrAhCIu;dj iy Wmrsu iudc iqNidOkh lrd
t<fUk whqre mrSCId lsrSu i|yd fuz wdlD;sh ;j\qrg;a fhdod
.ekSu wmf.a B,Û wruqKhs' mdrsfNda.slhska iy ksIamdolhska fjk
fjku f.k lrk ,o jsYaf,aYkh wdxYsl iu;=,s;;d (Partial
Equlibrium) jsYaf,aYkhls. oeka wms mdrsfNda.slhska ish,q fokdj;a,
ksIamdolhska ish,q fokdj;a tlajr i,ld lrk mQrAK jsYaf,aYkhla
(General Equilibrium) u.ska wdrA:sl ldrAhÌu;dj jgyd .kakg
W;aidy lruq. fuu jsYaf,aYkfhaoS uq,ska mdrsfNda.slhska fofofkl=
yd ksIamdolhska fofofkl= myiqj i|yd i,ld bka ,nk m%;sM,
mdrsfNda.slhska yd ksIamdolhska ish,q fokdu i|yd jHdma; lruq.
meyeos,s lsrSu i|yd mqoa.,hka fofokl= ^1 yd 2 kuska

ye|skafjk& isgsk mdka iy fl`ms (B iy C) hk NdKav fojrA.h
muKla iys; tfukau tajd ksmojSu i|yd Y%uh iy N+ush (L iy D)
muKla fhdojk l,ams; ir, wdrA:slhla we;ehs is;uq. wdrA:slfha
ksmojk mdka yd fldams i|yd ksIamdok Ys%; my; whqrska oelajsh
yelsh.
B  f b ( Lb , Db )
C  f c ( L c , Dc )
fuys Lb hkq mdka ksmojSug jeh jk Y%u tall .Kk jk

w;r Db hkq ta i|yd jeh jk bvuz m%udKhhs. Lc iy Dc hkq fjka
fmkakquz flfrkqfha fl`ms ksmojSug fhojSh hq;= ksIamdok idOl
m%udKhkah' fuysoS ksIamdok ;dCIKfhys lsis\q fjkialula we;s
fkdfj;ehso Ndjs; lrk iEu fhojquz tallhla fukau ksmojk iEu
NdKav tallhlau iEu w;skau iudk njo Wml,amkh flfrA.
43
1 iy 2 keue;s mdrSfN`.slhka fofokd jsiska mdka iy fl`ms
mdrsfN`ckfhka ,nk Wmfh`.S;djh o Ys%;hla f,i oelajh s yelsh'
U  f ( B ,C )
1 1 1 1
U  f (B , C )
2 2 2 2
U1 , B1 yd C1 m<uq mdrsfN`.slhd i|yd jQ Wmfhda.S;dj" mdka

iy fl`ms mdrsfN`ck ugzgu f,i ms<fj,ska ie,fla' U2" B2 yd C2
fojk mdrsfN`.slhd i|yd jq Wmfh`.s;dj" mdka iy fl`ms
mdrsfN`ck ugzgu f,i ms<sfj,ska ie,fla' mdrsfN`.slhkaf.a
repsl;ajh fjkia fkdjS mj;s;ehs fuysoS Wml,amkh flfrA'
3'3'3'1 ksIamdok ldrAhCIu;dj
mdka iy fl`ms i|yd jq ksIamdok YS%;" weiqfrka mdka iy

fl`ms i|yd jq iu ksIamdok jl% ksrAudKh l< yelsh' fuu iu
ksIamdok jl% igyka wxl 3'7 ka oelafjz'
tfy;a, ksIamdok ldrAhCIu;dj ksrAKh lr.ekSu msKsi iu

ksIamdok jl% is;shuz muKla fkdiefya. uq,q wdrA:slhu jsYaf,aIKh
lrkq ,nk jsfgl us< ms<sn|j f;dr;=re Wml,amkh l< fkdyels
jk w;r tajd jHq;amkak lr .; hq;=h. i,lk ,o wdrA:slfha
Y%uh iy N+usfhys iemhqu ksYaps; hehs i,luq' mdka iy fl`ms
ksmojSug jeh jk bvuz m%udKh ms<sfj<ska Db, Dc f,i;a Y%u tall
.Kk Lb, Lc f,i;a oelajqjfyd;a ksIamdok idOlj, uq,q iemhqu
my; mrsos oelajsh yelsh.
L L L
b c
D D D
b c
iu ksIamdok jl%fhys iSudjka fuu ksYaps; iuzm;a uÛska yqjd

oelajSug mqMZjk. îgyka wxl 3'7 n,kak&. rEmfha lv brs j,ska
oelafjk iSudj ;=< we;s ksIamdok jl%j,ska oelafjkafka ksIamdok
idOl iSudjkag hg;aj ,nd.; yels ksIamdokhkah'
44
_
L
3
B
2
B
1
B
D D
(a)
L
C3
C2
C1
D D
(b)
igyka wxl 3'7( mdka iy fldams i|yd iu ksIamdok jl%
45
oeka wms wdrA:slfha uqMZ ksIamdok wxYh ms<sn|j wOHhkh
lsrSug ksIamdolhska fofokdf.a ksIamdok iuznkaO;djka taldnoaO
lruq. fl`ms ksIamdokh oelafjk iu ksIamdok jl% is;shu îgyka
b& uq, ,CIh by< ol=Kq flf<jr fhduq jk f,i mdka i|yd jq iu
ksIamdok jl% is;shu iuÛ iumd; lsrSfuka fuh l< yel.
Dc
OC
B3
Lb C1
Lc
B2
B1 C2
C3
OB
Db
igyka wxl 3'8( mdka iy fldams i|yd jQ iu ksIamdok jl% j,
fmgzgs igyk
fuf,i fuu iu ksIamdok jl% is;shuz tlsfkl u; iumd;

lsrSfuka fmgzgs igykla ,nd .; yelsh. fmgzgs igyka (Edgeworth
Box) p;=rY%hl iajrEmh .kakd nj igyka wxl 3'8 ka meyeos,s
fjz.
fmgzgs igyfkys osÛ m<, ;SrKh jkafka Ndjs;h i|yd we;s

uqMZ bvuz m%udKh (D) yd Y%uh (L) u;h. fuu fmgzgs igyk ;=< iu
ksIamdok jl% wkka; ixLHdjla msysgd we;. my< juz fl<jfrA isg
ol=Kg by<g .uka lrk jsg jvd by< mdka ksIAmdokhla fmkakquz
lrk iu ksIamdok jl% wkka; ixLHdjla msysgd we;s w;r by<
ol=Kq fl,jfrA isg my< juz fl,jr foig .uka lrk jsg fl`ms
i|yd by< ksIamdokhla fmkakquz lrk ksIamdok jl% jsYd, .Kkla
yuqfjz. fmgzgs igykl olakg ,efnk ,CIK jsuid ne,q jsg
jeo.;a lreKq lsysmhlau y|qkd .; yelsh' tys udhsu,z iuzm;a
m%udKh u; ;SrKh jk nj fukau, fuu fmgzgs igyk ;=< we;s
46
TzkEu ,CIhla Wmfh`.s fldg.;a iuzm;a m%udKh yd ksuejquz
m%udKh fmkakquz lsrSu;a ta w;r lemS fmfkhs. fmgzgs igyk ;=<
we;s P keue;s TzkEu wyUq ,CIhla ie,lSfuka fuh meyeos,s l<
yelsh. P yryd isria iy ;sria frALd hq.,la we|sjsg DPc, DPb, LPb,
LPc, f,i P ,CIfhys mdka iy fldams ksIamdok i|yd jeh jq iuzm;a
m%udKh oelajsh yelsh. tfiau P ,CIh yryd .uka lrk mdka iy
fl`ms i|yd jq iuksIamdok jl% hq.,h uÛska tu ,CIhg wod,
ksuejquz m%udKho oelafjz.
fmgzgs igyk ;=< we;s wyUq f,i f;dard .;a P keue;s ,Ìh
i,lkak. fuu P ,Ìh yryd iu ksIamdok jl% folla tlsfkl
lemS hd hq;=h. tfia ke;fyd;a tu ,ÌHfhaoS iy ksIamdok jl%
folla tlsfkl iamrAY jsh hq;=hs. uq,oS iu ksIamdok jl% folla
tlsfkl lefma hhs i,lkak' tjsg P ys isg a olajd .ukal<fyd;a
mdka ksIamdokh ksh;j ;nd .ksuska ^tkuz tlu iu ksIamdok
jl%hl isgsuska& fldams ksIamdokh jevs lr .ekSug mqMZjk. fuysoS oS
we;s ;dÌKhla u.ska yd oS we;s iuzm;a m%udKhlska wdrA:slfha
iuzm;a wkqhqla; lsrSu m%;sixjsOdkh lsrSu u.ska jevs ksIamdokhla
lrd ,Ûd jSula is\qjS we;. th ldrAhÌu;djla lrd ,Ûd jSuls.
fuf,i P ys isg b ,ÌHh lrd .uka l<fyd;a, fldams ksIamdokh
ksh;j ;nd .ksuska mdka ksIamdokh by< oud .ekSug yelshdjla
we;. oeka P ys isg c ,ÌHh lrd .uka lrkafka hhs i,lkak.
tjsg mdka yd fldams iy foflysu ksIamdokh jevs lr .ekSug
mqMZjka nj fmkS hhs. fuz wkaouska P ,ÌHfha isg a, b fyda c
,ÌHhka lrd .uka lsrSu hkq wdrA:slfha mj;sk iuzm;a fjkia
wdldr j,ska mdka iy fldams ksmojSu i|yd wkqhqla; lsrSula jYfhka
ie,lSug mqMZjk. fuz jsYaf,aIKh u.ska fmkakquz lrkqfha
wdrA:slfha iuzm;a tla tla NdKav ksIamdokh i|yd wkqhqla; lsrSu
fjkia lsrSu ;=<ska jvd by, ldrAhÌu;djka lrd ,Ûd jSug yels
njhs' fuf,i ,nd .; yels ldrAhÌu;djfha iSudjla we;. tu
iSudj iu ksIamdok jl% 2la tlsfkl iamrAY lrk ,ÌH u.ska
fmkakquz lrhs. wdrA:slhla fuz ,ÌH lrd ,Ûd jq miq ;j\qrg;a
ksIamdokfha ldrAhÌu;djla ,nd .ekSug kqmqMZjk. fujka
ldrAhÌu ,Ìhhka .Kkdjla fmgzgs igyk ;=< we;. ta
,ÌHhka ish,a, hd lsrSu u.ska ldrAhÌu ksIamdok m:hla
(Production Efficiency Locus) ,nd .ekSug mqMZjk îgyka wxl 3'9
n,kak&. fuu ldrAhÌu ksIamdok jl%h u; msysgs TzkEu ,CIhloS
mdka iy fl`ms i|yd ;dCIKsl wdfoaYk wkqmd;hkao (Rate of
Technical Substitution) tlsfkl iudk fjz' .Ks;uh iuSlrKhlskao
th my; wdldrhg oelajsh yelsh.
RTS 
D ,L B  RTS D , L C
47
DPC DC
DC
P
L b p P
LC
c b ldrAhCIu ksIamdok m:h

a
p
OB D b Db
igyka wxl 3'9( ldrAhÌu ksIamdok m:h
ldrAhÌu ksIamdok m:h ,nd .ekSfuzoS ksIamdokh yd

iuznkaOj wldrAhÌu jk ,Ìhka jsYd, .Kkdjla neyer lf<uq.
flfia kuq;a ta neyer lsrSfuka wk;=rej jqj;a ldrAhÌu ksIamdok
,CIhka jsYd, .Kkla ldrAhÌu ksIamdok m:fha wvx.= fjz. tu
ldrAhÌu ,Ì jsYd, .Kk w;=rska l=uk ,Ìhla f;dard .;
hq;=o hkak ksrAKh lsrSug Ndjs;d l<yels jsfYaaIs; usuzula fkdue;.
tuksid ksIamdokh muKla i,ld wdrA:slhl ldrAhÌu;djh
wOHhkh lsrSu wiuzmQrAK fjz. wm fuf;la l< jsYaf,aYKh
mrsfNdackh i|yd jHdma; lsrSu i|yd m<uqj ldrAhÌu ksIamdok
m:h oekg mj;sk iuzm;a wjldYfha isg NdKav wjldYh olajd
udre lruq' ldrAhÌu ksIamdok m:fha iEu ,ÌHhlau mdka iy
fldams ksIamdok m%udKhka orAYkh lrk nejska tu mdka yd fldams
m%udKhka NdKav wjldYfha ia:dk .; lsrSfuka ldrAhÌu
ksIamdok m:h ksIamdok yelshd jl%hla (Production Possibility
Frontier) njg m;a lr .ekSug mqMZjk. fuf,i ,nd.;a ksIamdok
yelshd jl%h wxl 3'10ka oelafjz. fuu ksIamdok yelshd jl%h
u.ska wdrA:slfha oS we;s iuzm;a yd mj;sk ;dÌKh Ndjs; lruska
ldrAhÌuj ksmojsh yels jsjsO NdKav ixfhdaPk fmkakquz lrhs.
tfukau tys tla ,Ìhl isg wfkla ,Ìhg .uka lrk jsg tla
mdka tallhla jevsmqr ksmojSug kuz ta i|yd leml< hq;= fldams
48
tall .Kk o fmkajhs. ksIamdok yelshd jl%hg by<ska msysgs

,Ìhl ksmojSug oS we;s iuzm;a yd ;dÌKh u.ska YlH;djla
,nd fkdfok w;r ta u; fyda Bg my<ska msysgs ,Ìhl ksmojSug
YlH;djla ,nd foa. ksIamdok yelshd jl%hg hgska msysgs ,Ìhl
ksmojSug YlH;djla we;;a ta ,Ìhka ys ksIamdokh ldrAhÌu
fkdfjz.
mdka
“ksIamdok yelshd jl%h”
fl`ms
igyka wxl 3'10( ksIamdok yelshd jl%h
3'3'3'2 mrsfN`ck ldrAh CIu;djh
1 yd 2 hkqfjka ye|ska jq mqoa.,hka fofokdf.a mdka yd fl`ms

i|yd jq Wmfh`.S;djka Ndjs; fldg WfmaCId jl% is;shula
ksrAudKh lr.ekSu us<.Z b,lalhhs. tn|q is;shula igyka wxl
3'11ka oelafjz.
by;oS l< wdldrhgu, mdrsfNda.slhka fofokdf.a WfmaCId

jl% iuznkaO lsrSu u.ska mrsfNdaPkh i|yd fmgzgs igykla ,nd
.ekSug mqMZjk' fuu fmgzgs igyk igyka wxl 3'12 olajd we;s
wdldrhg ksIamdok yelshd jl%h ;=, wka;rA.;lsrSu u.ska
wdrA:slfha ksIamdok yd mrsfNdack wxY taldnoaO l< yel.
49
mdka
I1iii
I1ii
I1i
01 fldams
mdka
I2iii
I2ii
I2i
01 fldams
igyka wxl 3'11( 1 iy 2 mqoa.,hkaf.a WfmaÌd jl%
50
mdka
ksIamdok yelshd jl%h
d = O2 ldrAhCIu mdrsfN`ck
Bd m:h
I1iii
I 2i
I1ii
I2ii
I2ii I 1i
O1 Cd fl`ms
igyka wxl 3'12( WfmaÌd jl% fmgzgs igyk
ldrAhCIu ksIamdok yelshd jl%h u; msysgs d keue;s TzkEu

wyUq ,CIhla i<luq' `d' ys isg ,uzNl frALd folla mdka iy fl`ms
ksrEmkh flfrk wCI olajd w|skak' tjsg d keue;s ksIamdok
yelshd ,CIfhaoS, ms<sfj<ska Cd' iy Bd' m%udK j,ska fl`ms iy mdka
ksmojSfuz yelshdj fuu wdrA:slhg mj;sk nj meyeos,s fjz. O1Bd,
iy O1Cd uÛska ksIamdokh jq mdka iy fl`ms m%udK oelafjz' fuu
mdrsfN`ck iSudj ;=< 1 iy 2 hkqfjka ye|skajq mqoa.,hkaf.a
/psl;ajh oelafjk WfmaCId jl% jsYd, ixLHdjla mej;sh yelsh'
t;=< we;s TzkEu ,CIhla uÛZska 1 yd 2 hkqfjka ye|ska jq mqoa.,hka
w;r mdka iy fl`ms fnoS .sh wdldrh ms<sn|j woyila ,nd.;
yelsh' ksIamdok fmgzgs igyfkaoS fukau fuu fmgzgs igyk ;=,o
TzkEu ,ÌHhl ksmojd we;s NdKav m%udKh mdrsfNda.slhka
fofokd w;r fnoS hk wkaou fjkia lruska jvd by,
Wmfhda.S;djla lrd ,Ûd jSug wjldY we;' fuf,i mrsfNdackfhaoS
,nd .; yels ldrAhÌu;dj i|yd o Wmrsuhla we;' fuz Wmrsu
ldrAhÌu;d ,ÌHhka WfmaÌd jl% tlsfkl iamrAY lrk
,ÌHhj,sska fmkakquz lrhs' fuf,i mqoa.,hka i|yd jq WfmaCId
jl%hka tlsfkl iamrAY jk ishMu ,CI hd flfruska O1 iy d kuz
,CIh lrd w|skq ,nk frALdj uÛska ldrAhCIu mdrsfN`ck m:h
(Consumption Efficiency Locus) fmkakquz lrhs' ldrAhCIu m:fha
TzkEu ,CIhl 1 yd 2 kuz jq mdrsfN`.slhkaf.a mdka iy fl`ms
51
i|yd jq WfmaCId jl%fhys nEjquz tlsfkl iudk jk wjia:d uÛska
tlS mdrSfN`.slhka fofokd mdka iy fl`ms keue;s NdKav fojrA.h
tlsfklska wdfoaY lsrSfuz wkqmd;hkao (Marginal Rate of Substitution)
iudk jk nj meyeos,sfjz ^ldrAhCIu mdrsfN`ck m:h ksuejS
we;af;a funª ,CI wkka; ixLHdjlsks&. .Ks;uh iuSlrKhla
f,i th my; mrsos oelajsh yelsh.
(MRS CB )1  (MRS CB ) 2
fuu ishMZu ksrAudK is\qlsrSfuz uq,sl wruqK jkafka

ksIamdokh, mrsfN`ckh yd fnod yerSu hk wxY ;=fkysu mqrAK
ldrAhCIu;djla fmkajk wdrA:slhl wdlD;shla ;kd .ekSuh. ta
wkqj by; rem igyfka ksIamdok ldrAhCIu;dj fmkakquz flfrk
wjia:djka /ila w;rska d ,CIh f;`rd .eKqk w;r ldrAhCIu
mdrsfN`ck m:fhka mrsndysrj msysgs ishMZu ,CI ksielfhkau
wldrAhCIu nejska tajdo neyer lrk ,os. fuz wkaouska
mrsfNdackfha ldrAhÌu m:h lrd ,Ûd jSfuzoS ksIamdokfha fukau
mrsfNdackfha wldrAhÌu ,Ìhka jsYd, .Kkdjla neyer lr
we;.
funª iSud lsrSulg wk;=rej jqjo ldrAhCIu NdKav

fnoeyerSula fmkakquz flfrk wjia:djka w;s jsYd, ixLdjla
ldrAhCIu mdrsfNdaPk m:h u.ska ksrEmkh flfrA. fujka ,Ì
wkka; ixLHdjlska l=ula f;dard .kafka o hkak ;Srkh lsrSug Wojz
jk jsYaf,aIk l%uhla fkdue;. tfukau fuysoS wm jsiska wu;l
fkdl< hq;= jeo.;a lreKla jkafka ldrAhCIu ksIamdok m:h u;
msysgs d keue;s ,CIh f;`rd .eKqfka yqfolau wyUq f,i njh.
tnª ,CI jsYd, .Kkla fuu m:h u; we;s nejska ta iEu tllau
ksfh`ckh flfrk mrsos ldrAhCIu mrsfN`ck m: /ilau
ksrAudKh l< yelsh.
mdka iy fl`ms mrsfN`ckh u.ska 1 yd 2 kuz jq

mdrSfN`.slhkag ,efnk Wmfh`.s;dj ie,ls,a,g .ksuska igyka
wxl 3'13 we| ;sfnz. fuysoS Wmfh`.S;dj i|yd iDcq jgskdluz
iemhsh fkdyels nj;a mrsfN`ckh lrk tlsfkl NdKav ksid
,efnk ;Dma;sh wkqms<sfj,lg fY%aKs.; l< yels nj;a ie,fla. uSg
by;oS, ldrAhCIu ksIamdok yelshd jl%h ksuejSu msKsi, ldrAhCIu
ksIamdok m:h Wmfh`.s lr.;a wdldrhgu, ldrAhCIu mdrsfN`ck
m:h tys NdKav yd fiajd oelafjk wjldYfha isg Wmfh`.s;dj
oelafjk wjldYh olajd mrsjrA;kh lsrSfuka, Wmfh`.s;d yelshd
jl%h (Utility Possibility Curve) ksrAudKh lr.; yelsh.
52
wxl 2 mdrsfN`.slhd
,nk Wmfhda.s;dj
mdka iy fl`ms mdrsfN`ckfha
Wmfh`.s;d yelshd jl%h
U22
U2 1
wxl 1 mdrsfN`.slhd
,nk Wmfhda.S;dj
U 12 U1 1
igyka wxl 3'13( Wmfhda.s;d yelshd jl%h
uska fmr ksrAudKh l< ldrAhCIu mdrsfN`ck m:hg msgska

msysgs ,CIhlska ksrEmkh jk m%udKj,ska NdKav mdrsfN`ckh
lrk wjia:dfjzoS, tlsfkldf.a mdrsfN`ck ugzguz fjkia lsrSu ksid
fofokdgu jdishla fy` wvqu ;ruska tla wfhl=f.a Wmfh`.s;djg
lsi\s q ydkshla fkdfldg wfkldf.a ;Dma;sh jevs lr.ekSfuz
yelshdjla ;snsK. tfy;a by; igyk jsuis,af,ka n,kafkl=g, tla
mdrsfN`.slhl= ish ;Dma;sh Wmrsu lsrSug orK jEhuloS
wksjdrAhfhka u wfkldf.a ;Dma;sh my; oefuk nj meyeos,s fjz.
WodyrKhla f,i wxl 2 mqoa.,hd jsiska ish Wmfh`.s;dj U21 isg
U22 olajd jevs lsrSug W;aidyd oerSfuz oS wxl 1 mqoa.,hdf.a ;Dma;sh
U11 isg U12 olajd my; jefghs' tnejska Wmfh`.s;d yelshd jl%h
u; ksrEmkh jk ugzguzj,ska mdrsfN`ck is\qjk wjia:dj,oS ;j
\qrg;a ;Dma;sh Wmrsu lr.ekSug tla mdrsfN`.slhl= jsiska orK
TzkEu W;aidyhloS wfkldg ydkshla is\qfjhs' uska woyia jkafka,
fuf;la wml, jsYaf,aIkh u.ska ksIamdokfha yd mdrsfNdaPkfha
wldrAhCIu ,CI bj;a l, ksid wdrA:slfha iuzm;a kej; wkqhqla;
lsrSfuka by, ldrAhCIu;djhla ,nd .ekSug we;s bvlv iSud jS
we;s njhs.
ksIamdok yelshd jl%h u; msysgs wyUq f,i f;dard.;a d

,ÌHh yd wkqrEmjq ldrAhÌu mdrsfNdaPk m:h u.ska by;
53
Wmfhda.s;d jl%h ,nd .;af;uQ' fuu l%shdoduhu wkq.ukh lruska
ldrAhCIu ksIamdok yelshd jl%h u; msysgs d nª ishMZu ,CI
weiqfrka by; wdldrhgu Wmfh`.s;d yelshd jl% jsYd, m%udKhla
ksrAudKh lr.; yelsh. tjsg ,efnk o< igyk, igyka wxl 3'14
wdldr .kS.
wxl 2 mqoa.,hdf.a
;Dma;sh
m%Odk Wmfh`.s;d
m%;Hka;h
Wmfh`.s;d
yelshd jl%
wxl 1 mqoa.,hdf.a ;Dma;sh
igyka wxl 3'14( m%Odk Wmfhda.s;d m%;Hka;h
ishMZZu Wmfh`.s;d yelshd jl%j, uq, ,Ìhg wE;skau msysgs

,Ì hd flfruska m%Odk Wmfh`.s;d m%;Hka;h we| ;sfnz. th
Wmfh`.s;d yelshd jl%j, wdjrK jl%hla (Envelop Curve) f,i
ie,lSug mqMZjk. fuu Wmfh`.s;dfjys m%Odk m%;Hka;h ksrAudKh
lr .ekSu;a iuÛ fuf;la wm ksrAudKh lr.ekSug W;aidy oerE
wdrA:slfhys wdlD;sh jeo.;a ixOsia:dkhlg meusfKhs. tkuz
ldrAhCIu ksIamdokhlg odhl fkdjk ish,qu wuq\%jH ixl,k
^fuysoS i,ld n,k ,oafoa N+ush D iy Y%uh L& fukau ldrAhCIu
mdrsfN`ckhlg odhl fkdjk ish,qu NdKav ixfh`. ^mdka iy
fl`ms keue;s NdKav& bj; ouk ,oS. tfiau, m%Odk Wmfh`.s;d
m%;Hka;h ksrAudKh lsrSu ksid ta u; fkdmsysgk ish,qu ,CI
wldrAhCIu ,CI fia i,ld neyer lsrsug yels jsh. fuf,i m%Odk
Wmfhda.s;d m%;Hka;h ,nd .ekSfuzoS wdrA:slfha ishMZ iuzm;a kej;
wkqhqla; lsrSu u.ska ,nd.; yels ishMZu ldrAhCIu;djhka ,nd
f.k we;. tnejska m%Odk Wmfh`.s;d m%;Hka;h u; msysgs TzkEu
,CIhlska ksremkh jk wxl 1 yd 2 mqoa.,hka ,nk ;Dma;sfhys huz
fjkialula is\q l<fyd;a wksjdrAfhkau mqoa.,hka fofokdf.ka
54
wfhl=g ydkshla is\qjk nj fmkajd oSug mqMZjk' fjk;a jpkj,ska
mjif;d;a tla whl=g jdisodhl jk Wmfh`.s;d ugzgula we;s
lsrSug hdu ksielfhka u wfkla mqoa.,hd ,nk ;Dma;sh my;
fy<sug fya;=jla jk njh' igyka wxl 3'15 weiqfrka th ;j
\qrg;a meyeos,s l< yelsh.
wxl 2 mqoa.,hdf.a W;=r

Wmfhda.;
s dj
ngysr
U2
kef.kysr
ol+K
m%Odk Wmfh`.s;d
m%;Hka;h
0
wxl 1 mqoa.,hdf.a
U1
Wmfhda.s;dj
igyka wxl 3'15( mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;dj
fuys m%Odk Wmfh`.s;d m%;Hka;h Tiafia jhU osYdjg .uka

l<fyd;a wxl 2 mqoa.,hdf.a Wmfh`.s;dj U2 isg by< hk uq;a ta
yd iuÛu wxl 1 mqoa.,hd fuf;la N=la;s jsos ugzgfuz Wmfh`.S;dj
Bg jvd wvq fjhs' tfiau .sKsfldK foig .uka l<fyd;a fuys
m%;sjsreoaO ;Fjh Woa.; fjz' tkuz wxl 1 mqoa.,hdf.a Wmfh`.s;dj
jevs jkafka wxl 2 mqoa.,hdf.a ;Dma;sh wvq lrusks' tfiau m%Odk
m%;Hka;hg hgska msysgs ,Ìhl isg ksrs; os. osYdjg
m%;sia:dmkhla is\q l<fyd;a mqoa.,hka fofokdf.au ;Dma;sh wvqjk
w;r Bidkos. osYdjg .uka l<fyd;a fofokdf.au ;Dma;sh by<
hhs. oS ;sfnk iuzm;aj, iSud iys; nj, iudPfha reps wrepsluz
fukau mj;sk ksIamdok ;dCIKhg wkql+,j lghq;= lsrSug is\qj
we;s ksid m%Odk Wmfhda.s;d m%;Hka;fhka Tnzng .uka lsrSug
yelshdjla ke;. fuz wkqj m%Odk m%;Hka;h u; ,Ìhlg ,Ûd jSu
ldrAhÌu jk w;r tu ,Ìfhys isg m%Odk Wmfhda.s;d m%;Hka;h
u; msysgs TzkEu ,Ìhlg .uka lsrSfuz oS tla whl=g jdishla
w;ajkafka wfkldg wjdishla f.k fousks. uska yefÛkafka wm ilia
55
l< wdlD;sh tla;rd m%Yia; ;Fjhlg m;aj we;s njhs. fuz

ms<sn|j uq,skau idrA:l f,i lreKq bosrsm;a l< js,a*%fvd mefrfg`
(Wilfredo Pareto) keue;s odrAYkslhdf.a kuska fuz ixl,amh mefrfg`
ldrAhCIu;dj (Pareto Efficiency) f,i ye|skafjz.
mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;dj iudP iqNidOkh Wmrsu lrk

;Fjhhs. mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;dj lrd ,Ûd jS we;s wdrA:slh tla
mqoa.,fhl=f.a iqNidOkh wfkl=f.a iqNidOkh wvq fkdlr by<
oeuSug fkdyelsh. tfia jkqfha mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;dj lrd ,Ûd
jSfuzo;S
1. ldrAhÌu fkdjk ishMZu fhojquz ixfhdaPk neyer lsrSu

2. ldrAhÌu fkdjk ishMZu ksujquz wkqhqla; lsrSuz neyer lsrSu
3. m%Odk Wmfhda.s;d m%;Hka;h iamrAY fkdjk ishMZu ldrAhÌu
mdrsfNdaPk ,ÌH neyer lsrSu u.sks. tuksid m%Odk
Wmfhda.s;d m%;Hka;hg ,ÛdjQ miq wdrA:slhla kej;
m%;sixjsOdkh lsrSfuka lsisu ldrAhÌu;djla ,nd .ekSug
bvla b;srsjS fkdue;. fuf,i mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;dj lrd
,Ûd jQ wdrA:slhl
1. ldrAhÌu iuzm;a wkqhqla; lsrSu

2. ldrAhÌu ksIamdok ixfhdaPkh
3. ldrAhÌu NdKav yd fiajd fnod yerSu
4. fhojquz yd ksujquz i|yd ldrAhÌu us< wkqmd; hk
ish,a, tlajr ,Ûd lr f.k we;.
3'4 ldrAhÌu;dj yd fj<|fmd<
by; jsia;r l< wdrA:slh b;du ir, wdldrfha wdrA:slhls.

tu wdrA:slfha ksIamdolhska fofokl=, mdrsfNda.slhska fofokl= yd
iuzm;a fojrA.hla muKla we;ehs ie,l=fjuq. tjka ir,
wdrA:slhla h:drA:fha oS olakg fkd,efnk nejska fuu wdlD;sh
idudkH wdrA:slhla olajd jHdma; lsrSfuka wm ,nd.;a jeo.;a
m%;sM, idudkHlrkh l< yel. my; oelafjkqfha idudkH
wdrA:slhl mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;dj ,Ûd lr .ekSu i|yd wjYHh
iu;=,s; ;Fjhkah.
56
ldrAhÌu ksIamdokh(
ldrAhÌu ksIamdokh i|yd iuzm;a wkqhqla; lsrSu(
MRTS DL B  MRTS DL C...  PD P

L
by; iuSlrKfhka lshfjkqfha ksIamdok idOl fol w;r

wdka;sl ;dÌK wdfoaYk wkqmd;h ishMZu ksIamdok wdh;kj,
ishMZu ksujquz i|yd iudk jsh hq;= w;ru ksIamdok idOlj, us,
wkqmd;hg o iudk jsh hq;= njhs.
ldrAhÌu ksujquz usY%Kh(
PC
RPTCB  firm1  RPTCB  firm 2  ... 
PB
ksIamdok 2 la i|yd ksujquz mrsjrA;k iS.%;djh ishMZu

ksIamdok wdh;k w;r iudk jsh hq;= w;r tu wkqmd;h ksIamdok
2 ys us< wkqmd;hg o iudk jsh hq;=hs.
ldrAhÌu mrsfNdaPkh(
MRS CB consumer1  MRS CB consumer2  ...  PC P

B
NdKav 2la w;r wdka;sl wdfoaYk iS.%;dj ishMZu

mdrsfNda.slhka i|yd iudk jsh hq;= w;ru tu wdfoaYk iS.%;dj
tu NdKav 2ys us, wkqmd;hgo iudk jsh hq;=h.s
fuz wkqj, ldrAhÌu ksujquz usY%Kh yd ldrAhÌu

mrsfNdaPkh tlsfkldg iuznkaO jS we;s wdldrh by; iuSlrK
j,ska fmkakquz lrhs' fuu wjYH;d 2 l taldnoaO lsrSu u.ska my;
oelafjk iuSlrKh ,nd .ekSug mqMZjk.
MRSCB consumer1  MRSCB consumer2 .......  RPTCB  firm1  RPTCB  firm2 ......  PC P
B
by; iuSlrKfhka mejfikafka NdKav folla w;r wdfoaYk

iS.%;dj ishMZu mdrsfNda.slhka i|yd iudk jsh hq;= w;ru ta
wkqmd;h ishMZu ksIamdok wdh;kj, ksujquz mrsjrA;k
iS.%;djhgo, NdKav 2ys us, wkqmd;hgo iudk jsh hq;= njhs.
57
ldrAhÌu ksujquz usY%Kh yd ldrAhÌu mdrsfNdaPkh
taldnoaO lsrSu ;=,ska ,nd.;a wjidk iuSlrKh mefrfgda
ldrAhÌu;dj yd fj<|fmd< iu;=,s;;dj w;r iuznkaO;dj
fmkakquz lrhs. fuh jgyd .ekSu i|yd WodyrKhla i,ld n,uq'
fldams yd mdka tlg tl wkqmd;hlska tlsfkl wdfoaY lsrSug
yelshhs i,lkak. tjsg
MRS CB   1
oeka wdrA:slh ;=< fldams yd mdka w;r ksujquz mrsjrA;k
wkqmd;h 2 la hhs i,lkak (RPTCB = 2&. fuhska lshfjkqfha
mdrsfNda.slhka fldams tallhla lemlr mdka tallhla ,nd .kakd
jsg Tjqka f.a ;Dma;sh ksh;j mj;sk w;r wdrA:slh ;=< fldams
tallhla leml<fyd;a mdka tall folla ksmojsh yels njhs. fuz
wkqj tla fldams tallhla ksmojSu w;ayer ouk jsg mdka tall
folla ksmofjk w;r mdka yd fldams tlg tl ne.ska
mdrsfNdackfhkao wdfoaYjk ksid ksmojk mdka tall 2l
mdrsfNdaPkh lsrSu u.ska mdrsfNda.slhkg ;u ;Dma;sh by< oud
.ekSug yelshdjla we;. fuf,i ;Dma;sh by< oud .ekSug
yelshdjla we;s nejska fmkShkafka wdrA:slh mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;dj
lrd ,Ûd jS we;s njhs. wdrA:slh mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;d lrd ,ÛdjS
we;s kuz ;j\qrg;a ;Dma;sh by< oud .ekSug yelshdjla ke;.
by; WodyrKfhaoS ksIamdok usY%Kh fjkia jk w;r mrsfNdackho
ta wkqj fjkia fjz' wjidkfhaoS uqMZ wdrA:slhu m%;sixjsOdkhjSu
u.ska mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;dj lrd ,Ûd jk w;r tu ;Fjhg m;ajq
miq mrsfNdaPk ;Dma;sh ;j\qrg;a jevs lr .ekSug bvla ke;'
wdrA:slhl NdKav w;r us, wkqmd;h, tkuz Pc/PB ;SrKh

lrkqfha fj<|fmd< u.sks' fj<| fmdf<ys b,a,qu yd iemhqu w;r
wka;rA l%shdj u.ska tla tla NdKavfhys us< ;SrKh jk w;r tu
us< wkqmd;h NdKav w;r wdka;sl wdfoaYh is>%;djhg iudk jSu
;=<ska mdrsfNda.slhka w;r tu NdKav fnoS hdu ;SrKhfjz.
tfukau tu us< wkqmd;h ksujquz mrsjrA:k iS>%;djhg iudk jSu
u.ska wdrA:slfha iuzm;a tla tla NdKav i|yd ldrAhÌuj wkqhqla;
lsrSu ;SrKh lrhs. fuz wkaouska fj<|fmd< iemhqu yd b,a,qu w;r
wka;rA l%shdj u.ska ;SrKh jk us< ldrAhÌu NdKav usY%Khla
ksIamdokh lsrSu md,kh lrk w;ru tu NdKav tla tla
mdrsfNda.slhd w;r ldrAhÌuj fnod yerSu o md,kh lruska
wdrA:slfha tla tla wxY w;r iudfhdaPkhla we;s lrk kshdulhl=
f,i l%shd lrhs.
fj<|fmd< wdrA:slhl mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;djh yd

fj<|fmd< l%shdoduh w;r iuznkaO;dj jsOsu;a wdldrhlska m%ldY
58
lsrSu iqNidOkh ms<sn|j m<uqjk isoaOdka;h (First Theorem of

Welfare) u.ska is\q flfrA'
3'4'1 iqNidOkh ms<sn| m<uqjk isoaOdka;h
mqrAK ;rÛldrS fj<|fmd<l iu;=,s;;dj mefrfgda ldrAhÌu fjz'
fuu isoaOdka;h wdrA:sl jsoHdfjz b;du jeo.;a kshuhla jk

w;r th jHq;amkak lsrSu i|yd b;du iSus; Wml,amk lSmhla
is\qlr we;s nejo ie,lSuo jeo.;afjz' mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;dj
js.%y lsrSfuzoS wms h:drA:fhka wE;ska jk Wml,amk lsisjla
fkdlf<uq. flfia j;=\q mqrAK ;rÛldrS fj<|fmd<l iu;=,s;;dj
lrd ,Ûd jSug kuz, NdKav iucd;sh jSu, fj<| fmd<g we;=MZ jSu
yd msgjSug ndOd fkdue;s nj, jsYd, ixLHdjla ksIamdolhska yd
mdrsfNda.slhska isgSu yd mqrAK f;dr;=re ixirKhla ;snSu hk
lreKq mrsmqrAK jsh hq;=hs' fuz ;Fjhka h:drA:h ;=< mqrAK
jYfhka oelSug fkdyelsh' flfia j;=\q uE; Nd.fha fndfyda rg j,
wkq.ukh lrk wdrA:sl m%;sm;a;s fuz mqrAK ;rÛldrS fj<|fmd<la
lrd wdikak jSug orK W;aidyhka jYfhka ye|skajSug mqMZjk.
idrA:l mqrAK ;rÛldrS fj<|fmd<la we;slsrSu u.ska

mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;dj lrd ,ÛdjSug yels nj by; isoaOdka;h
u.ska lshfjz' mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;dj ms<sn|j l< jsYaf,aIKfha oS
wms ksIamdokfha ishMZu wldrAhÌu ksIamdok idOl wkqhqla; lsrSuz
mrsfNdackfha ishMZu wldrAhÌu NdKav fnod yerSuz fukau NdKav
yqjudrefjz ishMZu wldrAhÌu iuzm;a wkqhqla; lsrSuo neyer lr
fuz wxY ;=fkkau ldrAhÌu m:hla f;dard .;af;uq' fuf,i ishMZu
wldrAhÌu;djka neyer lr we;s ksid mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;dj lrd
,ÛdjSu b;d jeo.;a fohla nj fuz jkjsg jgyd f.k isgsuq.
mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;dj fuz wkaouska wdrA:slhl idrA:l widrA:l
nj uksk b;du jeo.;a Wmudkhla jk kuq\q th o wvqmdvqj,ska
f;dr fkdfjz.
mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;dj m%dfhda.sl orAYlhla f,i Ndjs;

lsrSfuzoS we;s jk ishMZu .egMZ yd W!k;d ms<sn|j iuzmqrAK
js.%yhla lsrSug wm fuysoS W;aiql fkdjk w;r fuu ixl,amfha
uq,slu \qrAj,;djh jk iudc iqN idOkh iudcfha mqoa.,hska fyda
lKavhuz w;r fnoShdu ms<sn| .egMZj (Equity Problem) ms<sn|j
muKla jsYaf,aIkh lsrSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq' ksIamdokfha,
mdrsfNdackfha yd NdKav yd fiajd yqjudrefjz wldrAhÌu ,ÌHhka
neyer lr uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;Hka;h ,nd .ekSfuzoS ksIamdokh
i|yd we;s ldrAhÌu;d ,ÌH jsYd, .Kkla w;=rska wyUq f,i tla
,ÌHhla f;dard .;a nj isyshg k.d .kak. tu ,ÌHhg
wkqrEmjk iuzm;a fnoShdula we;s w;r wm ,nd.;a uyd Wmfhda.s;d
59
m%;Hka;h tu iuzm;a fnoShdug wkql+, fjz. tfukau uyd

Wmfhda.s;d m%;Hka;h ;=< ,ÌHh wkka; ixLHdjla we;s w;r tu
yeu ,ÌHhlu iuia; wdrA:slfha ldrAhÌu;djh iudk kuq;a,
mdrsfNda.slhka mqoa.,slj ,nk ;Dma;sh w;r jsYd, fjkia luz
we;. fjk;a jpkj,ska lsjfyd;a, iuia; wdrA:slfha ldrAhÌu;dj
muKla ie,lSfuka tla tla mqoa.,hska fyda lKavdhuz w;r
wdrA:slfha m%;s,dN fnoS hEu ms<sn|j lsis\q woyila ,nd .ekSug
fkdyelsh. WodyrKhla f,i wdrA:slh ;=< mqoa.,hska fofofkl=
we;ehs i,ld w|sk ,o uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;Hka;h i,luq.
U1
a
a
U 1
U1c
c
b
U1b
U2a U2K U2b U2
igyka wxl 3'16( uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;Hka;h
by; igyka wxl 3'16 ys U 1 yd U2 u.ska oelafjkafka

m<uqjk yd fojk mqoa.,hd ,nk Wmfhda.s;djhs. uyd Wmfhda.s;d
m%;Hka;h u; we;s a yd b ,ÌHh fol i,lkak. a ,ÌHfhaoS
m<uqjk mdrsfNda.slhd b;d by< Wmfhda.s;djhla ,nk w;r b
,ÌHfhaoS Tyq b;d my< Wmfhda.s;djhl=;a fojk mdrsfNda.slhd
b;d by< Wmfhda.s;djhl=;a ,nd .kS. mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;d
ixl,amhg wkql+,j a yd b ,ÌHh 2 lu tlfia ldrAhÌufjz' c
kue;s ,ÌHhla a yd b g iudkj ldrAhÌu jk w;ru tu
,ÌHfhaoS Wmfhda.s;dj iudk ugzgulska mdrsfNda.slhska fofokd
w;r fnoS hhs. fuf,i a, b, yd c hk ,ÌHh ;=k w;r jvd iq¥iq
,ÌH l=ulaoehs ;SrKh lsrSug mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;d ixl,amhg
fkdyels jSu tys we;s m%Odku oqrAj,;djhs.
60
tfukau mefrfgda ixl,amh muKla wdrA:slhg idrA:l

widrA:l Ndjh uekSu i|yd fhdod .ekSu fndfyda wdrA:sl jsoHd{hka
fukau wfkl=;a iudc jsoHd{hkaf.a o jsfjzpkhg ,la jS we; .
tuksid wdrA:sl m%;sm;a;s iliajSfuzoS ldrAhÌu;djg wu;rj
1. iudP iqNidOkh mqoa.,hska w;r fnoS hk wdldrh,

