Fnsknpanlm2 VAX
Kamsse2 =8ª
Anäëg l² 8:
Kmpàtuag N2 Kglkentgs sgjre anldumdels fe prgdrm`mäëg
[u`írng2 Kglkentgs jísnkgs sgjre sgitwmre

[gitwmre2 î m pmrte aûdnkm gu vnrtuma kg`putmfgr, kg`pgstg fe prgdrm`ms que

imze` iulknglmr g kg`putmfgr.
Exnste` fgns tnpgs fe sgitwmres m, smjer2 sgitwmre snste`m e sgitwmre fe
mpankmäëg.
[gitwmre snste`m2 sëg prgdrm`ms que iulknglm` kg`g destgres fgs sgiwmres
mpankmtnvgs e serve` fe nlter`er`efnírng eltre g omrfwmre e g utnanzmfgr.
Ex2 Jngs, Tnlfgws >5, >?, :888, _X, @[-FG[, Anlux, etk.
[gitwmre fe mpankmäëg2 sëg
sëg tgfgs gs prgd
prgdrm`ms
rm`ms fe pequelms fn`elsões e que
sû pgfe` ser nlstmamfgs fepgns fg sgitwmre snste`m.
Ex2 Mltnvàrus, vnrtuma FB, prgkessmfgr fe textg, etk.
Vmreims fe u` sgitwmre snste`m
  Kgltrgag fe sedurmläm2
  Destëg fe tmreims3
  Destëg fe gpermäões fe nltput/gutput3
  Krnmäëg e `mluteläëg fe inkoenrgs.

VNXG[ FE [N[VE@M[ GXEZMVNYG[ ]UMLVG M [UM UVNANRMÄËG

Feltrg fgs vírngs snste`ms que exnste` e sedulfg g `gfg fe utnanzmäëg,
kamssninkm`-se e`2 `glgtmreims e `uatntmreims.
[nste`m `glgtmreims2 síg mqueaes lkmrmkternzmfgs peag usg fe kg`mlfg. Este
tnpg fe snste`m gpermtnvg lëg pgssnjnantm g utnanzmfgr trmjmaomr kg` vírngs
prgdrm`ms e` sn`uatêleg.
Ex2 @[-FG[.
[nste`m `uatntmreim2 sëg mqueaes kmrmkternzmfgs peam kglindurmäëg fe bmleams e
que usm` dríinkgs. Este tnpg pgssnjnantm g utnanzmfgr exekutmr vírngs prgdrm`ms
e` sn`uatêleg.
Ex2 Tnlfgws.
Vmreim

=.
:. G que
que e
eltelfes
ltelfes
Fnierelkne pgr`g
snste`m
snste`m sgitwmre7
sgitwmre7
`glgtmreim
lgtmreim fg snste`
snste`m
m `uatntmre
`uatntmreim.
im.
 

Fnsknpanlm2 VAX
Kamsse2 =8ª
Anäëg l² 8;
Kmpàtuag N2 Kglkentgs sgjre anldumdels fe prgdrm`mäëg
[u`írng2 Vnpgs fe anldumdels fe prgdrm`mäëg

U`m anldumde` fe prgdrm`mäëg î u` sgitwmre igr`ma feskrntg pmrm elulknmr m

exekuäëg fe gpermäões e` u` kg`putmfgr.
VNXG[ FE ANLDUMDEL[ FE XZGDZM@MÄËG
 Ms vírnms anldumdels fe
fe prgdrm`mäëg kamssninkm`-se
kamssninkm`-se e` trâs tnpgs fnstnltgs2
  Anldumdels @íqunlm3
  Anldumdels Msse`jay (sn`jûankm)3
  Anldumdels fe Matg Làvea.

Anldumde` @íqunlm2 Estm anldumde` kglsnste lu` kglbultg fe lò`ergs

jnlírngs (8 e =) que sëg eltelfnfms peam Ulfnfmfe Keltrma fe Xrgkessm`eltg
(prgkessmfgr).
Anldumde` Msse`jay (sn`jûankm)2 Kglsnste lu`m anldumde` `untg prûxn`m fm
anldumde` `íqunlm e` que kmfm kûfndg fe gpermäëg se mssgknguu`m pmamvrm
que lgs mbufm m ae`jrmr fm mäëg remanzmfm. Estm anldumde` estí
est í tm`jî` andmfm
mg prgkessmfgr.
Anldumdels fe Matg Làvea2 per`nte m espekninkmäëg fe nlstruäões pmrm g
prgkessmfgr lu`m igr`m mjrevnmfm, glfe kmfm nlstruäëg represeltm vírnms
nlstruäões e` anldumde` `íqunlm.

