CLIPPER CIRCUITS

It is a network that are use diodes to clip a portion of input signal without distorting the remaining
parts of waveform. Clipper circuits is classified in two parts the series and parallel clipper and each are
consist of a forward and reverse bias.

In experiment we were showing the forward and reverse bias to show the flow of voltage across using
different methods of applying clipper circuits

REVERSE BIAS FORM OF CLIPPER CIRCUIT

These is a sample of a reverse bias in our understanding the diode act as an open switch, therefore all
applied voltage drop across the diode and none in the resistor.

During the negative half cycle of the input voltage the terminal B is positive with respect to A.
Therefore it forward biases the diode and act as a closed switch. Thus there is a voltage drop across the
resistor during the negative half cycle as shown in the output waveform.

FORWARD BIAS MODE OF CLIPPER CIRCUIT

In a forward bias during the half cycle of the voltage the positive terminal A is flowing with respect to
the negative terminal therefore there is no voltage drop across the resistor during the negative half
cycle as shown in the output waveform.
PARALLEL CLIPER CIRCUIT

CLAMPER CIRCUITS

A Clamper Circuit is a circuit that adds a DC level to an AC signal. Actually, the positive and negative
peaks of the signals can be placed at desired levels using the clamping circuits.

Clamper circuit can be defined as the circuit that consists of a diode, a resistor and a capacitor that
shifts the waveform to a desired DC level without changing the actual appearance of the applied signal.

CLAMPING CONSIST OF TWO GENERAL TYPES

1. POSITIVE CLAMPING- it occurs when negative peak raise or clamp to the ground or on the zero
level in other words,it pushes the signal downwards so that the negative peaks falls on the zero
level.

2. NEGATIVE CLAMPING – it occurs when positive peak raise or clamp to the ground or on the zero
level in other words,it pushes the signal downwards so that the positive peaks falls on the zero
level.
TRANSISTOR

It works as an amplifier, it takes in a tiny electric current at one end (an input current) and produces a
much bigger electric current (an output current) at the other. In other words, it's a kind of current
booster. Transistors can also work as switches. A tiny electric current flowing through one part of a
transistor can make a much bigger current flow through another part of it. In other words, the small
current switches on the larger one.

 TRANSISTOR HAS 2 TYPES THESE ARE :

 BJT- Bipolar Junction transistor

 MOSFETS -Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor .

But in our experement we were focusing more on BJT and its sub types the NPN and the PNP transistor.

1. NPN TRANSISTOR

We also learnt that the junctions of the bipolar transistor can be biased in one of three different
ways – Common Base, Common Emitter and Common Collector. As shown below
 The voltage between the Base and Emitter ( VBE ), is positive at the Base and negative at the Emitter
because for an NPN transistor, the Base terminal is always positive with respect to the Emitter. Also the
Collector supply voltage is positive with respect to the Emitter ( VCE ). 

2.PNP TRANSISTOR

 It is a current controlled device. The small amount of base current controlled both the emitter and
collector current. The PNP transistor has two crystal diodes connected back to back. The PNP transistor
turns on when a small current flows through the base. The direction of current in PNP transistor is from
the emitter to collector.

The base of the transistor is always kept positive with respect to the collector so that the hole from
the collector junction cannot enter into the base. And the base-emitter is kept in forward due to which
the holes from the emitter region enter into the base and then into the collector region by crossing the
depletion region.