2. iudP idOdrKh (Fairness),
3. ixialD;sl .=Kdx.,
4. wOHd;ausl we.hquz,
5. mdrsirsl .=Kdx.,
6. wkd.;mruzmrdjkays Wjukd tmdluz,
wdosho ie,ls,a,g .ekSu wjYH nj fndfyda jsoaj;ayq fmkajd oS we; .

fuf,i uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;Hka;h u; we;s ldrAhÌu jk wkka;
,ÌHh iuqyfhka wdrA:slh ,Ûd jsh hq;= ,ÌHh ;SrKh lsrSfuzoS
by; ishMZ .=Kdx.hka ie,ls,a,g .ekSug wjYHfjz. fuz ishMZ
lrkq ie,ls,a,g .ksuska Wmrsu iudP iqN idOkh keue;s orAYlh
ksrAjpkh lr we;.
Wmrsu iudc iqNidOkh iudcfha we;s iuzm;a iSudjkag,

;dÌKsl oekSug yd mdrsfNda.sl repsl;ajhg wkql+,j tu
iudPhg ,Ûd jsh yels Wmrsu iqN idOkh fuu ixl,amfhka jsia;r
flfrA.
uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;Hka;h u.ska iudP iqNidOkh Wmrsu jk

,ÌHhka iuQyhla wmg ,nd oS we;' by; i|yka l< wkaoug fuz
tla tla ,ÌHhka u.ska mqoa.,hska fyda lKavdhuz w;r iqNidOkh
fnoShdu fjkia jk ksid iudch jvd;au leu;s ,ÌHhla f;dard
.ekSfuz .egMZj ;ju;a wm bosrsfha b;srs jS we;. tu .egMZj jsiod
.ekSu i|yd iudP iqNidOk Y%s;h kue;s ixl,amh bosrs m;a lr
we;. iuSlrKhl wdldrfhka oelajqjfyd;a, mdrsfNda.slhska
fofofkl= isgsk iudPhla i|yd Y%s;h(
W  W (U 1U 2 )
W = iudP iqNidOk ugzgu

U1 = m<uq mqoa.,hd ,nk Wmfhda.s;djh
U2 = fojk mqoa.,hd ,nk Wmfhda.s;djh
fuu Y%s;fhka lshjkqfha iqNidOk ugzgu mqoa.,hska fofokd
,nd .kakd Wmfhda.s;djfha Y%s;hla njhs' fuz wkqj iudP iqNidOk
Y%s;h Wmfhda.s;d Y%s;hlg iudkluz olajhs' Wmfhda.s;d Y%s;h
weiqrska WfmaÌd jl% ,nd.;a wdldrfhkau iudc iqNidOk Y%s;h
61
u.ska iudP WfmaÌd jl% is;shula ,nd .ekSug mQMZjk îgyka wxl
3'17 n,kak&'
U2
S1C3
S1C2
S1C1
U1
igyka wxl 3'17( iudP WfmaÌd jl% is;shu
iudP WfmaÌd jl%hla u.sk,a iudPfha iuia; iqNidOkh

ksh;j ;nd .ksuska mqoa.,hskag ,nd.; yels jsjsO Wmfhda.s;djhka
f.a ixhq;shka fmkajhs'
fujka iudP WfmaÌd jl% i;H jYfhkau mj;S kuz, ta u.ska

iudPh ;=< tla tla lKavdhuz fyda mqoa.,hka w;r iudP
iqNidOkh fnoS hdhq;= wkaou ms<sn|j huz wdldrhl jegySula fyda
iuzuq;shla we;s njla woyia flfrA' uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;Hka;h yd
iudP WfmaÌd jl% is;shu taldnoaO lsrSu ;=<ska iudPfha wNsu;hg
wkql+, jk ldrAhÌu ,ÌH yªkd .ekSug mqMZjk.
my; igyka wxl 3'18 ys fmkajd we;s iu;=,s; ,ÌH

wdrA:slhlg ,Ûdjsh yels m%Yia:u ,ÌH jk w;r, iy mefrfgda
ldrAhÌu;djg wu;rj iudP idOdrK;ajh (Social Equity) yd
by; i|yka l< wfkl=;a ishMZu .=Kdx. lrd ,Ûd jSula tu
,CIfhka fmkakquz lrhs. ffioaOdka;slj by; iu;=,s;;d ,ÌH
,nd.;a kuq\Q" wjdikdjlg fuka m%dfhda.slj fuu ,ÌH ,nd
.ekSug yelso hkak wdrA:sl jsoHd{hska w;r u; fNaoj,g ;=vq oS
we;s lreKls'
62
U2
U2* • S1C4
S1C3
S1C2
S1C1
U1* U1
igyka wxl 3'18( Wmrsu iudP iqNidOkh lrd ,ÛdjSu
flk;a wefrda kue;s fkdfn,a ;Hd.,dNS wdrA:sl jsoHd{hd

fmkajd oS we;s wkaoug m%Pd;ka;%jdoS iudPhla ;=< iudP WfmaÌd
jl% mej;sh fkdyelsh' bka .uH jkafka m%Pd;ka;%sl iudPhla ;=<
wdrA:slfha m%;s,dN tla tla fldgia w;r fnoS hdh;= wkaou ms,sn|j
iuzuq;shla we;sjSug we;s bvlv b;d w,am njhs' tkuz iudPhl
jsjsO lKavdhuz fyda mqoa.,hska wdrA:slfha ;ukag ,ensh hq;= m%;s,dN
fldgia jevs jsh hq;= nj woyia lsrSu fujka iuzuq;shla we;s jSug
we;s bv wyqrjhs' fuf,i iudPhl ishMZ Pk fldgiaj, TzkE
tmdluz orAYkh lrk iudP WfmaÌd jl% m%dfhda.slj olakg
fkdyels jSu ;=< uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;Hka;h u; we;s l=uk
,ÌHhla m%Yia: oehs ;SrKh lsrSug l< W;aidyh m%;sM, rys;
tlla njg m;a lr we;'
fuu m%;sM,h wdrA:sl jsoHd jsIh fÌ;%fha iqNidOl wdrA:sl

jsoHdj uqyqK md we;s m%n, wNsfhda.hlaa f,i iuyr wdrA:sl
jsoHd{fhda woyia lr;s' flfia j;==¥ iqNidOkh ms<sn| .egMZj
jsi|d .ekSug wdrA:slhlg lsisfia;au yelshdjla ke;s njla uska
woyia fkdflfrA' fuu .egMZj fjk;a wdldrhlska jsi|d .ekSug
yels nj iqNidOkh ms<sn| fojk isoaOdka;fhka lshefjz'
3'4'2 iqNidOkh ms<sn| fojk iso aOdka;h
wdrA:slhl ishMZ mdrsfNda.slhskag wj;, jQ repsl;ajhla we;af;a

kuz uyd Wmfhda.s;d m%;Hka;h u; we;s Tzkeu ,Ìhla lrd ,Ûd
jsh yels fj<| fmd< iu;=,s;;djla mj;S'
63
uska woyia jkafka iudPhl wNsu;hg wkqj huz wdldrhl iqN

idOkh fnoS hEula yªkd .;fyd;a tu ,ÌHh lrd ,Ûd jSug
fj<| fmd< bv i,id fok njhs' tla w;lska n,k l, fuu
isoaOdka;h u.ska iqNidOkh fnoS hEu ms<sn| .egMZj iudPh fj;
kej; yrjd hjd iudPh jsiska huz ,ÌHhla ;SrKh l<fyd;a"
wdrA:slhg ta yd tlÛ jsh yels iu;=,s;;djlg t,Usug yels nj
fmkajd fohss' fuysoS wdrA:sl l%shd oduhg wu;rj rgl foaYmd,k
l%shdodufha jeo.;aluo biau;= jS fmfka' fuu isoaOdka;hg wkqj
rgl uq,sl iuzm;a fnoS hdu fjkia lsrSfuka uyd Wmfhda.s;d
m%;Hka;h u; we;s jsjsO ,ÌH ,Ûd jSug yels njla woyia lr
we;' ;uqka wNsu; ,ÌHhla lrd f;dard .;a miq fj<| fmd< Bg
.e,fmk iu;=,s;;djhla we;s lr fohs' tu ksid iudP WfmaÌd
jl%hla fkdmej;Sfuz wvqmdvqj foaYmd,k l%shdoduh yd wdrA:slh
taldnoaO lsrSu ;=<ska uÛ yrjd .ekSug yels fjz'
f;dr;=re uq,dY%hka iy ksrAfoaYs; wu;r lshjSu z
Freeman III, A.M. (1993) “The Measurement of the Environmental and

Resource Values: Theory and Methods”, Resources for the Future,
Washington D.C.
Friedman L.S. (1984) “Micro Economic Policy Analysis”, McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company, New York.
Myles, G.D. (1995) “Public Economics”, Cambridge University Press.
Nicholson, W. (1997) “Intermediate Micro-Economics; Seventh Edition.
Harconrt Brace College Publishers.
Randall, A. (1987). “Resource Economics, An Economic Approach to
Natural Resource and Environmental Policy”, John Wiley and Sons,
New York.
Varian, H.R. (1990) “Intermediate Micro-economics: A Modern
Approach”, Second Edition W.W. Norton Company, New York.
Varian, H.R. (1992) “Micro Economic Analysis Third Edition”, W.W.
Norton Company, New York.
64
y;rjk mrspzfPAoh
4' fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
;=kajk mrspzfPAofhka wdrA:Slhl idrA:l widrA:lNdjh i|yd

jk uskquz ms<sn|j wOHhkh lf<uq. tysoS fj<|fmd< wdrA:sl l%uh
ldrAhÌu;dj ,Ûd lr.kakd wkaou;a, ldrAhÌu;dj muKla
i,ld ilik wdrA:sl m%;sm;a;s j,ska iudP idOdrK;ajh
fkdi,ld yefrk nj;a wjfndaO lr.;suq. tu mrspzfPAofha oS
wjfndaO lr.;a wkaoug ksoyia fj<| l%uhlg wjYH lrk foam,
whs;sh yd wfkl=;a mqrAj wjYH;djka bgq jS we;s jsgl fj<|fmd<
u.ska we;s lrk us<, ksIamdokfhaoS wjYH osrs oSukd, mqoa.,sl wdodhu
ckkh lsrSu, mdrsfNda.sl NdKav yd fiajd mdrsfNda.slhka w;r
i,dl lsrSu yd NdKav yd fiajdj, idfmaÌ ysÛlu ms<sn|j
ksrka;r f;dr;=re m%jdyhla iemhSu hk ldrAh bgq lrhs. us<
hka;%kh u.ska we;s lrkakdjq msrsjehlska f;drjq fuu fiajdjka
wdrA:slhl ukd meje;aug buy;a odhl;ajhla ,nd foa. flfia kuqoq
m%dfhda.sl f,dalfha oS by; fmkajd oqka wdldrhgu us< hdka;%kh
l%shd;aul fkdjk wjia:d we;. fuu mrspzfPaofhaoS fj<|fmd<
wdrA:slhla ldrAhÌu;dj ,nd .ekSug wfmdfydi;a jk tjka
wjia:d wOHhkh lruq. wdrA:slhl ldrAhÌu iuzm;a wkqhqla;
lsrSug wfmdfydi;a jSu fj<|fmd< wiudrA: jSu (Market Failure)
f,i ye|skafjhs. fj<|fmd< wiudrA: jSu mdrsirsl .egMZ yd
iuzm;a ydks jSu (Environmental Resource Degradation) flfrys
n,mdk uq,sl fya;=jla f,i iuzm;a wdrA:sl jsoHdfjzoS i,lkq ,nhs.
fuu mrspzfPaofhaoS fj<| fmd< wiudrA: jSu isoqlrk, iuzm;a i|yd
jk foam, whs;sh wiuzmqrAK jSu, nysrA;djhka, fmdoq NdKav yd
taldOsldrS fj<|fmd< ms<sn|j js.%yhla flfrA.
4'1 wiuzmQrAK foam, whs;sh

fj<|fmd< wdrA:slhl ukd l%shdldrs;ajh i|yd jk mqrAj
wjYH;djhls, mqrAK foam, whs;shla mej;Su. foam, whs;sh iudc
hka;%kh ;=<ska we;sjkakls' th usksiqkaf.a foam, Ndjs;fha
whs;sjdisluz fukau foam, iuznkaO l%shdldrluz iSudlrk kS;s rS;s
u; mokuz jq iudc wdh;khls (Social Institution). tjekakla jvd
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
ldrAhCIu f,i ls%hd;aul jSug rcfha ueosy;a jSu wjYHh' kS;s rS;s
uÛska foam,$ iuzm;a ysusluz jvd;a fyd|ska ksrAjpkh l< hq;=j we; .
rchl tla m%Odk ldrAhNdrhla jkafka fj<|fmd< wdrA:slh ;=,ska
<Ûd lr.; fkdyels iudc iqNidOkfha fnoShdula we;s lsrSug
odhl jSuhs. ta wkqj rchla mqoa.,hkaf.a udkj ysusluz yd isjs,a
whs;sjdisluz iq/lSug wu;rj foam, ysusluz iq/lSu;a iudP
iqNidOkh idOdrKj fnoShdu i|yd;a lghq;= l< hq;=h. ta i|yd"
wdKavq l%u jHjia:dj uÛska wjYH bvlv i,id fohs' fuz wkqj
mkjkq ,nk kS;s l%Shd;aul lsrSug fmd,Sish;a, fujeks ysusluz
lvjSuloS wmCImd;s nj iqrlsuska hqla;sh mi|,Sug Widjs
moaO;shl=;a wjYH fjz.
foam, ysusluz m%Odk fldgia y;rla hgf;a jrA.SlrKh l<

yel. tkuz" rcfha foam,, m%cdj i;= foam, (Communal Property),
fm!oa.,sl foam, yd jsjD; m%fjzYhlFjh (Open Access) hkqfjks.
m%cdj i;=j foam, ysuslula mj;sk w;r th Tjqkaf.a iudc
ixialD;sl isrs;a jsrs;a yd prAhd u;ska yev .eiqK foam, ysusluz
rgdj, iuzm;a mdrsfN`ck rgdj yd mdruzmrsl Wreuhkaa wdrCId
lrhs.
mQrAK jYfhka ksrAjpkh jq mqoa.,sl foam, l%uhla fj<|

fmd< wdrA:slhl ukd l%shdldrs;ajh i|yd w;HjYHfjz. tjka foam,
l%uhl uq,sl .=Kdx. y;rla we;. tajd kuz idrAjsl;djh
(Universality), neyer lsrSfuz yelshdj (Exclusivity), mjrd oSfuz
yelshdj (Transferability), yd n,h fhoSfuz yelshdjhs (Enforceability).
idrAjsl;djh( ishMZu iuzm;a fm!oa.,sl whs;shg hg;a jk w;r

whs;slref.a ishMZ whs;sjdisluz yd j.lSuz mqrAK jYfhka ksrAjpkh
lr we;.
neyer lsrSfuz yelshdj( iuzm;a Ndjs;fha ishMZ msrsjeh yd m%;s,dN

whs;slreg muKla ysus jk w;r whs;shla fkdue;s wh tu iuzm;a
Ndjs; lsrSfuka neyer lsrSug whs;slreg mqrAK yelshdjla we;.
mejrSfuz yelsh dj( foam, whs;sh tl whl=f.ka wfkfll=g

leue;af;ka yqjudre lsrSug yelshdjla we;.
n,h fhoSfuz yelshdj( foam, whs;slref.a leue;a;lska f;drj huz

whl= foam,la N=la;s jsoskafka kuz tu l%shdj keje;ajSug wjYH
wdh;ksl jHqyhla we;.
fuz lreKq i;ru mrsmQrAK jq l< muKla foam, whs;sh kshu

wdldrfhka ksrAjpkh fjz. idrAjsl;djh u.ska whs;slre i;= ishMZ
whs;sjdisluz fukau j.lSuz o kshudldrfhka ksrAjpkh lr ke;s
66
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
jsg jsjsO .egMZ mek k.S. WodyrKhla f,i .uzudkhla ueo msysgd
we;s ;DK N+ushla i,lkak. tys we;s iuzm;a Ndjs;hg .fuz ishMZ
fokdgu bv ie,iS we;s ksid ;DK N+ush blaukska mrsydkshg
m;ajk nj fndfyda wjia:dj,oS fmkS f.dia we;. idrAjsl;djh
u.skau whs;sh wysus mqoa.,hka iuzm;a mrsyrKh j,lajk wkaofuz
jsfYaI j.ka;s we;=,;a lr ;snsh hq;=hs. tfia l< fkdyels jsgoS o
iuzm;a iQrdlEulg ,lajSug fyda ta iuzm;a mj;ajd .ekSfuz msrsjeh
iuzm;a Ndjs;d lrk ishMZ fokd jsiskau fkdoerSu jeks .egMZ
we;sfjz. WodyrKhla f,i msrsis\q jd;h i,lkak. msrsis\q jd;h
i|yd mqoa.,sl foam, l%uhla we;s lsrSug mj;sk ;dÌKh
wfmdfydi;a jk ksid tla whl=g ;j;a wfhl= tu jd;h Ndjs;
lsrSfuka neyer lsrSug mqMZjka lula ke;. tuksid jd;h \QIKh jS
we;s jsgl ta i|yd f.jSula lr th msrsis\q ;Fjfha mj;ajd .ekSug
wmyiqh. tfia jkqfha tla whl= f.jSula lr jd;h msrsis\q l< jsg
wfkla whg fkdusf,au msrsis\q jd;h mrsyrKh lsrSug bv ie,fik
nejsks. foam,la leu;s jsgl wka whl=g mejrSfuz yelshdjla ke;s
jsgl foam, i|yd ldrAhÌu fj<|fmd<la we;s fkdfjz. WodyrK
f,i ,xldfjz Pkmo jHdmdrj, f.djSkag ,nd oS we;s bvuz Tjqkg
wjYH jsgl jslskSug yelshdjla ke;. tu kS;sh u.ska jsjsOdldr
wkshuz ugzgfuz fj<|fmd<j,a we;s jSug bv i,id we;. bvuz
ysushl=g ;uka j.d lsrSug woÌ fyda wlue;s jsgl ta i|yd jevs
yelshdjla we;s whl=g tu bvu jsl=Kd ;ud jvd;a leu;s fyda oÌ
lrAudka;hl kshe,Sug we;s bvlv weysrS we;. fuz wkaouska mejrSfuz
yelshdj ke;s jsgl fkdfhla wkaofuz wdrA:sl wldrAhÌu;d mek
k.S. wjika jYfhka kS;s rS;s moaO;sfha foam, whs;Ska W,a,x>kh
lrk whg ovqjuz meusKjSu is\q jsh hq;=hs' n,h fhoSfuz
yelshdfjka woyia lrkqfha fuhhs. fuz i|yd fydou WodyrKhla
fmd\q nia r: ;=< \quznSu ms<sn| kS;sh u.ska iemfha' kS;sh u.ska
nia r: ;=< \quznSu ;ykuz lr we;s w;r tu.ska nia r:h ;=<
jd;fha ysuslu tys .uka lrk ishMZ fokdg b;d meyeos,s f,i ,nd
oS we;. flfia kuq\q nia r: ;=< \quz fnduska fuu foam, whs;sh
W,a,x>kh lrkakkag lsis osk ovqjuz muqKqjd ke;s nejska m<uq
lrekq ;=k iuzmQrAK jqj;a n,h fhoSfuz yelshdj ksjerosj l%shd;aul
fkdjk ksid foam, whs;sh ksis whqre l%shd;aul fkdfjz. fuhska fmkS
hkafka by; i|yka .=Kdx. y;ru mrsmQrAK jQ l,l muKla
foam, whs;sh ksis f,i ls%hd;aul jk njhs.
iajNdjsl iuzm;a l<ukdlrKfha oS mQrAK jYfhka ksrAjpkh

jQ mqoa.,sl foam, l%uhl jeo.;a lu jgyd .ekSu i|yd §fmd\q
foam, l%ufha fYdaldka;h¶ (Tragedy of the Commons) kue;s
ixl,amh i,ld n,uq. fuh m<uqj bosrsm;a lrk ,oafoa .ergs
ydrAvska (Garrett Hardin) kue;s PSj jsoHd{hd jsisks' Tyq fmkajd \qka
wkaoug foam, whs;sh ksis f,i wrA: olajd ke;s jsgl iEu
mqoa.,hl=u ;u mqoa.,sl m%;s,dN Wmrsu lr .ekSfuz wruqfKka
67
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
iuzm;a Ndjs; lsrSug fm,fUhs. fuys m%;sM,h jkafka iajNdjsl

iuzm;a iQrdlEulg ,la jS jskdY jS hEuhs.
fuu ixl,amh jvd jsOsu;a wkaouska fmkajd oSu i|yd

WodyrKhla i,luq. .uzudkhl msysgd we;s jsjD; m%fjzYhla iys;
;DK N+ushla i,luq. mqoa.,sl foam, l%uhl yd jsjD; m%fjzYhl
fjki yªkd .ekSu i|yd fuu ;DK N=ush fulS foam, whs;Ska
foflys mj;S hhs i,ld jsYaf,aIKhl fhfouq. .uzjdiSkag tla
.jhl= us<oS .ekSu i|yd remsh,a a m%udkhla jshouz l, hq;=hhs
Wml,amkh lruq. ;DK N+ush iSus; iuzm;la ksid tla .jhl=f.ka
,efnk idudkH lsrs m%udkh ;DK N+ush Ndjs; lrk uqMZ .jhka
f.a ixLHdj wkqj ;Srkh flfrA. ;DK N=usfha isgsk uqMZ .jhska
.Kk c hhs i,lkak. tjsg .jhl=f.ka ,efnk lsrs m%udKh c ys
Y%s;hla fjz. tkuz
Q = f(c)
Q = lsrs m%udKh
lsrs tallhl us< Pm kuz ;DK nsfuka ksmojk uqMZ lsrs

m%udKfha jgskdlu Pm.f(c) fjz. .jhska w;r fjkila ke;ehs
Wml,amkh l< fyd;a tla .jhl= f.ka ,efnk lsrsj, jgskd lu
jkqfha Pm. f (c) c fjz.
;DK N=ushg ;K lEu i|yd ouk .jhska ixLHdj ;DK nsfuz

foam, whs;sh wkqj ;SrKh fjz. m,uqj fuu ;DK N=ush tla
mqoa.,hl= i;= hhs i,luq' tjsg Tyqf.a mrudrA:h lsrs ksmojSfuz
,dNh Wmrsu lsrSuhs. th iuSlrKhl wdldrfhka my; whqrska
oelajSug mqMZjk.
Maxc .Pmf (c )  ac
by; oelajqk ,dNh Wmrsu lsrSfuz .Ks;uh .egMZj i|yd

jk m<uq fm< iu;=,s; ;Fjh jkqfha.
df (c)
Pm. a
dc
fuhska lshjkqfha wjika .jhd ;DK N=ushg oeuSfuka ,efnk

m%;s,dNfha wdka;sl jgskdlu tu .jhd i|yd jehl< hq;= wdka;sl
msrsjehg iudk jsh hq;= njhs. wdka;sl m%;s,dNh msrsjehg jvd jevs
kuz ;j;a .jhka us<oS .ekSfuka ,dN jevslr .ekSug mqMZjk.
68
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
wdka;sl msrsjeh wdka;sl m%;s,dNhg jvd jevs kuz ;DK nsfuz isgsk
.jhska .Kk wvq lr mdvqj wju lr .ekSug mqMZjk. wdka;sl
msrsjeh yd m%;s,dN iudk jk jsg .jhska .Kk fjkia lsrSug
wjYH fkdjk ksid th iu;=,s; ;Fjh fjz. fuf,i by;
iuSlrKh jsioSu u.ska ;DK N=ush i|yd jk m%Yia: .jhska
m%udKh .Kkh lsrSug mqMZjk.
oeka fuu ;DK N=ushg jsjD; m%fjzYhla we;s hhs i,luq. tkuz
TzkEu mqoa.,hl=g fuu ;DK N=ushg .jhska hejSug yelshdjla we;.
oekg ;DK N=usfhys c .jhska m%udkhla ;K luska isgS hhs i,luq.
fuu wjia:dfjz tla .eushl= ;j;a .jhl= us<oS .ekSu i,ld
n,kafka hhs i,lkak. Tyq fuysoS ;ukag ,efnk m%;s,dN yd ;uka
oersh hq;= msrsjeh i,ld n,hs. .jhska c .Kkla isgsk jsg Tyq
;j;a .jhl= we;=MZ lrkafka kuz
uqMZ ksIamdokh = f(c+1)

idudkH ksIamdokh = f (c+1)/c+1
oekg .jhska jsYd, ixLHdjla isgsk ;DK nsula ksid idudkH

lsrs ksIamdokh l,skag jvd wvqfjz'
 f (c) f (c  1) 
  
 c c 1 
fuz ksid tla .jhl= oeuSu u.ska wfkl=;a ishMZu .jhka f.ka
,efnk idudkH lsrs m%udKh my; jegSula isoqfjz' fuh wm i,lk
,o .eushd jsiska wfkla .eushka fj; we;s lrk nysrA;djhls
(Externality). ^nysrA;djhka ms<sn|j B,Û fldgfia jsia;r flfrA'&
fuf,i ;j;a tla .jhl= oeuSu u.ska ,nk wu;r m%;s,dNh jkqfha
f (c  1)
pm
c 1
ta i|yd .eushd jeh l, hq;= wdka;sl msrsjeh jkqfha remsh,a a
m%udKhls'
f (c  1)
pm a
c 1
jkafka kuz Tyq ;j;a .jhl= ;DK nsug hjhs'
f (c  1)
pm a
c 1
69
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
jkafka kuz Tyq wMZ;ska .jhl= us<oS fkd.kSs'
fuz wkqj ishMZu .eushkag ,ensh yels uqMZ ,dNh Y=kH jk ;=re
.jhka ;DK nsug we;=MZ lrhs' tys oS iu;=,s; ;Fjh jkqfha
idudkH m%;s,dN wdka;sl msrsjehg iudk jk ;Fjhhs. tkuz
f (cˆ)
Pm a
cˆ
hkq jsjD; m%foaYfhaoS isgsk uqMZ .jhka .Kkhs. by;

ĉ iuSlrKh ;rula fjkia lr fufia oelajSug yelsh'
pmf (cˆ)  câ  0
fuhska fmkajkqfha jsjD; m%fjzYhloS ,dNh Y=kH jk;=re

.jhka we;=MZ lsrSu isoqjk njhs. tu ;Fjh m%ia:drslj my;
îgyka wxl 4'1& wkaoug fmkajSug mqMZjk.
fuhska fmkS hkafka jsjD; m%fjzYhloS .jhka jevs .Kkla

fhfok nj;a th iuzm;a mrsydkshlg bv i,ik nj;ah.
fuu WodyrKfhaoS mqoa.,sl foam, l%ufha yd jsjD; m%fjzYfha

fjkia m%;s,dN f.k fokafka jsjD; m%fjzYfha oS we;s lrk
nysrA;djh u.sks. jsjD; m%fjzYfha oS wMZ;ska .jhl= we;=,a lsrSug
.kakd ;SrKh tu mqoa.,hdg jdis f.k fokakla jqjo wMZ;ska tla
lrk .jhd u.ska oekg isgsk ishMZu .jhskaf.ka ,efnk idudkH
lsrs wiajekak wvq lr ishMZu .eushkg wdrA:sl wjdishla we;s lrhs.
fuf,i ;uka we;=MZ wfkl=;a ishMZu fokdf.a idudkH lsrs wiajekak
wvq jSu iudP msrsjehla jk w;r tu l%shdj lrk mqoa.,hd bka
mqoa.,sl jdishla we;s lr .kS. fuu nysrA;djh mqoa.,sl foam,
l%ufhaoS wNHka;rslrKh (Internalize) jk ksid iuzm;a ydkshla isoq
fkdfjz.
70
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
wdka;sl m%;s,dN yd
idudkH m%;s,dN
idudkH m%;s,dN
wdka;sl m%;s,dN
msrsjeh = a
* ĉ .jhska .Kk
c
igyka wxl 4'1( ksoyia m%fjzYhl yd mqoa.,sl foam,l iu;=,s;;dj
by; jsia;r l< wdrA:sl wdlD;sh iuzm;a l,ukdlrKfhys,d

foam, whs;sfhys ldrAhNdrh jgyd .ekSug WmldrS jk kuq;a th
wvq mdvq j,ska f;dr fkdfjz. fuys m%Odk wvqmdvq jkafka tysoS lr
we;s huz Wml,amkhkah' tajd kuz, iuzm;aj, foam, whs;sh mqoa.,sl
fkdfjz kuz iEu jsgu jsjD; m%fjzYl;ajh hkak, mqoa.,hska iEu
jsgu wd;audrA:lduS f,i lghq;= lrk nj, iuzm;a Ndjs;h i|yd
jk iudP wdh;k yd wdpdr OrAu fkdmj;sk nj, iuzm;a Ndjs;
lrkakkag mqrAk oekSula we;s nj yd iuzm;a wOsl iS.%;djhlska
Ndjs; jk njhs. fuz Wml,amkh ;=<ska iudPhl mqoa.,hskag fmdoq
wruqKla lrd ,Ûd jSfuzoS iyfhda.Sj l%shd lsrSfuz yelshdj
wj;lafiare lr we;. fuu jsYaf,aIKh' mdruzmrsl iudPhla ;=<
iuzm;a l<ukdlrKfhys,d n, meje;ajQ iudP ixia:djka yd
tu.ska psria:dhs iuzm;a l<ukdlrKhla w;S;fha isoqjQ njg we;s
ft;sydisl idÌs o fkdi,ld yer we;. w;S;fhaoS fndfyda iuzm;a
m%Pdj i;= iuzm;a f,i idrA:l wkaouska l<ukdlrKh l, njg
,xldfjz fukau f,dalfha fjk;a rgj,o m%udKj;a ;ruz idÌs we; .
WodyrK f,i fmdoq jdrsudrA. moaO;Ska l<ukdlrKh l, fj,a
jsodfka l%uh" fjr<dikak uqyqfoaa uiqka urkakka w;r uiqka uerSu
71
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
md,khlg hg;aj isoq lsrSug wjYH iudP kS;s rS;s i|yka lsrSug
mqMZjk. fujka m%Pdj i;= foam, l<ukdlrK uq,OrAu ms,sn|j
jrA;udkfha buy;a Wkkaoqjla mj;sk njla olakg ,efnz.
w;S;fha m%Pdj i;= foam, l%u idrA:lj mej;sho wo iudPh

;=< we;sjS we;s fkdfhla wdldrfha fjkialuz ;=< tu foam, l%u
idrA:lj mj;ajd .ekSug yels fjzo hkak iel iys;h. fndfyda
wdrA:sl jsoHd{hska ;uka l< mrAfhaIK u.ska fmkajd oS we;s wkaoug
mqoa.,sl fkdjk iuzm;la my; ,ÌK fmkakquz lrkafka kuz th
m%Pdj i;= iuzm;la f,i idrA:lj l<ukdlrKh l< yels njhs.
1. fmdoq iuzmf;ys l=vdnj yd tys udhsuz b;d meyeos,sj ,l=Kq

lr we;s nj.
2. neyer lsrSfuz ;dÌKh ^WodyrK jeg lfvd,q bos lsrSu&
msrsjeh b;d by< nj.
3. iuzm;a mrsyrKh lrkakka iuzm;a iuSmfha jdih lrk nj.
4. iuzm;a th mrsyrKh lrkakkaf.a meje;au i|yd b;d
jeo.;a jknj.
5. iuzm;a Ndjs;d lrkakka yg psria:dhs wkaouska th
l<ukdlrKh lsrSu ms,sn| oekSula we;s nj.
6. iuzm;a mrsyrKh lrk ixLHdj wvq nj.
7. iuzm;a mrsyrKh ms,sn| jq iudPuh iuzuq;Ska kS;s rS;s" yd
iuzm%odhka W,a,x>kh lsrSu meyeos,sj oelsh yels nj.
8. m%Pdj i;= iuzm;a mrsyrKh ms,sn|j rPfha ueoy;a jSu wvq
kuz yd rPhg mqoa.,sl foam, l%uhla idrA:lj mj;ajd
.ekSug we;s yelshdj wvq nj.
fuz ,ÌK fmkakquz fkdlrk wjia:dj, mqoa.,sl foam, l%uh

ia:dms; lsrSug yelshdjla we;s kuz iuzm;a mrsydksh j,lajd
.ekSug yelsfjz.
4'2 nysrA;djhka
fmdoq foam, ms,sn| fYdaldka;h hk ixl,amh .ek l<
wOHhkfhaoS nysrA;djh (Externality) ms<sn|j huz woyila ,nd
.;af;uq. tu WodyrKfhaoS tla mqoa.,hl= jsiska wu;r .jhl=
;DK nsug we;=MZ lsrSfuka wfkl=;a ishMZu wh fj; whym;a
m%;sm,hla f.k oqka kuq;a wu;r .jhl= tl;= l, mqoa.,hd jsiska
fuu wu;r msrsjeh oerSula fkdflrhs. fuz wkqj nysrA;djka my;
wkaoug ksrAjpkh l< yel.
72
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
1. mqoa.,hka ;u wdrA:sl ls%hdjka ms,sn| ;SrKj,oS fkdi,ld

yrsk ,o, tkuz tu ls%hdjka f.ka ydkshla ork whg jkaoshla
fkdf.jk w;=re M,hka nysrA;djhka fjz.
2. fj<|fmdf<ys yqjudre fkdjk" ksIamdok fyda mrsfNdaPk
l%shdj,shkaf.a wka;rA neoSuz (Inter Dependencies) nysrA;djka
jYfhka ye|skafjz'
3. mqoa.,sl yd iudPSh msrsjeh$m%;s,dN w;r fjkila we;s
lrjk wdrA:sl w;=rem,hka nysrA;djka fjz'
nysrA;dj ms<sn| ixl,amh mrsir wdrA:sl jsoHdfjz b;d jeo.;a

;ekla Wiq,k ixl,amhls. Bg fya;= jkafka fndfyda mdrsirsl
.egM we;sjkafka nysrA;djhka fy;= fldg f.k jSuhs. ;ukaf.a
Wmfhda.s;djh Wmrsu lr .ekSug ;e;a lrk mdrsfNda.slhka yd
;u ,dNh Wmrsu lr .ekSug ;e;a lrk ksIamdolhska ;u wdrA:sl
ls%hdldrluz j,oS we;s jk iudPSh msrsjeh fkdi,ld yerSu ksid
nysrA;djhka we;sfjz. nysrA;djhka jsjsO wdldr .kS. WodyrK
lSmhla u.ska jsjsO wdldrfha nysrA;djhka yªkd .ekSug W;aidy
lruq.
Okd;aul nysrA;dj (Positive Externality)( mqoa.,sl wdrA:sl l%shdjka

u.ska wka whf.a iqNidOkh by, hkafka kuz th Okd;aul
nysrA;djhls. WodyrK f,i tla whl= ukd f,i jjd we;s
f.j;a;la oelSfuka wka whl= ,nk ;Dma;sh oelajsh yelsh. fuysoS
f.j;a; jjk mqoa.,hdf.a mrudrA:h Tyq f.a ;Dma;sh jk w;r
Tyq wfkla mqoa.,hl= ms,sn| fkdi,ld ;u f.j;a; w,xldrj ;nd
.kS. wks;a mqoa.,hd fuysoS lsisoq msrsjehla fkdord ;u
wi,ajeishdf.a f.j;af;ka ;Dma;shla ,nd .kS.
>DKd;aul nysrA; dj (Negative Externality)( fuysoS tla

mqoa.,hl=f.a wdrA:sl ls%hdjka u.ska wfkla mqoa.,hl=f.a iqN idOkh
wvq jSula we;s lrhs. WodyrKhla f,i uyje,s P, f\%daksfha \quzl,
j.dj u.ska we;s lrk mdxY= Ldokh ie,lSug mqMZjk. \quzfld,
j;=j,ska Ldokh jk mia P, f\%daksfha my, ugzgfuz we;s P,dY j,
;ekam;a jSfuka, P,dYj, P, js\q,sh ksmojsh yels Odrs;dj wvq
lrhs. fuhska P, js\q,sh mdrsfNdaPkh lrk whf.a iqNidOkh wvq
jSula is\qfjz.
ksIamdok nysrA;dj (Production Externality)( huz mqoa.,hl=f.a

ksIamdok l%shdj ;=<ska nysrA;djh we;s flfrA. WodyrKhla f,i
lvodis lrAudka; Yd,djl ksIamdokfha wm \%jH .x.djlg oeuSfuka
.Û my< uiqka urkakka yg we;sjk ydksh ksIamdok nysrA;djhla
i|yd WodyrKhls. fuysoS lvodis lrAudka; Yd,dfjz ksIamdok
73
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
l%shdj,sh u.ska nysrA;djh we;s flfrk ksid th ksIamdok
nysrA;djhla jYfhka i,lkq ,efnz.
mdrsfNda.sl nysrA;dj (Consumption Externality)( huz mqoa.,hl=f.a

mrsfNdaPk ls%hdjla ksid nysrA;djh we;s jS kuz th mdrsfNda.sl
nysrA;djhls. fuhg WodyrKhla f,i huz mqoa.,hl= uyd Ynzohla
we;s lruska ix.S;hg ijka oSu ksid we;sjk Ynzo \QIKh u.ska
wi,ajdishl=g we;sjk lrorldrS ;Fjh oelajsh yelsh. fuysoS
nysrA;djh we;s jkqfha ix.S;hg ijka fok mqoa.,hdf.a mrsfNdaPk
l%shdj ksidh.
talosY dk;sl nysrA;dj (Unidirectional Externality): fuysoS

nysrA;djh we;s lrk mqoa.,hdg bka n,mEula we;s fkdfjz. by;
oelajq mdxY= Ldokh" yd lvodis luzy, ms,sn| WodyrK fuz
nysrA;djhka i|yd Wodyrk f,i oelajsh yel.
wfkHdkH nysrA;dj (Reciprocal Externality) ( fuu jrA.fha

nysrA;djhka ysoS nysrA;djh we;s lrkakd fukau wfkla whf.a o
iqNidOkh wvq jSula is\q fjz. fmd\q foam, fYdaldka;h WodyrKfha
oS wMZ;ska .jhl= we;=MZ lrkakdf.a idudkH lsrs ksIamdokh fukau
wks;a ishMZ fokdf.au idudkH lsrs ksIamdokh wvq fjz. tu ksid th
wfkHdkH nysrA;dj f,i ye|skajSug mqMZjk.
mefrfgda wod, nysrA;dj (Pareto Relevant Externality)( nysrA;djl

oS tla whl=f.a wdrA:sl l%shdjka ksid wfkla whl=f.a iqNidOkhg
n,mEula we;s fjz. fuys oS huz wdrA:sl m%;sm;a;shla u.ska, tkuz, n\q
whlsrSulsk,a iykdOdr oSulska fyda kS;s rS;s u.ska nysrA;djh we;s
lrk l%shdj fjkia lsrSu ;=<ska mefrfgda wNsjDoaOshla (Pareto
Improvement) we;s lr .; yels kuz th mefrfgda wod,
nysrA;djhls. tfia fkdjk nysrA;djhka mefrfgda wod, fkdjk
w;r tajd iuznkaOfhka iuzm;a wdrA:sl jsoHdfjzoS t;ruz wjOdkhla
fhduq fkdflfrA.
oeka wms nysrA;djka fj<|fmd< wiurA: jSug ;=vq fokafka

flfia o hkak i,ld n,uq. my; rEm igyfka olajd we;s wkaoug
ksIamdok l%shdj îgyka wxl 4'2& u.ska nysrA;djla we;s flfrk
ksid, ksIamdolhdf.a mqoa.,sl iemhquz jl%h iy iudP iemhquz jl%h
tlsfklg fjkia fjz. nysrA;djh ksid we;sjk iudP msrsjeh tl;=
lsrSfuka mqoa.,sl iemhquz jl%h iudP iemhquz jl%hla njg m;a lr
.ekSug mqMZjk. fuf,i iudP msrsjeh îemhquz& jl%h mqoa.,sl
msrsjeh jl%hg by,ska msysgkq we;. fuz wkqj mqoa.,sl
iu;=,s;;dj;a iudPuh iu;=,s;;dj;a tlsfklg fjkia jk w;r"
mqoa.,sl fj<|fmdf<a idudkHfhka olakg ,efnk iu;=,s;;dj u.ska
74
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
NdKav jevs m%udKhla wvq uqo,lg ksmofjz. iudP iu;=,s;;dj

mefrfgda ldrAhÌu jk w;r wdrA:sl m%;sm;a;s u.ska uq,sl jYfhka
lrkqfha iudP iu;=,s;;dj kej; ia:dmkh lsrSuhs.
by; oelajq wkaoug mdrsirsl .egMZ we;s lrk nysrA;djka

ksid u;=jk iudc msrsjeh fj<|fmd< n,fjz.hka jk b,a,quz yd
iemhqu ^wdka;sl msrsjeh& ;=<ska ;SrKh jk us< uÛska m%;srEmkh
fkdfjhs. WodyrKhla f,i .,a wÛ=re n, Yla;sh (Coal Power
Plant) ;=,ska js\q,s n,h ksmojSfuzoS is\qjk id.r yd jdhq \qIKh,
jkdka;r jskdY jS hdfuka ffcj jsjsOFj ydks meusKsu fukau
iajNdj fi!kaorAhh jekiS hduo jeks whym;a m%;sM, .,a wÛ=re
i|yd jk us<g tla fkdfjhs. igyka wxl 4.2 ka olajd we;s mrsos
mqoa.,sl msrsjeh muKla ie,l+jsg b,a,qu yd iemhqu iu;=,k jk
us< jkqfha P1 iy Q1 m%udKhls. iudP msrsjeh ^mqoa.,sl msrsjeh
iy mdrsirsl ydks& ie,l+jsg b,a,qu yd iemhqu iu;=,k jk us<
jkqfha P2 iy Q2 h. fuysoS P1<P2 jk nj;a Q1>Q2 jk nj;a
wjOdrKh flfrA. fj<|fmd< wiudrA:h ksid mdrsirsl
ydks$msrsjeh wka;rA.; fkdjqjsg wvqus<lg jevs js\q,s ksIamdok
m%udKhla ,enqko mrsir ydksh ksid tjka ixjrAOk ls%hdj,shla
;sridr fkdfjz. wfkla w;g mdrsirsl msrsjeh mqoa.,sl msrsjehg
tlal<fyd;a ^mrsir msrsjeh wNHka;rSlrKh& ksIamdok iemhquz
(Q2) wvqjk w;r f.jsh hq;= (P2) us<o jevsfjz.
us<
iudP wdka;sl
msrsjeh jl%h
mqoa.,sl wdka;sl
msrsjeh jl%h
P2
P1
b,a,quz jl%h
ksIamdok tall m%udKh