Fms
Jmsnk,vírnms
Madga,anldumdels fe Matg
Kgjga, Xmskma, Làvea te`gs
Anldumde` m festmkmr
K, Anldumde` ms sedunltes2
Grneltmfgs Igrtrml,
mg Gjbektg.
Igrtrml2 î u`m anldumde` seq
sequelknma
uelknma te` ddrmlfes
rmlfes jnjangtekms fe prgdrm`ms
kneltàinkms e fe eldelomrnm3 fn
fniàkens
iàkens fe feinlnr m aûdnkm fe prgdrm`mäëg3 lë
lëg
g
mprgprnmfm pmrm prgkessmr inkoenrgs kg` drmlfes vgau`es fe fmfgs3 grneltmfgs
mg prgkessm`eltg lu`îrnkg.
Jmsnk2 `untg pmreknfm kg` Igrtrml3 imkens feinlnäëg lm aûdnkm fe prgdrm`mäëg,
nlput/gutput fe fmfgs fe iíkna mkesg.
Kgjga2 î u`m anldumde` fe matg làvea que te` rekursgs que m tgrlm`
espeknma`elte òtna e` mpankmäões kg`erknmns3 usm ter`g `untg irequelte e`
nldaâs.
 

 Madga2 î u`m anldumde` `gfuamr e estruturmfm pgr jagkgs selfg `untg

mprgprnmfm pmrm m prgdrm`mäëg pgr jagkgs.
Xmskma2 =ª anldumde` fe prgdrm`mäëg m ser krnmfm fepgns fe kglkentgs fe
prgdrm`mäëg estruturmfm ser amrdm`elte mkentes.
Anldumde` K2 prgfuz u` kûfndg que se mprgxn`m fm anldumde` `íqunlm e`
nltelsnfmfe e einknâlknms, `ms que mpmreke` tm`jî` kmrmkteràstnkms fm
anldumde` fe matg làvea.
Anldumdels Grneltmfms mg Gjbektg2 anldumdels fe prgdrm`mäëg glfe g
utnanzmfgr trmjmaom kg` kamsses fe gjbektgs fm `es`m im`àanm gu im`àanm
fnierelte.

Vmreim
=. Kg`g estëg
estëg kamssninkmf
kamssninkmfms
ms ms anldumdels fe prgdrm`mäëg7
prgdrm`mäëg7
:. Knte madu`ms anldumdels fe matg lnvea estufmfg.
 

Fnsknpanlm2 VAX
Kamsse2 =8ª
Anäëg l² 86
Kmpàtuag N2 Kglkentgs sgjre anldumdels fe prgdrm`mäëg
[u`írng2 Kglkentgs sgjre kg`pnamfgr e nlterpretmfgr

U` prgdrm`m eskrntg e` anldumde` fe matg làvea î pmrm g kg`putmfgr, u`

sn`paes textg. Este textg î eskrntg kg` u` prgdrm`m fg tnpg ‑efntgr fe textg‐ e
dumrfmfg e` `e`ûrnm. Xgsterngr`elte, esse `es`g prgdrm`m e` anldumde`
evgaunfm serí anfg kg`g textg e feskgfninkmfglms kgrrespglfeltes nlstruäões
e` anldumde` `íqunlm. U`m sû nlstruäëg fe matg làvea pgfe fmr grnde` m u`
drmlfe lò`erg fe nlstruäões e` anldumde` `íqunlm.

Kg`pnamfgr2 sëg prgdrm`ms trmfutgres trmfuz ms anldumdels fe matg làvea ( gu

sebm ser ou`mlg) pmrm m anldumde` fe jmnxg làvea (`íqunlm).

[ëg igr`ms fe trmfuäëg

trmfuäëg fe u` kûfndg d
derma`elte
erma`elte fe matg làvea pmrm u` kkûfndg
ûfndg
que g kg`putmfgr nlterprete. Ve` m iuläëg fe trmfuznr u`m anldumde`
mjmstrmtm pmrm u`m anldumde` jnlírnm.