Q2 Q1
igyka wxl 4'2( ksIamdok nysrA;djloS fj<|fmd< wiu;a jSu
Ok nysrA;djla mj;sk wjia:djl ksIamdolhdg jevs

m%;s,dNhla ysuj
s k fyhska iemhquz jl%h ol=Kg js;eka jk w;r,
75
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
tysoS jevsjk iemhqu fya;=fjka jevs tall m%udKhla wvq us<la
hgf;a mrsfN`ckh l<yelsh.
4'2'1 nysrA;djhka wNHka;rSlrKh lsrSu

by; jsYaf,aIKh wkqj fmkS hkafka wdrA:slhl nysrA;djhka
we;s jsg tu wdrA:slh m%Yia; ugzgul l%shd fkdlrk njhs. m%Yia:
ugzgu lrd kej; wdrA:slh f.k hEug kuz nysrA;djhka
wNHka;rSlrKh (Internalize) l< hq;=h.s wNHka;rSlrKh hkqfjka
woyia lrkqfha nysrA;djh we;s lrk mqoa.,hkg tys iudP msrsjeh
oerSug ie,eiajSuhs ^>Dk nysrA;djhloS&. fkdtfia kuz f.jSula
fkdlr nysrA;djh u.ska m%;s,dN ,nkakdg ta i|yd f.jSug
ie,eiajSuhs Ôk nysrA;djhloS&. tu.ska wdrA:sl l%shdj m%Yia:
ugzgug kej; f.k taug yelshdjla ,efnz. nysrA;djhka
wNHka;rSlrKh lsrSu i|yd fkdfhl=;a wdrA:sl Wml%u Ndjs;d l<
yel. fuzjd w;r jvd m%p,s; l%u jkqfha n\q whlsrSu, iykdOdr
iemhSu, ;dÌKsl m%us;ska Ndjs;d lsrSu yd yqjudre l, yels
n,m;% iemhSu hk Wml%u. fuu Wml%u ijsia;rj wOHhkh lsrSug
m%:ufhka nysrA;djhka wNHka;rSlrKh ms<sn|j ixl,amSh jeo.;a
lula Wiq,k fldtaishka kHdh (Coasian Theory) ms,sn|j wOHhkhl
fhfouq.
4'2'2 fldtaishka kHdh

fuu kHdhfhka iuzm;a mrsfN`ckh ksid n,mEula t,a,jk
mdrAYjh fj; (Affected Party) mQrAK n,mEula (Full Liability) we;s
l< yels yd lsi\ s q n,mEula we;s l< fkdyels (Zero Liability) hk
wka; fol ie,ls,a,g .ksuska, fomdrAYjh w;r >DPq idlpzPd u.ska
nysrA;djhka wNHka;rS lrkh l, yels nj fmkajd fohs.
fldtaishka kHdfha m%Odk fldgia 2 ls.
m<uq fldgiska lshjkqfha nysrA;djhla we;s jsgloS .kqfokq

msrsjehla (Transaction Cost) fkdue;s kuz yd foam, whs;sh meyeos,sj
ksrAjpkh lr we;s kuz" n,mEu we;s lrk mdrAYjh yd n,mEug
,lajk mdrAYjh w;r >DPq idlpzPd u.ska nysrA;djh
wNHka;rSlrKh lr mefrfgda m%Yia; iuzm;a wkqhqla; lsrSulg
,Ûd jSug mqMZjka njhs. fojk fldgiska lshjkqfha wdruzNl foam,
mejrSu l=ula jQj;a, fomdrAYjh w;r idlpzPd u.ska wjidkfha
mefrfgda" ldrAhÌu jk tlu jsiªula lrd ,Ûd jk njhs.
fuu kHdh jgyd .ekSu i|yd ir, WodyrKhla i,ld n,uq.

rd;%S ld,fha ix.S;hg fndfyda fia m%sh lrk whl= ;u leigz
hka;%hg uy y~la k.uska ijka fokafka hhs o, wi,a jeis ksjfia
76
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
fjfik wfhla fuu wOsl Ynzoh ksid we;sjk Ynzo \qIKh u.ska
mSvdjg m;a jS we;ehs o i,lkak'
Ynzofha us<
ix.S;h i|yd leigz

D whs;slref.a b,a,qu wi,a jeishdg Ynzo \QIkh
ksid we;sjk wdka;sl msrsjeh
B
P*
Ynzofha
O E Q* Qm m%udKh
igyka wxl 4'3( Ynzo \qIK nysrA;djh wNHka;rSlrKh
rEm igyka wxl 4'3 ys olajd we;s wkaoug Ynzoh i|yd leigz
whs;slre >Dk nEjqula iys; b,a,quz jl%hla we;. bka woyia jkafka
Tyq ix.S;h i|yd ySkjk wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;djhla we;s whl= njhs.
leigz whs;slre Ynzoh by< kxj;au bka wi,a jeishdg we;s jk
mSvdj l%ufhka by< hk ksid Tyq f.a wdka;sl msrsjeh jl%h Ok
nEjqula iys; fjz. fuz wkqj b,a,quz jl%h u.ska ix.S;fha wdka;sl
m%;s,dN fmkakquz lrk w;r huz Ynzo ugzguloS leigz whs;slre
,nk uqMZ m%;s,dNh b,a,quz jl%hg hgska msysgs bv m%udKfha jrA.
M,fhka ,nd fohs. tf,iu huz Ynzo ugzgul oS wi,ajeishdf.a uqMZ
msrsjeh wdka;sl msrsjeh jl%hg hgska msysgs m%foaYfha jrA. M,fhka
,nd foa.
wdruzNfhaos, tkuz fomdrAYjh w;r idlpzPdj,g fmr we;s

Ynzo ugzgu ;SrKh jkqfha mj;sk foam, whs;sh wkqjh. fuysoS
m<uqj leigz whs;slreg mqrAK foam, whs;shla we;ehs i,luq. tjsg
Tyq leu;s m%udKhl Ynzohla we;s lsrSug mj;sk kS;s moaO;sh
u.ska bv i,id oS we;. tu ;FjfhaoS Tyq Tyqf.a wdka;sl m%;s,dNh
Y=kH jk ;=reu Ynzoh jevs lrhs. tkuz Qm m%udKhl Ynzohla
we;sfjz. fuu ;Fjh hgf;a Tyq ODQm ;%sfldaKfha jrA.M,hg
77
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
iudk m%udKhl uqMZ m%;s,dNhla w;a jsoS. ta w;ru wi,ajeishd

EAQm m%udKhl uqMZ msrj
s ehlg uqyqK fohs.
fuu ;Fjh hgf;aoS Ynzo \QIkKfhka mSvd jsosk wi,a jeishd

;ukag Ynzo \qIKh keje;a jSug kS;sfhka bvla fkdue;s ksid tu
\QIKh we;s lrkakd iuÛ idlpzPd lr \QIKh wvq lsrSug W;aidy
lrhs. tysoS Tyq leigz whs;s lreg f.jSula is\qlr Ynzo m%udKh
wvq lr .ekSug W;aidy lrhs' ;ukag huz m%;s,dNhla we;sjk
nejska Ynzo \QIKh is\q lrkakd wjidkfha ;u Ynzo m%udKh wvq
lsrSug fm,fUz. fuysoS \QIKfhka mSvd js|sk wh wvq lrk Ynzo
tallhlg P* m%udKhla f.jSug tlÛ fjz. ta wkqj uq,oS Qm
m%udKhla mj;sk Ynzoh Q* olajd wvq lsrSug;a, tu wvq lrk iEu
tallhla i|yd P* uqo,la f.jSug;a fomdrAYjh w;r tlÛ;djla
we;s fjz.
by; wkaofuz tlÛ;djla we;s jkqfha nysrA;djh yd iuznkaO

fomdrAYjhgu ;uka wdruzNlj isgs ugzgfuz isg i,ld n,k jsg huz
jdisodhl ;Fjhla Wodjkafka kuz muKs. m<uqj wms leigz hka;%h
ysushd f.a ;Fjh i,ld n,uq' by; i|yka l< mrsos Tyq
wdruzNfhaoS ODQm m%udKhl uqMZ m%;s,dNhka js|suska Qm m%udKhl
Ynzohla we;s lrhs. Tyq ;u Ynzo m%udKh Qm isg Q* olajd my<
oeuSug tlÛ jqjfyd;a Tyqg CQ*Qm ;%sfldaKfha jrA. M,hg iudk
m%;s,dN m%udkhla w;a yerSug is\qjk w;r Tyqg ta i|yd CBQmQ*
p;=ri%fha jrA.M,hg iudk m%;s,dN m%udKhla we;sfjz. fuysoS
w;ayrsk m%;s,dN m%udKh leigz whs;slreg msrsjehla jk w;r Tyq
,nk uqo,a m%udKh m%;s,dNhla fjz. fuu msrsjeh yd m%;s,dN
ixikaokh l< jsg leigz ysushdg CBQm ;%sfldaKfha jrA.M,hg
iudk Y=oaO m%;s,dNhla w;ajk nejska Tyq Tyqf.a Ynzoh Qm ys isg
Q* olajd my; oeuSug tlÛ fjz.
oeka wms Ynzo \QIKfhka mSvdjg m;ajk wi,ajeishdf.a ;Fjh

i,ld n,uq' wdruzNfhaoS Tyq Ynzo \QIKh ksid uqyqK fok uqMZ
msrsjeh EAQm ;%sfldaKfha jrA. M,hg iudkfjz. Ynzo \QIKh wvq
lsrSug Tyq jsiska f.jk CBQmQ* ys jrA. M,hg iudk uqo,a
m%udKh Tyqf.a msrsjeh jk w;r fuhska wvqjk Ynzo \qIK m%udKh
Tyqf.a m%;s,dNhhs. fuz wkqj Tyq CAQmQ* ;%emsishfuz jrA.M,hg
iudk m%;s,dNhla w;a lr .kakd w;r Tyqf.a Y=oaO m%;s,dNh CAB
;%sfldaKfha jrA.M,hg iudk fjz. fuz wkaouska mSvdjg m;ajkakdg
Y=oaO m%;s,dNhla we;sjk nejska Tyq CBQmA* ys jrA. M,hg iudk
uqo,la f.jd Ynzo \QIKh Qm ys isg Q* olajd wvq lr .kS.
by; jsYaf,aIkfhka fmkakquz lrkqfha nysrA;djg iuznkaO

fomdrAYjhgu th tla;rd m%udKhlg wvq lr .ekSfuzoS osrs oSukd
78
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
(Incentives) ,efnk nejska Tjqka w;r >DPq idlpzPd u.ska tu jsiªu

lrd ,Ûd jk njhs' fuhska fldtaishka kHdfha m%:u Nd.h jsia;r
flfrA' fuysoS jeo.;a ksrSÌk 3la l< yel' bka m<uq jekak kuz
fomdrAYjh w;r >DPq idlpzPd u.ska mrsir \QIkh i|yd
fj<|fmd< us<la we;sjk njhs' fojkqj" idlpzPd u.ska foam,
whs;sh yqjudre lr .ekSug fj<|fmd<la we;sjk njhs' tkuz
leigz whs;slre ;uka i;= mrsir Ynzo \qIKhg ,la lsrSfuz
whs;sfhka fldgila wi,a jeishdg uqo,g yqjudre lr .;a njhs'
;=kajkqj" wjidkfha t,fUk iu;=,s; ,Ìh mefrfgda ldrAhÌu
,Ìhla njhs' fuh jgyd .ekSu i|yd P* g by< us<la i,lkak'
tjsg wi,ajeishd f.jk uqo,g jvd Tyq ,nk m%;s,dN m%udKh wvq
ksid Tyq tjka us<lg tlÛ fkdfjz' tfukau P* g wvq us<la
i,lkak' tjsg leigz whs;s lre w;a yrsk m%;s,dNh ^Tyqf.a
msrsjeh& wvqj ,efnk uqo,g jvd jevs nejska Tyq tu us<g wlue;s
fjz' fuz wkqj b,a,quz yd iemhquz jl% 2l lemS hk C ,Ìfha oS
merfgda ldrAhÌu m%udKhl Ynzo \QIKhla we;s jk nj jgyd
.ekSug mqMZjk'
by; jsYaf,aIkfhaoS olakg ,efnk ;j;a jeo.;a lreKla

jkafka iudPSh jYfhka m%Yia; ugzguloS huz m%udKhl mrsir
\QIKhla b;srs jk njhs' tkuz mrsir \QIKh Y=kH olajd wvq
lsrSu wdrA:sl jYfhka ldrAhÌu fkdjk njhs' uSg fya;= jkafka Q*
j,g jvd wvq Ynzohla we;s lsrSfuzoS tys msrsjeh" ,efnk
m%;s,dNj,g jvd jevs jSuhs'
oeka wms fldtaishka kHdhfha fojk fldgi i,ld n,uq' bka

lshjkqfha wdruzNl foam, whs;sh u.ska wjika jsiªug n,mEula
we;s fkdlrk njhs' fuh jgyd .ekSug oeka wms mrsirfha Ynzo
\QIKh ms,sn| foam, whs;sh wi,ajeishdg we;ehs i,luq' fuysoS
lsi\s q wdldrhl Ynzohla ksl=;a lsrSug leigz whs;slreg wjldYhla
ke;' fuu ;FjfhaoS Ynzoh Y=kH ugzgul we;s ksid leigz ysushd
;ukag leigz hka;%h Ndjs; lsrSfuka ,nd .; yelsj ;snq ODQm ys
jrA.M,hg iudk m%;s,dN m%udKhla fkd,nhs' th Tyq uqyqK fok
msrsjehls' tu msrsjeh wvq lr .ekSug Tyq foam, whs;sh ysus
wi,ajeishdg f.jSula lr leigz hka;%h Ndjs; lsrSug W;aidy
lrhs' tysoS wjidkfha tallhlg P* uqo,lg Ynzoh we;s lsrSug
tlÛ fjz' fuu wjika jsiªfuz oS leigz ysushdf.a msrsjeh P*CQ*O
u.ska o Tyqf.a m%;s,dNh DCQ*O u.skao Tyqf.a Y=oaO m%;s,dNh
P*DC u.skao fmkakquz flfrA' fuz wkaougu wi,ajeishdf.a msrsjeh
ECQ* u.skao Tyqf.a m%;s,dNh P*CQ*O u.skao Tyqf.a Y=oaO
m%;s,dNh P*CEO u.skao fmkakquz flfrA' fuz wkqj fmkS hkafka
wdruzN foam, whs;sh l=ula jqj;a fomdrAYjh w;r >DPq idlpzPd
u.ska mefrfgda ldrAhÌu jsi|qula ,efnk njhs' fuysoS ,efnk
jsi|qu (P* yd Q*) tlla jqj;a wdruzNl foam, whs;sh we;s mdrAYjh
tysoS uqo,a jkaosh ,nk nj ie,lSu jeo.;a fjz'
79
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
fldtaishka kHdhka bosrsm;a jk wdldrhgu m%dfhda.slj

nysrA;djhka wNHka;rSlrKh lsrSug we;s yelshdj wvq kuq;a th
nysrA;djka wNHka;rSlrKh lsrSu ms<sn| ixl,amh jgyd .ekSug
ufydamdldrS fjz. m<uqj fldtaishka kHdh m%dfhda.slj fhoSug we;s
wmyiq;d i,luq. fuu kHdfha oS wm ie,l=fjz mqoa.,hka fofofkl=
muKls" h:drA:fha oS fuz ;Fjh we;s jSug we;s bv lv iSus;h.
mqoa.,hska jsYd, .Kkla nysrA;djh we;s lrk fukau mqoa.,hka
jsYd, ixLHdjla nysrA;djfhka mSvd js|sk wjia:djloS fomdrAYjh
w;r iuzuq;shlg meusKSu wmyiq fjz. fufia wmyiqjkafka tjka
wjia:djloS jsYd, .Kqfokq msrsjehla we;s ksidh. fldtaishka
jsYaf,aIkh is\qlr we;af;a .Kqfokq msrsjehla ke;snj Wml,amkh
lsrSfuks. uSg wu;rj by; jsYaf,aIkfhaoS mSvdjg m;ajk whf.a
msrsjeh;a" nysrA;djh we;s lrk wh ta i|yd olajk b,a,qu;a hkdoS
f;dr;=re b;d ksjerosj ixirKh jSuo Wml,amkh lr we; .
mqoa.,hka jsYd, ixLHdjla isgsk wjia:djloS fuu f;dr;=re ksis
whqrska ixirKh jSula o is\qfkdfjz. fuho fldtaishka jsi|qu lrd
,Ûd jSu wmyiq lrhs. fuz wkqj mqoa.,hka .Kkdjla iuznkaO jk
wjia:dj,oS nysrA;djka wNHka;rSlrKh lr mefrfgda ldrAhÌu
jsi|qula lrd ,Ûd jSug fldtaishka jsi|qu wfmdfydi;a fjz.
tfukau huz jsfYaIs; ;Fjhka hgf;a fldtaishdkq kHdhfha

fojk fldgi" tkuz wdruzNl foam, whs;sh jsi|qu flfrys n,
fkdmeje;ajSu o is\q fkdfjz' oeka wms ;j;a wjia:d 2la" tkuz
wdodhuz n,mEula we;s jsg yd .Kqfokq msrsjehla we;s jsg
fldtaishdkq jsi|qu fjkia m%;sM, f.k fok whqre wOHhkh lsrSu
i|yd igyka wxl 4'4 fhdod .ksuq'
my; igyfka X wÌfhka ukskqfha mj;sk mrsir \QIK

md,kfha (Pollution Abatement) m%udKhhs. tkuz uq, wlaIfhys isg
l%ufhka \QIK md,kh jevsfjhs. wka wdldrhlg ie,l=jfyd;a
\QIl m%udKh uQ, ,ÌfhaoS Wmrsu jk w;r ol=K foig .uka
lrk jsg l%ufhka wvqfjz. tkuz uQ, ,ÌH wjg Wmrsuj \QIKh jq
mrsirhlao ol=Kq mig .uka lrk jsg l%ufhka msrsis\q mrsirhla o
olakg we;. “S" hkqfjka oelafjk iemhquz jl%h mrsir \qIKh wvq
lsrSu i|yd jk wdka;sl msrsjeh jl%hhs. mrsirfha msrsis\q lu by<
hkjsg tkuz jevs jevsfhka mrsir \QIl bj;a lrk jsg by<
msrsjehla hk nejska mrsir \qIKh bj;a lsrSfuz iemhquz jl%h Ok
nEjqula iys;fjz. "D" hkq fjka oelafjk b,a,quz jl%fhka msrsis\q
mrsirhla i|yd jk wdka;sl Wmfh`.S;dj oelafjz. fuu jl%h >DK
nEjqula iys; jSfuka woyia jkafka msrsis\q mrsirhla i|yd jk
Wmfhda.s;dj §ySkjk wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;d¶ kHdhg hg;a jk njh'
mrsir \qIKh iqMZ m%udKhlska wvq l<o uq,oS uyckhd bka ,nk
Wmfh`.S;dj b;d by<h. l%u l%ufhka fuf,i ,nk Wmfhda.s;djh
80
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
wvq fjuska hhs. \QIKh wvq lsrSug we;s b,a,qu yd \qIKh wvq lsrSfuz
iemhquz jl% tlsfkld fPAokh jk ,ÌfhaoS iu;=,s; \qIl m%udKh
;SrKh fjz. fuysoS o, wdruzNl foam, whs;sh wkqj mrsir
\QIKfhka mSvdjg m;ajkakd jsiska wrUk idlpzPd wjidkfha oS
mefrfgda m%Yia; jsi|qula lrd ,Ûd jSug bjy,a fjz.
D ms rsi\
s q mrsirhla i|yd
wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;dj ^b,a,qu&
us<
Z\QIK md,kfha wdka;sl msrsjeh

^\QIK md,k iemhqu& S
Q*
Q0
mrsir \QIKh
mrsir \QIKh md,kh
igyk wxl 4'4( mrsir \qIK md,kfha iu;=,s;;dj
81
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
us< S
2 S
D D 1
1 2
0 Q* Q* Q
1 2
mrsi r \qI K h md,kh
igyka wxl 4'5( wdodhuz n,mEu iy fldtaishka jsi|qu
wdodhuz n,mEu, fldtaishka jsi|qu flfrys n,mdk wkaou

wOHhkh lsrSu i|yd igyka wxl 4'5 Wmfhda.S lr .ksuq. fuu
igyfka S1 jl%fhka woyia lrkqfha wdruzNl foam, whs;sh mrsir
\QIKh lrkakdg we;s wjia:dfjzoS iemhquz jl% hhs. tu whs;sh
mrsir \QIKfhka mSvdjg m;ajk whyg ,nd\qk fyd;a tu jl%h S2
olajd js;eka fjz. tfia jkafka tu wjia:dfjzoS \QIKfhka mSvd js|sk
whg lrk f.jSuzo tu msrsjehg tl;= jk nejsks. fuf,iu D1
jl%fhka fmkakquz lrkqfha mrsirh ms<sn| foam, whs;sh mrsir
\QIKh lrk mdrAYjhg we;s wjia:dfjzoS mrsir \qIKfhka mSvdjg
m;ajkakkaf.a mrsirh msrsis\q lsrSug we;s b,a,quhs. fuu foam,
whs;sh \QIKh lrkakkaf.ka \QIKfhka mSvdjg ,lajk whg
mejrej fyd;a mrsirh msrsis\qj ;nd .ekSug we;s b,a,qu D2 olajd
js;ekafjz. fuz wjia:dfjzoS js;ekajSu is\qjkafka whs;sh ,enSu ksid jk
wdodhuz m%;sM,h ksidh. tkuz mrsir \qIKhg jkaoshla ,enSu u.ska
wdodhu by< hkjsg jvd;a msrsis\q mrsirhla i|yd Tjqka b,a,quz
lrk nejsks. fuf,i wdodhuz m%;sM,hla we;s jsgl wdruzN foam,
whs;sh mrsir \QIKh lrkakd yg we;s kuz iu;=,s; mrsir \QIK
md,kfha fldtaishdkq jsi|qu Q*1 u.ska fmkakquz lrk w;r
\qIKfhka mSvdjg m;a jk whg ,nd\qkfyd;a fldtaishdkq jsi|qu
Q*2 olajd fjkia fjz. fuhska fmkS hkafka wdodhuz m%;sM,hla we;s
jsgloS wdruzNl foam, whs;sh wkqj fldtaishdkq jsi|qu fjkia jk
82
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
njhs. fjk;a jpk j,ska lsjfyd;a wdodhuz m%;sM,hla we;s jsgl

fldtaishdkq kHdfha fojk fldgi l%shd;aul fkdjk njhs. fuysoS
tla jeo.;a ksrSÌkhla jkafka wdruzNl foam, whs;sh \qIKfhka
mSvdjg m;ajk whg we;s jsg mrsir \qIK md,kh jevs njhs.
S S S
us< D D D 2 1 3
3 1 2
0 Q1 * Q2 * Q0
mrsir \QIKh md,kh
igyka wxl 4'6( .kqfokq msrsjeh iy fldtaishka jsi¥u
igyka wxl 4'6 ka wdodhuz m%;sM,hg wu;rj .kqfokq

msrsjefhys n,mEu o fmkakquz lrhs. tu igyfkys D1 yd D2 jl%
u.ska wdruzNl foam, whs;sh ms<sfj<ska \QIlhdg yd \QIKfhka mSvd
js|sk whg mejrS we;. D3 jl%fhka fmkajkafka wdruzNl foam,
whs;sh mrsir \QIKfha fhfok whyg we;s jsgloS .Kqfokq
msrsjehla we;s kuz \QIKfhka mSvd js|sk wh th md,kh lsrSug
olajk b,a,quhs. fuu wjia:dfjz oS b,a,quz jl%h jug js;eka jSu
u.ska b,a,qu wvq jSula fmkajhs. fuf,iu S1 yd S2 jl%j,ska
fmkajkafka ms<sfj<ska mrsir \QIKfha wdruzNl foam, whs;sh fjkia
jSuhs. S3 jl%h wdruzNl foam, whs;sh \QIKfhka mSvdjg m;ajk
whg we;s jsgl yd .Kqfokq msrsjehla we;s jsgl iemhquz jl%h
fmkajhs. fuu iemhquz jl%h ol=Kg js;eka jkafka fuysoS idlpzPd
lsrSug wOsl jshoula hk nejska mrsir \QIKh lrk lrAudka; wvq
83
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
msrsjehlska \QIKh md,kh lrk kjH;d i|yd fhdujqk nejsks. fuz

wkqj \qIKh we;s lrk whg whs;sjdisluz we;s jsgloS .Kqfokq
msrsjehla we;s kuz b;du wvq m%udKhl mrsir \QIK md,khla
iu;=,s;;djfhaoS we;sfjz (Q*1)' wfkla w;g wdruzNl foam, whs;sh
\QIKfhka mSvd js|sk mÌhg we;s wjia:dfjzoS .Kqfokq msrsjehl=;a
we;skuz iu;=,s;;djfhka by, ugzgfuz mrsir \QIK md,khla we;s
flfrA (Q*2)'
by; jsYaf,aIKj,ska fmkakquz lrkqfha .kqfokq msrsjeh yd

wdodhuz m%;sjsmdlh we;s jsg fldtaishdkq kHdfha fojk fldgi
l%shd;aul fkdjk njhs. fuz wkqj m%dfhda.sl Ndjs;fhaoS fldtaishdkq
kHdh nysrA;djka wNHka;rSlrKh lsrSug fhdod .ekSug we;s bv
lv w,amfjz. flfia j;=\q fuu kHdh mrsir \QIKh md,kh lsrSfuz
wdrA:sl Wml%uj, jsldYkfhys,d jeo.;a odhl;ajhla olajd we; .
fuu odhl;ajh m%Odk lreKq 3 la hgf;a jsia;r lsrSug mqMjk.
m<uqj fuu kHdh mqrAK foam, whs;sh ixl,amfha jeo.;alu jsoyd
oelajSug iu;a jsh. wdruzNl foam, whs;sh mqrAK jYfhka
ksrAjpkh jS ke;sjsgl mefrfgda ldrAhÌu;djhg ,Ûdjsh yels
idlpzPd wdruzN jkafka ke;s ksid fldtaishdkq ls%hdoduh uqMZukskau
ns| jefgz. tjsg ldrAhÌu mrsir \QIKh md,khla we;s fkdfjz.
fojkqj tu kHdh iuzu; NdKav yd fiajd .khg wh;a fkdjk
(Non-conventional) mrsir \QIKh i|yd o fj<|fmd< l%ufha
jeo.;alu biau;= lr \qks' fuysoS iuzu; NdKavhla fkdjk mrsir
\QIKhg us<la we;s lsrSug fldtaishdkq l%shd oduh iu;a jS ;snSfuka
fuu lreK jgyd .ekSug mQMZjk. f;jkqj, fldtaishdkq kHdh
u.ska NdKav yd fiajd fukau foam, whs;sho fj<|fmdf<aoS yqjudre
lsrSfuz yelshdj fmkajd \qk.s miq l,l yqjudre l< yels mrsir
\QIK n,m;% kue;s Wml%uh jsldYkfhys,d fuu ixl,amh uq,sl
jsh'
4'2'3 ms.=jshka n\q jsi|qu

rchla jsiska rgl wdrA:sl lghq;= iSud lsrSug fukau fjz.j;a
lsrSugo Wmfh`.slr .kakd Wml%uhla f,i n\q yd iykdOdr
ye|skajsh yel. fuzjd iajNdj iuzm;a l<ukdlrKhgo tlfia
bjy,a fjhs' jsjsO wdrA:sl jsoHd{hska iuzm;a mrsfN`ckh flfrys
n\q yd iykdOdr flfia n,mdhso hkak jsoyd oelajSug jsjsO
kHdhhka bosrsm;a lr we;' ms.= (A.C. Pigou) wdrA:sl jsoHd{hd
bosrsm;a lrk ,o n\q jsi\quz kHdh tnkaols.
rchla lsishuz iuzm;la i|yd we;s b,a,qu yd iemhqu ms<sn|

f;dr;=re fyd|skau okafka kuz tu iuzm;a mrsfN`ckh m%Yia;
ugzgul mj;ajd .ekSug n\q hka;%kh Wmfh`.S lr.; yelsh.
igyka wxl 4'7ys mrsir \qIK md,kfha wdka;sl msrsjeh yd wdka;sl
84
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
m%;s,dN fmkajd we;. wdka;sl m%;s,dN ySk jk wdka;sl m%;s,dN

kHdhg hg;a jk ksid >DK nEjqula fmkajhs. wdka;sl msrsjeh
mrsir \QIKh md,kh iuÛ by, hk ksid Ok nEjqula fmkajhs.
wdka;sl m%;s,dN yd wdka;sl msrsjeh iudk jk ,ÌfhaoS mefrfgda
m%Yia; jk mrsir \QIK md,kh ;SrKh flfrA. fuysoS MC = MB
= t jk wkaouska n\q whlsrSfuka fuu m%Yia; ,Ìh lrd ,Ûd jSug
mqMZjk. tu igyk foi jsuis,af,ka ne,qjfyd;a n\q u;ska ,ndfok
jsi|qu yd fldtaishka jsi|qu tl yd iudk nj fmkS hkq we;.
tfukau ksjeros n\q jsi|qula ,nd\qkfyd;a th mefrfgda ldrAhÌu
jk njo igyfkka meyeos,sfjz. fuys oS mrsir \QIKfha fhfok
ksIamdolhdyg Tyq ksmojk \QIl i|yd n\q f.jSug fyda \QIl
mrsirhg ksl=;a lsrSu md,kh lsrSug mqMZjk. Q* olajd mrsir
\QIKh md,kh lrk jsg, f.jk n\q m%udKh wdka;sl msrsjehg
by< ksid (t>MC) ksIamdolhd mrsir \QIKh md,khg fm,fUhs.
fuz wksouska wh lrk n\q u.ska ksIamdolhdf.a mqoa.,sl
iu;=,s;;dj yd iudP iu;=,s;;dj tlla njg m;a lrhs.
us,
wdka;sl
m%;s,dNh
(MB) wdka;sl
msrsjeh
(MC)
Q* mrsir \qIK md,kh
igyka wxl 4'7( ms.=jshka n¥ yd iu;=,s;;dj
fuu n\q uqo,a rchlg lsysm wdldrhlg fhdod .; yelsh.

tkuz lsishuz mrAfhaIK wdh;khlg mrsir \qIKh wju lsrSu
i|yd jk kj ;dCIKh (Pollution Abatement Technology) fidhd
.ekSug wdOdr msKsi ,ndosh yelsh. tfiaa ke;fyd;a fuu n\q
85
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
wdodhu mrsirhg ys;lr ;dCIKh Ndjs; lsrSug osrs.ekajSula f,i
iykdOdr jYfhka fjk;a ksIamdok wdh;khlg ,ndosh yelsh'
4'2'4 wm\%jH ksl=;a lsrSu i|yd jk m%us;

wm \%jH i|yd jk m%us;s u.ska kS;suh jYfhka ksIamdolhl=g
ksl=;a l< yels Wmrsu \QIl m%udKh ;SrKh lrhs. fuu ;SrKh
m%dfhda.slj is\qlrkafka jsoHd{hka jsisks. fuysoS m%us;sh igyka wxl
4'7 ys Q* j,g wkqrEm fjz kuz, mrsir \QIKh md,kh wdrA:slj o
m%Yia: fjz.
4'2'5 mrsir \qIKhg wjir m;a ksl=;a lsrSu

fujeks iy;slhla ksIamdolhka fj; ksl=;a lsrSug m<uqj
wod, mrsirhg \qIl fldmuK wjfYdaIKh (Assimilative Capacity)
l< yelso hkak wOHhkh l< hq;= fjhs. tu ugzgu f;la mrsirh
\qIKh lsrSug mrsir \qqIl wjir m;a (Pollution Certificates) uÛska
wjir ,ndfohs. tu wjir m;a jevs us<lg fjk;a ksIamdolhl=
fj; wf,js fldg ish ysuslu mejrSug yelsh. tfia mejrSu i|yd
tu ksIamdolhd \QIK md,k ;dlaIK Ndjs;fhka \qIKh wju l<
hq;=hs. fkdtfiakuz ksIamdokfhka bj;a jsh hq;=hs.
fuu iy;sl ksl=;a lsrSfuka miq tys i|yka ugzgu wNsnjd

mrsir \qIKh lrkafkl=g tfrysj kvq mejrSug;a Tyqf.a iy;sl
m;%h wysus lsrSug;a yelsh. lsishuz ksIamdolhl=g ish ksIamdok
fya;=fjka jevsfhka mrsirh \qIKh lsrSug is\qfjz kuz Tyq ta i|yd
jevs iy;sl m;a m%udKhla us,oS .; hq;=h. fuu l%uh oekg
mrAfhaIK ugzgfuka iuyr rg j, l%shd;aul fjz. mrsir wdrA:sl
jsoHd{hka fuu Wml%uhg jevs leue;a;la olajkafka th msrsjehlska
f;drj mefrfgda m%Yia: mrsir \QIK md,khlg bjy,a jk nejska
iy \QIK md,k ;dlaIK fidhd .ekSuz i|yd osrs oSula we;s nejsks.
4'3 fmd\q NdKav
fmd\q NdKav (Public Goods) hkqfjka y|qkajkafka

mrsfNdaPkfhaoS fnod fjkal< fkdyels (Indivisible) yd NdKavh i|yd
f.jSula fkdlrk wh mrsfNdaPkfhka neyer l< fkdyels (Non
Excludability) NdKav yd fiajdjkah' fnod fjka l< fkdyels jSfuka
woyia jkafka fN!;sl jYfhka NdKavh fyda fiajdj fnoSug we;s
fkdyelshdjhs. WodyrKhla f,i mdka kue;s NdKavh rd;a;,
ne.ska ,nd .ekSug yels kuq;,a ukruz orAYkhla fuf,i fnod fjka
lsrSug kqmqMZjk. neyer lsrSfuz yelshdj idudkH fj<|fmd<
86
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
NdKavj, we;s kuq;a fmd\q NdKav j, fkdue;. fuf,i

mrsfNdaPkfha fkdfnosh yels nj u.ska" huz whl=f.a mrsfNdaPkh,
wfkla wfhl=g tu NdKavhu mrsfNdaPkhg we;s yelshdj ke;s
fkdlrhs. WodyrKhla f,i rgl Pk;djg fmd,Sisfhka ,efnk
/ljrKh i,lkak. rfgz tla whl= fmd,sia /ljrKh ,enSu th
;j;a whl=g ,enSug we;s bvlv ke;s fkdlrhs. kuq;a idudkH
fj<|fmd< NdKavj,oS huz whl= NdKavh mrsfNdaPkh lrkafka kuz,
th ;j;a whl=g mrsfNdaPkh lsrSug bvla fkd,efnz. tkuz idudkH
fj<|fmd< NdKavhl oS ta i|yd kshus; f.jSula fkdlrk whg tu
NdKavh fyda fiajdj mrsfNdaPkh lsrSug fkd,efnz. flfia j;=\q,
fmd\q NdKavj,oS NdKavh i|yd f.jSula fkdlrk wh tu NdKavh
mrsfNdaPkh lsrSfuka neyer l, fkdyel. WodyrKhla f,i
msrsis\q jd;h i,lkak. jd;h \qIKh jS we;s jsgl th msrsis\q
lsrSug huz wh f.jSula lr we;ehs is;kak. kuq;a jd;h msrsis\q l<
miq tys mrsfNdaPkh f.jSula fkdl, whgo lsrSug mqMZjk. tfia
jkafka msrsis\q jd;h i|yd f.jSula l< whg tys foam, whs;shla
,nd oSug fkdyels nejsks.
fmd\q NdKav mrsir wdrA:sl jsoHdfjzoS b;d jeo.;a jk

fj<|fmd< wiudrA:hla f,i y|qkd .efka. tfia jkafka iajNdjsl
mrsirfhka ,efnk fndfyda fiajdjka fmd\q NdKav jSuhs.
WodyrKhla f,i ffPj jsjsO;ajh i,lkak' jgskd jkdka;rj,
we;s Pdk u.ska tavzia jeks frda.hla i|yd kj fnfy;a jrA.hla
fidhd .;af;a hhs is;kak. tjsg tu fnfy;a jrA.h iEoSu ms<sn|j
Pdk iuzm;a u.ska ,efnk f;dr;=re fmd\q NdKavhls. fuf,i tjka
Pdk iuzm;la u.ska flfrk fiajh uqMZ uy;a udkj m%Pdjgu
hym;la we;s lrhs. fuh idudkH fj<|fmdf<a we;s NdKavj,ska
fuf,i fjkia fjhs. ffPj jsjsO;ajhg wu;rj, msrsis\q jd;h,
msrsis\q P,h, iajNdjsl mrsirfha ukruz orAYk, fmd\q NdKav
.Khg jefgz. uSg wu;rj wOHdmkh, fi!LHh jeks fiajdjka f.a o
;rula \qrg fmd\q NdKav ,ÌK olakg we;.
by; WodyrK u.ska fmkakquz lrkqfha fmd\q NdKav b;d

jeo.;a lula Wiq,k fj<|fmd< wiudrA:hka jk njhs. fuz NdKav
we;s jSug fya;= fudkjdoehs uola jsuid n,uq. ta i|yd jk tla
m%Odk fya;=jls mqoa.,sl foam, whs;sh fmd\q NdKav i|yd ;yjqre
lsrSug fkdyels nj. fufia jS we;af;a fmd\q NdKavj, fN!;sl
iajNdjh ksid tajd fnod fjkalr mqoa.,hkag wkqhqla; lsrSug we;s
wmyiq;dj ksidh. iuyr iudP ;=< uq,a nei we;s ixialD;sl
ms<s.ekSuz fN!;slj fnod fj<|fmdf<ys yqjudre jSug bvlv we;s
NdKav tfia jSu j,lajhs. WodyrKhla f,i YS% ,xldfjz jdrsP,
iuzm;a i,lkak. fuz iuzm;a ,xldfjz fndfyda fokdf.a iudPh
ms<s.ekSug wkqj fmd\Q NdKav f,i ie,fla. iuyr wjia:d j,oS
87
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
NdKav iajNdjsl fya;= ksid fnod fjka fkdl< yels wjia:d o
we;sfjz. WodyrKhla f,i ia:dkfhka ia:dkhg .uka lrk u;iH
jsfYaI oelajSug mqMZjk.
fmd\q NdKav hkq fudkjdoehs hkak;a, tajd mrsir wdrA:sl

jsoHdfjz oS jeo.;alula Wiq,kafka ukao hkak;a oeka wms oksuq. fmd\q
NdKav u.ska fj<|fmd< wiudrA:hka we;s lrk wkaou oeka wms
wOHhkh lruq. >rAu l,dmSh rgj, we;s jrAId jkdka;rj, by<
ffcj jsjsO;ajhla we;. fuu ffPj jsjsO;ajh, lrAudka; i|yd
ridhk \%jH, jsjsO wuq \%jH yd fnfy;a i|yd jk m%Njhka f,i
l%shd lrhs. ffcj jsjsO;aj i|yd jk b,a,qu igyka wxl 4'8 u.ska
fmkakquz lrhs. igyfka fmkajd we;s wkaoug, A yd B kue;s
mqoa.,hka fofokdf.a ffPj jsjsO;aj we.hSu fjkia jk w;r, ta
fofokdgu ffcj jsjsO;aj i|yd ySkjk wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;djla
we;. fuz ksid Tjqkaf.a b,a,quz jl% >DK nEjqula iys; jS we;.
igyka wxl 4.8 g wkqj A mdrsfNda.slhd ffPj jsjsO;ajh i|yd
jevs we.hSula lr we;.
ffPj jsjsO;ajfha us<
fj<| fmd<
b,a,qu
MC
Pa A f.a b,a,qu
Pb
B f.a b,a,qu
qb q a Q* Qm ffPj jsjsO;ajfha
m%udKh
igyka wxl 4'8( fmd\q NdKav yd fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;djka
ffcj jsjsO;ajh iemhSfuz wdka;sl msrsjeh ksh; hhs i,lkak.

tjsg igyfka olajd we;s wkaoug ;sria iemhquz jl%hla ^wdka;sl
88
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
msrsjeh jl%hla& ,efnz' fj<|fmd< idudkH NdKav wkaougu, fmd\q

NdKavj,oS;a, tla tla mqoa.,hd f.a b,a,qu tl;= lsrSfuka
fj<|fmd< b,a,qu jHq;amkak lr .ekSug mqMZjk. kuq;a fuysoS b;d
jeo.;a uq,sl fjkila, fmd\q NdKav yd wfkl=;a NdKav w;r we;.
idudkH fj<|fmd< NdKavhl oS we;s us,lg tla tla mdrsfNda.slhd
b,a,quz lrK m%udKh tl;= lsrSfuka fj<|fmd< b,a,qu ,nd .kS.
fuh mqoa., b,a,quz jl% j, ;sria tl;=jls. fmd\q NdKavj,oS huz
m%udKhla iemhqkq l, th ishMZu mdrsfNda.slhkag mrsfNdaPkh
lsrSug mqMZjka jk ksid b,a,quz jl%j, ;sria tl;=j ksjeros fkdfjz.
fuysoS fok ,o NdKav m%udKhla i|yd tla tla mqoa.,hdf.a we.hSu
^f.jSug we;s leue;a;, Willingness to Pay) tl;= l< hq;=hs. fuf,i
tl;= lsrSu, isria tl;= lsrSula f,i ye|skafjz. fuf,i isria
tl;=jlska ,nd .kakd jl%h ffPj jsjsO;ajh i|yd fj<|fmd<
b,a,quhs. fj<|fmd< b,a,quz jl%h;a" iemhquz jl%h;a lefmk ,Ìh
u.ska iu;=,s; wjia:dfjz oS iemfhk fmd\q NdKav m%udKh, ;SrKh
flfrA. fuu m%udKh mefrfgda m%Yia: m%udKhhs (Q*).
ffPj jsjsO;ajh i|yd fj<|fmd< us<la fkdue;. tu ksid

mefrfgda m%Yia: jk m%udKh iemhSug yelshdjla fj<|fmd<g
fkdue;. tu fkdyelshdj fmd\q NdKav m%Yia: m%udKhlska
iemhSfuz oS ixlSrAK .egMZ /ila we;s lrhs. fuu .egMZj,g uq,sl
jS we;af;a tla whl= ;u fmd\q NdKavh i|yd ksjeros we.hSu fy,s
lr f.jSula lf<d;a wfkl=;a ishMZu fokdg tu fmd\q NdKavhka
iemhqk m%udKh us<la fkdf.jd mrsfNdaPkh lsrSug mQMZjka jSuhs.
fuu .egMZj §fkdusf,a mrsfNdaPkh¶ (Free-rider Problem) f,i
ye|skafjz. fuh jgyd .ekSug by; igyk kej; Wmfhda.s lr
.ksu.q huz lsis rdPH wdh;khla u.ska mqoa.,hka fofokd f.ka
Tjqka fofokd ffPj jsjsO;ajh w.hk whqre jsuiqfjz hhs is;uq.
tjsg B kuz mqoa.,hd ;u we.hSu wjxlj bosrs m;a lf<a kuz
iu;=,s;;djfhaoS rPh jsiska Qb m%udKhla Tyq i|yd imhhs. fuu
wjia:dfjzoS Qb m%udKh A mdrsfNda.slhdgo mrsfNdaPkh lsrSug yels
ksid Tyqf.ka ffPj jssjsO;ajh wjYHh m%udKh jsuiqj fyd;a, Tyq
mjikafka Q a - Qb m%udKhla wjYH jk njhs. we;a; jYfhkau
Tyqg wjYH m%udKh Qa jQj;a" Q b m%udKhla oekgu iemfhk nejska
yd tu m%udKh Tyqg fkdusf,a mrsfNdaPk lsrSug yels nejska o, Tyq
Bg wu;rj wjYH m%udKh muKla b,a,quz lrhs. fuz ksid
wjidkfhaoS wdrA:slfha ffPj jsjsO;ajfhka iemfhkqfha Qa
m%udKhla jk w;r fuu m%udKh m%Yia: ugzgu jk Q* m%udKhg
jvd wvq fjz' fuz wkaouska fmkS hkafka fj<|fmd< l%uh hgf;a oS
fmd\q NdKavhla iemfhkqfha m%Yia; m%udKhg jvd wvqfjka njhs'
fuh is\qjS we;af;a A mdrsfNda.slhd Qb m%udKhla fkdf.jd
mrsfNdaPk lsrSu fya;= fjks' fuz wkqj fkdusf,a mrsfNdaPkh ksid
89
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
m%Yia; m%udKhg jvd wvqfjka fmd\q NdKav iemhSu fuys oS we;sjk
fj<|fmd< wiudrA: jSuhs.
by; WodyrKfha oS B mdrsfNda.slhd ;u i;H we.hSu m%ldY

l< jsg A thska m%fhdaPkh .kS. fuh B jgyd .;a jsg Tyq o B,Û
j;dfjz ;u we.hSu wvqfjka m%ldY lsrSug fm<fUz. fuz wkaouska
wdrA:slhl ishMZ fokd fkdusf,a mrsfNdaPkh i|yd fm,Uqkfyd;a,
fmd\q NdKavfha iemhSu ;j \qrg;a wvq jSug bv we;. fuh jgyd
.ekSu i|yd l%Svd kHdh (Game Theory) Ndjs; lr WodyrKhla
jsia;r lruq. fuu WodyrKh mrsir wdrA:sl jsoHdfjz oS nyq,j
Ndjs; jk §isrlrejkaf.a WNf;dafldagslh¶ (Prisoners’ Dilemma)
kue;s WodyrKh weiqrska ieliqkls. fuysoS tla ldurhl fjfik
A yd B kue;s jsYaj jsoHd, isiqka fofokl= i,lkak. Tjqka uqyqK
fok wOsl WIaKh j,lajd .ekSug js\q,s mxldjla us<oS .ekSug
wjYH hhs i,lkak. tl whl= th us<oS .;fyd;a wfkld th
mrsfNdaPkfhka neyer lsrSug fkdyels ksid fuu WodyrKfhaoS js\q,s
mxldj fmd\q NdKavhls. fofokdu js\q,s mxldfjka ,efnk iykh
remsh,a 1"500 la ne.ska w.h lrk w;r js\q,s mxldfjz us< remsh,a
2,500 ls. fofokdu ,nk m%;s,dN ^remsh,a 3"000& js\q,s mxldj
i|yd jeh jk msrsjehg jvd jsYd, ksid th us<oS .ekSu mefrfgda
ldrAhÌu fjz. flfia j;=\q, tla whl= th us<oS .;fyd;a wfkla
whg th fkdusf,a mrsfNdaPkh lsrSug yels ksid js\q,s mxldj us<oS
.; hq;=o ke;so hk .egMZj ixlSrAK fjz. tuksid tu isiqka
fofokd tu .egMZj jsioSug l%uhla l:sld lr .kS. tkuz, Tjqka
fjk fjku fld, lene,a,la f.k th us<oS .kakjdo ke;so hkak
ryfia m%ldY l< hq;=hs. tjsg fofokdu us<oS .kS hkak ioyka l<
fyd;a js\q,s mxldj us<g .efkk w;r tys msrsjeh iudkj fofokd
fnod .kS. fofokdu us<oS fkd.kS hhs ioyka l,fyd;a js\q,s mxldj
us<oS fkd.kS. tla whl= us<oS .kS hhs o wfkld fkd.kS hhs o
ioyka l<fyd;a, us<oS .kS hhs ioyka l< wh uqMZ uqo, f.jd th
us<oS .; hq;=hs. fuu l%SvdfjzoS A yd B f.a Y=oaO m%;s,dN l%Svdfjz
m%;sM,h iuÛ my; wkaoug f.dkq lr oelajsh yel.
B
us<oS .kS fkd.kS
A us<oS .kS 250, 250 -1000, 1500
fkd.kS 1500, -1000 0 0
by; igyfka fldgq we;=,; we;s w.hhkaj,ska fmkakquz

lrkqfha ta ta m%;sM,h hgf;a ms,sfj,ska A yd B ,nk Y=oaO
m%;s,dNhkah. WodyrKhla f,i m<uq fldgqj i,lkak. fuysoS A
yd B hk fofokdu us<oS .kS hhs ioyka lrhs. tjsg tla whl=
remh,a 1"250 ne.ska f.jd js\q,s mxldj us<g .kakd w;r fofokdg
90
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
remsh,a 250 l Y=oaO m%;s,dNhla ,nhs. fuysoS A ;ukag we;s f;arSuz

fol yd bka ,efnk m%;s,dN i,ld ;u ;SrKh .kS. Tyq lrk
jsYaf,aIkfhaoS m<uqj B us<oS .ekSu hkak ioyka lrkafka kuz ta
ioyd jvd iq\qiq l=uk m%;spdrhla o hkak i,ld n,hs. B us<oS .kS
hhs ioyka l<fyd;a, A o thu ioyka l<fyd;a Tyq g remsh,a 250
l m%;s,dNhla ,efnk w;r fkd.kS hhs ioyka l<fyd;a Tyqg
remsh,a 1500 l m%;s,dNhla ,efnz. tuksid fkd.kS hkak jvd
jdisodhl fjz. fuf,iu B fkd.kS hkak ioyka l<fyd;a A l=ula
l<hq;=o n,uq. tjsg A us<oS .kS hhs ioyka l<fyd;a Tyq remsh,a
1000 l m%;s,dNhla ,nk w;r fkd.kS hhs ioyka l<fyd;a Tyqf.a
m%;s,dNh 0 ls. fuz wkqj B f.a f;arSu l=ula jqj;a A ioyd jk jvd
fyd| f;arSu us<oS fkd.kS hkakhs. fuu l%svdj iuus;sl (Symmetric)
jk nejska B lrk jsYaf,aIkfha oS Tyqg jegfykafka o us<oS fkd.kS
hkak ioyka lsrSu Tyqg jdisodhl jk njh. fuf,i fofokdf.au
jsYaf,aIkj,ska, us<oS fkd.kS hkak jdisodhl nj fmkajk ksid js\q,s
mxldj us<oS fkd.efka. fuu iu;=,s;;dj kEIa iu;=,s;;dj (Nash
Equilibrium) jYfhka ye|skafjz. fuhska fmkS hkafka mefrfgda
ldrAhÌu;djla ,nd .; yels wdrA:sl l%shd is\q fkdjSu fyda m%Yia:
ugzgug wvqfjka is\qjSu fmd\q NdKav j,oS is\qjk njhs.
fmd\q NdKav u.ska we;s lrk fj<|fmd< wiu;a jSu wdrA:sl

jsoHdfjz ;j\qrg;a mrAfhaIK j,g ,laflfrk .egMZjls. iuyr
wjia:d j,oS fmd\q NdKav f,i mej;=kq NdKav i|yd foam, whs;sh
;yjqre lsrSu u.ska tajd idudkH NdKav njg m;a lsrSug mqMZjk.
tfia l< yels jkafka tlS NdKavfha fN!;sl iajNdjh ta ioyd bv
i,ikafka kuz muKls. by; jsYaf,aIkfhaoS jegyqk wkaoug fmd\q
NdKav ldrAhÌuj iemhSug kuz tlu NdKav m%udKh jsjsO
mdrsfNda.slhkaf.a we.hSuz wkqj fjkia us< .Kka j,g jslsKsh
hq;=h. fuu fjkia jk us< .Kka ksjerosj ,nd .ekSu wmyiq jS
we;af;a fkdusf,a mrsfNdaPkh lsrSfuz yelshdj ksid mdrsfNda.slhka
Wml%uYS,sj yeisfrk nejsks.
4'4 taldOsldr fj<|fmd<

by; ioyka l< nysrA;djhka yd fmd¥ NdKav j,g wu;rj
fj<|fmd< jHqyh mqrAK ;rÛldrs;ajfhka wE;ajk jsg o fj<|fmd<
wiu;a jSuz we;s fjz. WodyrKhla f,i taldOsldrS (Monopoly)
fj<|fmd<la ie,lSug yels fjz. fuys os mqrAK ;rÛldrS
91
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
fj<|fmd<g jvd jevs us,lg NdKav jslsfkk w;r iemfhk
m%udKh mqrAk ;rÛldrs ugzgug jvd wvqfjz. fuysoS ksIamdolhd
by, iqNidOkhla ,nk kuq;a mdrsfNda.slhkf.a iqNidOkh wvq
fjz. iuia:hla f,i ie,l+ l, taldOsldrs fj<|fmd<l oS iuia:
iudP iqNidOkh wvq ksid th wldrAhÌu hhs ie,fla.
fj<|fmd< jHqyh mqrAk ;rÛldrs;ajfhka wE;a jSu mrsir wdrA:sl
jsoHdfjzos nysrA;djhka yd fmd¥ NdKav ;ruz jeo.;a lula
fkdWiq,k kuq;a iuyr jsfYaI ;Fjhka hgf;a taldOsldrs
fj<|fmd< mrsir ys;jdoS njla fmkakquz lrhs. WodyrKhla f,i
kej; Pkkh fkdjk iuzm;a ksiaidrKfhaoS taldOsldrS fj<|fmd<
wvq m%udKj,ska, tu iuzm;a os.= ld,hla ;=, ksiaidrKh lrhz. fuz
ksid iuyr mrsirfjzoSka taldOslrKh mrsir ixrÌKh i|yd
Wmldrs fjz hhs i,lhs. flfia kuq\Q iudP iqNidOkh ms<sn|
oDIaGshlska fuh js.%y lsrSfuzoS fmkS hkafka, iuzm;a os.= l,la
mj;sk kuq;a bka ,efnk uqMZ iudP iqNidOkh mqrAK ;rÛldrS
fj<|fmd<lg jvd wvq njhs.
4'5 m%;sm;a;s wiu;a jSu
by; jsia;rl< fj<|fmd< wiu;a jSuz, ksoyia fj<|fmd<

l%uhl wdrA:sl lghq;=j,oS rPfha ueosy;a jSu idOdrkSlrKh
lrhs. flfia kuq;a fj<|fmd< wiu;a jSu rPfha ueosy;a jSu i|yd
wjYH ;Fjhla muKla jk w;r, fj<|fmd< wiu;a jSu rPfha
ueosy;a jSug m%udKj;a fya;=jla fkdfjz. tfia jkafka rPfha
ueoy;a jSuo widrA:l jSug bv lv we;s nejsks. fuf,i rPfha
l%shdldrluz u.ska wdrA:sl wldrAhCIu;djhka we;s lsrSu m%;sm;a;s
wiu;a jSuz f,i (Policy Failure) ye|skafjz. rdPH m%;sm;a;s ksid o
mrsir .egMZ we;sjk nj jgyd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fjz. fndfyda
wjia:dj,oS rPhka ;ukag ys;j;a lKavdhuz j,g m%;s,dN we;sjk
wkaofuz m%;sm;a;s ilihs. m%Pd;dka;%sl foaYmd,k l%shdoduhla ;=,
foaYmd,k ys;j;a lKavdhuz isgsk w;r Tjqkaf.a ,dN ,enSfuz
wNsm%dhka (Rent Seeking Behaviour) uq\qka muqKqjd .ekSug rPh bv
i,ihs' fuf,i ,dN ,enSug rPhka Wojz jk wdldr .Kkdjls.
bka iuyrla kuz
1. f;dard.;a ksIamdokj,g i,ik /ljrK (Protection)

WodyrK( wrA;dm,a wdkhkhg mkjd ;snq by< n\q.
2. iajNdjsl iuzm;a Ndjs;hg ,nd fok n,m;%, WodyrK( oej
ksiaidrKhg fok iykodhs n,m;a.
3. mdrsfNda.sl lKavdhuzj,g ,nd oS we;s us< iSudjka.
92
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
rPh u.ska we;s lrk fujka jsIu;djka ksid mdrsirsl .egMZ
we;sfjz. WodyrKhla f,i n\q fyda wka m%udKd;aul md,k u.ska
fnda.hka i|yd ,ndfok /ljrK u.ska tys foaYSh us< by,
ugzgul mj;ajd .kS. tjka iuyr fnda. mdxY= Ldokh jeks mrsir
ydks we;s lrhs' wrA;dm,a wdkhk n|q by< ugzgul mj;ajd .ekSu
ksid foaYSh wrA;dm,a us< by<j mej;Su ksid f.djSka oevs nEjquz
iys; N+usj, wkjirfhka jkdka;r fy<slruska wrA;dm,a j.d
lsrSug fm<fUz. j.d lkakhlg fojrla mi fmr<Su wdosh ksid
wrA;dm,a j.d nsuz j,ska iuyr fnda. j,g jvd iS.% mdxY= Ldokhla
is\q fjhs. wrA;dm,a wdkhk n\q wvq lsrSu iu. my; jegqk wrA;dm,a
us< ksidfjka f.djSka fjk;a fnda. jejSug fm<US we;. fuh mdxY=
Ldokh wvq lsrSug fya;= jS we; . oej ksiaidrkh lsrSu i|yd ,nd
fok iykodhs n,m;a, f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, iajNdjsl jkdka;r
jskdYhg;a, ffPj jsjsO;ajh wvq jSug;a bjy,a jS we;s nj fndfyda
fokd okakd lreKls. fuz ksid fj<|fmd< wiu;a jSula we;s
muKskau rPh ueoy;a jsh hq;=hhs fkdi,ld, m%;sm;a;sj, wiu;a
jSug we;s bvlv o ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=fjz.
f;dr;=re uq,dY%hka iy ksrAfoaYs; wu;r lshjSu z
Baumol, W.J. and W. Oates (1988). “The Theory of Environmental

Policy”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Coase, R. (1993). “The Problem of Social Cost”, in Economics of the
Environment Eds. Robert Dorfman and Nancey Dorfman, W.W.
Torton Company New York.
Cornes, R. and T. Standler (1986). “The Theory of Exernalities, Public
Goods and Club Goods”, Cambridge University press, Cambridge,
U.K.
Gordon, H.S. (1993). “The Economic Theory of Common Property
Resources”, in Economics of the Environment Eds. Robert Dorfman
and Nancey Dorfman, W.W. Torton a Company New York.
Hanley, N., J.F. Shogren and B. White (1997). “Environmental Economics
in Theory and Practice”, Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Hardin, G. (1992). “The Tragedy of the Commons” in The Earthscan
Reader in Environmental Economics Eds. A. Markandya and J.
Richardson, Earthscan Publication Limited, London.
Hartwick, J.M. and N.D. Olewiler (1998). “The Economics of Natural
Resources Use”, Second Edition; Addison Wesley, U.S.A.
Randall, A. (1987). “Resource Economics: An Economic Approach to
Natural Resource and Environmental Policy”, John Wiley and Son,
New York.
93
fj<|fmd< wiudrA:;d
Randall, A. (1993). “The Problem of Market Failure”, in Economics of

the Environment Eds. Robert Dorfman and Nancey Dorfman, W.W.
Torton a Company New York.
Schmid, A.A. (1995). “The Environment and Property Right Issues” in
The Handbook of Environmental Economics”, Ed. D.W. Bromley
Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, U.K.
Titenberg, T. (1996). “Environmental and Natural Resource Economics”,
Fourth Edition, Harpercollins, College Publishers, U.S.A.
Turvey, R. (1993). “On Divergenees Between Social and Private Costs”,
in Economics of the Environment Eds. Robert Dorfman and Nancey
Dorfman, W.W. Torton a Company New York.
94
miajk mrspzfPAoh
5' iajdNdjsl iuzm;a jrA.SlrKh
iajNdjfhkau m%fh`ckhla iy jgskdlula .enzjS we;s oE

iuzm;a f,i wrA: oelajSug mqMZjk. we;euz iuzm;a mj;sk wdldrh
fy` iajrEmh wkqj. huz jgskd ksus \%jHhla ksmojSug Wmfh`.S
lr.; yelsh. we;euz iuzm;a >DPqju mrsfN`ckhg .; yels
\%jHhka jSugo mqMZjk. WodyrK f,i hmia jekss LKschla
wuq\%jHhla f,io .,a wÛ=re jeks bkaOkhla >DPq Ndjs;hg .;yels
iuzm;la f,io ie,lsh yelsh.
iuzm;la hk ixl,amh ixlSrAK tlla jk ksid, iuzm;a

fkdjk oE wrA: oelajSu u.ska iuzm;a ms<sn|j jgyd .ekSu myiq
jkq we;. iuzm;a fkdjk oE wdldr lsysmhls.
1. fuf;la yªkd fkd.;a \%jHhka
2. yªkd .;a;o oekg m%fhdackhla we;ehs fkdi,lk \%jHhka
3. huz m%fh`ckhla we;;a b,a,qu yd ii|k l< wiSudka;sl
iemhqula we;s fyhska wdrA:sl jgskdlula fkdue;s \%jHhka'
tfy;a kj oekqu iy f;dr;=re ksid fuf;la yªkd fkd.;a

\%jH wkd.;fhaoS yªkd .efkhs. tfiau kjsk ;dCIKh Wmfh`.S
lr.ksuska fuf;la m%fh`ckhg fkd.;a \%jH m%fh`ckhg .ekSug;a
wdkd.;fhaoS bvlv ,ensh yelsh. tjsg tu \%jHho iuzm;a f,i
ie,lSug yels jkq we;. tmuKla fkdfjz. jd;h, c,h jeks
iq,n;dj fya;=fjka iuzm;a f,i fkdie,flk \%jHhkag we;s b,a,qu
huz f,ilska by< .shfyd;a tajdo iuzm;a .Kfhys,d ie,lSug
is\qjkq we;. ksoiqka f,i furg mj;akd ;Fj hgf;a c,hg jsfYaI
jgskdlula ke;;a f.dvke.s,s \%jHhla f,i je,sj,g by<
jgskdlula ;sfnz. kuq;a ldka;dr iq,n wrdns rgj,oS je,sj,g
jgskdlula fkdue;s jS c,hg by< jgskdlula ,efnz. usksiqka jsiska
ksmojk ,o oE, tkuz f.dvke.s,s uxudj;a, WoHdk jeks lsisjla
iajdNdjsl iuzm;a f,i fkdie,fla. tfy;a fuu ksrAudK i|yd
wuq\%jH f,i jsjsO iuzm;a, m%d.aOkh, ;dCIKh fukau Y%uho
Wmfh`.s fldgf.k ;sfnz'
iajdNdjsl iuzm;a jrA.SlrKh
m%udKh, .=Kd;aul nj, ld,h yd wjldYh (Quantity,

Quality, Time and Space) jeks uskquz weiqrska iuzm;aj, ,CIK
jsia;r lsrSug mqMZjk. WodyrK f,i jd;h i,ld n,uq. idfmaCI
iq,n;dj fya;=fjka fndfy` wjia:dj,oS jd;h iuz m;lg jvd
iq,n \%jHhla fia ie,l=jo fnfyjska wmjs;%jq jd;h iys;
ia:dkj, osjs f.jkafk` jd;h msrsis\qj ;nd .ekSu fjkqfjka
us<la f.jSug jqjo fm<fU;s. tysoS th jgskdlula iys;
\%jHhla njg m;afjz. usksiqka Wvq.=jkg hefjk wNHjldY
hdkhla ;=<oSo Tlaiscka iys; jd;h iSud iys; iuzm;ls.
tnejska th by< jgskdlula iys; \qrA,N \%jHhla njg m;afjs.
iuzm;a jrA.SlrKh fkdfhla wdldr j,ska is\q lsrSug mqMZjk'

tjka tla wdldrhloS iuzm;a kej; m%;sYaGdmkh l< yels
(Renewable) yd kej; m%;sYaGdmkh l< fkdyels (Non-renewable)
jYfhka m%Odk ldKav follg fnfoa' uska kej; m%;sYaGdmkh l<
yels iuzm;a tajdfha ffPj l%shdldrs;ajh ksid ksr;=reju jrAOkh
jSula olakg ,efnz' u;iH .yKhla" fyda jkdka;rhla fuz iuzm;a
i|yd WoyrK f,i ie,lSug mqMZjk' kej; m%;sYaGdmkh l<
fkdyels iuzm;a f,i LKsP ksOs jeks iuzm;a ie,lSug mqMZjk. fuz
iuzm;a j, Ndjs;h ksid tajdfha m%udKh CIh jS hk nejska tnª
iuzm;a CIhjS hk iuzm;a (Exhaustible Resources) fy` ixps; iuzm;a
(Stock Resources) jYfhka o ye|skafjz. fuzjd tajdfha nr fy` mrsudj
wkqj m%udKd;aulj (Quantity Dimension) usKsh yelsh. fuu
iuzm;a ffioaOdka;slj kej; m%;sYaGdmkh l< yels kuq;a ta i|yd
jrAI us,shk .Kkla .;jk nejska tajd kej; m%;sYaGdmkh l<
fkdyels iuzm;a f,i ye|skafjz.
ridhksl ixhq;sh wkqj fukau fi!kaorAhd;aul jgskdlu

wkqjo iuzm;aj, jgskdlu yd .=Kd;aul nj (Quality Dimension)
fjkia jsh yelsh. lsishuz iuzm;a ixps;hl fN!;sl msysgSu, tkuz
fmdf<dfjys th msysgd we;s wdldrh (Space Dimension) iuzm;a
ms<sn| ;j;a tla uskquz oKavls' ixps; iuzm;a fl;ruz ld,hla mqrd
m%fh`ckhg .; yelso hkak (Time Dimension) wfkla jeo.;a
lreKhs. ksiaidrKh ksid ixps; iuzm;a CIh jS hk w;ru,
iajdNdjsl ls%hdj,ska fya;=fjkao tajdfha m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul
fjkialuz we;sjsh yelsh.
ixps; fkdjk tfy;a m%Njfha isg fjk;a ;eklg .,d hk

iuzm;a o mj;s. iqrAh lsrK ta i|yd oelajsh yels fyd|u
WodyrKhls. tjeks iuzm;a m%jdy iuzm;a (Flow Resources) f,iska
ye|skafjz. ksYaps; ld, tallhla ;=< oS fmd<jg ,efnk iqrAh lsrK
m%udKh ksh;hla jk w;r th usksidf.a md,khg k;= fkdjkakls.
funª m%jdy iuzm;a j, .=Kd;aul nj jdhqf.da,Sh \qIKh ksid
96
wvqjS hdyelsh. ffcj ialkaOhka uÛska iqrAh Ylaa;sh .nvdlrk

kuq;a jvd lvskuska m%fh`ckhg .; yels wdldrfhka tu Yla;sh
.nvd lsrSfuz Wml%u fidhd .ekSug jsisjk ishji w.Nd.fhaoS
usksid iu;a jS isgS. iqrAh flÌ (Solar Power Cells) tnª W;aidyhl
m%;sM,hls. fuf,i .nvd lr .eksu ksid m%jdy iuzm;a, ixps;
iuzm;a (Stock Resources) njg m;afjhs. tkuz wjYH jsgl, uq,sl
ixps; fkdblaujk m%udKj,ska thska Yla;sh h<s m%fh`ckhg
.ekSug fy` kej; ;ekam;a lsrSug fy` yelshdj usksidg ,efnhs.
ixps; iuzm;a fukau m%jdy iuzm;a m%udKh, nr, mrsudj yd

ld, tallhla ;=<oS ,efnk Yla;s tall .Kk weiqrska uekSug
mqMZjk. tfiau .=Kd;aul Ndjh yd tjekss iuzm;la Ndjs;lrk
wdldrh wkqjo tys m%udKh fjkia jsh yel. tla Ndjs;hlaa i|yd
fnfyjskau jeo.;a jk .=Kd;aul ,CIKhla ;j;a Ndjs;hloS
jeo.;a fkdjSug bv ;sfnz. .nvd lr ;enSfuz Wml%u fya;=fjka
^Wod. iqrAh flÌ& m%jdy iuzm;a Ndjs; l< yels ld,h jevs l<
yels w;r tla ;ekl isg ;j;a ;eklg iuzfma%IKh lrjSfuka
^Wod. js\q,sh n,h f,i& Ndjs;fha bvlv ms<sn| iSudjkao mqMZ,a l<
yelsh.
by;ska oelajqKq iuzm;a ms<sn| jrA.SlrKh tkuz ixps;

iuzm;a, m%jdy iuzm;a iy m%jdy iuzm;aj, Wm jrA.SlrKhla f,i
oelajqKq fnoSu ienejskau wiuzmqrAK jrA.Sl rKhls. ukaoh;a
we;euz iuzm;a fuz lsis\q ldKavhlg wh;a fkdjk w;r, ;j;a
fldgila fuz wdldr foflysu ,CIK .enzjS ;snsh yels nejsks.
tfyhska ir,, tfy;a jvd;a mrsmqrAK jq iuzm;a jrA.SlrKhl
wjYH;dj fuysoS mek k.shs.
wefursld tlai;a ckmo N+f.`,Sh iuSCIK wdh;kh (United

States Geological Survey) uÛska N+ jsoHd;aul, yd wdrA:sl jsoHd;aul
lreKq mokuz lr.ksuska ixps; iuzm;a i|yd jvd;a jsia;rd;aul
jrA.SlrKhla bosrsm;a lr we;. fuz jrA.SlrKh i|yd fhdod.;a
wrA: oelajSuz my; olajd we;.
.fjzIKh l< iuzm;a (Identified Resources)
msysgSu fukau m%udKd;aul yd .+Kd;aul w.hkao

jsoHd;aulj meyeos,sj yªkd .;a iuzm;a fuz hg;g .efka.
meyeos,sj yªZkd.;a LKsc \%jH .fjzYKh l< iuzm;a i|yd
WodyrK f,i .; yel'
97
uksk ,o iuzm;a (Measured Resources)
N+ jsoHd;aulj fyd|skau yªkd .;a i:dkhka f.ka ,nd.;a yd

iuzm;a wdorAY msrslaiSfuka m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul w.hka 80 %
l ksjeroH;djlska m%ldY l< yels iuzm;a, ueksh yels iuzm;a f,i
ie,fla.
fmkakquz l< yels iuzm;a (Indicated Resources)
fujeks iuzm;aj, m%udKh yd .=Kd;aul nj wdorAYkhla

msrslaiSfukao N+jsoHd;auljo wkqudkhla f,i weia;fuzka;=.; l<
yels fjhs. oekg tjka weia;fuzka;= lsrSula is\q lr ke;'
wkqudk l< yels iuzm;a (Inferred Resources)
m%;HCIj olajsh yels tfy;a N+ jsoHd;aul m%udKd;aulj yd

.=Kd;aulj .fjzIKh fkdl< iuzm;a fuz hg;g .efka.
.fjzIKh fkdl< iuzm;a (Undiscovered Resources)
N+ jsoHd;aul oekqu mokuz lrf.k mj;akd njg jsYajdi l<

yels, tfy;a meyeos,sj y\QZkd fkd.;a nejsska jsia;rd;aulj wOHhkh
fkdl< LKsc iuzm;a usg wh;a fjhs.
Wml,ams; iuzm;a (Hypothetical Resources)
mj;akd N+ jsoHd;aul ;Fjh hgf;a mj;skq we;ehs jsYajdi

l< yels" tfy;a ksYaps;j fidhd fkd.;a iuzm;a fuz hg;g
.efkhs.
wkqudk.; iuzm;a (Speculative Resources)
ys;lr N+f.`,sh ;Fjh hgf;a mj;skq we;ehs jsYajdi l<

yels" tfy;a .fjzIKh lsrSula is\q fkdjqKq, fkdokakd iuzm;a fuu
f.dkakg jefghs.
5'1 CIh jk iuzm;a jrA.SlrKh

ixl,am ;=kla Ndjs;d lr fjk;a wdldrhlska iuzm;a
jrA.SlrKh is\q lsrSug mqMZjk. tkuz mj;akd ixps; (Current
Reserves), YlH;d iuzm;a (Potential Reserves) iy iuzm;a Wreu
hkqfjks (Resource Endowments). mj;akd ixps; f,i mj;akd us<
.Kka hgf;a ,dNhla Wmhd .; yels wkaouska myiqfjka <Ûd jsh
98
yels msysgSu fukau m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul wxYhka ms<sn|

ksYaps;ju okakd iuzm;a y|qkajhs. YlH;d ixjs; (Potential Reserves),
ixLHd;aulj fkdj bka bgqjk ldrAh i,ld n,d .=Kd;aulj
m%ldY l< yels iuzm;a fjz. fuu iuzm;aj,ska fldf;la m%udKhla
mdjspzpshg .ekSu iq\qiqo hkak ;SrKh jkafka, uq,sl jYfhkau
usksiqka bka bgqjk fufyh ,nd .ekSug fldf;la uqo,la f.jSug
leu;sfjzo hkak u;hs. ta wkqj, jevs us<loS jevs ixps; m%udKhla
,nd .;yelsfjhs. fuz i|yd WodyrK f,i jevs msrsjehla ord wOs
;dCIKh fhojSfuka jevs bkaOk m%udKhla ,nd.ekSu oelajsh
yelsh. N+ ;,h u; iajdNdjslju iuzm;a ksrAudKh jSu iuzm;a
Wreu (Reserves Endowments) f,i yªkajhs. uq,sl jYfhka wdrA:sl
fkdj N+ jsoHd;aul idOl mokuz fldg f.k tjekakl
m%udKd;aul nj ;SrKh fjhs.
by; oelafjk whqrska meyeos,sj iuzm;a fjka fldg yªkd

.ekSu, wjsOsu;a mrsyrKh uÛska tu iuzm;a ydhkh (Resource
Degradation) fjz.j;a lsrSugo bv we;. ixjrAOs; fyj;a Okj;a
rgj,a i;= wiSudka;sl us<la f.jSfuz yelshdj u; mD:sjsh u; we;s
ish,qu iuzm;a iS>% mdrsfN`ckhlg ,la l< yels jSu uSg fya;=jhs.
5'2 iuzm;a mrsfN`ckfha wdrA:sl wjia:d

jsjsO ixl,am u; mokuz jq CIhjk yd wfkl=;a iuzm;a
jrA.SlrKo iuzm;a mrsfN`ckfha uq,OrAu meyeos,s lsrSfuz oS tl yd
iudkj jeo.;a fjhs.
CIh jk iuzm;a (Depletable Resources) kej; iajdNdjslj

m%;sW;amdokh (Replenishment) jSfuz yelshdj b;du;a wvq nejska huz
ksYaps; ld,hla ;=< tajd kej; we;sjSfuz yelshdj fkdie<lsh yels
;ruz l=vdh. Wod( ;U" LKsP' tfy;a kej; Pkkh l< yels
iuzm;a jk ffPj .yK (Renewable Resources) huz ldrAhhla i|yd
fhdod .kq ,enqjo lsishuz ld,hla ;+<oS tajd h:d ;Fjhg m;afjhs.
CIh jk tfy;a m%;splS%lrKh l< yels iuzm;a wdrA:sluh
m%;sW;amdokh (Economic Replenishment) ;=<ska m%lD;s ;Fjhg
(Recoverable) m;a l< yels W;af;aclh jkafka us< ugzguhs. lsishuz
LKsc \%jHhl us< jevs jSfuzoS, ksIamdolhl= tu ksOsh ;j \qrg;a
yerSug fy` wvq ixflaka\%khla iys; fjk;a ksOs fidhd hdu fy`
is\qjsh yelsh. tfia fkdue;s kuz wOs ;dCIKh fhdod f.k jvd;a
ldrAhCIu f,iska iuzm;a mdrsfN`ckhlg Tyq fm<fUhs.
wfkla w;g, CIh jk tfy;a m%;splS%lrKh l< yels YlH;d

ixps; jqjo mdjspzps lr wjika jsh yelsh (Exhausted)' lsishuz
99
iuzm;l CIh jSfuz iS>%;dj (Rate of Depletion) flfrys lreKq

.Kkdjla n,mdhs. iuzm; i|yd b,a,qu, tuÛska idokq ,nk ksus
NdKav j, l,a mj;akd nj yd tlS ksuejquz kej; mdjspzpshg
.ekSug we;s yelshdj wdosh ta w;r m%Odkh. us< b,a,quz kuH;dj
wkuH jk wjia:djloS yer NdKav j, us< u; tys b,a,quz m%udKh
;SrKh fjhs. ksuejqul l,a mj;akd nj w,q;a NdKavhla i|yd
jk b,a,qu wvq lrhs. tfukau kej; mdjspzpshg .; yels jSu w,q; a
NdKavhla fjkqfjka jk wdfoaYkhls. fuhg losu ksoiqkla f,i
nSu jrA. us<oS .ekSfuoS ysia fn`;,hla bosrsm;a l< hq;= jSu oelajsh
yelsh.
iuyr iajdNdjsl iuzm;a i|yd jk YlH;d ixps;fha m%udKh

tu iuzm;a .nvd fldg ;nd .ekSug we;s yelshdj u; ;SrKh
fjhs. WodyrKhla f,i yS,shuz jdhqj jdhq f.`,fhka Wlyd .ekSu
wdrA:sl jYfhka m,odhs fkdjk ksid wjYH m%udKh muKla .nvd
fldg ;nd .efkhs.
ish,qu CIh jk iuzm;a, m%;splS%lrKh fy` kej; mdjspzpshg

.ekSu fy` l< fkdyelsh. tkuz .,a wÛ=re, LKsc f;,a yd
iajNdjsl jdhqj jeks CIh jk Yla;s iuzm;a mrsfN`ckh;a iuÛu
wjika fjhs. tajd oykfhaos ta ;=< wka;rA.; Yla;Ska ;dm Yla;sh
njg m;ajk w;r ;dmh jdhq f.`,hg uqod yerSu;a iuÛu kej;
m%lD;s ;Fjhg m;a l< fkdyels fjhs. fmdiafmagz fmdfydr iuznkaO
;Fjho uSgu iudkh. fmdf<dfjka ,nd .kakd wemghsgz LKscfhka
yod.kq ,nk fuu fmdfydr j.d nsulg fh\q miqj kej;;a
tla/ia lr m%;splS%lrKh lsrSug mqMZjkalula fkdue;.
CIhjk iuzm;a i|yd ksYaps; mrsudjla mj;ss. CIhjk kej;

m%;splS%lrKh l< fkdyels iuzm;a jrA;udkfha mrsfN`ckhg
fkd.ekSfuka, wkd.; mrsfN`ckhg fhojsh yels jqj;a th ;SrKh
jkafka j;auka mrmqr ish mrsfN`ckfhka fldf;la m%udKhla
wkd.;h mrmqrg fjkqfjka lem lsrSug iqodkuzo hkak u;hs. CIh
jk tfy;a m%;splS%lrKh l< yels iuzm;a i|ydo we;af;a fujeksu
.eg,qjls. m%;splS%lrKh yd kej; Ndjs;h ;=<ska os.= ld,hla
mqrd mj;akd ixps; mdjspzpshg .; yelsh. mQrAK jYfhka ^tkuz
ishhg iShla& tjeks iuzm;a kHdhd;aulj m%;splS%lrKh l< yels
jqj;a fN!;sl yd m%dfh`.sl jYfhka m%;splS%lrK yelshdj Bg
jvd wvq fjhs. ksoiqkla f,i ;U f,`yh mQrAK jYfhka
m%;splS%lrKh l< yels jqj;a m%;splS%lrKfhaoS thska lsishuz
m%udKhla wmf;a hhs.
m%lD;su;a l< yels iuzm;a, CIh jk iuzm;aj,ska fjkia

jkafka tys iajdNdjsl m%;s W;amdok iuzmf;ys wLKavj .,d hEu
100
wdrCId lrk fyhsks. WodyrK f,i iQrAh Yla;sh, c,h, u;aiH

.yK, jk yd iFj iuzm;a ie,lsh yel. fujka iuyr iuzm;a
i|yd jk m%jdyfha wLKav nj yd mrsudj usksidf.a n,mEu u;
;SrKh fjhs. mdxY+ Ldokh fya;=fjka mia ksire nejska wdydr
ksIamdok m%jdyh wvqlrhs. tfy;a iQrAh Yla;sh jeks m%lD;su;a l<
yels m%jdy iuzm;a usksia n,mEu u; ;SrKh fkdjk w;r, j;auka
mrmqfrA mrsfN`ckh, wkd.; mrmqr fjkqfjka we;s iuzm;a
m%udKh wysus fkdlrhs.
tfiau iuyr m%lD;su;a l< yels iuzm;a .nvd l< yels

fyhska tuÛska ld,dkqrEmj iuzm;a fnod yerSu l<ukdlrKh l<
yel. WodyrKhla f,i w;srsla; wdydr f;d. jsOsu;a ixrCIKh
fy` jsOsu;a f,iska .nvd fkdl<fyd;a, blaukska jskdY jS hhs.
kuq;a jsOsu;a l<ukdlrKhla is\ql<fyd;a tu ixps;, wdydr ysÛ
jljdkqj,oS m%fh`ckhg .; yelsh.
m%lD;su;a l< yels iuzm;a .nvdlrKfhaoS CIh jk iuzm;a

.nvdlrKhg jvd fjkia fufyhla bgqfjhs. .nvdlrKh ksid
CIhjk iuzm;a wdrA:sluh M,odhs;dj oSrA> l< yels w;r
m%lD;su;a l< yels iuzm;a .nvd lsrSfuka ta i|yd jk b,a,qu yd
iemhqu wiu;=,s;;djka uÛ yrjd .ekSug WmldrSjkafka
w;srsla;hka W!K;djhka mrsmQrAK lsrSug .nvd fldg,
miqld,Skj fhdod .; yelsjk nejsks.
CIhjk iuzm;a jrA;udk yd wkd.; mrmqr w;r

fnod.ekSug;a, m%lD;s ;Fjhg m;a l< yels iuzm;a
l<ukdlrKfhaoS ldrAhCIu yd psria:dhs (Sustainable) m%jdyhla
we;s lsrSu;a iuzm;a l<ukdlrKfha oS jsiªuz fijSug we;s m%Odk
wNsfh`. fjhs.
Hanley, N., J.F. Shogren and B. White (1997). “Environmental

Economics in Theory and Practice”, Oxford University Press,
Oxford, U.K.
101
yhjk mrspzfPAoh
6' m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iuzm;a
l<ukdlrKfha uq, OrAu

m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iuzm;a iajNdjslj we;s jk w;r

tajd we;s jk is>%;dj b;d wvq jk nejska usksidf.a ie,iquz ld,h
(Planning Horizon) ;=< fuzjd m%;sIaGdmkh fkdfjz. flfia jqjo fuz
iuzm;a kej; m%;sIaGdmkh lsrSug yelshdjla iajNdjsl mrsirhg
kHdhslj we;. fufia fuz iuzm;a kej; we;s jSug jrAI us,shk
.Kkla .; jk nejska fuz iuzm;aj, ia:djr f;d.hla (Fixed
Stock) we;s nj ie,fla. fuu f;d.fhka fldgila bj;a lr Ndjs;
l< jsg tu fldgi kej; m%;sIaGdmkh jSula is\q fkdfjz. fuu
kej; m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels lu ksid kej; m%;sIaGdmkh l<
fkdyels iuzm;a wdY%s; lrAudka; tfia l< yels lrAudka; iuÛ
iiok jsg m%Odk fjkialuz 3 la fmkakquz lrhs.
fuu fjkialuz jgyd .ekSu i|yd kej; kej; is\ql< yels

lDIslrAudka;h jeks wdrA:sl l%shdjla i,lkak. ukd
l<ukdlrKhla hgf;a j.d nsulska iEu lkakhlu wiajkq ,nd
.; yels fjz. flfia kuq\q kej; m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels
iuzm;la oS we;s ia:djr f;d.fhka wo huz fldgila Ndjs; l<fyd;a
th kej; lsis oskl Ndjs; l< fkdyel. tuksid fujka iuzm;la
ksiaidrKh lrk m;,a ysushl= Tyq i;= jsp,H ksIamdok idOlj,
l=uk ixfhdaPkhla ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod.kafkao hk .egMZjg
wu;rj ^fuh idudkH ksIamdolhl= uqyqK fok m%Odk .egMZjhs&,
ksiaidrKh lrk tall .Kk ld,h iuÛ fjkia jsh hq;af;a
flfiao hkako ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h. tuksid fuu iuzm;a
ksiaidrKfhaoS ld,h b;d jeo.;a ;ekla Wiq,hs. fuh kej;
m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iuzm;a l<ukdlrKfhaoS olakg we;s
m<uqjk fjkihs.
fojkqj, fuu iuzm;a ksiaidrKfhaoS wo ksiaidrKh lrk foa

kej; lsis oskl ksiaidrKh l< fkdyels ksid wfkl=;a
lrAudka;j, olakg fkd,efnk wkaofuz wu;r wdjia:sl msrsjehla
we;. fuu wjia:sl msrsjeh, Ndjs; msrsjeh (User Cost) fyda ysÛlfuz
l=,sh (Scarcity Rent) hk jpkj,ska ye|skafjz. fuf,i Ndjs;
m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iuzm;a l<ukdlrKfha uq, OrAu
msrsjehla we;s jsgl, wdrA:sl jsoHdfjzoS idudkHfhka olakg we;s

iu;=,s;;d ,Ìh jk wdka;sl msrsjeh us<g iudk fkdfjz. ta
fjkqjg us<g iudkjkqfha wdka;sl msrsjeh yd Ndjs; msrj s eh hk
fofla tl;=jhs.
f;jkqj, m;,a ysushl= iEu jsglu uqyqk fok .egMZjla jkafka

m;f,a we;s uqMZ iuzm;a m%udKhu wo ksiaidrKh lr tu uqo,
jsl,am wdfhdaPkhlg fhoSfuka nexl=fjz ;ekam;a lsrSfuka jeks
wdrA:sl ls%hdjlska Tyqg ,efnk wdodhu;a tla;rd iS>%;djhlska
iuzm;a ksiaidrKh lsrSfuka Tyqg ,efnk wdodhu;a hk folska
l=ulska ;u ,dNh Wmrsu jkafkao hkakhs.
fuz wkqj kej; m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iuzm;la

ksiaidrKh lrk m;,a ysushl=
1. fld;ruz blaukska iuzm;a ksiaidrKh l< hq;=o@
2. wkd.;fha tla tla ld, tallhka ysoS fldmuK
m%udKhla ksiaidrKh l< hq;=o@
3. ld,h;a iuÛ iuzm;a ys us< flfia fjkia l< hq;=o@
hk .egMZ, wfkl=;a wdldrfha ksIamdokhl fhfok wfhl= uqyqK

fok .egMZ j,g wu;rj, jsi|d .; hq;=h.
fuz lreKq ;j\qrg;a jgyd .ekSu i|yd oeka wms ir, wdrA:sl
wdlD;shla f.dv k.d .uq. tu wdrA:sl wdlD;sfhaoS m;,a ysushd Tyq
i;=j we;s uqMZ iuzm;a m%udKh ksjerosj okakd nj;a, ksiaidrKfha
msrsjeh iuzm;a f;d.h wvqjk jsg by< hk nj;a ^f;d.fha
m%udKh wvq jk jsg ksiaidrKh wmyiq jk ksid&, iuzmf;ys us<
fkdfjkiaj mj;sk nj;a Wml,amkh lruq. tfukau tu
ksIamdolhd ld, tall folloS uqMZ iuzm;u ksiaidrKh lrk njo
Wml,amkh lruq. fuh ;rula \qrg h:drA:fhka wE;a jk
Wml,amkhla jqj;a, bka ,nd .kakd m%;sM, ld, tall TzkEu
.Kkdjla i|yd myiqfjka jHdma; l, yels ksid tu Wml,amkh
u.ska wmf.a jsYaf,aIkh h:drA;fhka wE;a fkdlrhs.
by; oelajQ Wml,amk hgf;a ksIamdolhd uqyqk fok .egMZj

jkafka m<uq ld, tallfhaoS ^jrAIfhaoS& yd fojk tallfhaoS l=uk
m%udK j,ska iuzm;a ksiaidrKh lsrSu u.ska ;u ,dNh Wmrsu lr
.;yels fjzo hkakhs. Tyq i;= uqMZ iuzm;a m%udKh my;
iuSlrKh u.ska oelafjkafka hhs i,lkak.