Ymltmdels fg kg`pnamfgr

  G kûfndg kg`pnamfg î `mns rípnfg fe ser mke

mkessmfg3
ssmfg3
  N`pgssnjnantm gu peag `elgs fninkuatm ser quejrmfg e vnsumanzmfg g
kûfndg-iglte grndnlma.
  Kg`pnam g kûfndg sg`elte sse
e estnver se` errg.
Fesvmltmdels

  Xmrm ser utnanzmfg, g kûffndg preknsm pmssmr pgr `untgs làvens fe

kg`pnamäëg3
  Xrgkessg fe kgrreäëg gu matermäëg fg kûfndg requer que eae sebm
lgvm`elte rekg`panamfg.

Nlterpretmfgr2 Î g prgdrm`m que rgfm g kûfndg iglte eskrntg, kg`g selfg g

kûfndg gjbektg. Eae trmfuz g prgdrm`m anlom m anlom, g prgdrm`m vmn selfg
 

trmfuznfg. Kmfm exekuäëg fg prgdrm`m preknsm ser lgvm`elte trmfuznfg e

nlterpretmfg.

Ymltmdels fg nlterpretmfgr

  Kgrreäões e matermäões sëg `mns rípnfms fe sere` remanzmfms3


  Kûfndg lëg preknsm ser kg`pnamfg pmrm ser exekutmfg3
  Kglsg`e` `elgs `e`ûrnm.

Fesvmltmdels

  Exekuäëg î `mns aeltm fg prgdrm`m3

  Lekessntm se`pre ser anfg
anfg g kûfndg grndnlma pmrm ser exek
exekutmfg.
utmfg.

Vmreim

=. ]uma î m fniereläm exns

exnstelte
telte eltre kg
kg`pnamfgr
`pnamfgr e nlterpretmfgr7
:. Knte ms vmltmdels fg kg`pnamfgr.
 

Fnsknpanlm2 VAX
Kamsse2 =8ª
Anäëg l² 85
Kmpàtuag N2 Kglkentgs sgjre anldumdels fe prgdrm`mäëg

[u`írng2 Lgäëg fe prgdrm`m iglte, gjbektg e prgdrm`m trmfutgr.

Gs prgdrm`ms dermfgs pgfe` ser sepmrmfgs e grdmlnzmfgs fe sedunlte igr`m2

Xrgdrm`m iglte2 î g textg eskrntg, utnanzmlfg u` efntgr fe textg e sedunlfg ms

redrms snltítnkms utnanzmfms lm anldumde` fe prgdrm`mäëg kg` que vm`gs
prgdrm`mr.

Xrgdrm`m gjbektg2 î g prgdrm`m que se gjte` mpûs ter ientg m kg`pnamäëg fg

prgdrm`m iglte, utnanzmlfg u` kg`pnamfgr, gu sebm, mpûs ter snfg trmfuznfg g
prgdrm`m iglte.

Xrgdrm`ms trmfutgres2 [ëg prgdrm`ms que trmfuze` g prgdrm`m iglte e`

anldumde` `íqunlm, utnanzmlfg pmrm tma g prgdrm`m gjbektg krnmfg m pmrtnr fg
prgdrm`m iglte. Kg` m utnanzmäëg fgs prgdrm`ms trmfutgres gjtî`-se u`
prgdrm`m que pgfe ser exekutmfg fnrektm`elte peag kg`putmfgr.

Vmreim
=. E` pgukms pmamvrms, e
expankm
xpankm m fniereläm
fniereläm exnstelte eltre gs trâs prgdrm`ms.
prgdrm`ms.
 

Fnsknpanlm2 VAX
Kamsse2 =8ª
Anäëg l² 89
Kmpàtuag NN2 Nltrgfuäëg m madgrnt`nm e madgrnt`gs iulfm`eltmns.
[u`írng2 Lgäões dermns fe prgdrm`mäëg

 MADGZNV@G[
U` fgs eae`eltgs
eae`eltgs kruknmns lg feselvgavn`eltg
feselvgavn`eltg fe qumaquer prgdrm`m e`
prgdrm`mäëg estruturmfg pmssm peam nfemanzmäëg fe u` madgrnt`g kmpmz fe
kglfuznr m sgauäëg fg prgjae`m e` estufg fe u`m igr`m kgerelte e einkmz.
Feinlnäëg
 Madgrnt`g î u`m sequâlknm fe gpermäões lekessírnm pmrm remanzmr u`m fmfm
tmreim. Xgfe mnlfm ser feinlnfm kg`g u`m sequâlknm fe pmssgs que vnsm`
mtnldnr u` gjbektnvg je` feinlnfg.