ksIamdolhl= fmd\qfjz us< yd wdka;sl msrsjeh iudk jk jsg iu;=,s;;djhg m;afjz' fuh
ms<sn| jevs jsia;r Varian ^1990) 18 jk mrspzfPaoh" Nicholson ^1997&" 7 jk mrspzfPaofhys
olajd we;'
104
Q  Q1  Q2
Q
= we;s uqMZ iuzm;a m%udKh
Q1 = m<uq jifrAoS ksiaidrKh lrk m%udKh
Q2 = fojk jifrAoS ksiaidrKh lrk m%udKh
ksIamdolhdg iuzm;a tallhlg ,efnk us, P yd Tyqf.a uqMZ

ksIamdok msrsjeh C(Q) fjz hhs i,lkak. C(Q) hkafkka woyia
jkafka msrsjeh ksiaidrKh lrk m%udKfha Y%s;hla jk njhs. tjsg
Tyq m<uq jir ;=< ,nk ,dNh () my; wkaoug oelajSug mqMZjk.
 1  PQ1  C (Q1 )
tf,iu fojk jrAIfha oS ,dNh
 2  PQ2  C (Q2 )
fuysoS m;,a ysushd ;u ,dNh Wmrsu lrkafka .;sl ;Fj

(Dynamic) hgf;aoSh. fuu ,dNh Wmrsu lsrSu ia:s;sl (Static)
;FjfhaoS ,dNh Wmrsu lsrSug jvd fjkia fjz. tfia jkafka ld,
tall .Kkdjl ,efnk ,dN jrA;udkhg mrsjrA;kh lr ne,sh
hq;= nejsks. fuysoS Tyq wkd.;fha ,nk ,dN jrA;udkfhaoS ,nk
,dN j,g jvd wvqfjka w.h lrhs. fuu uq,OrAuh jgzguz lsrSu
(Discounting) jYfhka wdrA:sl jsoHdfjzoS y|qkajhs. jgzguz lsrSu
usksidf.a wdrA:sl yeisrSfuz tla m%Odk wx.hls.
fuh meyeos,s lsrSu i|yd ir, WodyrKhla i,luq. remsh,a

100 l uqo,la Tng ,nd fok whl= th wo osk fyda i;s lSmhlska
,nd oSug woyia l<fyd;a, Tn ieujsgu th wo ,nd .ekSug
W;aidy lrhs. tfia lrkqfha i;s lsysmhlska ,efnk remsh,a 100ys
jgskd lu wo ,efnk remsh,a 100 g jvd wvq nejsks.
usksidf.a fuu uq,sl yeisrSu wdrA:sl jsYaf,aIkj, wka;rA.;

lsrSu i|yd wdrA:sl jsoHd{hska wkd.;fha ,efnk wdodhuz jgzguz
lsrSulg ,la lrhs.
fuz wkqj jgzguz wkqmd;h r fjzkuz m;,a ysushdf.a uqMZ ,dNfha

jrA;udk w.h  jkafka
105
1   2

(1  r )1
fuz wkqj m;,a ysushd m<uq jifrAoS yd fojk jifrAoS

ksiaidrKh lrk m%udKh ;Srkh lr ;u ,dNh Wmrsu lrhs.
fuu ,dNh Wmrsu lsrSu my; oelafjk wkaoug oelajsh yel.
PQ2  C (Q2 )
Max Q1,Q 2  PQ1  C (Q1 ) 
1 r
St  Q  Q1  Q 2
fuu ,dN Wmrsu lsrSfuz .egMZj ,ef.%akaPshka Y%s;hla

(Lagrangian Function) jYfhka my; wkaoug oelajSug mqMZjk .
PQ2  C (Q2 )  
L  PQ1  C (Q1 )    Q  Q1  Q2 
1 r  
 = ,ef.a%kaPshka .=Klh
by; .Ks;uh .egMZj jsi|Sfuka my; i|yka m%:u fm< wjYH

;Fj (First Order Necessary Conditions) ,efnz.
P  C ' (Q1 )  
P  C ' (Q1 )

1 r
by; m<uq iuSlrKhg wkqj ,ef.a%kaPshka .=Klh ^&, us,

yd wdka;sl msrsjeh (C’(Q)) w;r fjkig iudk fjz. by; i|yka
l< mrsos tu fjki iuzm;a ksiaidrKfha Ndjs; msrsjehhs. wdka;sl
msrsjeh (MC(Q 1)) jYfhka oelajqjfyd;a by; m%:u fm<
wjYH;djhka my; wkaoug f.dkq lr oelajSug mqMZjk.
106
P  MC (Q2 )
P  MC (Q1 ) 
(1  r )
by; iuSlrKfhka fmkajkafka m<uq wjia:dfjz Ndjs; msrsjeh

fojk wjia:dfjz Ndjs; msrsjefha jrA;udk w.hg iudk jk jsg
m;,a ysushd ;u ,dNh Wmrsulr .kakd njhs' fuu .egMZj ld,
tall foll .egMZjla ksid
P  MC (Q2 )
P  MC (Q1 ) 
(1  r )
kuz, m;,a ysushd uqMZ m;f,au we;s iuzm;a m<uq jifrAoS ksiaidrKh
lr ,efnk uqo, nexl=fjz ;ekam;a lsrSfuka ;u ,dNh Wmrsu
lr.kS. tf,iu
P  MC (Q2 )
P  MC (Q1 ) 
(1  r )
fjz kuz m;,a ysushd uqMZ iuzm;a m%udKhu fojk jifrAoS
ksiaidrKh lsrSug ;nd .ekSfuka ;u ,dNh Wmrsu lr.kS. m<uq
jifrA Ndjs; msrsjeh yd fojk jifrA Ndjs; msrsjefha jrA;udk
jgskdlu iudk jk wjia:dfjzoS ksIamdolhd Q 1 yd Q2 hk m%udK
m<uq yd fojk jifrAoS ksiaidrKh lsrSu u.ska ;u ,dNh Wmrsu
lr.kS. fuu wdlD;sh jir follg jvd jevs ld,hla i|yd
myiqfjka oSrA> l< yel. fuysoS
P  MC (Q1 )  R1
f,i i,lkak.
R2 = fojk jrAIfhaoS Ndjs; msrsjefha jrA;udk w.h, R3 = ;=kajk

jifrA Ndjs; msrsjefha jrA;udk w.h.
tjsg jir .Kkdjla i|yd tu iuSlrKh
R2 R3 Rn
R1   2
........
(1  r ) (1  r ) (1  r ) n1
107
jYfhka ,sjSug mqMZjk. bka lshjkqfha ,dNh Wmrsu lrk m;,a

ysushl= tla tla ld, tallj,oS ,efnk Ndjs; msrsjefha jrA;udk
w.h iudk jk ,CIfhaoS ksiaidrKh lrk m%udKh ;SrKh lrk
njhs.
by; iuSlrKh foi jsuis,af,ka n,k whl=g Ndjs; msrsjefha

kdusl w.h ld,h;a iuÛ by, hdhq;= nj fmkShhs. tfia jkafka
fojk, f;jk wdoS jYfhka ld,h blaufj;au Ndjs; msrsjeh by<
w.hkaj,ska jgzguz jk nejsks. tfia Ndjs; msrsjefha kdusl w.h
by, hdug fya;=j jkafka l,ah;au Ndjs;fha we;s uqMZ m%udKh
l%udkql+,j wvq jS hk nejsks' fuh ;j\qrg;a jgyd .ekSu i|yd
kej;;a by; iuSlrKh jrAI folla i|yd ,shuq. tjsg
R2
R1 
1 r
fuu iuSlrKh iqMZ lsrSfuka my; i|yka iuSlrKh ,nd

.ekSug mQMZjk.
R2  R1
r
R1
bka fmkShkafka Ndjs; msrsjeh jgzguz wkqmd;fha iS>%;djhka

jrAOkh jsh hq;= njhs. fuu uq,OrAuh fydfg,skaf.aa (Hotelling’s)
uq,OrAuh jYfhka ye|skafjz. fuh igyka wxl 6'1 u.ska fmkajd oS
we;.
108
us< MC us< MC
P P
p-mc(qt) p-mc(qt+1)
0 qt 0 qt+1
ksiaidrKh ksiaidrKh
lrk m%udKh lrk m%udKh
Period t Period t+1
igyka wxl 6'1( fydfg,skaf.a uq, OrAuh
igyfka we;s wkaoug ,dNh Wmrsu lsrSu i|yd fojk jifrA

Ndjs; msrsjeh ^ysÛlfuz l=,sh P-MC(Q 2)) r m%;sY;hlska m<uq jifrA
ysÛlfuz l=,shg jvd by< hd hq;=hs.
kej; m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iuzm;la ksiaidrKh lrk

m;,a ysushl= ;u ,dNh Wmrsu lsrSu i|yd tla tla ld, tallfhaoS
ksiaidrKh lrk m%udKh ;SrKh lrk uq,OrAuh jgyd f.k
isgsuq. fuz uq,OrAuhg wkqj tla tla ld,fha oS ksiaidrKh jk
iuzm;a m%udKh fjkia jkafka flfiao hkak oeka i,ld n,uq.
fuysoS m;,a ysushd ksiaidrKh lrk ,o iuzm;a mqrAK ;rÛldrS
fj<|fmd<l jsl=Kkafka hhs is;uq. tjsg Tyq uqyqK fok us< ksh;
ksid Ndjs; msrsjeh (P-MC(Q)) ld,h;a iuÛ jevs jSug kuz MC(Q)
ld,h;a iuÛ wvq jsh hq;=hs. Tyqg ld,h;a iuÛ ;u wdka;sl
msrsjeh wvq lr .; yelafla wvq m%udk j,ska ksiaidrKh lsrSu
u.sk.s fuz wkqj ksiaidrKh lrk m%udKhkaf.a m:h igyka wxl
6'2 olajd we;s wdldrhla .kS.
109
ksiaidrK lrk m%udKh
ld,h
igyka wxl 6'2( ksiaidrKh lrk m%udKh ld,h;a iuÛ fjkia

jk wkaou
by; igyfka olajd we;s wkaoug kej; m%;sIaG dmkh l<

fkdyels iuzm;lska tla ksIamdok wdh;khla ksiaidrKh lrk
m%udKh ld,h;a iuÛ wvq jk nj jgyd .ksu.q fuz wkaouska wod,
lrAudka;fha ishMZu ksIamdok wdh;k ;u ksIamdok m%udKh
ld,h;a iuÛ wvq l<fyd;a, lrAudka; fha iemhqu wvq fjz. tfia
jqjfyd;a, wdrA:sl jsoHdkql=,j tu iuzmf;ys us< ld,h;a iuÛ jevs
jsh hq;=h.s wmf.a myiqj i|yd uq,oS us< fkdfjkiajk nj
Wml,amkh l<;a kej; m%;sIaGdmkh jk iuzm;l us< ld,h
iuÛ by< hdhq;= nj fuhska fmkakquz flfrA. fuz wkqj Ndjs;
msrsjeh ksh; ugzgul ;nd .ekSu us< by< hEu u.ska yd
ksiaidrKh lrk m%udKh ld,h;a iuÛ wvq lsrSfuka hk l%u fol
u.skau is\q lr .ekSug mqMZjk. ;rula ixlSrAK jk ksid fuysoS
.Ks;uh jYfhka fmkajd kq\qkako, kej; m%;sIaGdmkh l<
fkdyels iuzm;l us< ld,h;a iuÛ jgzguz wkqmd;hg jvd wvq
iS>%;djlska by< hk nj fmkajd oSug mqMZjk .
by; jsia;r l< ir, wdrA:sl wdlD;sh u.ska kej;

m%;aIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iuzm;a ldrAhCIuj Ndjs; lsrSu ms,sn|j
jeo.;a uq,OrAu .Kkdjla bf.k .;su.q tajd kuz
1. iuzm;ska ksiaidrKh lrk m%udKh ld,h;a iuÛ wvqfjz.
2. Ndjs; msrsjefha, fyda ysÛlfuz l=,sfhys kdusl w.h jgzguz
wkqmd;fha iS>%;djfhka ld,h;a iuÛ jevsfjz.
3. ysÛlfuz l=,sfhys jrA;udk jgskdlu (Present Value of Scarcity
Rent) ksh;j mj;S.
110
4. kej; m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iuzm;aj, us< ld,h;a iuÛ

by< hhs.
fuz wkqj fmkS hkafka ia:djr f;d.hla we;s kej;

m%;aIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iuzm;a ld,h;a iuÛ l%ufhka wvq jk
njhs. fuu iuzm;a jrA;udkfha iemj;a PSjs; hla i|yd w;HjYH
jk iuzm;a fjz. WodyrKhla f,i LKsP f;,a ie,lSug mqMZjk.
LKsP f;,a iemhqu ld,h;a iuÛ wvqjk nj;a, tajfha us< ld,h;a
iuÛ by< hk nj;a wmf.a ir, wdrA:sl wdlD;sh u.ska fmkajd
fohs. l,ska fidhd f.k fkd;snq ksOs fidhd .ekSu;a, ;dCIKsl
oshqKqj;a ksid LKsP f;,a i|yd fuh ;djld,slj is\q fkdjk njla
jrA;udkfha olakg ,enqko, wjidkfhaoS huz oskl tjka iuzm;aj,
ysÛlug uqyqK oSug udkj m%Pdjg is\qjkq we;' fuysoS ta i|yd jk
jsi|qu jkafka tjka iuzm;a i|yd jk kej; m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels
wdfoaYlhka fidhd .ekSu;a tu wdfoaYlhkays msrsjeh wvq lrk
wkaofuz ;dCIKsl oshqkqjla w;a lr .ekSu;ah. oekg iqrAhh Yla;sh
LKsP f;,a i|yd fyd| wdfoaYlhla jqj;a tys .nvdlr ;nd
.ekSug jehjk msrsjeh wOsl lu;a, LKsP f;,a Ndjs; lrk ishMZu
foa i|yd th Ndjs; lsrSug fkdyels lu;a hk wvqmdvq ksid iqrAhh
Yla;sh ;ju;a LKsP f;,a iZ|yd mqrAK wdfoaYlhla fkdfjz.
;dCIksl oshqKqj u.ska th Ndjs;d lsrSfuz we;s .egMZ yd msrsjeh wvq
lrk l%u fidhd.; fyd;a, LKsP f;,a j,ska f;drj jrA;udkfha
w;a js|sk fN!;sl PSjk ;Fjhka os.gu w;a jsoSfuz yelshdjla udkj
m%Pdjg ,efnkq we;. j;auka mrmqfrA ldrAhNdrhjkafka wdfoaYk
fidhd .ekSu yd" tajdfha msrsjeh wvq lr .; yels l%u .ek jv
jvd;a mrAfhaIKj, ksr; jSuhs.

Berk, P. (1995). “Emperical Consquences of the Hotellings Principle”, in
The Handbook of Environmental Economics”, Ed. D.W. Bromley
Gordon, R.L. (1995). “Minerals Policy”, in The Handbook of
Environmental Economics, Ed. D.W. Bromley Blackwell
Publishers, Oxford, U.K.
Oxford, U.K.
111
y;ajk mrspzfPAoh
7' m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iuzm;a
m%;splS%lrK l<ukdlrKh

by; mrspzfPaofha oS kej; m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iuzm;a

l<ukdlrKfha uq,OrAu ms<sn|j wOHhkhl fh\qfkuq. by;oS
wjidkfha l< ks.uk ishMZu kej; m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels
iuzm;a i|yd fmd\qfjz wod, jqjo, tajd jvd;a iuSm jkafka LKsP
f;,a, iajNdjsl .Eia, .,a wÛ=re iy hqfrAkshuz jeks m%;splS%lrKh
l< fkdyels iuzm;a i|ydh. iuyrla kej; m%;sIaGdmkh l<
fkdyels iuzm;a m%;splS%lrKh lsrSug mqMZjk. WodyrK f,i
fndfyda LKsP jrA., jS\qre wdosh ie,lSug mqMZjk. fuzjd Yla;sh
Pkkh lrk iuzm;a fuka Ndjs;d l< jsg ;dm Yla;sh njg m;a jS
w;=reoyka fkdfjz. fuu iuzm;aj, fN!;sl yd ridhksl ,CIk
fndfyduhla Ndjs;fha oS fjkia fkdjk ksid tajd m%;splS%lrKh
lsrSug mqMZjk. tjka iuzm;a l<ukdlrKfhaoS Ndjs;d l< yels
uq,OrAu yhjk mrspzfPaofha i|yka l< tajdg jvd ;rula fjkia
fjz. fuu mrspzfPaofhka tu iuzm;a l<ukdlrKh ms<sn|j jsia;r
flfrA.
LKsP iuzm;a Ndjs;fha b;sydih i,lk jsg uq,au ld,

mrspzfPAo j,oS jvd;a fyd| ;Fjfha LKsc ksOs Ndjs;hg .eKqk
w;r, tajd wjika jSfuka miqj wvq idka\%Khla iys; ksOs Ndjs;hg
yd Wiia ugzgfuz hmia fjkqjg fjk;a wdfoaYlhka Ndjs;hg
fmf<UsKs.
;dCIKfha oshqKqj;a iuÛu m%jdykh myiqjq fyhska wvq

.=Kd;aul njla iys; hmia Ndjs;h jqjo msrsjeh jevs jSulg fya;=
fkdfjhs. ksOsfha leKSuz lghq;= wmyiq jk jsg jevs jk leKSuz
msrsjehg wkqremj Wiia ;Fjfha LKsc \%jHj, us< ugzguo by<
hhs. uSg iudka;rj kd.rSl rKh yd Pk.yk ixflaka\%kh ksid
wm\%jH bj; ,Sfuz msrsjeho jevs jsh. ksoiqkla f,i miq .sh ish
jia fol ;=< wefursld tli;a ckmofha ck.yk jrAOkh;a iuÛu
kd.rslj yd wrAO kd.rsl j (Sub-urban) N+us mrsfN`ckh jevs jq
w;r ck.ykh tu m%foaYhka fj; flaJ\% .; jSfuka wm\%jH bj;
oeuSfuz .eg,qj jvd;a ;oska biau;= jsh. w;S;fha N+ush iSudldrS
m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iuzm;a m%;splS%lrK l<ukdlrKh
idOlhla fkdjq w;r wm\%jH j<,d oeuSug yels jsh. tfy;a ld,h;a
iuÛ bvuz Ndjs;h by< hdu ksid th iSus; yd jevs jgskdlula
iys; iuzm;la njg m;ajq w;r ta iuÛu wm\%jH je<,Su i|yd
bvuz Ndjs;h wdrA:sl jYfhka M,odhs fkdjSh. thg wu;rj
mdrsirsl jeo.;alu jevsjSu fya;=fjkao wm\%jH je<,Su jvd;a wvq
jsh.
fufia ksIamdok msrsjeh yd wm\%jH bj; oeuSfuz msrsjeh jevs

jSu;a iuÛu, m%;splS%lrKh flfrys jevs wjOdkhla fhduqjsh.
m%lD;su;a l< \%jHhka ksIamdok pl%hg kej; yªkajdoSu ;=<ska
m%;spl%SlrKh kj iuzm;a ksOs mrsfN`ckh j<ld,k jsl,amhla jq
w;r bj; ouk \%jH m%udKh wvq lsrSugo iu;a jsh. fuysoS
mdrsfN`.slhskao ksIamdolhska fiau fj<|fmd< b,a,qu yd iemhqu
hk fowxYfhkau jeo.;a ldrAhNdrhla bgq lrhs. fkdbª,a wuq\%jH
(Vergin Raw Materials) ksmojk ,o NdKavj, us<, m%;splS%lrKh
l< \%jHj,ska ksmojk ,o NdKavj, us<g jvd jevs nj okakd
mdrsfN`.slhd .=Kd;aul njska wvq fkdfjz kuz, m%;splS%lrKh l<
wuq\%jHj,ska ksmojk ,o NdKav us<oS .ekSug fmf<fUhs.
fuysoS mdrsfN`.slhkag bj; oeuSfuz msrsjeh oerSug is\qjk

fyhska, Tjqka mrsfN`ckhg .;a m%;splS%lrKh l< yels \%jH, tajd
tl;= lsrSfuz uOHia:dk fj; ,nd oSfuka tu msrsjeh wvq lr .;
yels w;r tfia Ndr fok wkjYH NdKav fjkqfjka uQ,Hhu
m%;s,dNhla o ,ensh yelsh. m%udKh wvq fyhska mdrsfN`.slhl=g
iuyr NdKav fjka lsrSfuz yd m%lD;su;a lsrSfuz msrsjeh wOsl jqj;a
jevs f;d. m%udKhla we;s nejska k.riNd jeks wdh;k j,g th
ldrAhCIu l<yelsh.
m%;splS%lrKh ld,dkqrEmj by< hkafka w,q;ska kj LKsc

ksOs leKSfuzos;a, m%fh`ckhg .;a iuzm;a wmyrKfha;a mj;sk wOsl
msrsjeh fya;=fjks. fuz wkqj ld,h;a iuÛ m%;splS%lrKh jevs
jevsfhka is\qjsh hq;=h. flfia jqjo m%;spl%SlrK msrsjeho ld,h
iuÛ by< hd yel. tuksid ksmehquz ls%hdj,sfha oS fjkia luz
is\qjsh yel' ksIamdolhska m%;splS%lrKh l< wuq \%jH Ndjs;hg
yqrejk w;ru tajdg irs,k fia Tjqkaf.a ksIamdokho ie,iquz lrhs.
fujekakla fndfy` jsg wm \%jH (Waste Materials) us<oS .kakd
ksfh`cs;hd (Agent) yd ksIamdolhd w;r we;s iuznkaO;dj u;
mokuz fjz. uSg ksoiqkla f,i \qrl:k iud.ula ish wm\%jH neyer
lsrSfuz msrsjeh wju lsrSu i|yd ;U luzns ksmojSu oelajsh yelsh.
m%;splS%lrKh l< yels \%jHj,ska ;ekq jsfYaIs; u,q Ndjs; lsrSfuka
wm\%jH /ia lsrSfuz msrsjeh ;rula wvq lr.; yelsjSu uSg ;j;a
WodyrKhls. fuf,i ksIamodlhska m%;spl%SlrKh l< wuq \%jH u;
jv jvd;a hefmk ugzgulg m;a jk w;ru, Tjqka ;u ksIamdok
114
;dCIKh jv jvd m%;splS%lrKh l< wuq \%jH Ndjs; l< yels
wkaoug fjkia lrhs.
mrspzfPao wxl 6 ys jsia;r l< wdldrhg m%;splS%lrKh l<

fkdyels iuzm;a tla;rd ld, iSudjloS wjika fjz. tu iuzm;a
i|yd wdfoaYlhka we;akuz, tu wdfoaYlfha ksiaidrl msrsjeh,
iuzmf;ys ksiaidrl msrsjehg jvd wvq jq jsg, ksIamdolhska
wdfoaYlh Ndjs; hg .ekSu wrUhs. flfia j;=\q, iuzm;a
m%;splS%lrKh l< yels kuz, m%;splS%lrK msrsjeh yd ksiaidrl
msrsjeh wkqj iuzm;a Ndjs;d lrk ld,h ;Srkh fjz. m%;spl%SlrK
msrsjeh ksiaidrl msrsjehg jvd wvq kuz ^wju jYfhka iudk kuz&
wdfoaYlh flfrys keUqre jSu fjkqjg ksIamdolhska m%;splS%lrKh
flfrys fm,fUz. tuksid iuzmf;ys PSjs; ld,h oSrA> lsrSula
m%;spl%SlrKh u.ska is\qfjz hhs lSug mqMZjk.
7'1 wm\%jHh bj;,Sfuz ;SrKh

ksIamdokfha os yd mrsfNdaPkfha oS bj;,k iqkanqka f,i
iqkanqka b;d ir, f,i jrA. l< yel. ksIamdok lS%hdj,sfhaoS
kej; Ndjs;d l< fkdyels oE bj;,kq ,efnz. ksoiqkla f,i, jdfka
luzns ksIamdofhaoS b;srsjk l=vd len,s oelajsh yel. “mrK iqkanqka”
mdrsfN`.slhska jsiska NdKav m%fh`ckhg .ekSu ksid we;s fjhs.
ksIamdokd.drfhka bj;,k oE m%;spl%SlrKh, Ndjs; l< NdKav
j, iqkanqka m%;splS%lrKhg jvd myiq jkafka tu iqkanqk a
luzyf,aoSu we;s jk ksid m%jdyk msrsjehla rys;ju ksIamdok
l%Shdj,shg kej; tla l< yels jk fyhsks. m%jdyk .dia;=, Ndjs;
l< iuzm;a m%;splS%lrK msrsjefhys ie,lshhq;= w.hls. ksIamdok
ls%hdj,sfhaos bj;,k oE luzyf,ka msg;g hdula is\q fkdjk ksid
ksIamdolhdf.a md,kh hgf;a /fohs. Tyq tajd Wmfh`.Sfldg f.k
kj ksrAudK nsys lsrSug fm<fUhs. m%;splS%lrK ls%hdj,sh ;=<ska
iqkanqka bj; oeuSfuz msrsjeh wju lr.; yels fyhska fj<|fmd< ta
i|yd ldrAhCIu yd M,odhs f,i yev.efihs.
tfy;a, fujeks ;Fjhla bj;,k merKs iqkanqka fjkqfjka

oelsh fkdyelsh. ta i|yd jk fj<|fmd< wldrAhCIu f,i
yeisfrkafka mdrsfN`.slhska Tjqkaf.a Ndjs;d l< NdKav bj;,Su
i|yd jk uqMZ wdka;sl iudc msrsjeh ord fkd.kakd ksidh. tys
m%;sM,hla jYfhka Tjqka msrsis\q wuq\%jH fhdod ksmojkq ,nk \%jH
Ndjs;hg fhdod .kS. fujeks msrsjeh wka;rA.; fkdjSug fya;=j
jkafka ta i|yd osrs.ekajSula (Incentives) fkdue;s ksidh.
WodyrKhla jYfhka Tn i;= ;j\qrg;a m%fh`ckhg .; fkdyels
.Dyia: NdKavhla mj;s hehs is; uq. th Tng bj; jsis lsrsug fy`
115
m%;splS%lrKh lsrSu i|yd hejSug fy` yelsh. tkuz, m<uq jsl,amh

fjkqfjka bj;,Sfuz msrsjehla oersh hq;= w;r, fojeks jsl,amh
fjkqfjka m%jdyk msrsjehla oersh hq;=h.
bj;,k wm\%jH tl;= lsrSu fjkqfjka msrsjehla oerejo th

by; m%jdyk msrsjeh yd ieioSu \qIalr jkafka tu msrsjeh k.r
iNd u.ska ork nejsks. kuq;a n\qZ yd jrsmkuz f,iska jl%dlrfhka
tu msrsjeh uyckhd jsiskau orkq ,nhs. tfy;a, fuu l%u folu
i|yd wm\%jH bj; ,Su fjkqfjka mqoa.,hl= fl,skau f.jSula
fkdlrkafka ta i|yd Tyqg oerSug is\qjk wdka;sl msrsjeh
fkdie,lsh yels ;ruz l=vd jk ksidh. tfy;a ta i|yd jk iudcSh
msrsjeh uSg jvd jsYd,h. mqoa.,sl yd iudPSh wdka;sl msrsjeh w;r
fjki we;s jS we;af;a wm \%jH bj;,Su u.ska we;sjk mrsir \QIk
nysrA;djhka ksidh.
igyka wxl 7'1 ys m%;splS%lrK msrsjeh yd bj;,Sfuz msrsjeh

olajd we;. igyfkys olajd we;s wkaoug bj; ,Efuz iudP msrsjeh'
tys mqoa.,sl msrsjehg jvd jevs wjia:djl oS fj<|fmd< u.ska we;s
lrk iu;=,s;;dj wldrAhCIu fjz. fuu iu;=,s;;dj ;SrKh
jkafka m%;splS%lrK msrsjeh yd bj; ,Efuz msrsjeh iudk jk
,CIfhaoSh. Qp ,CIfhka fmkakquz lrkqfha mqoa.,sl ;SrK j,g
wkqj ,efnk iu;=,s;;d bj;,k yd m%;splS%lrKhg ,lajk
iqkanqka m%udK hhs. QS ,CIfhka Bg wkqrEm ldrAhCIu iu;=,s;
,CIh fmkakquz lrhs. fuu ,CI fol iei|Sfuka jegfykafka
fj<|fmd< l%uh ;=<, bj; ,Efuz iudP msrsjeh tys mqoa.,sl
msrsjehg jvd jevs jsgl, m%Yia; m%udKfha m%;splS%lrKhla is\q
fkdjk njhs. tuksid rPh u.ska we;s l< hq;= m%;sm;a;suh
ueosy;a jSula m%;splS%lrKfha oS wjYH fjz.
by; jsia;r l< fj<|fmd< wiudrA:h ksjeros lsrSu i|yd

mdrsfN`.slhka wdka;sl wmyrK msrsjeh ord .; hq;= hehs rch
m%;sm;a;suh f,i m%ldYhg m;a l<fyd;a, m%;splS%lrKh i|yd \%jH
iemhSu flfrys th jevs n,mEula we;slrhs. ta yd iuÛu Tjqka,
bj; oeuSug yels \%jH jqjo Ndjs;hg fm<fUhs. fuu ;Fjh ;j
;j;a mqMZ,a jkafka kuz, jevs jevsfhka iuzm;a msrsueiSug iy
m%;splS%lrK uOHia:dk fj; fhduq lsrSu i|yd keUqre;djhla
tu.ska we;s lrhs' fuz i|yd jk idudkH msrsjeh wvqlr .ekSu
;=<ska mrsudKksh l=< M, (Economies of Scale) w;am;a lr.;
yelsh. m%fh`ckhg .;a NdKavj, iqkanqka tl;== lsrsfuz
fj<|fmd<la (Old Scrap Market) f.dvke.Sug yd th jrAOkh lsrSu
i|ydo tu.ska hym;a m%jk;djla we;s flfrhs.
116
msrsjeh msrsjeh
M CP M CS
M CR
Qp Qs
m %; sp l %Sl r K h 0 % 1 00 %
l<
b j ; , Eu
1 00 % 0%
igyka wxl 7'1( m%;splS%lrKfha ldrAhCIu ugzgu
MCP – bj; ,Efuz mqoa.,sl wdka;sl msrsjeh

MCS – bj; ,Efuz iudPSh wdka;sl msrsjeh
MCR – m%;splS%lrK msrsjeh
b;d wvq wmyrK msrsjehla we;s jsg is\qjk iuzm;aj,

wldrAhCIu fnodyerSuz foÌh ksjeros lrSu i|yd ls%hd ms<sfj;a
lsysmhla bosrsm;a l< yelsh. wmyrKfhaoS oerSug is\qjk iudc
msrsjeh mdrsfN`.slhd u; megjSu tla jsi|quls. tfy;a fuz i|yd
;rula ixlSrAK ls%hdoduhla wkq.ukh lsrSug is\qfjhs. tu ksid
ldrAhCIu;dj, wm\%jH j, us<, nr yd m%udKh u; muKla fkdj
ridhksl ixhq;sh wkqjo ;SrKh fjhs. wdmiq ,nd.; yels
;ekam;=jla (Refundable Deposit) ;enSu ;j;a jsi\qula f,i oelajsh
yelsh. nSu fn`;,a wf,jsfhaos fuu l%uh fndfy` fihska Ndjs; fjhs.
117
wdmiq ,nd.; yels ;ekam;=jla ;enSfuz l%uh wruqKq folla
bgq lr .ekSug WmldrSfjhs. tkuz(
1. uq,sl whlsrSu (Initial Charge) bj;,Sfuz msrsjeh (Cost of

Disposal) ms<snsUq lrk w;r m%udKd;aulj b,a,qfuz
n,mEula we;slrhs (Desired Composition of Demand
Effect).
2. m%fh`ckhg .;a ksuejquz m%;splS%lrKh i|yd fhduq

lsrSfuka ;j\qrg;a LKsc ksOs ixrCIKh fjhs.
tfy;a fuu l%uh, f,dj mqrd tlfia wkq.ukh lsrSug

fkdyelsh. wOsl mrsmd,k msrsjehla ta i|yd oerSug is\qjSu Bg
fya;=jh. tnejska th l,amkdldrSj fhdod .; hq;=h. tkuz
fujekakla wdrA:sl jYfhka ,dNodhs jkafka tuÛska iudchg ,efnk
m%;s,dNhka th ls%hd;aul lrSfuzoS oerSug is\qjk msrsjehg jvd jevs
kuz muKs.
we;euz jsg myiqfjka l%shd;aul l<yels, fukau Y+oaO

m%;s,dNho by< kxjk wdldrfha m%;sm;a;suh m%fjzYhla we;;a
;sridr iuzm;a fnodyerSula fjkqfjka tajd ldrAhCIu f,i
fhdod.; fkdyelsh. tnª tla m%fjzYhla jkafka ;ekam;=, ksIamdok
msrsjefha wka;rA.; jSuhs. tkuz ksIamdokh bj;,Sfuz msrsjeh
(Product Disposal Charges) yd m%;splS%lrKh osrsu;a lsrSfuz n\q
(Recycling Incentive Tax) f,ihs.
ksmehquz bj;,Sfuz .dia;= ojgk iys; NdKav uyd

mrsudKfhka ksmojk ksIamdolhskaf.ka yd ojgk iys; NdKav
wdkhkh lrkakka fj;ska whlsrsu jvd;a myiqh. m%;splS%lrKh
osrsu;a lsrSfuz n\q wkqmd;h, ny,quz jrA.h (Container Type) u; yd
tajd m%;splS%lrKh lsrSug we;s myiqj fy` wmyiq;dj u; ;SrKh
fjhs. ksoiqkla f,i ma,diagsla jeks wm\%jH osrdfkdhk ksid;a,
myiqfjka m%;splS%lrKh l< fkdyels ksid;a tn\qZ oE i|yd jevs n\q
wkqmd;hla wh l< hq;=h. mrsmd,k msrsjehg jvd jevs n\q wdodhula
bmehsfuz wfmaCIfjka hq;=j fulS l%u folu l%Shd;aul l< yelsh.
m%;spl%SlrKh l< \%jH fhdod NdKav ksmojk ksIamdok wdh;k
fj; iykdOdrhla fy` osrsoSukd f,i fuu .dia;=j,ska fldgila
,ndosh yelsh.
by;ska i|yka flreKq ksIamdok .dia;= mrsmqrAK yd

ldrAhCIu f,i wm\%jH bj; oeusfuz .eg,qj jsioSfuz u.la fkdfjz.
c;sl ugzguska fmd\qfjz l%shd;aul lsrSu i|yd wkqmd;slhla ;SrKh
l<fyd;a jsjsO wm\%jH msrsjeh ugzguz fjkqfjka tajdg .e,fmk
118
wkaofuz wkqmd;slhka m%dfoaYsh jYfhka mekjSfuz yelshdj wysus fjhs.

kuq;a m%dfoaYSh f,i ksmojk NdKav tu m%foaYhkaysoSu mrsfN`ckh
fkdflfrk ksid tjeks .dia;= mekjSfuzos jsjsO \qIalr;d u;= fjhs.
cd;sl ugzguska fy` l,dmSh jYfhka NdKav fnodyerSu is\qjk jsg
tajd mrsfN`ckhg .kakd ia:dkfhysoS wm\%jH neyer flfrk
fyhsks.
fuu mrspzfPaofha by; oS l< jsYaf,aIkj,oS wm\%jH bj;,Sfuz

fldaKhlska m%;spl%SlrKh foi ne,qfjuq. uSg wu;rj
m%;splS%lrKh iuzm;a ksiaidrKfhaoS we;sjk whym;a mdrsirsl
.egMZ ms<sn|j fldaKhlskao js.%y lsrSug mqMZjk . m%;splS%lrKh
flreKq iuzm;a kej; Ndjs;hg fmd<Ujk ;j;a wjia:djla ;sfnz.
tkuz hmia leKSuz jeks fkdb\q,a LKsc leKSuz lghq;=j,oS is\qjk
mrsir ydks jsYd, jk fyhsks. leKSuz lghq;= j,oS, fjf<|fmd<
fj; fnod yerSfuzos fukau msrsmy\qfjzos;a (Processing) fun\q
mdrsirsl ydks is\qjsh yel.
leKsuz lrAudka;hg tu mdrsirsl msrsjeh oerSug is\qjqjd hhs

is;uq' tu msrsjeh ksIamdok msrsjeh ;=<g wka;rA.; lsrSu ;=<sk a
iemhquz jl%h juzmig ;,a,qlr yrsh.s tjsg, fj<|fmdf<ys
iuzm;aj, us< jevs fyhska, iuzm;a ixrCIkhg yev .efik w;r
Ndjs; l< \%jH jevs m%udKhla m%;splS%lrKhg fm<fUz. fuh
Ndjs; l< lvodis m%;splS%lrKh lr wuq\%jH f,i Ndjs; lrk
luzy,l l%shdldrsFjh weiqrska meyeos,s l< yelsh.
fndfyda rgj, kej; m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iuzm;a

ksiaidrKh i|yd n\q iyk ,nd oS ;sfnz. fuu n\q iyk ,dN
Wmhk jsg f.jk n\qj,ska ksoyia lr, iuzm;a ixps;h m%d.aOkhla
f,i ie,lSu u.ska ,nd oS we;. fuu wkqu; l< LKsc iuzm;a
lekSuz yd bkaOk m%fh`ckhg .kakd lrAudka;j,g n\Zq wvq lsrSu
;=<ska osrs.ekajSuz ,ndfoa. fuu osrs.ekajSu jsjsO iajrEm orhs. fuhska
wjidkfha n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka hmia ksOs lekSu n\qZ lrAudka;
i|yd mekfjk n\q msrsjeh wvq lsrsuhs. fuys ;j;a n,mEula jkafka
f;`rd .;a LKsc jrA.hka i|yd muKla n\q iyk ,ndfok nejska
tu iuzm;a flfrys jevs keUqre;djla we;s jSuhs. tfukau
m%;spl%SlrKh l< yels iuzm;a flfrys fuu n\q iykdOdrfhka
jsfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq fkdflfrk fyhska tn\Zq iuzm;a
m%;spl%SlrKh i|yd fm<UjSula fuu.ska we;s fkdflfrhs.
119
7'2 ksIamdok l,a meje;au

lsishuz NdKavhla m%fh`ckhg .ekSfuzoS blaukska wjika fjz
kuz, mdrsfN`.slhl=g tu NdKav kej;;aa us<oS .ekSug is\qjk ksid
NdKav jsl=Kquz m%udKh by< hhs. NdKavhla Ndjs; fhka bj;ajSu
lreKq ;=kla ksid is\qjsh yelsh. NdKavfhka bgqjk ldrAhfha
h,amek hdula (Functional Obsolescence) is\qjkafka kj ksmehqula
fidhd .ekSu fya;=fjks. l,ska m%fh`ckhg .;a NdKavh bgql<
ldrAhh jvd;a ldrAhCIu f,iska bgq lsrsug w,q;ska fidhd .;a
NdKavhg yels fjz. WodyrKhla jYfhka mrs.Kl ksIamdokfhaoS
fhdod.;a rsla; k<h (Vaccum Tube) wo jk jsg Ndjs;fhka bj;aj
we;af;a g%dkaisiagrh (Transistor) u.ska tys ldrAhh jvd;a
ldrAhCIuj bgqlrkq ,nk ksidh. fujeks Ndjs;fhka h,amek hdula
is\qjkafka jvd fyd| ksmehqula fidhd .ekSu Wfoid mj;sk
iajdNdjsl fm<UjSu fya;=fldg f.kh.
js,dis;d h,a mekSu is\qjkafka mdrsfN`.slhl=f.a repslFjfha

fjkiajSula ksid Tyq $ weh kj js,dis;d fj; keUqre jSu ksidh.
l,ska l,g js,dis;d fjkia jSu fuhg losu ksoiqkls. iuyr jsg
js,dis;d h,a mek hdu, Ndjs;hka h,a mek hdfuz m%;sM,hla f,io
is\qfjhs. w,q;a js,dis;d u.ska merKs js,dis;d m%;sIaGdmkh lsrsu
mdrsfN`.slhd jvd;a ;Dma;su;a lrhs.
mdrsfN`.slhska ;Dma;su;a lsrsfuz NdKav fjf<|fmd< fy`

ksIamdolhka jsiskau ksrAudKh lrkq ,enqj;a weÛ,quz ksIamdokfhaoS
js,dis;d h,amek hdu jsYd, ldrAhh Ndrhla bgq lrhs. fu`grA r:
ksIamdokfhaoSo fujekakla ksrka;rfhka is\qfjhs.
l,ameje;afuka bj;,Su (Durability Obsolescence) is\qjkafka

Ndjs;h ksid tu ksIamdokhg ;j \qrg;a bka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk
ldrAh bgqlr,Sug fkdyelsjq jsgh. fuhg ksoiqkla f,i
wOsYS;lrKhla fndfy` l,la Ndjs;h fya;=fjka ;j\qrg;a tys
we;=<; isis,a nj /l .ekSug wmyiq jSu ksid bj; oeuSug is\qjSu
oelajsh yelsh. l,a meje;afuka bj;,Eug is\qjk wjia:djkaysos
.eg,q folla u;=fjhs. tkuz l,a meje;afuys ldrAhCIu;d ugzgu
(Efficient Level) l=ulao hkak;a, fj<|fmd< tu ugzgu fj; <Ûd
fjzo hkak;ah.
l,ameje;afuz ldrAhCIu;d ugzgu (Efficient Level of Durability)

hkq NdKavhl Y+oaO m%;s,dN Wmrsu lrk ugzguhs' ta wkqj jvd;a
l,amj;sk NdKav jevs ldrAhCIu;djlska hqla; hehs mejish
fkdyelsh.
120
fj<|fmd< fuu ldrAhCIu;d ugzgu fj; <Ûd fjzoehs hk
js.%yhg fj<|fmd< b,a,qu iy iemhqu fj; wjOdkh fhduq l<
hq;=h. m%;s,dN yd msrsjefha jrA; udk w.h ii|d ne,sfuka
mdrsfN`.slhl= l=ula f;`rd .kakjdoehs hkak ;srKh lrhs. Tyq
fy` weh NdKavhla us<oS .kafka tys Y+oaO m%;s,dNh l,ameje;au
u.ska Wmrsu lrk nejsks. fufia msrsjeh iy l,ameje;au ieioSfuka
Tyq jvd;a iq\qiq foh f;`rd .kq ,nhs.
l,ameje;au wOs ;lafiarejlg fy` wj;lafiarejlg ,lafjzo

hkak ne,Sug NdKav i|yd jeh l< uqo,a fm!oa.,sl yd fj<|fmd<
fmd,s wkqmd;sl hgf;a jgzguz lr ii|d ne,Sh hq;=h. fm!oa.,sl
fmd,S wkqmd;, m%d.aOkfha iudchsh wdjia:Sl msrsjehg jvd jevskuz
mdrsfN`.slhska l,ameje;au wj;lafiarejg ,la lrhs. Tjqka wvq
fmd,S wkqmd;hla fhdod .kafka kuz th wOs ;lafiarejlg
,lafjhs.
fcrS yjqiauka 1979 oS l< mrAfhaIKhl m%;sM,hla f,i by<

fmd,S wkqmd;slhla uq,sl msrsjeh fj; n,mEula we;s lrhs.
fjf<|fmd< m%;sY;hg jvd jgzguz m%;sY;h jevskuz wvq wdodhuz
iys; mqoa.,hka i|yd jevs ugzguz m%;sY ;hla mj;sk w;r Tjqyq wvq
l,ameje;aula yd wvq ldrAhCIu;djla iys; NdKav us<oS .ks;s.
fuysoS rcfha ueosy;a jSula wjYHh fjhs' rch jgzzguz m%;sY; by<
hdug fya;= fidhd ne,sh hq;=h. fujeks ;SrK .ekSug fya;=j
mdrsfNda.slhdg ,efnk f;dr;=re m%udKj;a fkdjSu kuz, m<uqj
m%;sm;a;s ielish hq;af;a wLKav f;dr;=re m%jdyhla we;s lsrSughs.
Kh wdmiq f.jSfuz yelshdj wvq fyhska by< fmd,s wkqmd;slhla wvq
wdodhuz ,nkakka u; megfjkafka kuz, m%d.aOk fj<|fmd< fj;
myiq m%fjzYhla ,ndoSu jeo.;a fjhs. tfy;a wfkl=;a wjia:djka ysoS
n\q iykdOdr iuÛu ls%hd;aul l< yels m%us;Ska we;s lsrSu jeo.;a
fjhs.
fj<|fmd< fj; iuzm;a fy` ksus NdKav iemhqu flfrys

wjOdkh fhduq lsrSfuzos ksIamdolhska ixjsOdkd;aulj l%shdfldg
ldrAhCIu ugzgug jvd wvq l,ameje;aula iys; NdKav ksmojSug
fm<Ush yelsh. tfia lsrSfuka Tjqkag tall msrsjeh wvq lsrSug;a,
huzlsis ld,hla ;=< jevs tall m%udKhla jsl=Kd .ekSug;a
wjia:dj ,efnz. WodyrKhla f,i lsishuz mdrsfN`.slfhl= jir
oyhla mdjspzps l< yels .Dy WmlrKhla b,a,quz lsrSfuka yd th
jir oyhla mqrd mdjspzps lsrSfuka ;Dma;shg m;afjhs. tfukau ish
Wmfh`.s;dj imqrd,Sug jir myla muKla Ndjs;d l< yels
NdKav folla tu oi jirl ld,h ;=< b,a,quz lsrSfuka o tu
m%fh`ckh ,ensh yelsh. m<uqj i|yka NdKavhg jvd jevs ,dNhla
miqj i|yka l< NdKav fol tu ld,h ;=< jsl=Kd ,ensh yels
nejska ksIamdok wdh;kh tjeks flgsld,hla mj;sk NdKav
121
jslsKsug jevs keUqre;dj olajhs' fujeks wjia:dj, ie,iquz l< h,a
mekSula is\qfjhs.
fuu ;Fjfhka w;ausosh yelso hkak fuysoS i,ld ne,sh hq;=h.

Tjqka os.= ld,hla mj;sk NdKav fj<|fmd<g mj;sk ;rÛldrS
iemhquzlrejka ksid mdrsfN`.slhska fuu jsl,am ksIamdokh fj;
keUqre fjhs. idudkH fj<|fmd< rgdjl ;rÛldrSFjh
m%udKd;aul fkdjq l,ameje;aula iys; NdKav ksIamdokh
j<ld,kafka" tjeks NdKav ksmojkakkaf.a meje;au os.= ld,Sk
fkdjk fyhsk.s
tfy;a wjia:d folloS fuu ls%hdj,sh ls%hd;aul fkdfjhs.

tkuz mdrsfN`.slhska NdKavj, l,a meje;au ms<sn| ukd
wjfnÒhlska f;dr jq jsg Tjqka jvd fyd| f;`rd .ekSulg
fkdfm<fUhs. tjsg NdKav ms<sn| f;dr;=re j, jeo.;alu wjfnÒ
lrf.k ksIamdolhska tu f;dr;=re mdrsfN`.slhka fj; ,ndoSug
lghq;= l< hq;=h. fuz i|yd n,mdk uS<Û lreK jkafka
NdKavhla ;rÛldrs;ajhg uqyqK fkdfok wjia:djl ,dN bmehSug
yels ksid ksIamdolhl= wvq ldrAhCIu;djlska hq;a flgs l,la
mj;sk NdKav ksmojSug jqjo fm<eUSuh. fndfy`jsg fujeks
;Fjhla taldOSldrs fj<|fmd<l mj;sk NdKav i|yd oelsh yelsh.
fujka fj<|fmd< wldrAhCIu;djka ksjeros lsrSu ;rula wmyiq
jk w;r fuz u.ska wkjYH m%udKhl wm\%jH we;sjSula is\q fjz.
Randull, A. (1987). “Resource Economics, An Economic Approach to

New York.
122
wgjk mrspzfPAoh
8' m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels iuzm;a
l<ukdlrKh

m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels iuzm;a f,i y|qkajkafka iajNdjslj

;u jrA.hd fndalr .ekSug yd jrAOkhg yelshdjla we;s Ydl yd
iFj jsfYaIhkah. m%;sIaGdmkh iajNdjslj is\q jQj;a, th muKla
fuu iuzm;a wkka;jQ ld,hla i|yd mrsyrKh lsrSug m%udKj;a
fkdfjz. tfia jkafka fuu iuzm;a m%;sIaGdmkh jk iajNdjsl
l%shdj,sh yd iudPfha wdrA:sl l%shdjka w;r we;s wka;rA iuznkaO;d
fya;=fjks. m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels iuzm;aj,ska usksia iudPh yd
wka;rA iuznkaO;d olajk OSjr iuzm;a, jkdka;r jeks tajd wka;rA
iuznkaOSh iuzm;a (Interactive Resources) jYfhka o y|qkajkq ,efnz.
fuu iuzm;a iajNdjslj m%;sIaGdmkh jqj;a tajd m%;sIaGdmkh jSfuz
l%shdj,shg uyd mrsudKfha wys;lr n,mEuz we;s jq jsgloS tu
iuzm;a iodld,sl wysus jSulg (Extinction) ,la jSug mqMZjk. >rAu
l,dms; jrAId jkdka;r jskdYh ksid fuz wkaouska Ydl jsfYaI
.Kkdjlau ydksjS we;s nj mrsir jsoHd{hska fmkajd oS we; .
tfukau uyd mrsudKfha uiqka we,a,Su ksid f,dalfha fndfyda OSjr
iuzm;a CIh jSulg ,lajS we;. fuz WodyrKj,ska fmkakquz lrkqfha
m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iuzm;a fukau m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels
iuzm;aj, ukd l<ukdlrKh b;d jeo.;a jk njhs.
m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels iuzm;a l<ukdlrKh wOHhkh

lsrSfuzoS tu iuzm;a m%;sIaGdmkh jk wdldrfha ffPj jsoHd;aul
moku jgyd .ekSu wjYH fjz. tfukau fuu ffPj l%shd oduhkag
usksia iudPfha ueosy;a jSu ksid jk n,mEuz wOHhkh lsrSuo
jeo.;a fjz. Bg wu;rj iajNdjsl l%shdjkag n,mEuz we;sjk
wkaouska usksid ueosy;a jk fya;=, tkuz Bg wod, jk wdrA:sl fya;= o
jsuid ne,sh hq;=h.s fuz ishMZ lreKq taldnoaO lsrSu u.ska iudPfha
wdrA:sl yeisrSfuz wjYH fjkia luz is\qlr tu iuzm;a psria:dhs
wkaouska Ndjs;d l< yels whqre jgyd .ekSug mqMZjk. fuu
wOHhkfhaoS m,uqj OSjr iuzm;a l<ukdlrKh wOHhkhl fhfouq.
th m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels iuzm;a l<ukdlrKfha uq,sl isoaOdka;
jgyd .ekSug WmldrSfjz. bka wk;=rej tu uq,OrAu oej iuzm;a
l<ukdlrKh i|yd fhfok wkaou wOHhkh lruq.
m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels iuzm;a l<ukdlrKh
8'1 OSjr iuzm;a l<ukdlrKh
OSjr iuzm;a, tkuz uiqka jrA.hlaa ie,l+jsg tys f;d.h

(Stock) ld,h;a iuÛ jevsjSug yelshdjla we;. fuu jevsjSfuz
iS>%;djh rod mj;skqfha iajNdjsl Pkk yelshdj u;h. iajNdjsl
Pkk iS.%;djhg by, iS.%;djhlska uiqka we,a,Su is\q l< fyd;a
f;d.fha m%udKh ld,h;a iuÛ wvq jSugo mqMZjk . f,dalfha we;s
fndfyda OSjr iuzm;a jsjD; m%jsYaGhla we;s iuzm;a jk ksid by; 7
jk mrspzfPaofhaoS jsia;r l< fmd\q nfjz fYdaldka;hg yiqjSug
yel. b;d by< iS.%;djhlska uiqka we,a,Su ksid f,dalfha fndfyda
OSjr iuzm;a CIhjSulg ,la jS we;. uE; ld,fha fuu CIh jSug
odhl jq lreKq .Kkdjls. tajd kuz,
1. ;dCIKsl oshqKqj u.ska uiqka we,a,Sug .kakd fuj,uzj,

msrsjeh jsYd, jYfhka wvq jSu.
2. YS;lrk myiqluz we;s fndagzgq Ndjs;d lsrSu. fuysoS b;d wE;
uqyqfoa uiqka we,a,Sug yelshdjla we;s w;r os.=ld,hla uqyqfoa
isgSug o yelshdj ,efnz.
3. ieg,hsgz yd mrs.Kl ;dCIKh u.ska uiqka isgsk ia:dk yd
Tjqka f.a .uka udrA. ;SrKh l< yelsjSu.
4. fkdfhla wdldrj, P, \QIK ksid u;iH .yKhka wvq jSu.
5. uiqkaf.a m%Pkkh i|yd m%fhdaPkj;a jk my;a nsuz jskdY jSu.
6. .xÛd yrialr neus ne|Su ksid .xfudah mrsir moaO;shkay s
iu;=,s;;dj jskdY jS hEu.
7. w;=re-we,a,Su (By-catch) u.ska b,lal fkdlrk u;aiH
jsfYaIj,g ydks meusKSu.
by; oelafjk fya;= ksid f,dalfha fndfyda ia:dkj, OSjr

iuzm;a CIh jS we;. fuf,i OSjr iuzm;a jskdY jSu je,elajSug
wjYH lrk wdrA:sl m%;sm;a;s jgyd .ekSug kuz m<uqj OSjr
iuzm;a l<ukdlrKfha uq, OrAu jgyd .; hq;=hs. fuz i|yd wms
m<uqj ffPj wdrA:sl wlD;shla f.dv k.d .ksuq.
l,ska i|yka l< wkaoug OSjr m%foaYhla ie,lSfuz oS u;iH

jsfYaI, .Kkdjla tys olakg ,efnz. flfia kuq\q yqfola
wOHhkfha myiqj i|yd wm i,lk l,dmfha tla u;iHh
jsfYaIhla muKla we;ehs Wml,amkh lruq. fuu Wml,amkfhka
fjk;a wdldrhlska oelajqj fyd;a tu l,dmfha isgsk u;aiH jsfYaI
ish,a,u tla u;aiH ffPj rdYshla (Biomass) jYfhka rdYsN+; lr
ie,lSug mqMZjka njhs. u;aiH iuqyh ffPj rdYshla jYfhka
oelajSfuzoS th tu .yKfha nr (kg) jYfhka oelajsh yel. wmf.a
wOHhkh ;j;a tla mshjrlska bosrshg ;enSu i|yd u;aiH .yKh
(Stock) yd tys fjkia jSu (Flow) hkak wrA: olajuq.
124
u;aiH .yKh (Stock)( i,lk ,o ld,fhaoS isgsk uiqka ixLHdj

fyda lsf,da .%Euzj,ska olajk ffPj rdYsh.
fjkia jSu (Flow)( u;iH ffPj rdYsh ld,h;a iuÛ fjkia jk

wdldrh.
u;iH ffPj rdYshla ld,h;a iuÛ fjkia jk fya;= lSmhls.

1. kj Wm;a ksid ffPj rdYsh by, hhs.
2. oekg isgsk uiqkaf.a jrAOkh ksid ffcj rdYsh by< hhs.
3. iajNdjsl urK, yd wfkl=;a i;=kaf.a f.d\qre njg m;ajSu
ksid ffcj .yKh wvqfjz.
4. usksiqka u.ska uiqka we,a,Su ksido ffcj rdYsh wvqfjz.
fuz wkqj fmkS hkafka usksid jsiska uiqka we,a,Sula fkdl<o

ffcj .yKh ld,h;a iuÛ fjkia jk njhs. usksidf.a ueosy;a
jSu;a iuÛ fuu .;sl moaO;sfha iu;=,s;;dj fjkia jS th ;j;a
ixlSrAK wdldrhla .kS. wmf.a fuu wOHhkfhaoS, u;iH .yKhla
ld,h;a iuÛ ffcj jsoHd;aulj fjkia jk wdldrh m<uqj
wOHhkh lruq. bka wk;=rej usksia iudPfha ueosy;a jSu ksid fuz
ffPj moaO;sfha l%shdldrs;ajh fjkia jk wkaou wOHhkh lruq.
bkamiq jsjD; m%jsYaGhloS yd mqoa.,sl foam, l%uhloS OSjr
wdrA:slh ffPj moaO;sh iuÛ taldnoaO lr wOHhkh lruq.
8'1'1 u;aiH .yKhl ffPj hdka;%kh

mrsirfha fjfik TzkEu PSjhl=f.a .yKfhys m%udKh
jrAOkhjSu (Population Growth) mrsir moaO;sfha we;s iajNdjsl
iSudjka u.ska md,kh fjz. fuz iSudjka f,i wdydr iq,N;dj
wfkl=;a i;=kaf.a f.d\qre njg m;ajSfuz bvlv, ysret<sh wdoS idOl
ie,lSug mqMZjk. fuz idOl u.ska mrsir moaO;shl u;iH
.yKhlg jrAOkh jsh yels Wmrsu iSudjla mkjhs. u;iH
.yKhla jefvk jsg fuz iSudjka ksid .yKfha uiqka w;r
;rÛldrs;ajhla we;sfjz. fuu ;rÛldrs;ajh .yKfha ffPj
rdYsfha m%udKh by< h;au jevsfjz. tjsg .yKfha jrAOkh nd,
jSula is\qfjz. fuz wkqj fmkS hkafka .yKhl jrAOkh tu
.yKfha ffPj rdYsfha m%udKh u; r|d mj;sk njhs. fuh
;j\qrg;a jgyd .ekSu i|yd WodyrKhla i,luq. .yKhla
jsYd, j;au tla u;iHhl=g ,efnk wdydr m%udKh, yd bv
m%udKh wvqfjz. tfukau .yKh jsYd, jk jsg uiqka f.d\qre lr
.kakd wfkla i;=kg myiqfjka uiqka w,a,d .ekSug mqMZjka fjz.
tlS fya;= ksid u;iH .yKfha jrAOkh" .yKfha m%udKh by,
h;au wvqfjz. fuu iuznkaO;djh wms oeka .Ks;uh jYfhka olajuq.
125
x(t ) = t kuz ld,fhaoS u;iH .yKfha m%udKh
dx(t ) = u;iH .yKh ld,h;a iuÛ jrAOkh jk iS>%;djh

d (t )
dx(t )
 F ( x)
dt
fuys wjika iuSlrKfhka lshfjkafka u;iH .yKfha

jrAOk iS>%;djh, .yKfha m%udKfha Y%s;hla njhs. fuu jrAOk
iS>%;djh my; oelafjk wkaofuz iuSlrKhlska jsia;r lsrSug
mqMZjk.
F ( x)  rx(1  x K )
r = ffkirA.sl jrAOk iS>%;djh (Intrinsic Rate of Growth)

K = oerSfuz Odrs;djh (Carrying Capacity)
ffkirA.sl jrAOk iS>%;djh mrsirfha we;s iuzm;a iSudjka yd

u;iH jrA.fha ffPj jsoHd;aul lreKq wkqj ;SrKh jk iajNdjsl
jrAOk iS>%;djhhs. oerSfuz Odrs;djh hkq mrsirh moaO;shg
mj;ajd .; yels Wmrsu ffPj rdYshhs. my; iuSlrKfha
oelafjk jrAOk iS>%;djh m%ia:drslj igyka wxl 8'1 ys ksrEmkh
flfrA.
126
jrAOk fjz.fha iS>%;djh
F*(X)
Xmsy u;iH .yKfha

m%udKh (kg)
igyka wxl 8'1( jrAOk iS>%;djh yd .yKfha iuznkaO;djh
m%ia;drfha ;sria wCIfhka u;iH .yKfha f;d.h;a (Stock)

isria wCIfhka u;iH .yKfha jrAOk fjz.fha iS>%;djh;a olajd
we;. m%ia;drfha oelafjk wkaoug l=vd u;iH f;d.hla we;s
wjOsfha oS m<uqj wvq jrAOk iS>%;djhla we; . l%ufhka u;iH
f;d.h by< hkjsg jrAOk iS>%;djh;a by< hhs. fuh m%Pkkfha
fhfok uiqka ixLhdj jevs jSu ksid is\qfjz. bka wk;=rej tla
wjOshloS jrAOkh Wmrsu w.hla .kS (Maximum Sustainable Yield).
tu Wmrsu jrAOkh iS.%;djfhka miq jrAOk iS>%;djh wvqjS
wjidkfha Y=kH w.hla .kS. fuu wjia:dfjz u;aiH f;d.h mrsir
moaO;sfha oerSfuz Odrs;djg iudk fjz (Natural Equlibrium Stock).
fuz wjia:dfjzoS u;aiH .yKh tu mrsir moaO;shg oersh yels
Wmrsu w.hla fmkajk w;r, u;aiH f;d.fha jevsjSuz ^jrAOkh
ksid& yd wvqjSuz ûrK yd wfkla i;=kaf.a f.d\qre njg m;ajSu&
ksid jrAOk iS>%;djfha Y=oaO fjkia jSu Y=kH w.hla .kS. fuu
jrAOk iS>%;d jl%fha yevhg uq,slju n, mdkafka mrsir moaO;sfha
we;s iuzm;a, tkuz wdf,dalh, wdydr yd bv m%udKfh ys we;s
iSudjkah. u;aiH .yKh oerSfuz Odrs;djhg ,.djq jsg tu mrsir
moaO;shg ;nd .ekSug WmldrS jsh yels Wmrsu u;aiH m%udKh tys
mj;S.
127
ffPj iu;=,s;;dj( u;aiH f;d.fha m%udKh ksh; jkjsg,

tkuz, Y=oaO jrAOkhla fkdue;s jsg u;aiH .yKh tys ffPj
iu;=,s;;djg m;a jS we;ehs lshkq ,efnz.
uiqka we,a,Sula fkdlrk jsgloS u;aiH .yKhl f;d.h l%u

l%ufhka by< f.dia mrsirfha oerSfuz Odrs;djhg ,Ûdfjz. tjsg
.yKfha Y=oaO jrAOkhla ke;. fuz wjia:dj ffPj iu;=,s;;d
wjia:djhs. ffPj iu;=,s;;dj my; oelafjk wkaouska
iuSlrKhlska fmkakquz lsrSug mqMZjk.
dx
 F ( x)  0
dt
fuf,i mj;sk iu;=,s; mrsir moaO;shl iu;=,s;;dj uiqka
we,a,Su ksid ke;sjS hhs. uiqka we,a,Su u.ska by; jsia;r l<
moaO;sh fjkia lrk wdldrh wOHhkh lsrSu i|yd mdrsirsl
ixl,am joka lSmhla m<uqj ksrAjpkh lruq.
8'1'2 psria:dhs wiajekak (Sustainable Yield)

i,lk ,o ld, tallhloS u;iH .yKhg wMZ;ska tl;= jk
ffPj rdYsh (Net Incremental Growth) muKla tu mrsir
moaO;sfhka wiajekak f,i bj;a flfrA kuz tu wiajekak psria:dhs
wiajekakls.
wfkl=;a lreKq fkdfjkiaj mj;S kuz mrsir moaO;shlg

tl;= jk ffPj rdYsh wkka; ld,hla olajd wiajekak f,i bj;a
lsrSfuz yelshdjla we;. tjsg tu wiajekak fk,k ,CIfha we;s
u;aiH f;d.h fkdfjkiaj mj;sk w;r wiajekak o b;d os.=
ld,hla tu m%udKfhkau ,nd .ekSug mqMZjk. igyka wxl 8'1 ys
m%ia;drh u; msysgs TzkEu ,CIhl wiajekak psria:dhs wiajekakls.
Wmrsu psria:dhs wiajekak( (Maximum Sustainable Yield)
u;aiH .yKfha jrAOkh is>%;djh Wmrsu jk ,CIfhaoS

,efnk psria:dhs wiajekak Wmrsu psria:dhs wiajekak jYfhka
ye|skafjz.
igyka wxl 8'1 ys Xmsy ,CIfhka Wmrsu psria:dhs wiajkq

ugzgfuz we;s uiqka f;d.h;a, F*(X) u.ska Wmrsu psria:dhs
wiajekak;a fmkakquz flfrA. Wmrsu psria:dhs wiajekak ixl,amh
OSjr iuzm;a l<ukdlrKfhaoS nyq,j Ndjs; jk m%dfhda.sl
ixl,amhls. th m%dfhda.slj weia;fuzka;= lr.;a jsg, i,lk ,o
128
OSjr iuzm;lska fk,d.; yels uqMZ wiajkq m%udKh f,i ie,lSug

mqMZjk. tjsg tu OSjr iuzm;ska ,nd.ekSug bvosh yels uiqka
m%udKh (Allowable Catch) f,i i,ld isgsk uiqka urkakka w;r
tu m%udKh fnod oSfuka uiqka we,a,Su md,kh lsrSug mQMZjk .
fuf,i m%dfhda.slj fuu ixl,amh OSjr iuzm;a l<ukdlrKh
lsrSfuz oS jrA;udkfhaoS mjd nyq,j Ndjs; jqj;a tys wvqmdvq rdYshla
we;. Wmrsu psria:dhs wiajekak ksjerosj weia;fuzka;= lsrSfuz
wmyiqj, mrsir moaO;sj, is\qjk .;sl fjkia jSuz ksid fuh
ld,fhka ld,hg fjkia jSu yd fuz ixl,amh Ndjs;d lr OSjr
iuzm;a l<ukdlrKfha oS we;s jk wdrA:sl lreKq fkdi,ld yerSu
fuzjd w;r jeo.;a ;ekla .kS.
jrAOk fjz.fha iS>%;djh
H1
H2
H3
X’ Xmsy X” X*
u;aiH .yKfha f;d.h
igyka wxl 8'2( wiajkq fk,Su .yKh flfrys n,mdk wkaou
oeka wms jsjsO ugzgfuz wiajkq fk,Suz u;iH f;d.h flfrys

n,mdk wkaou wOHhkh lruq. igyka wxl 8'2 ys olajd we;s
wkaoug H 1, H2 yd H 3 hk wiajkq fk,Suz iS>%;d i,luq. igyfka
oelafjk wkaoug H 1 m%udkhl wiajekakla ksrka;rfhkau ,nd .;
fyd;a, iEu ld, tallhloSu mrsir moaO;shg tl;=jk ffPj
rdYshg jvd jevs m%udKhla tu moaO;sfhka wiajkq f,i bj;a fjz.
tjsg u;aiH f;d.h l%u l%ufhka wvq jS wjidkfha oS tu u;aiH
jsfYaIh kIag jS (Extinction) hhs. tuksid u;aiH .yKhl Wmrsu
psria:dhs wiajekakg by< wiajekakla ksrka;rfhka ,nd .ekSu tu
OSjr iuzm; uqMZukskau ke;s jS hdug fya;= fjz. flfia jqjo by;
jsia;r l< wkaoug H 2 m%udKhl wiajekakla wLKavj ,nd
129
.ekSfuzoS u;aiH .yKfha m%udKh fjkia fkdjS mj;skq we;, th

Wmrsu psria:dhs wiajekakhs.
u;aiH .yKfhka H3 m%udKhl wiajekakla wLKavj ,nd

.ekSu wjia:d follg tkuz, X’ yd X” hk u;aiH .yK m%udK
hgf;aoS is\q lsrSug mqMZjk. fuysoS m<uqj X” ,CIh ie,ls,a,g
.ksu.q wdruzNfhaoS u;aiH f;d.h oerSfuz Odrs;djfhys (X*) we;ehs
i,luq. tjsg iEu ld, wka;rhloSu H3 m%udKj,ska uiqka we,a,Su
is\q flfrA kuz wiajekak fk,Sfuz iS>%;djh jrAOk iS>%;djhg jvd
jevsh. tjka wjia:djloS u;aiH .yKh X* ys isg l%ufhka wvqjS
X” lrd meusfKa. H3 m%udKhl wiajekak X” g juz miska msysgs
,CIhl f;d.h we;s jsgl mrsirfhka bj;a lf,a kuz wiajkq
fk,k iS>%;djhg jvd jrAOk iS>%;dj jevs ksid .yKh l%ufhka
jevsjS X” lrd meusfKa. fuz wkqj fmkS hkafka wdruzNl ,CIh
l=ula jqj;a .yKh X” lrd meusK iu;=,s;;djhg m;ajk njhs.
tu iu;=,s;;djfhaoS wiajkq fk,k iS>%;djh yd jrAOk iS>%;djh
iudk jk ksid .yKfha m%udKh ksh; w.hl /oS mj;S. fuz
wkqj X” ,CIh ia:djr iu;=,s;;djlg t,USug ;=vq fok ,CIhla
f,i ie,lSug mqMZjk.
oeka wms X’ ,CIh ie,ls,a,g .ksuq. fuysoS wdruzNl f;d.h

X’ g juzmiska msysgsfha kuz jrAOk iS>%;djhg jvd wiajkq fk,k
iS>%;djh jevs ksid l%u l%ufhka f;d.fha m%udKh wvqjS wjidkfha
u;aiH jsfYaIh j|jS hdug ,lafjz. wfkla w;g wdruzNl ,CIh X’
g olqKq miska msysgsfha kuz jrAOk iS>%;djhg jvd wvq iS>%;djhlska
wiajkq fk,Su ksid .yKh l%ufhka jevsjS wjidkfha X” ,CIfha oS
iu;=,s;;djhg m;afjz. fuz wkqj X’ ,CIh ffPj jsoHd;aulj
wia:dhs ,CIhla jk w;r tjka ,CIhl wiajkq fk,Su u.ska u;iH
jsfYaI j|jS hEugo bv we;s nj fmfka. tfukau X’ yd X” ,CIhka
Wmrsu psria:dhs wiajkq ,CIfhka ms,sj,ska jug yd ol=Kg msysgs
ishMZu ,CI ksfhdaPkh lrk njo jgyd .; hq;=h. fuz wkqj
wmf.a jsYaf,aIkfha wjika ks.ukh jkqfha Wmrsu psria:dhs wiajkq
,CIhg juz miska msysgs ,CIhl wiajkq fk,Su ffPj jsoHd;aulj
wldrAhCIu njhs. tu wldrAhCIu;djhg fya;= jS we;af;a tjka
,CIhla ffPj jsoHd;aulj wia:dhsjSu;a, .yKh j|jS hdug bv
we;s lu;a, yd psria:dhs wiajkq fk,SuloS .yKh l=vd m%udKhl
mej;Su;a hk lreKq ksidh.
8'1'3 ffPj wdrA:sl iu;=,s;;djh (Bio-Economic Yield)

wm fuf;la l, jsYaf,aIkfhaoS ffPj jsoHd;aul lreKq
muKla ie,ls,a,g .ksu.q oeka wms wdrA:sl lreKq;a wmf.a
wdlD;shg taldnoaO lruq. by; l< jsYaf,aIkfhaoS H1, H2 yd H 3
130
hk wiajkq fk,k iS>%;djhka wyUq f,i f;dard .;af;uq. flfia

jqjo wiajkq fk,k iS>%;djhka wdrA:sl lreKq u;o r|d mj;S.
OSjr wdrA:sl jsoHdfjzoS wm fhdok ishMZu fhojquz taldnoaO lr th
mrsY%uh (Effort = E) f,i y|qkajuq. mrsY%ufha wka;rA.; jkafka,
Y%uh, oe,a wduzmkak, bkaOk wdoS fhojquzh. mrsY%uh jevs lrk
jsgloS wiajkq fk,k iS>%;djhgo by< hhs. mrsY%uhg wu;rj
mj;sk u;iH f;d.ho (Stock = X) ,nd .; yels wiajekak flfrys
n,mdhs. tlu mrsY%uhloS jqj;a, f;d.fha m%udKh jevs kuz
,nd.; yels wiajekak o jevsh. mrsY%uh yd u;aiH f;d.h wkqj
wiajekak fjkia jk wkaou igyka wxl 8'3 ys fmkajd oS we;. fuys
H’ wjia:dfjzoS wiajekak H j,g jvd jevsjSug fya;=j jkafka u;aiH
f;d.h jevsjSuh (X’>X).
igyka wxl 8'4 ys olajd we;s wkaoug mrsY%uh jevs lrk jsg
wiajkq jl%h l%ufhka juz mig js;eka jSu;aa fmkakquz lrhs. jrAOk
iS.%;d jl%fha yevhg wkqj mrsY%u ugzguz folloS tlu wiajekakla
,nd .ekSug mqMZjk. flfia jqjo fuz folska Wmrsu psria:dhs
wiajekak ,CIhg juz miska msysgs ,CIfha (X’) iu;=,s;;djfha
ffPj jsoHd;aulj wia:djrh. Bg wu;rj tu ,CIh i|yd fhosh
hq;= mrsY%uho (E3) jevsksid th wdrA:sl jsoHdkql+,j wldrAhCIuh.
wiajekak
H’=G(E,X’)
H’
H=G(E,X)
E0 mrsY%uh
igyka wxl 8'3( u;aiH .yKh, mrsY%uh yd wiajekak w;r

iuznkaO;dj
131
jrAOk iS>%;djh
X”
X’ E3
E2
E1
X’ MSY X” .yKfha m%udKh
igyka wxl 8'4( mrsY%uh by< kexjSu wiajekakg yd .yKhg

n,mdk wkaou
oeka wms ffPj wdrA:sl iu;=,s;;djh wOHhkh lsrSu i|yd

wjYH lrk uq,sl isoaOdka; wjfndaO lrf.k isgsuq. tu
iu;=,s;;djh m%Odk foam, whs;Ska fldgia folla, tkuz, jsjD;
m%jsYagh yd mqoa. ,sl foam, l%uh, hgf;a wOHhkh lruq. tu
wOHhkfhaoS m<uqj wmf.a jrAOk iS>%;d jl%h wdodhuz jl%hla njg
m;a lr .ksuq. fuysoS jrAOk jl%fha iEu ,CIhlau psria:dhs
wiajkq ,CIhla nj isyshg k.d .ekSu jeo.;afjz. wiajkq m%udKh
usf,ka .=K lsrSu u.ska wdodhu ,nd .ekSug mqMZjk. fuf,i
wdodhuz jl%hla ,nd .; fyd;a th my; oelafjk wdldrhla .kS.
wmf.a myiqj i|yd u;aiH Kg tll us, re' 1 la hhs

Wml,amkh l<fyd;a, wmf.a jrAOk iS>%;d jl%h wdodhuz jl%h
njg m;afjz. wdrA:sl jsYaf,aIkhloS wdodhug wu;rj msrsjeho
ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=hs. fuysoS wdka;sl msrsjeh ksh; hhs Wml,amkh
l<fyd;a mrsY%uh tu ksh; wdka;sl msrsjefhka .=Kl, jsg msrsjeh
jl%hla ,efnz. jsjD; m%jsYaghlosS iEu mqoa.,hl=gu ;ukag huz
,dNhla ,efnz kuz uiqka we,a,Sfuys ksr; fjhs. fuh by; 5jk
mrspzfPaofha oS fmd\q foam,j, fYdaldka;h .ek l< wOHhkfhaoS
,dNh Y=kHhla jk ;=re ;DK nsug .jhska tl;= lsrSu yd iudkh.
fuzz wkqj jsjD; m%jsYaGhloS uqMZ msrsjeh;a, wdodhu;a iudk jk
,CIh olajd mrsY%uh fhdokq ,efnz. îgyfka wxl 8'6 ys A ,CIh&.
igyfka my; m%ia;drfha fmkajd we;s wkaoug tu iu;=,s; ,CIfha
oS wdka;sl msrsjeh yd idudkH wh Ndrh iudk fjz.
132
jrAOk iS>%;djh$wdodhu
wh Ndrh ^jrAOk iS>%;djh x us<&
jrAOk iS>%;djh
.yKfha m%udKh
igyka wxl 8'5( jrAOk iS>%;djh yd wh Ndrh w;r iuznkaO;dj
igyfka my<skau we;s m%ia;drfha (c) yd by<skau we;s

m%ia;drh (a) flfrys ksis wjOdkhla fhduq l<fyd;a ta fol w;r
m%Odk fjkialuz we;s nj jegfya. a ys olajd we;s m%ia;drfha
mrsY%uh iuÛ uqMZ whNdrh yd uqMZ msrsjeh fjkiajk wkaou olajd
we;s w;r, c u.ska jrAOk iS>%;djh yd ffPj rdYsh w;r
iuznkaO;djh fmkajd oS we;. igyka wxl 8'6 ys olajd we;s
wkaoug, mrsY%uh l%ufhka by< hk jsg wiajkq jl%h juz w;g
lrlefjk ksid, jsjD; m%jsYaghl oS olakg ,efnk wOsl mrsY%uh
ksrEmkh lrk E0 ,CIhg iumd; ,CIh c igyfkys Wmrsu
psria:dhs wiajkq ,CIhg juz miska msysgd we;. jsjD; m%jsYaghloS
OSjr iuzm;l iu;=,s;;dj Wmrsu psria:dhs wiajkq ,CIhg juz
miska msysgSu ksid th ffPj jsoHd;aulj wia:dhs ,Cihls. tfiau
tu ,CIHh wdrA:sl jsoHdkql+,j wldrAhCIu ,CIHhls. wdrA:sl
jsoHdfjz oS ldrAhCIu ,CIHhla jSug kuz tu ,CIHfha oS wdka;sl
msrsjeh yd wdka;sl wh Ndrh iudk jsh hq;=h. tjsg uqMZ wh Ndrh
yd uqMZ msrsjeh w;r Wmrsu fjkila, tkuz Wmrsu ,dNhla ,efnz.
flfia jqjo jsjD; m%jsYaghloS uqMZ msrsjeh yd uqMZ wh Ndrh iudk
jk ksid ,dNh Y=kH w.hla .kS. tjsg OSjr iuzm; u.ska ,ensh
hq;= iuzm;a noao (Resource Rent) fkd,enS hhs. tuksid OSjr
iuzm;l jsjD; m%jsYagh wdrA:sl jYfhka wldrAhCIu fjz.
133
uqMZ whNdrh yd uqMZ jshou
TC’
TC=cE
A
TR0 B
TR=PH(E)
H0
E’ E0 mrsY%uh
(a)
wdka;sl msrsjeh$wdka;sl whNdrh
c=MC=AC
AR
E’ E0 mrsY%uh
MR
(b)
jrAOk iS>%;djh
H0=G(E0,X)
H’=G(E’,X)
H0
F(X)
X0 XMSY X’ ffPj rdYsh
(c)
igyka wxl 8'6( Osjr iuzm;l jsjD; m%jsYagfha iu;=,s;;dj

134
oeka wms uSg b\qrd fjkiajk mqoa.,sl foam, l%uhloS we;sjk

iu;=,s;;dj wOHhkh lruq. fuysoS jsjD; m%jsYagfhaoS Ndjs;d lr
igykg iudk igykla Ndjs; lruq. igyka wxl 8'7 ys olajd
we;s wkaoug, mqoa.,sl foam, l%uhloS OSjr iuzm; i;= mqoa.,hd
;u ,dNh Wmrsu lsrSug W;aidy lrhs. tuksid Tyq ;u mrsY%uh
;SrKh lsrSfuzoS uqMZ wh Ndrh jl%h;a, uqMZ msrsjeh jl%h;a w;r
fjki ^,dNh& Wmrsu jk ,CIh f;dard .kS. tjsg igyfka b
m%ia:drfhka fmkajd oS we;s wkaoug wdka;sl msrsjeh yd wdka;sl wh
Ndrh iudkfjz. tuksid fuu iu;=,s;;dj wdrA:sl jYfhka
ldrAhCIu fjz. tfukau jsjD; m%jsYagh yd ii|k jsg fhfok
mrsY%uh wvq njo meyeos,s fjz. igyfka c m%ia;drfhka olajd we;s
wkaoug mqoa.,sl foam, l%ufha iu;=,s;;dj jrAOk iS>%;d ffPj
rdYs jl%fha, Wmrsu psria:dhs wiajekakg ol=Kq miska fmkajd we;s
X* ,CIfha msysghs. th ffPj jsoHd;aulj ia:dhs ,CIhls.
fuz wkqj meyeos,s jkafka, mqoa.,sl foam, l%uhloS wvq

mrsY%uhla fhfok w;r u;aiH f;d.h o by, ugzgul mj;ajd
.kakd njhs' tfukau iu;=,s;;dj ffPj jsoHd;aulj ia:dhs jk
w;r wdrA:sl jsoHd;aulj ldrAhCIu fjz. jsjD; m%jsYaghloS OSjr
iuzm;lska ,ensh hq;= iuzm;a noao uqMZukskau wysus jk ksid OSjr
lrAudka;fha fhfok Pkhdf.a iqNidOkho wvqh. fuysoS fuu
iqNidOkh wvq jS we;af;a ldrAhCIu m%udKhg jvd mrsY%uhla
fhojSu ksidh. fuysoS fmd\q iuzm;aj, fYdaldka;fha oS fukau
wu;rj fhdok iEu mrsY%u tallhlgu idudkH wh Ndrh wvqjk
w;r tu wvq jSu OSjr lrAudka;fha isgsk ishMZu fokd jsiska oersh
hq;=fjz. fuu wkaouska ,dNh Y=kH jk;=re fhdok wu;r mrsY%uh
ksid, we;s jk nysrA;djh §f;d. nysrA;djh¶ (Stock Externalities)
jYfhka ye|skafjz. fuz wkaouska nysrA;djla we;s jsgloS Osjrhska ;u
mqoa.,sl wNsu;drA: lrd ,Ûd jSug .kakd ;SrK u.ska iudP
iqNidOkh Wmrsu fkdfjz.
135
TC=cE
H*
H0
Rent TR=PH
E* E0 mrsY%uh
(a)
tall mrsY%uh
Rent
MC=c
ARE
E* E0 mrsY%uh E
MRE
(b)
jrAOk iS>%;djh
H0=G(E0,X)
H*=G(E*,X)
H*
H0
F(X)
X0 X* ffPj rdYsh
(c)
igyka wxl 8'7( Osjr iuzm;l mqoa.,sl foam, iuz;=,s;;dj

136
8'1'4 OSjr iuzm;a l<ukdlrKh

f,dalfha we;s b;d jeo.;a usrsosh OSjr lrAudka;
fndfyduhlau jsjD; m%jsYaG ;Fjfha mj;S. tuksid tu OSjr
iuzm;a ukd l<ukdlrKhlg hg;a l< hq;=j ;sfnz. fujka
l<ukdlrKhl mrudrA:h jsh hq;af;a jsjD; m%jsYaghl
iu;=,s;;djfha we;s OSjr lrAudka;h mqoa.,sl foam, l%uhl
iu;=,s;;dj olajd fjkia lrk wdrA:sl m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsrSuhs.
tjka m%;sm;a;s m%Yia: wkaoulska l%shd;aul l<fyd;a OSjr
lrAudka;h wdrA:sl jYfhka ldrAhCIujq;a, ffPj jsoHd;aulj ia:dhs
jq;a iu;=,s;;djlg m;a lsrSug mqMZjk. fuz ;Fjh lrd ,Ûdjsh
yels wdldr 2ls. m<uqj, mrsY%uh l%udkql+,j wvq lsrSulg ,la l<
yel. fojkqj m%Yia: ugzgfuz mrsY%uhloS ,efnk u;aiH wiajekak
,efnk wkaouska OSjr lrAudka;fhka ,nd .kakd wiajekak md,kh
l< yel. oeka wms fuz ;Fjh lrd ,Ûd jSug n\q (Tax) l%u yd
fldagd (Quota) l%u wkq.ukh lrkafka flfiaoehs iefljska
wOHhkh lruq.
8'1'4'1 u;aiH wiajekak u; n\q mekjSu
fuu l%ufhaoS u;aiH wiajekafka tallhlg noaola wh flfrA.