KMZMKVEZÀ[VNKM[ FG MADGZNV@G
  Feve ser feter`nlàstnkg3
  Feve mtnldnr m sgauäëg e` te`pg inlntg3
  Feve ser ddelîrnkg
elîrnkg fe igr`m m kglsnfermr tgfms ms sntumäões
sntumäões pmrtnku
pmrtnkuamres
amres
fg prgjae`m lëg kgltelfg nlstruäões m`jàdums3
  Feve ter kmpmknfmfe fe kg`ulnkmr
kg`ulnkmr kg` g externgr.
IGZ@M[ FE ZEXZE[ELVMÄËG FE U@ MADGZNV@G
G madgrnt`g pgfe ser represeltmfg pgr2 feskrnäëg lmrrmtnvm (anldumde`
kgrrelte), iauxgdrm`m e pgrtuduâs estruturmfg (anldumde` madgrnt`nkm).

Feskrnäëg lmrrmtnvm2 î u`m igr`m sn`paes pmrm represeltmr u` fmfg madgrnt`g,

nlfnkmlfg gs pmssgs m sedunr lm anldumde` fg fnm m fnm.
Ex2 Eamjgre u` madgrnt`g e` feskrnäëg lmrrmtnvm que per`nte aer fgns lò`ergs
e mpreseltmr m sg`m fgs `es`gs lò`ergs.
=. Nlàkng3
:. Aer (eltrmfm) g prn`enrg lò`erg3
;. Aer (eltrmfm)
(eltrmfm) g sedulfg lò`erg3
6. Kmakuamr m sg`m fgs fgns lò`ergs3
lò`ergs3
5. Mpreseltmr m sgsg`m
`m fgs
fgs fgns lò`ergs3
9. In`.
 

Iauxgdrm`ms2 kglsnste lm represeltmäëg dríinkm fe u` madgrnt`g, selfg

kglstntunfg pgr u` kglbultg fe indurms deg`îtrnkms sn`paes, andmfms mtrmvîs fe
setms.
[À@JGAG[ FE ZEXZE[ELVMÄËG FG[ MADGZNV@G[ E@ IAU_GDZM@M
Nlnkng fg prgdrm`m.

Aenturm fe fmfgs
Exekuäëg fe mäões

Anlom fe iauxg

Veste fe kglfnäões

[màfm fe fmfgs

In` In` fg prgdrm`m

Ex2 Ex2 Eamjgre u` madgrnt`g e` feskrnäëg lmrrmtnvm que per`nte aer fgns
lò`ergs e mpreseltmr m sg`m fgs `es`gs lò`ergs.

L=

L:

L=+L:

L=+L:
 

Xgrtuduâs estruturmfg (anldumde` madgrnt`nkm)2 utnanzm u`m anldumde`

estruturmfm prûxn`m fm anldumde` lmturma fg prgdrm`mfgr extrmnlfg ms
`eaogres kmrmkteràstnkms fe fums mjgrfmdels que serëg estufmfms
pgsterngr`elte.

 Mssn`, fm represeltmäëg e` anldumde` kgrrelte retnrgu-se m feskrnäëg textuma

t extuma
e` anldumde` lmturma (pgrtuduâs) e mfnknglgu-se m represeltmäëg snltîtnkm e
lëg m`jàdum fgs iauxgdrm`ms. Este tnpg fe represeltmäëg î fesndlmfg pgr
X[EUFGKÛFNDG.

KGLKEXÄËG FE U@ XZGDZM@M

Xmrm se kglkejer u` feter`nmfg prgdrm`m e` Xrgr`mäëg Estruturmfm,

gjefeke-se u`m sequâlknm fe qumtrg (6) imses que sëg2

=. Igr`uamäëg fg prgjae`m2 estufg `mns mprgiulfmfg fg pr

prgjae`m,
gjae`m, fe `g
`gfg
fg
m elkgltrmr u` `gfeag que g represelte kgrrektm`elte.
:. Zesgauäëg fg prgjae`m2 gjter u` rmkngkàlng estruturmfg, nstg î, u`
madgrnt`g que kglfuz m sgauäëg fg prgjae`m.
;. Vrmfuäëg2 trmfuäëg fg madgrnt`g pmrm m anldumde` fe prgdrm`mäëg
eskgaonfm.
6. Veste2 testes kg` gjbektnvg fe verninkmr se g prgdrm`m ku`pre kg` gs
gjbektnvgs pretelfnfgs.