tjsg uqMZ whNdr jl%h iEu tallhloSu wvq w.hla .kakd ksid kj
uqMZ whNdr jl%hg m%;spdr olajk uiqka urkakka uqMZ msrsjeh Bg
iudk jk ;=re mrsY%uh fhdohs. fuysoS uiqka urkakka jsjD;
m%jsYaghl oS fuka yeisfrk kuq;a Tjqka uqyqK fok uqMZ whNdr
jl%h m%Yia: wkaouska fjkia lr we;s ksid mqoa.,Sl foam, l%uhloS
fhdok mrsY%uhg iudk mrsY%uhla fhfoa. tuksid iudP
iqNidOkh Wmrsujk m%Yia; wiajekakla muKla fuz wjia:dfjzoS
fk,d .kS. igyka wxl 8'8 ka fuu noao fhdod .kakd wkaou
meyeos,s flfrA.
137
TC
Y*
TR
n\q
TR’
Y’
E* E mrsY%uh
igyka wxl 8'8( Osjr wiajekak u; n\q mekjSu
fujka n\q l%uhloS ldrAhCIu iuzm;a wkqhqla; lsrSu kej;

we;s flfrk w;r, OSjr lrAudka;fha we;s wjodku yd wvudkh
ksid we;sjk m%;sM, OSjrhd fukau rPho ndr .kakd w;r
OSjrhdf.a yeisrSu n,y;aldrfhka fjkia lsrSula fkdlrhs.
tuksid fujka n\q l%uhla ffioaOdka;slj is;a .kakd iqMZ jqj;a
fujka l%uhla m%dfhda.slj l%shd;aul lsrSfuzoS jsjsO wmyiq;d mek
k.S. fuzjd w;r m%Yia; ugzgfuz noao ;SrKh lsrSfuz wmyiq;d,
jrAOk jl%hka ld,h;a iuÛ .;sl wkaouska fjkia jSu, n\q tl;=
lsrSfuz wmyiq;d, yd fuu noafoa w;=re m, f,i we;s jk /lshd
jshqla;sh oelajSug mqMZjk.
8'1'4'2 mrsY%uh u; n\q mekjSu
fuysoS igyka wxl 8'9 ys olajd we;s wkaoug wdldr follg

n\q mekjSug mqMZjk. OSjr lkakhg m%:u ishMZu OSjrhkg
n,m;%hla .ekSug ksfhda. lsrSu m<uq wdldrhhs. fuysoS uqMZ
whNdr jl%h fkdfjkiaj mj;sk w;r uqMZ msrsjeh jl%h n,m;%fha
jgskdlug idfmaCIj by<g js;ekafjz. wiajekak u; mkjk
noaoloS fukau fuysoSo OSjrhka jsjD; m%jsYaghl oS olajk yeisrSug
fmkajk kuq;a, uqMZ msrsjeh jl%fha js;eka jSu ksid mrsY%uh m%Yia;
ugZzgu olajd wvq fjz. fojkqj mrsY%ufha tallhlg noaola
mekjSug mqMZjk. fujka noaola u.ska uqMZ msrsjeh jl%h juzmig
138
lrlejSula is\qfjz. fuysoSo we;sjk m%;sm,h n,m;% l%uhg

iudkfjz.
TC”
TC’
TR
t’
TC
0 E* E mrsY%uh
igyka wxl 8'9( mrsY%uh u; n\q mekjSu
fuu n\q l%uh o fkdfhla wkaofuz m%dfhda.sl \qIalr;dj,g

uqyqK foa. tfukau fuysoS OSjr lrAudka;fha ishMZu
wjsksYaps;;djkag uqyqK fokafka OSjrhka muKs. n\q tl;= lsrSu
uqy\q q hdug m%:u is\qjk ksid rPh wjsksYaps;;djkaf.a ydksj,sk a
u. yrS. uSg wu;rj kshu wdldrfhka mrsY%uh wrA: oelajSfuz
wmyiqj, mrsY%ufha tla wx.hlg n\q wh l<fyd;a, OSjrhka wfkla
wx.hka jevslsrSu wdoS .egMZ mek k.S. mrsY%ufha ishMZu wx.hkag
n\q mekjsh yels jqj;a tjka n\q l%uhla b;d ixlSrAK jk w;r th
m%dfhda.slj l%shd;aul lsrSu b;d wmyiq jSug mqMZjk .
8'1'4'3 fldagd l%u
by; jsia;r lrk ,o md,k l%u Ndjs;fha olakg ,efnkafka

l,d;=rlsks. f,dalfha fndfyduhla OSjr lrAudka;j, md,kh
oekg is\qjkafka fldagd l%u u.sks. fuu l%ufhaoS m<uqj i,lk ,o
OSjr iuzm; i|yd Wmrsu psria:dhs wiajekak, huz lkakhla i|yd
weia;fuzka;= lrkq ,efnz. bkamiq tu wiajkq m%udKh isgsk OSjrhka
w;r fnod yrskq ,efnz. fuf,i tla tla OSjrhkag ,efnk
139
fldagdjg jvd tu lkakfhaoS uiqka w,a,kafkao hkak mrSCIdjg ,la

flfrA. fuu l%uh nyq,ju Ndjs; jk md,k l%uhla jqjo tys
wdrA:sl jsoHd;aul mokula ke;. ffPj jsoHd;aulj OSjr iuzm;
os.= ld,hla m%fhdaPkhg .; yels jqjo Wmrsu psria:dhs ,CIh
wdrA:sl ydkshlg ;=vq foa. tfia jkafka wdrA:slj ldrAhCIu jk
,CIhka Tnzng fhdok mrsY%uhg ,efnk m%;s,dN tys msrsjehg jvd
wvq jk ksidh.
fuu l%uh wdrA:slj ldrAhCIu lsrSfuz Wml%u o oeka oeka

wdrA:sl jsoHd{hkaf.a ie,ls,a,g ,la jS we;. Tjqka fhdaPkd lr
we;af;a ,nd fok fldagdj wka whg jslsKsh yels wkaofuz tlla f,i
,nd oSfuka fldagd l%uh wdrA:slj ldrAhCIu l< yels njhs. fuysoS
uiqka we,a,Su ldrAhCIuj l< yels wh th lsrSug wldrAhCIu
whf.ka fldagdj us<oS .kS. fuf,i fuu fldgd yqjudrej ksid ta
i|yd ksoyia fj<|fmd<la we;s jk w;r tu.ska fldagd uiqk a
urkakka w;r ldrAhCIuj wkqhqla; flfrA. OSjr iuzm;ska i,lk
,o lkakfhaoS fk,d .kakd wiajekak ksh;j mj;ajd f.k wdrA:sl
ldrAhCIu;djh ,Ûd lr .kakd ksid fuu l%uh ffPj jsoHd;aul
m%us;sho wdrCId lrhs. flfia jqj;a fuu fldagd l%uh m%;sm;a;s
;SrK .kakka w;r ;ju;a Pkm%sh jS fkdue;.
8'2 jkdka;r l<ukdlrKh

by; jsia;r l< OSjr iuzm;a l<ukdlrKfha uq,OrAu
iuia:hla jYfhka m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels iuzm;a Ndjs;fha oS
fhdod.; yels jqjo tla tla iuzm;g wkqj fuz uq, OrAuj, huz
fjkialuz l< hq;=j we;. ta ms<sn|j huz woyila ,nd .ekSu i|yd
oeka wms oej ,nd .ekSu i|yd jkdka;r md,kh lrk wkaou
ms<sn|j wOHhkhl fhfouq.
jkdka;r jsjsOdldr jq fiajd imhhs. tkuz ksjdi

f.dvke.Sug yd .Dy NdKav iEoSug wjYH oej imhk w;ru
f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,g or bkaOkhla f,i Ndjs; fjhs. jkdka;r
j, we;euz ,S j,ska ,nd.kakd fl|s, lvodis ksIamdokhg fhdod
.efka. f,dalfha m%Ndixiaf,aIKh lrk uqMZ Ydl m;% m%udKfhka
ishhg 84la we;af;a jkdka;r ;=<h. tuÛska ldnkavfhdlaihsvz
jdhqj wjfYÌKh lr Tlaiscka msg flfrk nejska jdhq f.`,fha
iu;=,s; nj iq/fla. jkdka;r u.Zska i;=kag ksjyka yd wNh N+us
imhd fok w;ru, c, fmÌl m%foaYhka yS ixrCIKhgo WmldrS
jk w;ru jkdka;r j, pu;aldrh usksiqkag jsfkòdiajdoho
,ndfohs.
140
Y%S ,xldfjz uqMZ N+us m%udKfhka ishhg 22la jk .yKfhka

hqla;h. tfy;a fuhg Y;jrAIhlg by;oS, tkuz 1884oS jk jeiau
furg uqMZ nsuz m%udKfhka ishhg 84la jsh. foam, ysusluz rgdj
lsishuz iuzm;l l<uKdlrSF jh flfrys oevs n,mEula we;s lrhs.
fuu foam, ysusluz rgdj rglska rglg fjkia fjhs. f,`lfha uqMZ
jkdka;r m%udKfhka ishhg 72lau rdcH ysusluz hgf;a mj;s. Y%S
,xldfjz o jkdka;r ish,a,u jdf.a rdPH foam,la f,i mj;S.
jkdka;r l<ukdlrKh myiq ldrAhhla fkdjkafka th flgs

ld,Skj wiajekak ,nd .; yels j.djla fkdjk ksidh. jk YdLj,
jrAOkhg os.= ld,hla .; fjz. tuksid l<ukdlrejl= lsishuz nsuz
m%udKhlska ,nd .; yels oej m%udKh Wmrsu lr.kafka flfiao
hkakg wu;rj oej lemSu yd kej; j.dj ljod l< hq;=o hkak
ms<sn|j;a ;SrK .; hq;=h. jkdka;rfhka ,nd .; yels ish,qu
m%fh`ckhkaf.a iunr;djla r|jd .ekSuo ta yd iudkju jeo.;a
fjhs. fuu m%fh`ckhkaf.ka iuyrla oej ,nd.ekSu jeks uq,Huh
m%fh`ck jk w;r Bg wu;rj jk iuzm;a ixrCIKh ;=<ska
uq,Huh fkdjk fiajdjka /ila o w;am;a lr .; yelsh. tnejsk a
fulS m%;sjsreoaO m%fh`ckhka w;r iunr;djla mj;ajd .ekSug
is\qfjhs.
by; jsia;r l< wkaoug jkdka;r j,ska oejj,g wu;rj

fjk;a NdKav yd mdrsirsl fiajd .Kkla ,enqKo fuu
mrspzfPaofhaoS wms oej i|yd muKla jkdka;r l<ukdlrKh lrk
wkaou wOHhkh lruq. oej ,nd.ekSu fuysoS i,ld n,kq ,nk
tlu m%fh`ckh kuz m<uqj W;aidy .; hq;af;a tla jk .yKhl
tlu jhia m%udKhlg wh;a .ia iuqyhla lemSug jvd;au iq\qi q
ld,h ;SrKh lsrSfuzos wdrA:Sl jsoHdfjz ixl,am fukau Ydl
jrAOkhg n,mdk cSj jsoHd;aul isoaOdka; .eko ie,ls,a,g
.ekSuh. fuysoS m<uqj oej ksiaidrkh i|yd ir, wdrA:sl
wdlD;shla f.dvk.d .ksuq. bkamiqj fuu wdlD;sh jkdka;rj,ska
,nd.kakd jsjsO m%fh`ckj, jgskdluz (Multiple Value of Uses)
we;=,;a lsrSug o Ndjs; lruq.
oej iuzm;o fjk;a ffcj iuzm;aj,g ysus ,CIKj,ska hqla;

jk w;r Bgu wdfjzksl jsfYaIs; ,CIKj,ska o hqla; fjhs. tkuz
th wfkl=;a fndfy` im%dKsl iuzm;a j, ,CIKhla jk m%d.aOk
iuzm;la (Capital Good) fukau ksus \%jHhlao (Output) fjhs. .ia
lemSfuka wk;=rej wf,js l< yels NdKavhla njg m;ajk w;ru
tfia lemSug nªka fkdjkafka kuz jdrAIslj jrAOkh fjuska m%d.aOk
NdKavhla f,i l%shd lrhs.
iEu jirloSu jk iuzm;a l<ukdlreg (Forest Manager)

lsishuz jk .yKhla oej i|yd lemsh hq;=o tfia;a ke;fyd;a
141
;j\qrg;a jrAOkh jSug bvyersh hq;=o hkak ;SrKh lsrSug is\ q

fjhs. jk j.dj fjkqfjka uq,sl wdfh`ckhla fldg m%;s,dN ,enSu
;=<ska wdfh`ck msrsjeh mshjd .ekSug fndfy` ld,hla .;fjhs. ta
i|yd fndfy`jsg jir 25la fy` Bg;a jevs ld,hla n,d isgsh
hq;=h. jk iuzm; ndysr n,mEuzj,g jsYd, jYfhka ,la fjhs.
tkuz, fuu n,mEu jk j.dj ixrCIKfhaoS;a oej lemSfuz
l%Shdj,sfhaoS;a u;=fjhs. osrs.ekajSuz (Incentives) wjsOsu;a f,i fhdod
.ekSfukq;,a wdh;k jHqyfha l<udkdlrK oCI;dj wvq jSu ksid;a
ldrAhCIu mrsfN`ckhg nOd meusfKhs.
8'2'1 cSj jsoHd;aul moku
.il jrAOkh oej mrsudjla (Volume) f,iska ueksh yelsh.

fuysoS .fia fmd;a; yd w;= yer .fia m%Odk lf|a mrsudj (Volume)
i,ld nef,k w;r fuh idudkH .ila i|yd fmd<j ugzgfuz isg
wÛ,a 4la Wil isg by<g jsysfohs. tfy;a jsYd, .ila i|yd fuu
my; iSudj fmd<j ugzgfuz isg wÛ,a 24ls. fuysoS wdhq ld,h wjika
jSfuka fy` iq<Ûska nsu jegqKq .ia yer jk .yKfha wfkl=;a
ish,qu .ia ukskq ,efnhs. oej mrsudj (Volume) o< w.hla f,i fy`
Y=oaO w.hla f,iska fy` .Kkh l< yelsh.
.iaj, Wi jevsjq muKska jrAOkhla is\q jkafka ke;.

jrAOkh f,i ie,flkafka oej mrsudfjz o jevs jSula is\qjk jsgh.
jk .yKhl .ia uqyql=rd hk jsg jrAOk fjz.h l%ufhka wvqfjhs.
wjidkfha th b;d wvq is>%;djhlska is\qjk w;r bkamiq jrAOkh
kej;S wjidkfhaoS .ia mrsydKshg ,la jSuo is\qjsh yelsh. jk
.yKhl jrAOk iS>%;djh lreKq .Kkdjla u; r|d mj;S. foaY
.=Kh, mfia idrj;a nj, Ydl jsfYaI, fr`. yd lDuss Wj\qrej,g
Tfrd;a;= oSfuys yelshdj, jk .yKh fj; olajkq ,nk wjOdkfha
;ru .sks .eksuzj,g ,lajSug we;s bvlv yd jdhq \QIKh wdosh bka
iuyrls. fuu lreKq j, n,mEu fya;= fldg f.k .iaj, jrAOk
iS>%;djh ;ekska ;ekg fjkia fjhs. funª jrAOkh jevs oshqK q
lrk fy` tfia;a fkdue;skuz jrAOkh nd, lrk lreKqj,
;Sj%;dj jk iuzm;a l<uKdlrefjl=f.a oCI;dj u; ;SrKh fjhs.
fuu fjkialuz ie,ls,a,g .ksuska jk .yKhl jrAOkh

ms<snsUq flfrk Wml,ams; tfy;a h:drEms cSj jsoHd;aul
wdorAYkhla ksrAudKh l< yel . fuu wdorAYkh ksrAudKh igyka
wxl 8'10 ys olajd we;.
142
mrsudj ^>K wvs&
0 65 97 135 jhi ^wjqre\q&
igyka wxl 8'10( oej ksIamdok jl%h
jk .yKh uq,a wjOsfha oS isudldrS jrAOkhla yd ueos wjosfha

oS iS>% jrAOkhla fmkakquz lrk w;r jhia.; jk jsg jk.yKfha
jrAOkh weK ysgShs. lskuz jljdkqjl fuu jk .yKh oej i|yd
lemsh hq;=o hk .eg,qj cSj jsoHd;aulj jsioSug jk
l<ukdlrefjda jdrAIsl idudkH jrAOkh (Mean Annual Inreament -
MAI) ixl,amh fhdod .ks;s. miqj jsia;r lrk wdrA:Sl wdlD;sh
f.dv ke.Sug fuu ixl,amh WmldrSfjhs. idudkH jdrAIsl jrAOkh
.Kkh flfrkafka lsishuz ld,hla wjidkfhaoS wod< jk.yKfha
uqMZ oej mrsudj ta i|yd .;jq ld, jljdkqfjka fnoSfuks. by;ska
oelafjk Ydlj, jrAOkh ms<snsUq lrk wdldrhg uq,a wjOsj,
idudkH jdrAYsl jrAOkh (MAI) by< hk w;r miqj th b;d wvq
w.hla fmkakquz lrhs.
ffcj jsoHd;aulj i,ld n,k jsg oej lemSug jvd;a fh`.H

jkafka idudkH jrAOkh Wmrsu jk wjia:dfjzoSh. tkuz by;
igyfka jk .yKh jhi wjqre\q 97 oS lemSu jvd;a iq\qiqh. fuu
jhfia oS idudkH jrAOk fjz.h Wmrsu w.hla fmkakquz lrhs.
flfia jqjo oej mrsudfjz wdka;sl jrAOkh Wmrsu jkafka jhi 65
oSh. wdka;sl jrAOkh f,i ye|skafjkafka tla ld, iSudjloS
143
^jrAIhl oS& oej mrsudj tl;= jk m%udKhhs. bkamiqj udOH

jdrAIsl jrAOkh jdrAIsl jrAOkfha wdka;sl jevsjSug jvd wvqjk
fyhska th my; nishs. jhi 135 oS oej mrsudj Wmrsu w.hla .kS.
tkuz tys wdka;sl jrAOkh Y=kHhla njg m;afjz. fuu ,CIfhaoS
mrsudj Wmrsu jk ksid, fuh ffPj jsoHd;aulj m%Yia; ,CIhla
jYfhka i,lk wjia:do olakg we;.
8'2'2 oej wiajkq fk,Sfuz wdrA:sl jsoHd;aul moku

;SrK .ekSfuzos cSj jsoHd;aul ksrAKdhlhka u;u mokuz jSu
wdrA:sl ldrAhCIu;d ksrAKdhl u; is\qlrk iuzm;a
l<ukdlrKhg mgyeksh. tfia jkafka tysoS oejj, jgskdlu,
uqof,a ld,Sk w.h fy` jk j.d fy` oej lemSuz msrsjeh jeks lrKq
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq fkdflfrk fyhsks. jvd;a iq\qiq ;SrKhla
.ekSu i|yd fuu lreKqo ufy`mldrS jkq we;. flfia jqj;a jk
.yKhl jrAOkh yd iuznkaO cSj jsoHd;aul lreKq ie,ls,a,g
.ekSu o oej lemSug jvd;a iq\qiq ld,h ;SrKh lsrsu i|yd jq
wdrA:sl jsoHd;aul wdorAYhloS m%fhdaPkhg .kS.
uq,oS i|yka l< mrsos jrAOkh fjuska mj;sk jk j.djka

ms<sn|j uq,sl wdrA:sl .egMZj jkafka tu j.dj ;j;a jirla ;nd
.kafka o, tfia ke;skuz fuu jrAIfhaoS tys wiajkq fk,kafkao
hkakhs. fuu .egMZj wdrA:sl jYfhka jeo.;a jkafka, jefvk jk
.yKhla m%d.aOk iuzm;la jk nejsks. jk .yKh ;j;a jrAIhla
;nd .kafka kuz tu jrAIh i|yd jk jrAOkh ôej mrsudj
jevsjSu& ksid wu;r ,dNhla ,efnz. flfia j;=\q tu jrAIfha uq,oS
wiajkq fk,kq ,enqfha kuz ;u uqo, nexl=fjz ;ekam;a lsrSfuka
fmd,shla f,i wu;r wdodhula ,nd .ekSug mqMZjk. fuu fmd,S
m%udKh. oej jrAOkh ksid jk j.dlreg ,efnk wMZ;a wdodhug
jvd by< kuz jk j.dj lmd wiajkq ,nd .ekSfuka ,dNh Wmrsu
jk w;r, jrAOkh u.ska ,efnk wu;r wdodhu fmd,sfhka ,efnk
wdodhug jvd by< kuz ;j;a jrAIhla jk j.dj ;nd .ekSfuka
,dNh Wmrsu fjz.
fuu lreK ijsia;rj jgyd .ekSu i|yd .Ks;uh

wdlD;shla ksrAudKh lr .ksuq. fuysoS my; i|yka ;Fj
Wml,amkh lruq.
1. jk j.dj tla Ydl jrA.hla nj,

2. iu jhfia Ydl muKla nj,
3. tla j.d pl%hla muKla nj,
4. mqrAK ;rÛldrS fj<|fmd<lg oej iemfha' tuksid uqMZ oej
m%udKhu P us<lg jslsKsh yels nj iy
144
5. wiajkq fk,Sfuz msrsjeh remsh,a c/m3 nj.
oej jrAOkh ld,h;a iuÛ fjkia jk ksid th V(t) jYfhka

olajuq. tkuz t ld,fhaoS oej lmd .ekSfuka ,efnk uqMZ ,dNh
jkafka (p-c) V(t) m%udKhls.
jk j.dlref.a mrudrA:h jkafka jk j.dj wdruzNfhaoS

wkd.;fhaoS ,efnk ,dNfha jrA;udk w.h Wmrsu lr .ekSuhs.
Tyqf.a .egMZj my; wdldrfhka oelajSug mqMZjk. fuysoS
wkd.;fha oS ,efnk ,dNh jgzguz lr jrA;udk w.h i|yd
mrsjrA:kh lrkqfha tla tla ld, wka;rj, ,efnk ,dNh
ixikaokh lsrSfuz myiqj i|ydh.
1
Max( p  c)vt
(1  r ) t
fuys r hkq fmd,S wkqmd;h jk w;r t ld,hhs. b;d l=vd

ld,dka;r ie,lSfuka fuu iuSlrKh my; i|yka f,i oelajsh
yel.
Maxt ( p  c)V (t ).e  rt
fuysoS ld,hg idfmaCIj by; Wmrsu lrk .egMZj jsi|Sfuka my;

oelafjk m<uq fm< wjYH ;Fjhka ,efnz.
( p  c)v' te  rt  r ( p  c)V (t )e  rt  0
fuh ;j\qrg;a iqMZ lsrSu u.ska
( p  c)v' t  ( p  c)V (t )r
f,i oelajSug mqMZjk. tu iuSlrKfha juzmi m%ldYkh
u.ska wo .ia lmd fy,Sfuz wdjia:sl msrsjeh, tkuz bosrs jrAIfha
jrAOkh u.ska ,ensh hq;=j ;snQ wu;r ,dNh fmkajd fohs. tys
ol=Kq mi m%ldYh u.ska wo .ia lmd ,efnk ,dNh nexl=fjz oeuSu
u.ska ,efnk wu;r wdodhu fmkajd fohs. tuksid wo osk .ia
lemSfuz wdka;sl m%;s,dNh ôl=Kq mi m%ldYh& tys wdjia:sl msrsjeh
^juzmi m%ldYkh& g iudk jk wjia:dfjz oS, jk j.dlre ;u
m%Yia; jk j.d pl%h ^tkuz jhi& ;SrKh lrhs.
by; iuSlrKhg fjkia wdldrhlska my; oelafjk wkaoug

oelajSug mqMZjk.
145
V ' (t )
r
V (t )
fuhska lshjkqfha jk .yKfha ffPj jsoHd;aulj jrAOk
iS>%;djh jgzguz wkqmd;slhg iudk jk wjia:dfjz oS, wiajkq fk,sh
hq;= njhs.
by; iuSlrKj,ska jsia; r l, iu;=,s;;dj u.ska uq,sl

ks.uk lSmhlg t,USug mqMZjk. m<uqj jrAOk iS>%;djh (V’(t))
wOsl kuz jk j.dj ;j;a jevs ld,hla ;nd .ekSu is\qjk njhs.
fuysoS jrAOk iS>%;djh jevs kuz bosrs jrAIfha jrAOkh ksid
fkd,enS hk ,dNh jevs ksid fuf,i jevs ld,hla jk j.dj ;nd
.efka. fojkqj by< jgzguz wkqmd;slhla we;s kuz jk j.dj ;nd
.kakd ld,h wvq fjz. tfia jkafka by< jgzguz m%;sY;hla we;s jsg
wo .ia lmd uqo,a nexl=fjz oeuSfuka ,efnk ,dNh jevs jSu ksid .ia
lemSu blauka lsrSug fmf,fUk ksidh.
by; wdlD;sfha oS jk j.dj wdruzNfha ork msrsjeh

fkdi,ld yersfhuq. me< isgqjSfuzoS ork msrsjeh uq,sl msrsjehla jk
ksid lskuz jgzguz m%;sY;hla hgf;a jqjo tys w.fha fjkila is\ q
fkdfjhs. tfy;a fuu msrsjeh oej lemSu i|yd ;SrK .ekSfuzoS wod,
fkdfjz hehs is;d neyer l< fkdyelsh. tkuz me< isgqjSfuzoS ork
msrsjeh oejj, uqMZ jgskdlug jvd jevs jk wjia:djloS
m%udKd;aul f,i n,mdhs. tkuz iEu jhia ldKavhlu Y=oaO
m%;s,dNh tysos Rk w.hla .kakd fyhsk.s
tfukau oej lemSfuz tall msrsjeh (c) ksh; hhs ie,l=fjuq.

fuh h:drA:fha oS fjkia jSug mqMZjk. oej lemSfuz msrsjeh, lmkq
,nk oej m%udKhg iudkqmd;slj fjkia jsh yel. tkuz lmkq
,nk oej m%udKfha jevs jSu;a iZuÛu fuu msrsjeh o by< hhs. oej
lemSu i|yd ;SrK .eksfuz oS jvd jeo.;a jkafka oej >k wvshlska
,efnk Y=oaO m%;s,dNhhs. tkuz oej >k wvshl jsl=Kquz usf<ka oej
lmd fy<sfuz wdka;sl msrsjeh wvq lsrSfuka ,efnk jgskdluh' oej
lmd fy<Sfuz wdka;sl msrsjefhys ldrAhh jkafka Y=oaO m%;s,dN jl%h
wvq fy` jevs lsrSuh. lmd fy<kq ,efnk iEu oej >k wvshla
fjkqfjkau noaola wh l<fyd;a th lmdfy<Sfuz wdka;sl msrsjeh
by< oeuSug fya;= jqj;a, oej lemSug iq\qiq ld,h kSrAKh flfrys
tu.ska n,mEula we;s fkdflfrhs.
by;ska oelajq wdorAYkh we;euzjsg m%dfh`.sl jkafka ke; .

tkuz by; uq,sl wdorAYkhg wkqj oej lemSu tla wjia:djloS
muKla is\qfj;ehs ks.ukh l<o kej; j.d lsrSu yd oej lemSfuz
146
ls%hdj,sh wLKavj is\qjk, jl%hla f,i l%shd;aul fjhs. lsishuz

ie,iquz .; oSrA> ld, mrspzfPaohl wka;rA ld, mrspzfPAohka tlska
tlg iuznkaOj fkdmj;S kuz tla wjia:djlg muKla iuznkaO
fuu uq,sl wdorAYkh fujeks wjia:djl jqjo fhdod .; yelsh.
tfy;a tu ld, mrspzfPAoh w;r wka;rA iuznkaO;djh mj;sk
wjia:djl ;SrK .ekSfuzoS tu wka;rA iuznkaO;djh ie,ls,a,g .;
hq;= jkafka tu m%udoh u.ska os.= ld,Skj n,mEula we;s flfrk
fyhsks.
by; wdlD;sfha oS jk .yKh lemSu m%udolsrSfuka ,ensh hq; =

fmd,S wdodhu muKla .ia lemSu m%udo lsrSfuz wdjia:sl msrsjehla
f,i ie,l=fjuq. flfia kuq\q .ia lemSu m%udolsrSu u.ska jkh
u.ska ,efnkakdjq ffPj jsjsO;ajh, P, f\%daks ixrCIkh, oej
fkdjk jk iuzm;a iemhSu jeks fiajdjka ;j \qrg;a mj;ajd
.ekSug bv lv ie,fia. oej lemSfuz wjia:dj m%udojSfuz wdjia:sl
msrsjeh jk .yKh ;j\qrg;a jevSug bv yerSfuka mshjd .;
yelsh. fjkia jk ;Fjhka hgf;a os.= ld,Sk ie,eiaula we;s jsg jk
.yKhla oej i|yd lemSug jvd;a iq\qiq jhia iSudj flgs ld,hloS
Wodfjhs. thg fya;=j f,i oelajsh yelafla m%udojSu wdjia:sl
msrsjehla we;slrk w;r tu.ska wdka;sl msrsjeh by< oeuSuhs. oej
lmd fy<Su m%foYfha jk .y.Kh iajdNdjslju kej; jevSug
i,iajd kej; oej lemSug jvd flgs ld,hloS kej; jk j.d
lsrSug woyia lrkafkl=g jk .yKfhka h<s;a oej wiajekak
,nd.; yelsh. fujeks ixlSrAK ;Fjhka we;=<;a wdorAYhla ;=<ska
uq,sl wdorAYkhg jvd m%dfh`.sl jq ks.ukhkag meusKSfuz
yelshdjla ,efnz.
jkhla kej; j.d lsrSfuz msrsjeh jevsjqjd hehs is;uq. tysoS

uq,sl wdorAYkhg wkqj tu jevs jSu m%Yia; jhia ldKavh flfrys
lsis\q n,mEula we;s fkdl< o os.= ld,Sk jYfhka fjkia jk
;Fjhka hgf;a ie,iquz l< wdorAYkhloS oej lemSu h<s h<s;a
plS%hj is\qjkakla fyhska lssysmjdrhla kej; j.d l< hq;= ksid
fujeks wjia:djl kej; j.d lsrSfuz msrsjeh jevs jSu m%Yia; ugzgu
flfrys ie,lshhq;= n,mEula we;s lrhs. JsfYaIfhkau, by< hk jk
j.d lsrSfuz msrsjeh j.d pl%h mud jSfuka we;sjk wdka;sl wdjia:sl
msrsjeh (Marginal Opportunity Cost) my; fy<hs. tys m%;sM,hla
f,i kej; j.d lsrSfuz msrsjefha jevsjSu kej; j.dj yd oej lemSu
w;r;=r we;s ld, jljdkqj by< oeuSug fya;= fjhs.
l%udkql+,j lmd fy,Sug n\Zqkajq jkdka;rhla jsjsO jhia

iSudjka hgf;a mj;sk jk.yKj,ska hqla; bvuz lene,s iuqyhlska
iukajs;h. j.dl< jk .yKhla kej; lemSug ,la jk f;la oej
iemhSu wLKAvj mj;ajd .ekSug kuz tu lene,s ixLHdj
m%udKd;aul jsh hq;=h. ta tla bvuz lene,a,l jk .yKh oej
147
i|yd lmd kej; j.d lsrSfuka miq ;j;a bvuz lene,a,l jk

.yKhla fj; hdug yels whqrska wLKav m%jdyhla os.=ld,Skj
mej;sh hq;= fyhsk.s fujka wiajkq lemSula ;sria:dhs wiajkq
fk,Suls.
uq,sl wdorAYkfha mj;sk ;j;a iSudjla jkafka i,ld n,k

ld, mrspzfPAoh ;=< us< ugzguz fkdfjkiaj mj;skq we;ehs
Wml,amkh lsrSuhs. tfy;a i;H jYfhka, ld,dkqrEmj by< hk
us< ugzguz hgf;a m%Yia: plS%lrK ld,h (Optimal Rotation Period)
l%ufhka jevs fjhs. oekgu;a wvq jgzguz wkqmd;slhla hgf;a os.=
m%;spl%SlrK ld,hla we;s fyhska jevsjk us< ugzguo tu ld,
mrspzfPAoh ;j;j;a os.= lrhs.
wjidk jYfhka fuu wdorAYfhka uq,slju ie,ls,a,g

.efkkafka oej jslsKSfuka ,o yels uq,Huh m%;s,dNh jkdka;rfha
jgskdlu f,his. Bg wu;rj jkdka;rhlska bgqjk mdxY=
ixrCIKh, jk cSjSkag wdrCIdj iemhSu yd c, fmÌl m%foaY
ixrCIKh jeksoE fuysoS ie,ls,a,g yiq fkdfjhs. jk .yKh oej
i|yd lemSu;a iuÛu fujeks cSj jsoHd;aulj jeo.;a jk fiajdjka
ke;sjShdu fy` wvq jShdu is\q fjhs.
fujeks m%;s,dN by; wdorAYkfhys oS ie,ls,a,g .; yels

w;r tho m%Yia; ld, mrspzfPAoh ;SrKh lsrSug n,mdhs. tjeks
m%;s,dNhkao .yKfha jevsjSu;a iuÛu jevsfjz hehs is;uq. fujeks
wjia:djl m%Yia; pl%SlrK ld,h kej;;a ;SrKh jkafka
m%udojSu ksid we;sjk wdka;sl m%;s,dNh (Maginal Benefit of Delay)
by< hk ksidh. fuz ksid m%Yia; plS%lrK ld,ho oSrA> fjhs. by;
fiajdjkaf.a m%;s,dNh m%udKd;aul jkafka kuz tu jk .yKh oej
i|yd lemSu fjkqjg th iajdNdjsl jkdka;rhla f,i jevSug bv
yerSu jvd;a fh`.H jkq we;. fujka m%;s,dNj, jgskdlu b;du
by< kuz ^WodyrK( isxyrdPfha ffPj jsjsO;ajh& tu jkh oej
i|yd fkdlmd ixrCIKh lr ;nd .ekSu iudPuh jYfhka
m%Yia;h.
148
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Dorfman and Nancey Dorfman, W.W. Torton a Company New
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Management of Renewable Resources, John-Wiley and Son, New
York.
Conrad, J.M. (1996). “Bioeconomic Models of the Fishery”. in
Economics of the Environment Eds. Robert Dorfman and Nancy
Dorfman, W.W. Torton Company New York.
Oxford, U.K.
Hartman, R. (1976). “The Harvesting Decision When a Standing Forest
has Value”, Economic Inquiry Vol. 14, pp. 52-68.
Montgomery, C.A. and D.M. Adams (1996). “Optional Timber
Management Policies”, The Handbook of Environmental
Economics”, Ed. D.W. Bromley Blackwell Publishers, Oxford,
U.K.
New York.
Rettig, R.B. (1996). “Management Regions in Ocean Fisheries in
Economics of the Environment Eds. Robert Dorfman and Nancey
Dorfman, W.W. Torton Company New York.
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Economic Inquiry, Vol. 14, pp. 466-91.
149
kjjk mrspzfPAoh
9' mrsir \QIKh md,kfha wdrA:sl
jsoHd;aul uq,OrAu

9'1 ldrAhCIu yd msrsjeh iM, mrsir \qIK md,kh

by; mrspzfPao lSmfhaoS m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels yd
m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iajNdjsl iuzm;a ldrAhCIuj Ndjs;
lsrSu ms<sn|j wOHhkh lf<uq. oeka wms ;rula fjkia jsIh
fCI;%hla jk mrsir \QIKh md,kh lsrSu wOHhkh lruq. fuz
mrspzfPAofha wruqK jkafka mrsir \qIKh md,kh lsrSfuz m%;sm;a;s
js.%y lsrSug wjYH jk wdrA:sl jsoHd;aul mokula f.dvk.d
.ekSuhs. tjka m%;sm;a;s mokula u.ska ldrAhCIu yd msrsjeh-iM,
wkaouska mrsir \QIKh md,kh lsrSu wOHhkh lsrSug mqMZjk.
fuysoS mrsir \qIl ldrl jrA.SlrKh lsrSu, ta ta jrA.j, mrsir
\qIl ldrl i|yd iq\qiq m%;sm;a;s yd ta m%;sm;a;sj, ldrAhCIu
Ndjh yd msrsjeh iM, nj fjka fjkaj i,ld n,uq.
mrsir \qIK ldrlhlaa, ksIamdokfha fyda mrsfNdaPkfha

w;=rem, jYfhka mrsirhg tla flfrk \%jHhla fyda Yla;shla,
f,i wrA: oelajSug mqMZjk. fuf,i mrsirhg tla flfrk iEu
wm\%jHhlskau ydkshla is\q fkdjSug bv we;. tfia jkafka mrsir
\QIK ldrl fjk;a \%jH fyda Yla;Ska njg mrsjrA:kh lsrSfuz
yelshdjla mrsirh i;=j we;s nejsks. mrsirh i;= wm\%jH
ydksodhl fkdjk fjk;a \%jH njg m;a lsrSfuz yelshdj §wjfYdaIk
Odrs;djh¶ (Assimilative Capacity) jYfhka ye|skafjz. mrsirhg wm
\%jH tl;= jk iS>%;djh wjfYdaIK Odrs;djhg jvd by< hk jsg
wm\%jH mrsirfha tl;= jk w;r fuf,i tl;= jk wm\%jH u.ska
ydks odhs n, mEuz we;s jSug mqMZjk.
iuyr mrsir \qIK ldrl fjk;a \%jH njg m;a lsrSfuz

yelshdjla mrsirhg fkdue;. fujka wm\%jHhka rdYSN+; \QIK
ldrl (Stock Pollutants) f,i ye|skafjz. rdYsN+; \qIK ldrl
mrsirhg tla jk iS>%;djfhkau tys ;ekam;afjz. vS'vS'gS' kuz
lDuskdYlh rdYsN+; \qIK ldrlhlg b;d fyd| WodyrKhls.
ffPj-jsfhdaPkhg hg;a fkdjk fnda; ,a, nr f,day jrA. iy iuyr
mrsir \QIKh md,kfha wdrA:sl jsoHd;aul uq,OrAu
lDIs ridhk \%jH fuu .Khg wh;a jk wfkl=;a \qIK ldrlhka

fjz.
huz mrsir \qIK ldrlhla wjfYdaIKh lr fjk;a \%jH njg

m;a lsrSfuz yelshdjla mrsirhg we;s kuz, tjka wm \%jH rdYsN+;
fkdjk \QIK ldrl f,i ye|skafjz. fuu rdYsN+; fkdjk \QIK
ldrl mrsirhg tl;= flfrk iS>%;djh, mrsirfha wjfYdaIK
Odrs;djhg wvq kuz, bka ydkshla is\q fkdfjz. fndfyda ldnksl wm
\%jH fuu .Khg wh;a \qIK ldrlfjz. flfia kuq\q rdYsN+;
fkdjk \qIK ldrl mrsirfha wjfYdaIK Odrs;djhg jvd jevs
iS>%;djhlska tl;= flfrk jsg bka mrsirhg ydks is\q fjz.
mrsir \qIK ldrlhla th ksl=;a lrk ia:dkfhaoSu ydkshla

we;s lrkafka kuz th ia:dkSh (Local) \qIlhla f,i ye|skafjz
^WodyrK( luzy,lska ksl=;a lrk jsI jdhq&. iuyr \qIK
ldrlj, whym;a m%;sM, we;s jkafka tu \%jH ksl=;a lrk
ia:dkfhka wE; we;s m%foaYj,oSh. fujka \qIK ldrl m%dfoaYSh
(Regional) \qIK ldrl f,i ye|skafjz. WodyrKhla f,i mdxY=
Ldokh ie,lSug mqMZjk . mdxY= Ldokh ksid jk P, \qIKfha
whym;a m%;sM, we;s jkafka P, f\%daksfha my, fldgiaj,oSh. iuyr
\qIK ldrl th ksl=;a lrk ia:dkfha fukau Bg wE;ska msysgs
ia:dkj,o whym;a m%;sM, we;s lrhs.
by; wkaoug ia:dkSh fyda m%dfoaYSh jYfhka \qIK ldrl

jrA.SlrKfhaoS tu \qIK ldrl j, ;sria jHdma;sh ie,ls,a,g
.;af;uq. fuf,iu \qIK ldrl j, isria jHdma;sh ie,ls,a,g
.ekSfuka tajd jrA.SlrKh lsrSug mqMZjk. \qIK ldrlhka tys
whym;a m%;sM, mD:sjsfha u;=msg oS we;s lrkafka kuz th u;=msg
(Surface) \qIK ldrlhla jYfhka ye|skafjz. fuf,i \qIK
ldrlhla by< wNHjldYfhaoS tys ydksh is\q lrkafka kuz th jsYaj
\qIl ldrlhla (Global Pollutants) jYfhka y|qkajuq. fuu
jrA.SlrKhg wkqj P, \qIKh u;=msg \qIlhka f.ka is\qjk w;r
jd; \qIKh u;=msg fukau jsYaj \qIKhla f,io ie,lsh yel.
mrsir \qIK ldrl ksoyia lrk m%Njfha (Source) iajNdjh

wkqjo tajd jrA.SlrKh lsrSug mqMZjk. WodyrKhla f,i
lrAuka;Yd,dj,ska msgjk \qIl ksl=;a lrk m%Njh myiqfjka y|qkd
.; yel. tjka \qIl ldrl, ia:dkSh-m%Njhla iys; (Point Source
Pollutants) \qIK ldrl jYfhka ye|skajSug m%MZjk. ;j;a wjia:d
j,oS \qIK ldrl ksl=;a lrk tallhka jsYd, m%foaYhl jsisrS
mj;sk w;r tys ydksh Bg fjk;a ia:dkhl flaJ\% .; fjz.
WodyrKhla f,i mdxY= Ldokh ie,ls,a,g .ekSug mqMZjk. mdxY=
Ldokh we;s lrk f.djSka by< P, f\%daksfha iEu;eklu jsisrS isgsk
152
w;r fidaod f.dia P,dYj, ;ekam;a jk mia u.ska ydksh we;s lfrA.
fuysoS ydksh we;s lrk wh fjka fjkaj w|qkd .ekSug fkdyel.
tjka \qIK ldrl ia:dkSh fkdjk m%Njhla iys; \qIK ldrl
(Non-point Source Pollutants) f,i ye|skafjz. ia:dkSh m%Njhla iys;
\qIK ldrlj,oS tajd md,kh lsrSfuz m%;sm;a;s ieliSu fukau
l%shd;aul lsrSuo myiq jk w;r wfkla jrA.fhaoS \qIK ldrl
ksl=;a lrk tallhka y|qkd .ekSug wmyiq ksid ta i|yd idrA:l
m%;sm;a;s ieliSu yd l%shd;aul lsrSu .egMZ iy.; jS we;.
by; oelajq jrA.SlrKh u.ska mrsir \qIl jrA. ms<sn|j huz

wjfndaOhla ,nd .;af;uq. oekg wm mrsir \qIK md,k m%;sm;a;s
ms<sn| wOHkhlg wjYH uq,sl lreKq iuyrla wOHhkh lr we;s
ksid, mrsir \qIK md,kfha wdrA:sl jsoHd uq,OrAu foig keUqre
fjuq. mrsirhg ydksodhl wm\%jH ksmojk ksIamdolhl= i,lkak.
Tyqf.a ksIamdokhg fj,|fmdf<a ,efnk usf<ys tu.ska jk mrsir
ydksfha msrsjeh we;=,;a jS fkdue;. tfia jS we;af;a mrsir \qIKh
nysrA;djhla jk nejsks. tu ksid ksIamdolhdg iudPhg m%Yia:
ugzgulska mrsir \qIKh md,kh lsrSug wjYHjk osrs oSukd
(Incentives) fkdue;. fufia jk jsg ksIamdolhd mrsir \qIl
iudPhg m%Y ia: jk m%udKhg jvd jevsfhka ksmojhs. fujka
wjia:djloS mrsir \qIK md,k m%;sm;a;shla u.ska is\ql< hq;af;a
ksIamdokfha we;s nysrA;djh ke;s lrK f,i ksIamdolhdg
n,mEula lsrSuhs.
by; i|yka wkaouska ksIamdolhdg n,mEuz l< yels uq,sl

wldr ;=kls. m<uqj ksIamdolhd jsiska ksl=;a lrk wm\%jH m%udKh
fyda tys .=Kd;auh fjkia jk wkaofuz m%us;Ska kS;s.; lsrSu ^fuysoS
ksIamdolhd fj; ,ndfok m%us;Ska u.ska mrsir ydksh wju flfrA&.
fuu m%us;Ska wkq.ukh fkdlrk ksIamdolhkayg o~qjuz ,nd fok
kS;s rS;so, m%us;Ska ksr;=rej mrSCId lrk wdh;ko ta iuÛu nsys
jsh hq;=hs. fojkqj mrsir \qIlhska, bka mSvd js|skakka yd \qIK
md,k wdh;k w;r f;dr;=re ldrAhCIuj yqjudre lsrSug iafjpzPd
wdh;k we;s l< yel. fuu.ska fldtaishka wdldrfha fj<|fmd<
jsi|qula lrd ,Ûd jSug bv m%ia:djhka jevs flfrA. f;jkqj, \qIK
md,kh fkdlr isgSfuzoS ksIamdolhl= uqyqK fok wu;r msrsjeh
by< hk wkaofuz l%shd udrA. wkq.ukh l< yel. fuz i|yd wdrA:sl
m%;sm;a;s j,oS nyq,j Ndjs; jk n\q" iykdOdr yd n,m%;% l%u
Wmfhda.S lr .ekSug mqMZjk, fuu l%u ms<sn|j oSrA> jsia;rhlg
hEug m%:u WodyrKhla u.ska m%Yia: mrsir \qIK md,khg osrs
oSukd ,nd osh yels wkaou i,ld n,uq.
153
igyka wxl 9"1 ys x wCIh u.ska mrsir \qIKh md,kh lrk

m%udKh;a y wCIh u.ska mrsir \qIl md,kfha us< fyda msrsjeh;a
olajd we;. wdka;sl m%;s,dN jl%h >DK nEjqula olajkafka mrsir
\qIK md,kh bosrshg f.k hkjsg bka ,efnk wdka;sl m%;s,dN wvq
jk nejsks. fuh jgyd .ekSug wOsl jYfhka \qIKh jS we;s mrsir
moaO;shla i,lkak. bka bj;a lrk m,uq \qIl tallh ksid
buy;a fi;la ie,fik w;r, l%ufhka \qIl bj;a lrf.k hkjsg
bka ,efnk wdka;sl m%;s,dN wvqjSug mgka .kS. tjeks mrsirhl oS
bj;a lrk m<uq tallhg hk wdka;sl msrsjeh wvqjk w;r l%ufhka
\qIl bj;a lrf.k hk jsg wdka;sl msrsjeh by< hhs. fuz ksid
wdka;sl msrsjeh jl%h Ok nEjqula iys; fjz.
us<$msrsjeh
wdka;sl msrsjeh
A
t
wdka;sl m%;s,dN
X* mrsir \qIKh
md,kh
igyka wxl 9'1( mrsir \qIK md,kfha iu;=,s;;dj
A ,CIfha oS wdka;sl msrsjeh yd wdka;sl m%;s,dN jl% fol

tlsfkl w;sfPaokh lrhs. tu ,CIh u.ska m%Yia; mrsir \qIK
md,kh (x*) ksrAkh lrhs. mrsir \qIl ksl=;a lsrSu j,lajk
kS;shla ke;s jsgl ksIamdolhl= mrsir \qIK md,khl fkdfhfoa.
Tyq tfia lrkafka ta i|yd msrsjehla jeh jk jsg Tyqf.a ,dNh
wvqjk nejsks. mrsir \qIK md,k m%;sm;a;shla u.ska t m%udKhl
154
wh noaola, ksl=;a lrk iEu tallhlgu wh lrkafka kuz

ksIamdolhd yg n\q f.jd \qIl ksl=;a lsrSug fyda mrsir \qIKh
md,kh lsrSug bv we;. fuysoS Tyq ;u msrsjeh wju lsrSug W;aidy
lrhs. x* ,CIh olajd mrsir \qIK md,kfha wdka;sl msrsjeh n\q
uqo,g jvd wvqhs. tuksid ksIamdolhd n\q fkdf.jd ;u mrsir
\qIl m%udKh md,kh lrhs. fuz wkaouska t m%udKfha noaola wh
lsrSu ;=,ska ksIamdolhdf.a yeisrSu fjkia lr m%Yia: ugzgulg
mrsir \qIKh md,kh lsrSug Tyq fm,UjSug mqMZjk .
igyka wxl 9"1 ys olajd we;s uq,sl isoaOdka;h mrsir \qIKh

md,kh lsrSu ms<sn|j uq,sl wdrA:sl jsoHd;aul kHdh jYfhka
ie,ls,a,g .ekSug mqMZjk. fuu mrspzfPaofha jsia;r flfrk mrsir
\qIKh md,kh lsrSfuz fkdfhl=;a m%;sm;a;s yd Wml%u jsldYkh jS
we;af;a fuu uq,OrAuh mokuz lrf.khs. tuksid mrsir \qIK
md,kh i|yd jk m%;sm;a;shl uq,sl wruqk jkafka ksIamdolhl=
fyda mdrsfNda.slhl= f.a yeisrSuz rgdj fjkia lr Tjqka jsiska
mrsirhg ksl=;a lrk \qIl m%udKh m%Yia; ugzgu olajd wvq
lsrSuhs. fuysoS ie,ls,a,g .;hq;= tla m%Odk lrekla jkafka \qIK
md,kfha msrsjeh ksIamdolhd jsiska oersh hq;= myiqfjka weia;fuzka;=
l,yels fohla jk w;r \qIK md,kfha m%;s,dN tf,i myiqfjka
.Kkh l, yels fohla fkdjk njhs. tfukau mrsir \qIKh
md,kh lsrSu ksIamdolhl=f.a ,dN wvq lrk l%shdjla ksid
ksIamdolhl= iEu jsgu m%Yia: ugzgug wvqfjka mrsir \qIK
md,kh lsrSug leue;a;la olajhs. Tyq tfia lrkqfha ;rÛldrS
fj<|fmd<loS mrsir \qIK md,kh lrkakl=g tfia fkdlrk whl=
iuÛ ;rÛ lsrSfuzoS wjdishla w;a jk nejsks. tuksid ksIamdolhska
mrsir \qIK md,kh m%Yia: wkaouska is\q lsrSug fmd,Ujk
wkaoug;a, Tjqkag tysoS jxpksl f,i yeisrSug bv fkdi,ik
wkaoug;a mrsir \qIK md,k m%;sm;a;s ilia l< hq;=hs.
mrsir \qIK md,kfha jsjsO m%;sm;a;s yd Wml%u wOHhkh

lsrSug m%:u, tu m%;sm;a;s uq,sl jYfhka wod, jkafka l=uk
jrA.fha \qIK ldrlhka i|yd oehs i|yka l< hq;=hs. rdYsN+; jk
\qIK ldrl u.ska we;s lrk ydksh ld,h;a iuÛ jevs jk ksid
tajd ms<sn|j lrk wOHhkhla .;sl (Dynamic) uq, OrAuj,g
wkql+,j l< hq;= fjz. tjka wOHhkhla b;d ixlSrAk iajrEmhla
.kakd ksid fuu mrspzfPafha wjidkfhaoS ta ms<sn|j ir, jsia;rhla
muKla bosrsm;a lruq. fuys jsia;r flrk m%;sm;a;s yd Wml%u
uq,slj wod, jkafka rdYsN+; fkdjk \qIK ldrl i|ydh. tfukau
fuu m%;sm;a;s idrA:lj l%shd;aul l< yelafla ia:dkSh m%Njhla
iys; \qIK ldrl i|yd nj isysfha ;nd .ekSu jeo.;a fjz. iuyr
\QIK ldrl mrsirfha taldldrsj usY%fjz. tjka \qIK ldrlj,oS,
mrsirhg tu \qIK ldrlfhka ksl=;a lrk m%udKh muKla oek
155
.ekSu m%udKj;a fjz. flfia j;=\q iuyr \qIK ldrlhka mrsirfha

taldldrsj usY% fkdfjz. tjsg, tu \QIK ldrlhkaf.ka mrsirhg
tl;= jk m%udKhg wu;rj \qIK ldrl ksl=;a jQ ia:dkho
ie,ls,a,g f.k m%;sm;a;s ielish hq;=hs. fuho ixlSrAk l%shdj,shla
ksid my; jsia;r flfrk m%;sm;a;s yd Wml%u taldldrsj usY% jk
\qIK ldrl j,g muKla wod,j idlpzPd lruq.
mrsir \qIK md,k m%;sm;a;s m%Odk fldgia 3la hgf;a

wOHhkh lsrSug m%MZjk. tajd(
w' us< md,k l%u (Price Rationing)
wd' j.lSuz yd ne|Suz kS;s (Liability Rules)
we' m%udKd;aul md,k l%u (Quantity Rationing)
9'2 us< md,k l%u
us< md,k l%u j,oS m%;sm;a;sh u.ska ksIamdolhd fyda

mdrsfNda.slhd fyda uqyqK fok us< m%Yia: wkaouska fjkia lrhs.
tjsg Tjqkaf.a yeisrSuz rgdfjz jk fjkia luz u.ska mrsirhg ksl=;a
flfrk \qIl m%udKh m%Yia: ugzgu olajd wvq flfrA. us< md,k
l%u m%Odk jYfhka 4ls. tajd(
w' fudapk n\q (Emission Charges)
wd' mrsuKaOs; n\q (Ambient Charges)
we' ksIamdok n\q (Product Charges)
wE' iykdOdr (Subsidies)
fudapk n\q( fudapk n\q hkq rPh u.ska tl;= lrk mrsir \qIl
tallhg wh lrk .dia;=jls. fuh ms.=jshka noaola jYfhka o
ye|skafjz. fuz wkaouska mrsirhg ksl=;a lrk mrsir \qIl tall
.Kkg wkqj n\q wh lsrSu u.ska ksIamdok wdh;k j,g ;u \qIl
m%udKh m%Yia: ugzgu olajd wvq lsrSug osrs oSula is\q flfrA.
igyka wxl 9'2 ys olajd we;s wkaoug ksIamdok wdh;kfha mrsir
\qIK md,kfha wdka;sl msrsjeh tallhla i|yd whlrk n\q
m%udKhg iudk jk wjia:dfjzoS iu;=,s; mrsir \qIK m%udKh
ksrAKh flfrA.
156
us<
mrsir \qIK md,kfha
wdka;sl msrsjeh
e
t
b
0 X* X0 ksIamdok m%udKh
igyka wxl 9"2( fudapk n\q iu;=,s;;djh
,dNh Wmrsu lsrSu i|yd W;aidy .kakd ksIamdok wh;khla,

iEu jsgu fudapk noao f.jSu fyda mrsir \qIKh md,kh lsrSu hk
foflka wvq msrsjehla we;s foa lrhs. tuksid fudapk noao \qIK
md,k msrsjehg by< kuz, ksIamdolhd mrsir \qIK md,khg
fm,fUz. tjsg Tyq fudapk noao yd wdka;sl msrsjeh iudk jk
,CIh olajd mrsir \qIK md,kh is\q lrhs. uq,oS, tkuz fudapk
noaola fkdue;s jsg ksIamdolhd Xo m%udKhla olajd ;u ksIamdokh
is\q lrhs. tkuz uyq lsis\q mrsir \qIK md,khl fkdfhafoa' noao
y|qkajd \qka miq Tyq by; m%udKhg mrsirhg ksl=;a lrhs kuz ta
i|yd Tyqg 0tbc m%udKhl uqo,la f.jSug is\qfjz. X* ,CIfhka
Tnzng mrsir \qIl ksl=;a lsrSfuzoS tallhl f.jsh hq;= n\q m%udKh
,efnk m%;s,dNj,g jvd jevs ksid ksIamdolhd X* ugzgfuka Tnzng
ksIamdokfha fkdfhfoa. fuysoS Tyqg X* olajd mrsir \QIK ldrl
md,kh lsrSu fyda ksl=;a lrk \QIl i|yd tallhl t ne.ska f.jSu
hk folska tlla lsrSug mqMZjk. mrsir \qIk md,kfha msrsjeh
0eX* f.jsh hq;= n\q m%udKhg (0teX*) jvd wvq ksid X* ,CIh
olajd Tyq mrsir \qIKh md,kh lrhs.
157
fujka fudapk noaola ksIamdolhska tl whl=g jevs .Kkla

we;s jsgl l%shd;aul lsrSfuka ishMZu ksIamdolhska f.a wdka;sl
msrsjeh yd noao iudk jk ,CIhka olajd mrsir \qIl md,khla
we;s fjz. fuh mrsir \qIK md,kh wju msrsjehlska ,Ûd lr
.ekSula nj fmkajd osh yel. fuh fmkajd oSu i|yd ksIamdolhska
fofofkl= i,lkak. igyka wxl 9"3 ys olajd we;s wkaoug X
wCIfha wvq lrk \qIK ldrl m%udKh olajd we; . 1jk
ksIamdolhd ol=Kq mig hk jsg l%ufhka \qIl tall 0 isg 15 la
olajd wvq lrhs. Tyqf.a wdka;sl msrsjeh jl%h Ok nEjqula iys;
fjz. wfkla w;g 2jk ksIamdolhd ol=Kq mi isg juz mig hk jsg
\qIK ldrl 0 isg 15la olajd wvq lrhs. Tyqf.a wdka;sl msrsjeh
jl%h tuksid >DK nEjqula iys; fjz.
msrsjeh
wdka;sl
msrsjeh ^1&
a
wdka;sl
t msrsjeh ^2&
1 10 15 ksIamdol ^1& wvq lrk

ksIamdol ^2& 
15 14 5 0
igyka wxl 9"3( mrsir \QIKfha wju msrsjeh lrd ,Ûd jSu
fuysoS mrsir \qIK ldrl .Kk 15la olajd wvq lsrSu

m%us;shla u.ska ksrKkh lr we;ehs is;kak . wju msrsjehlska fuh
l< yelafla flfiao@ igyk meyeos,sj mrSCId l<fyd;a fmkS hkq
we;af;a wdka;sl msrsjeh jl% fol tlsfkl lmk ,CIfhaoS wju
msrsjehlska mrsir \QIK ldrl 15la wvq l< yels njhs. tu
,CIfhaoS m<uq ksIamdolhd tall 10l=;a fojk ksIamdolhd tall 5
l=;a wvq lrhs. bka woyia jkafka jvd ldrAhCIuj mrsir \qIKh
md,kh lsrSu i|yd wjYH lrk ;dCIKh fojk ksIamdolhd i;=
njhs. tjsg jvd fyd| ;dCIK oekSula we;s ksIamdolhd jevs
m%udKhlska mrsir \QIKh md,kh lrhs.
158
by; jsYaf,aIkfhka meyeos,s jkafka fudapk noaola u.ska wju

msrsjehlska mrsir \qIKh wjYH m%udKhg md,kh lr.; yels
njhs. fuysoS ksIamdolhdg noao f.jSug fyda mrsir \qIl m%udKh
wvq lsrSug ksoyila we;s ksid Tyq wvq msrsjehlska mrsir \qIK wvq
lsrSug yelshdjla we;s ;dCIKsl l%u fijSug Wkka\qjla olajhs.
fuu noao Pkm%sh f;audjla jk §\qIlhd jsiska f.jSu¶ (Pollutor Pay)
uq, OrAuhg wh;a ksid th l%shd;aul lsrSfuz myiqjlao we;.
flfia kuq\q fuu wdldrfha n\q wh lsrSula m%dfhda.lj olakg

,efnkafka b;du l,d;=rlsks. tfia jS we;af;a ukaoehs jsuik jsg
uq,skau yefÛk .egMZj jkafka m%Yia; wkaouska wh lrk noao
fldmuK oehs ;Srkh lrkafka flfiao hkakhs. mrsir \qIK
md,kfha wdka;sl msrsjeh yd wdka;sl m%;s,dN jl% m%fhda.slj ,nd
.ekSug yels kuz m%Yia; noao ;Srkh lsrSu b;du myiq ldrAhhls.
l,ska i|yka l< wkaoug mrsir \qIK md,kfha wdka;sl m%;s,dN
jl%hla ,nd .ekSu b;du wmyiqh. tfia jkafka fj<|fmdf<ys we;s
wfkl=;a NdKav j,g fuka mrsir \qIKhg l%uj;a b,a,qula,
iemhqula fyda us<la fkdue;s nejsks. wfkla w;g mrsir \qIK
md,kfha msrsjeh ksjerosj ,nd .ekSugo wmyiqh. fuz f;dr;=re
we;af;a ksIamdok wdh;k j, jk w;r Tjqka rPhg ksjeros
f;dr;=re ,nd foa hhs is;Sug kqmqMZjk. msrsjeh wvqfjka fmkakquz
l<fyd;a Tjqkg f.jSug is\qjk n\q m%udKh wvq jk ksid Tjqka
tfia lsrSug fm,fUz hhs is;Su ;rAldkql+,h. tjka wjia:djloS
ishMZu ksIamdolhska wvq msrsjehla jdrA;d l<fyd;a wjidkfha mrsir
\qIKh md,kh jkafka m%Yia: m%udKhg wvqfjks.
by; jsia;r flreKq m%Yia; fudapk noaola ;SrKh lsrSfuz

wmyiqjg wu;rj tjka noaol iM,;djh flfrys wdka;sl msrsjeh
yd wdka;sl m%;s,dN jl%j, nEjqu n,mdhs. fndfyda wdrA:sl
jsoH{hska fmkajd oS we;s wkaoug fuu jl%j, nEjqu fjkia jk
wkaou wkqj m%Yia: ugzguloS ksl=;a lrk mrsir \qIl m%udKh
fjkia jk ksid mrsir jsoHdjg wkql+,jk ugzgulska mrsir \QIl
md,kh lsrSu wmyiq jS we;.
mrsuKaOs; n\q( fuu mrsir \qIl md,k m%;sm;a;sh fndfyda

fihskau fudapk n\q whlsrSug iudk fjz. fudapk n\q whlsrSuloS
ksIamdolhskaf.a mrsir \qIK md,k msrsjeh ksis wkaouska ksrSCIKh
l< fkdyelsjSu ksid we;s jk wldrAhCIu;djh u. yrjd .ekSug
fuysoS W;aidh .kS. fuysoS i,lk ,o m%foaYhl we;s uqMZ \qIl
m%udKh i,lhs. tu m%udKh ,nd fok ,o m%us;shfha w.h blau
f.dia we;akuz ta i|yd o~qjuz fok w;r, iuyrla ksIamdok wdh;k
fok ,o m%us;shg wvqj \qIl ksl=;a lr we;akuz ta i|yd
iykdOdrhlao imhhs. fuysoS o~qju ishMZ fokdu ksl=;a lrk \qIl
m%udKh i,ld ,ndfoa. fok ,o m%us;shg jvd mrsir \qIl
159
mrsirfha we;akuz ishMZ fokdu o~qjug ,lafjz. o~qjuz f,i tl;=

lrk ov uqo, mrsir \qIKfha ydkshg jvd jsYd, jk w;r bka
iykdOdr jYfhka fldgila kej; fnod yefrA. fuz i|yd tla tla
ksIamdolhd uqod yrsk \qIl m%udK ms<sn|j o;a; ,nd .; hq;=hs.
fuysoS ksjeros o;a; ,nd .ekSug fkdyels lu fuz Wml%ufha we;s
uq,slu \qrAj,;djhhs.
mrsirfha \QIl m%udKh jevs jSu ishMZ fokdgu wys;lr

wkaouska n,mdk ksid ishMZ fokdu tl;=j uqMZ \QIl m%udKh
wvqfjka mj;ajd .ekSug W;aidy orhs. flfia j;=\q, mrsirfha
mej;sh hq;= \qIl m%udKh ms<n|j m%us;sh ksrAKh lsrSfuzoSo
wldrAhCIu;djhka we;s jSug bv we;.
ksIamdok n\q( by; jsia;r l, fudapk n\q yd mrsuKaOs; n\q

l%shd;aul lsrSfuzoS wjYH lrk o;a; ksjerosj ,nd .ekSfuz wmyiqj
tu n\q l%u idrA:lj fhdod .ekSug ndOdjla jS we;. flfia kuq\q
fuz l%u ffioaOdka;slj b;d ksjeros tajd fjz. ksIamdok n\q l%u
ffioaOdka;slj t;ruz wdlrAIkSh fkdjk fojk fm< Wml%uhka
f,i ie,lSug mqMZjk. flfia j;=\q fudapk n\q fyda mrsudKaOs;
n\q j, we;s o;a; ,nd .ekSfuz \qrAj,;djhkag uqyqK fok jsgloS
mrsirhg ydkshla jk ksIamdok fyda ksIamdok idOlj,g n\q
whlsrSu u.ska tajd ksmojk fyda Ndjs;hg .efkk m%udK wvq l<
yel. tjka noaola u.ska ksmojk NdKav m%udKh fyda fhdod.kakd
fhojquz m%udKh wvq l< jsg ta iuÛu mrsir \qIKho wvq fjz.
iykdOdr( rPh u.ska ksIamdolhdg fyda mdrsfNda.slhdg mrsir

\QIKh wvq lsrSu i|yd ,nd fok uq,HdOdr iykdOdr f,i ye|skafjz.
fuu iykdOdr >DPq f.jSuz (Grants) Kh uqo,a, fyda n\q iyk f,i
,nd oSug m%MZjk. tjka wjia:d j,oS iykdOdr ;dCIKsl fuj,uz
f,i fyda wfkl=;a \%jHuh wdOdr jYfhka o ,nd osh yel. huz
lrAudka;hlg wMZ;ska wdh;k tl;= jSula fyda msg jSula fkdue;s
jsg ,nd fok iykdOdrj, m%;sM,h n\q whlsrSulg iudkfjz.
tkuz m%Yia; wh noaolska fyda m%Yia; iykdOdrhlska mrsir \qIKh
tlu m%udKhlska wvq fjz. flfia kuq;a n\q yd iykdOdr w;r
m%Odk fjkia luz olakg we;. n\q whlsrSuloS rPhg wdodhula
,efnk w;r iykdOdr oSfuzoS rPh jsiska fjk;a wxY j,ska tl;=
l, n\q uqo,a mrsir \qIK md,kh i|yd fnod oSug is\qfjz. uSg
wu;rj iykdOdr oSfuzoS lrAudka;hg wMZ;ska wdh;k we;=MZjSu ksid,
os.= ld,Skj ksmojk uqMZ mrsir \qIl m%udKh, n\q l%uhloSg jvd
jevs jk nj o fmkajd oS we;.
160
9'3 j.lSuz yd ne|Suz kS;s
j.lSuz yd neoSuz kS;s u.ska ksIamdolhdg Tyq ksl=;a lrk

\QIl m%udKh wvq lsrSug osrs oSula is\q flfrA. fufia lrkqfha
ksIamdolhdg mrsir \qIKh wvq lrK ;dCIKsl iSudjka fyda
wfkl=;a l%shdoduhka wkq.ukh lsrSug ksfhda. lsrSfuks.
ksIamdolhdg wdruzNfhaoS huz fmdfrdka\q m;%hla w;aika lr tys
jgskdlu f.jSug is\q fjz. Tyq f.a ls%hdjka u.ska mrsirhg
ydkshla is\q fkdjqks kuz wjidkfhaoS tu uqo, ksIamdolhdg kej;
f.jkq ,efnz. j.lSuz yd ne|Suz kS;s wdldr ;=kls.
w' ms,s fkdmeoSfuz f.jSuz (Non-compliance Fees)

wd' kej; f.jk ;ekam;= (Deposit Refunds)
we' iuzmdok fmdfrdka\q m;% (Performance Bonds)
ms,s fkdmeoSfuz f.jSuz( fuysoS i,lk ,o m%foaYhla i|yd l,ska

wkqu; lrk ,o mdrsirsl m%us;shla m%foaYfha isgsk ishMZu
ksIamdolhska jsiska wkq.ukh lrkafkao hkak wkqj ov uqo,la
f.jSug is\qfjz. fuz l%ufhaoS mrSCIdjg ,la lrKqfha tu m%foaYfha
we;s iuia: \QIl m%udKh ksid l=uk ksIamdolfhla ;u \qIl
m%udKh m%us;shg jvd jevsfhka ksl=;a lf,ao hkak fidhd .ekSug
wmyiqfjz. fuysoS wyUq f,i f;dard .;a tl whl=g fyda lSm
fofkl=g jsYd, ov uqo,la kshu lrKq ,efnz. bkqmiq tu ov
uqof,ka fldgila wfkl=;a ksIamdolhska w;r fnod yefrA. ov
f.jSu i|yd f;dard .kafka wyUq f,i nejska ishMu ksIamdolhska
;u \qIl m%udKh md,kh lsrSug W;aidy orhs.
fuu l%uh mrsudKaOs; n\qj,g iudk lula oerej;a tys

m%Odk fjkia luz folls. m<uq l%uh ls%hd;aul lsrSu i|yd ishMZu
ksIamdolhska ksl=;a lrk \QIl m%udK ms<zn|j o;a; wjYH fjz.
ydksh we;s jk ia:dkfha ixflaka\%Sh jS we;s \qIl m%udKh ms<sn|
o;a; muKla fojk l%uh i|yd m%udKj;a fjz. fojkqj fuu
l%ufhaoS mrsuKaOs; n\qj,oS fuka wjYH m%udkhg jvd jsYd, n\q
m%udKhla wh fkdflfrA. tuksid ksIamdolhdg fmd\qfjz we;sjk
lrorldrS ;Fjh u.yefrA. flfia j;=\q iuia: wdrA:slh i|yd
fuu l%uh ldrAhCIu jQj;a, wyUq f,i ov f.jkakka f;arSu u.ska
mrsir \QIKh wvqfjka is\q lrk ksIamdolhl=g widOdrKhla is\q
jSug bv we;. tfukau wjOdku ndr .ekSug jevs leue;a;la
olajk ksIamdolhka yuqfjz fuu l%uh widrA:ljk njo fmkajd oS
we;.
161
kej; f.jk ;ekam;=( fuu l%ufhaoS mrsir \QIKh i|yd bvlv

we;s NdKav us<oS .ekSfuzoS mdrsfNda.slhd wu;r uqo,la f.jhs.
jsfYaIfhka mrsir \QIKhg bjy,a jk fnda;,a, gska jeks weiqreuz
i|yd fuu l%uh Ndjs;fjz' NdKavh mdrsfNdaPkfhka wk;=rej tu
weiqreuz kej; ndr \qka jsg ;enq ;ekam;=j kej; ,efnz. fuz l%uh
u.ska mrsir \QIKhg bjy,a jk \%jH m%;spl%SlrKh lsrSu Wkka\q
lrjhs. hul= weiqreuz kej; ndr fkd\qka jsgloS Tyqg huz msrsjehla
we;s ksid mrsir ys;lduS yeisrSula i|yd fuu l%uh u.ska osrs oSula
is\qfjz.
iuzmdok fmdfrdka\q m;%( fuysoS ksIamdolhl=g wdruzNfhaoS wjYH

m%us;Ska ,ndfok w;r Tyq tu m%u;Ska wkq.ukh lrk njg
fmdfrdka\q m;%hla w;aika lr tu uqo, f.jsh hq;=hs. ksIamdok
l%shdj wjidkfhaoS tu m%us;Ska wkq.ukh lf<a oehs mrSCId flfrk
w;r, tfia lr we;s kuz Tyqg Tyqf.a .dia;=j kej; ,efnk w;r
ke;fyd;a tu uqo, rPh i;= fjz. fuu l%uho ldrAhCIu mrsir
\qIK md,khlg ffioaOdka;slj fya;= ldrl jk kuq;a th
l%shd;aul lsrSfuzoS m%Odk .egMZ 3la mek k.S.
m<uqj fuz l%uh i|yd ta ta ksIamdolhd ,nd\qka m%us;Ska

wkq.ukh lf<a oehs ksjerosj mrSCId l< hq;=hs. fuysoS fkdfhl=;a
\qIK we;s jSu u.ska fuu l%shdjg ndOd meusKjSug bv we;.
fojkqj fuu l%uh ksIamdolhl=g fmdfrdka\q m;% i|yd wu;r
msrsjehla y|qkajd fok ksid tu.ska \%jYs,;d iSudjka (Liquidity
Constraints) we;s lrhs. fuh wka;rAPd;sl jHdmdrj,oS >DPqj
n,mEula we;s lrk w;r wdfhdaPlhska rglg meusKSug \qrAuqL
lrjhs. f;jkqj fujka fmdfrdka\q m;% i|yd jk kS;suh lghq;=
ixlSrAK fukau wOsl msrsjehlska hqla; jSugo mqMZjk. fuz fya;=
ksid iuzmdok fmdfrdka\q m;% l%uh Ndjs;d lsrSu iSudjS we;. flfia
jqjo iuyr wdrA:sl jsoHd{hska fmkajd oS we;af;a, mrsir \qIk
ydksfha msrsjeh ksjerosj weia;fuzka;= l< yels kuz, ksIamdolhdf.a
l%shdjka myiqfjka ksrSCIkh l< yels kuz, ksIamdolhska iqMZ
.Kkla muKla isgS kuz, ksIamdok ls%shdj flgsld,Sk kuz, ksIamdok
l%shdj m%;s-mrsjrA;kh (Irreversible) l< yels tlla kuz yd
fmdfrdka\q m;%fha jgskdlu wvqkuz fuu l%uh idrA:lj ls%hd;aul
l< yels njhs.
9'4 m%udKd;aul md,k l%u

fuu Wml%ufhaos iEu ksIamdok wdh;khlgu tu.ska ksl=;a
l, yels mrsir \QIl m%udKh ksl=;a lsrSug kS;suh wjirhla
,efnz. mrsir \QIK md,k wdh;k u.ska iEu ksIamdok
162
wdh;khlskau ksl=;a lrk mrsir \QIl m%udKh ksr;=reju mrSCId

flfrk w;r huz wdh;khla ;ukag ksl=;a lsrSug bvoS we;s
m%udKhg jvd \qIl ksl=;a lrkafka kuz tu wdh;khg huz ov
uqo,la f.jSug is\qfjz. m%udKd;aul md,k l%u fohdldrhls.
1' fudapk m%us;Ska (Emission Standards)
2' jslsKsh yels n,m;% (Marketable Permits)
fudapk m%us;Ska( mrsir \QIK md,kfhaoS fndfyda rgj, uq,skau

Ndjs;d l< l%uh fuhhs. mrsir \QIK md,k wOsldrshla u.ska
i,lk ,o m%foaYhg wjfYdaIkh fyda m%;spl%Slrkh l, yels \qIl
m%udKh ;Srkh lr tu m%udKh \qIl ksmojk ksIamdok wdh;k
w;r fnod foa. fuysoS m<uqj we;sjk .egMZj kuz mrsirhg oersh
yels uqMZ \QIl m%udKh tla tla wdh;kh w;r fnod fokafka
flfiao hkakhs. tla tla wdh;kfha mrsir \qIK md,k msrsjeh
ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla we;s jsgl wju msrsjehlska m%us;sh lrd ,.djk
wkaouska fuu fnoSu l, yels jqj;a uSg l,skao i|yka l< mrsos ta
i|yd wjYH ksjeros o;a; ,nd .ekSu wmyiqh. tuksid fndfyda jsg
mrsir \qIK md,k wdh;k u.ska lrkqfha uqMZ \QIl m%udKh
ksIamdok wdh;k w;r iuj fnod oSuhs.
igyka wxl 9"3 ys fmkajd oS we;s wkaoug tla tla wdh;kfha

wdka;sl msrsjeh iudkjk ,CIfhaoS wju msrsjehlska mrsir \QIKh
md,kh l< yelsh. fuu ,CIfhaoS tla tla wdh;kh jsiska md,kh
l, hq;= \QIl m%udKh fjkia w.hka .kS. tuksid uqMZ \QIl
m%udKh ishMZ ksIamdolhska w;r iuj fnod oSu u.ska wdrA:sl
wdldrAhCIu;djhla we;s flfrA. tfukau fuu l%ufhaoS ksIamdok
wdh;kj,g mrsir \QIK md,k msrsjeh wvqlr .ekSug wjYH lrk
;dCIKsl fidhd .ekSuz is\q lsrSug osrs oSulao fkd,efnz. tuksid
wdrA:sl jsoHd{hska fudapk m%us;s ms<sn| jevs leue;a;la fkdolajhs.
jslsKsh yels n,m;%( fuu l%uh mrsir \QIK md,k m%us;Ska yd

wdrA:sl osrs oSuz taldnoaO lsrSfuka ilid we;. by; ioyka mrsos
m%us;Ska u.ska mrsir \qIKh md,kh lsrSu wdrA:sl jYfhka
wldrAhCIu ksid tu wldrAhCIu;djhka ke;s lr .ekSu fuu
l%ufha wruqK jS we;. fuu l%ufhaoS m%us;s md,kfha oS fukau l,ska
;SrKh lrk ,o uqMZ mrsir \QIl m%udKhla ksl=;a lsrSug wjir
tla tla ksIamdok wdh;kh w;r fnod oSula m<uqj is\q flfrA.
fuf,i tla tla wdh;khg mrsir \QIl ksl=;a lsrSug ,efnk
fldagdj i|yd n,m;%hla ksl=;a flfrk w;r tu n,m;%fha i|yka
m%udKhg jvd mrsir \QIl ksl=;a lrk wdh;k j,g o~qjuz ,nd
foa. flfia kuq\q fuu n,m;%hka fj<|fmdf<a jslsKSug wjldY ,nd
oS we;. tuksid ksIamdolhl=g ;uka n,m;% ,Û ;ndf.k Tyqg
ksoyia lsrSug bvoS ;sfnk \qIl m%udkh ksoyia lsrSug fyda n,m;%
j,ska fldgila jsl=Kd uqo,a ,nd .ekSug yelsh. tfia huz ksIamdok
163
wdh;khla ;ukag ,nd\qka n,m;% j,ska fldgila jsl=Kd we;skuz

Tyqg mrsirhg ksl=;a l, yelafla Tyq ,Û ;nd f.k we;s n,m;%
.Kfka i|yka \qIl m%udKh muKs.
fuf,i jslsKsh yels n,m;% ,nd oSfuzoS ,nd fok uqMZ n,m;%
m%udKh tu m%foaYhg oersh yels \QIl m%udKh jk ksid fuys
mrsir \qIl md,k iM,;djla we;s w;r fj<|fmdf<a n,m;%
yqjudrej ksid msrsjeh iM,;djla o we;sfjz. oeka wms fuu msrsjeh
iM,;djh we;sjk wkaou jsia;rd;aulj jsuid n,uq. igyka wxl
9"4 ys fmkajd we;s wkaoug ksIamdolhska fofofkl= i,lkak. fuys
wCI j, uskquz igyka wxl 9"3 g iudk nj i,lkak . mrsir \qIl
ksl=;a lsrSfuz n,m;% fnod oSfuzoS m<uq ksIamdolhd yg n,m;% 7 lao
fojk ksIamdolhdg n,m;% 8 lao ,enqfka hhs i,lkak. tfukau wm
i,lk ,o mrsirhg wjfYdaIkh fyda m%;splS%lrKh l< yels
tall .Kk 15 lao tla tallhlg n,m;% hla ne.skao ksl=;a lr
we;ehs i,lkak.
msrsjeh
wdka;sl
msrsjeh ^1&
B
wdka;sl
A msrsjeh ^2&
wvqlrk
\qIl m%udKh
1 8 10 15
0 ksIamdol ^1&
ksIamdol ^2& 15 14 7 5
igyka wxl 9"4( yqjudre l< yels n,m;% yd msrsjeh iM,;dj
164
igyfka olajd we;s wkaoug m<uq ksIamdolhdg n,m;% 7 la

muKla we;s ksid Tyq f.a uqMZ \qIl ksIamdokh jk 15 ka, 8 wvq
lsrSug Tyqg is\qfjz. fuysoS n,m;% i|yd fj<+|fmd< ;rÛldrS
tlla kuz Tyq f.a n,m;%hla P* kuz us<lg wfkl=;a ksIamdolhl=g
jslsKSug mqMZjk. fuu n,m;%hlg ,efnk uqo, m<uq
ksIamdolhdf.a wdka;sl msrsjehg jvd jevs ksid Tyqg ;j n,m;% 3
la fojk ksIamdolhdg jsl=Kd uqo,la ,nd .ekSug yelsfjz. fuu
uqo, Tyq wu;rj md,kh l< hq;= \qIl tall 3 ys msrsjehg jvd
jevs ksid Tyqg n,m;% jslsKSfuka Y=oaO m%;s,dNhla we;sfjz. fojk
ksIamdolhd i;=j n,m;% 8 la we;s ksid Tyq \qIl tall 7 la
md,kh l< hq;=h. Tyqf.a \qIk md,k wdka;sl msrsjeh by< ksid
Tyqg m<uq ksIamdolhdf.ka P* uqo,la hgf;a n,m;% 3 la ,nd f.k
mrsirgh jevs \QIl m%udKhla ksl=;a lsrSu, mrsir \qIK md,khg
jvd jdis odhlh. fuf,i ksIamodlhska fofokd w;r we;s jk
n,m;% fj<|du u.ska wjidkfha wju msrsjeh ,CIhg wkql+, m%udK
j,ska fofokdu mrsir \QIK md,kfha fhfoa. tkuz fuu wjidk
jsi|Qu ldrAhCIu tlla fjz. fuz l%ufhaoS mrsir wOsldrshg wjYHj
;sfnk \QIl m%udKh wju msrsjehla u.ska iajhxl%shj we;s jk
w;r, wdruzNfhaoS \QIK ksl=;a lsrSfuz n,m;% fnoS hk wkaou wjika
jsi|qug n,mEula we;s fkdlrhs. tuksid uE; ld,fha fuu l%uh
Pkm%sh lsrSu i|yd wdrA:sl jsoHd{hska W;aidyhl fhoS isgS.
kHdhd;aulj fuu l%uh b;d wdlrAYkSh jqj;a th l%shd;aul

lsrSfuzoS jsjsO .egMZ yd wmyiq;d mek k.S. WodyrK f,i
1. n,m;%h l=uk ld,hla j,x.=oehs ksrAkh lsrSug wjYH o;a;

;snsh hq;=hs. \QIK ldrl yd tajdfha ydksh wkqj fuu ld,h
ksrAKh l< hq;=h.
2. ksIamdolhska ;ukaf.a mrsir \QIK md,k msrsjeh fukau wka

whf.a msrsjeh ms<sn|j;a, n,m;% ms<sn|j wod, kS;suh ;Fjhka
ms<sn|j fukau tajdfha fj<|fmd< us< ms<sn|j;a ukd
wjfndaOhla ;snsh hq;=h.
3. n,m;% j, foam, whs;sh mQrAK jYfhka wrA: olajd ;snsh

hq;=h.
iuyr wdrA:sl jsoHd{hska olajd we;s mrsos jslsksh yels n,m;%

l%uhla idrA:l jSug lreKq .Kkdjla n,mdhs. m<uqj
fj<|fmdf<a we;s n,m;% ixLHdj wvq jsh hq;= w;r tajdfha jsia;r
ksjerosj ksrAjpkh jS ;snsh hq;=h. fojkqj n,m;% fj<|du i|yd
ksoyia fj<|fmd<la ;snsh hq;=h. fuysoS huz wdldrfha iSudjka
mekjS we;akuz tajdfha n,mEu b;du wvq jsh hq;=h. f;jkqj,
165
fj<|fmdf<a n,m;% i|yd jevs b,a,qula fkdue;s jsgl tajd ,Û

;ndf.k miqj jslskSug yels tajd jsh hq;=h. isjzjekqj, n,m;%j,
us< b;d wOsl fkdjsh hq;=hs. b;d by< .kqfokq msrsjehla we;s
jsgl n,m;%j, us< by, hhs' tjsg n,m;% fj<+|fmd<g w;=MZ jsh
yelafla Odrs;djfhka by< ksIamdolhskag muKs. miajkqj, n,m;%
j, we;s kshuhka fkdms<smosk whg f.jSug is\qjk ov uqo,a,
n,m;%fha jgskdlug jvd by< jsh hq;=hs. tfukau n,m;%
jslsKSfuka ,efnk ,dNhla we;akuz th ksIamdolhdg ,efnk
wkaouska kS;s rS;s ilia jsh hq;=h. fuz ishMZ lreKq iuzmqrAK jQ
jsgl jslsksh yels n,m;% l%uhla idrA:lj l%shd;aul lsrSug
mqMZjk.
fuu mrspzfPaofha os ieljska wOHhkh l< mrsir \QIK md,k

m%;sm;a;s j, idrA:l Ndjh tajdhska l=ula f;dard .kafkao hkak
ie,lSfuzoS b;d jeo.;a fjz. oeka tjka ieioSulg yd we.hSulg
wjYH lrk Wmudk jsuid n,uq.
9'5 mrsir \qIK md,k m%;sm;a;s we.hSfuz Wmudk

mrsir \qIK md,k m%;sm;a;s ieliSfuz oS yd we.hSfuz oS m%Odk
Wmudk 4la Ndjs;d lsrSug mqMZjk. tajd kuz
1' iM,;dj (Effectiveness)

2' ldrAhCIu;dj (Efficiency)
3' idOdrK;dj (Equity)
4' kuH;dj (Flexibility)
iM, nj( uska woyia lrkqfha mrsir \qIK md,kfha

idrA:lNdjhhs. mrsir \qIKh md,kh lsrSfuz wruqK jkafka l,ska
;Srkh lrk ,o ugzgulg mrsir \qIl m%udKh wvq lr mj;ajd
.ekSuhs. tla tla m%;sm;a;s u.ska fuz m%Yia: ugzgu lrd ,.d jk
wkaou fjkia fjz. wdrA:slhl fyda m%foaYhl we;s lrAudka; Yd,d
u.ska m%dfhda.slj ksoyia lrk \qIl m%udKh m%;sm;a;sh u.ska
ksrAfoaY lr we;s m%udKhg iudk jkafka kuz tu m%;sm;a;sh iM,
m%;sm;a;shla f,i ye|skajSug mqMZjk.
ldrAhCIu;djh( iuyr wjia:dj,oS mrsir \qIK md,kfha wruqK

wju msrsjehlska mrsir \qIKh md,kh lsrSu jsh yel. fuysoS
iM,;djh wruqKq lrf.k m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul l,o ksl=;a lrk
\qIl m%udKhg wu;rj \qIKh wvqlrSug jeh jq msrsjeho
ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= fjz. tuksid ldrAhCIu mrsir \qIK
md,khloS l,ska ;SrKh lrk ,o mrsir \qIl m%udKhla olajd
mrsir \qIKh wvq lsrSu wju msrsjehla u.ska ,Ûd lr.; hq;=hs.
166
iudkd;au;djh( mrsir \qIK md,k m%;sm;a;sj, msrsjeh yd

m%;s,dN iudPfha iudPslhska w;r jsjsO wkaouska fnoS hd yel . fuz
m%;sm;a;s u.ska jrA;udk iudPfha Pk fldgia w;r iudkd;au;djh
yd iudP idOdrKh ms<sn| .egMZ u;=l, yelsjdla fukau jrA;udk
mruzmdrj;a wkd.; mruzmrdj;a w;r iudkd;au;d .egMZ we;s
lsrSug mqMZjk. fndfyda m%;sm;a;sj, m%;s,dN orK yd msrsjeh orK
Pk fldgia fjkia fjz. fuu Pk fldgia fjka fjkaj y|qkd .ekSu
wjYH jk w;r mj;sk foam, whs;Ska fjkia lsrSu u.ska m%;s,dN yd
msrsjeh fnoShk wldr fjkia lsrSug mqMZjk. fndfyda wjia:dj,oS
ldrAhCIu;dj mokuz lr.;a mrsir \QIk md,k m%;sm;a;sj,
iudkd;au;djla olakg fkd,efnz. tuksid mrsir \QIk md,k
m%;sm;a;s ieliSfuzoS iudkd;au;d .egMZj .ek wjOdkh fhduq lsrSu
b;d jeo.;a fjz.
kuH;djh( wdrA:slhla .;sl wkaouska ksr;=rej fjkiajSuzj,g n|qka

fjz. ;dCIKh, oekSu, foaYmd,k jd;djrKh ksr;=rej fjkia jk
jsgl ta yd .e,fmk wkaouska mrsir \qIK md,k m%;sm;a;s o fjkia
lsrSfuz yelshdjla mej;sh hq;=hs. kuH;dj hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha
mrsir \qIK md,k m%;sm;a;shlg fjkia jk iudP rgdj wkqj
wkq.; jSug we;s yelshdjhs.
mrsir \qIK md,k m%;sm;a;s fukau tajd we.hSug wjYH

Wmudk ms<sn| ieljska wOHhkhl fh\qfkuq. fuu Wmudk Ndjs;d
lr wjYH lrk m%;sm;a;s f;dard .ekSu wod, mrsir \QIK .egMZjg
wkqj is\ql, hq;=hs. tkuz wod, mdrsirsl .egMZjg wkqj tla
m%;sm;a;shla wfklg jvd fyd| jsh yel. tuksid m%;sm;a;shla
;SrKh lsrSfuzoS wm by; wOHhkh l< ishMZu m%;sm;a;s tlS
.egMZjg wod,j w.hd jvd;au iq\qiq m%;sm;a;sh ksrAfoaY l< hq;=h.
Baumol, W.J. and W. Oates (1988). “The Theory of Environmental

Policy”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Oxford, U.K.
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Kneese, A.V. (1993). “Analysis of Environmental Pollution” in

Economics of the Environment: Selected Readings, Third Edition,
Eds, R. Dorfman and N.S. Dorfman, W.W. Norton Company, New
York.
New York.
Roberts, M.J. and M. Spence (1992) “Effluent Charges and Licences
Under Uncertainity in The Earthscan Reader in Environmental
Economics Eds. A. Markandya J. Richardson, Earthscan
Publication Limited, London.
Ruff, L.E. (1993). “The Economic Commonsense of Pollution”, in
Economics of the Environment: Selected Readings, Third Edition,
Eds, R. Dorfman and N.S. Dorfman, W.W. Norton Company, New
York.
Segerson, K. (1996). “Liability and Penalty Structure in Policy Design in
The Handbook of Environmental Economics”, Ed. D.W. Bromley,
Starret, D.A. and R. Zeckhauser (1992). “Treating External Diseconomies
– Markets or Taxes?”, in The Earthscan Reader in Environmental
Economics Eds. A. Markandya J. Richardson, Earthscan
Publication Limited, London.
Sterner, T. (1999). “The Selection and Design of Policy Instruments”,
Unpublished Manuscript, Department of Economics, Gothenberg
University, Sweden.
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168
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