Exe`pag2 eamjgrmr u` prgdrm`m que per`nte g kíakuag fms rmnzes fe equmäëg

fg :² drmu (mx:+jx+k08). G prgdrm`m feve aer gs kgeinkneltes m, j e k.

=ª imse2 Igr`uamäëg fg prgjae`m

Equmäões/kglfnäões

f0j*j ‛ 6*m*k

[e f<8
_=0(-j- −)/(:*m)
_:0(-j+ −)/(:*m)

[e f08
_=0 -j/(:*m)
_:0 -j/(:*m)
 

[e f18

Elvnm u`m `elsmde` fe errg

:ª Imse2 Zesgauäëg fg prgjae`m

Anldumde` kgrrelte

=. Nlàkng fg kíakuag3
:. Aer gs vmares fe m, j e k3
;. Mtrnjunr m f g vmagr
vmagr fg qumfrmfg fe j `elgs g prgfutg 6 pgr m e pgr k3
6. [e f18, eltëg nr m anlom =63
5. [e f08, eltëg nr pmrm anlom >3
9. Mtrnjunr m x= g vmagr fe (-j - −)/(:*m)3
4. Mtrnjunr m x: g vmagr fe (-j + −)/(:*m)3
?. Nr pmrm m anlom ==3
>. Mtrnjunr m x= g vmagr fe (- j)/(:*m)3
=8. Mtrnjunr m x: g vmagr fe x=3
==. Eskrever g vmagr fe x= e x:3
=:. Eskrever g vmagr fe x= e x:3
=;. Nr pmrm m anlom =53
=6. Eskrever m `elsmde` fe errg3
=5. In` fg kíakuag.
 

Iauxgdrm`m

m, j, k

f0j*j-6*m*k

f<8 I
Y f08 I
Y
x=0( -j - −)/(:*m)
N`pgssàvea
x=0( - j )/(:*m)
x:0(-j + −)/(:*m)
x:0( - j )/(:*m)

_= e x:

In`

Xgrtuduâs estruturmfg (anldumde` madgràtn`nkm)

//Xrgdrm`m fe kíakuag fe rmnzes
Lg`e fm iuläëg ( )
{
nltenrg m, j, k, f3
rema x=, x:3
eskrever( ‑Fndnte g =² kgeinknelte‐)3 
aer (m)3
eskrever ( ‑Fndnte g :² kgeinknelte‐)3 
aer (j)3
eskrever ( ‑Fndnte g g ter`g nlfepelfelte‐)3 
 

aer (k)3
f0j*j ‛ 6*m*k3
[e f<8
{
_=0(- j ‛ sqrt (f))/(:*m)3
_:0(- j + sqrt(f))/(:*m)3
eskrever(‑ _=0‐,x=, ‑x:0‐,x:)3 
}
selëg
se f08
{
_=0 -j/(:*m)3
_:0 -j/(:*m)3
eskrever(‑x=0‐,x=,‐x:0‐,x:)3 
selëg
eskrever(‑N`pgssàvea‐)3 
}

;ª Imse2 Vrmfuäëg pmrm anldumde` K

vgnf `ml
{
nlt m, j, k, f3
iagmt x=, x:3
prnlti( ‑Fndnte g =² kgeinknelte‐)3 
skmli(‑%f‐, &m)3 
prnlti( ‑Fndnte g :² kgeinknelte‐)3 
skmli(‑%f‐, &j)3 
prnlti( ‑Fndnte g ter`g nlfepelfelte‐)3 
skmli(‑%f‐, &k)3 
f0j*j ‛ 6*m*k3
ni (f<8)
{
x=0(- j ‛ sqrt (f))/(:*m)3
x:0(- j + sqrt(f))/(:*m)3
prnlti(‑ x=0%f e x:0%f‐ ,x=, x:)3 
}
ease
ni (f008)
{
_=0 - j/(:*m)3
_:0 - j/(:*m)3
prnlti (‑x=0
(‑x=0%f e x:0%f‐ ,x=, x:)3
 

ease
prnlti (‑N`pgssàvea‐)3
(‑N`pgssàvea‐)3 
}

6ª Imse2 Veste
U`m vez ter`nlmfg m prgdrm`mäëg, imz-se g teste pmrm ver se g prgdrm`m

iulkngle e se ku`pre kg` gs gjbektnvgs pretelfnfgs.

Vmreim
=. Xgrque que g madgrnt`g î u` eae`eltg kruknma lg feselvgavn`eltg fe
qumaquer prgdrm`m lm Xrgdrm`mäëg Estruturmfm7
:. Eamjgre u` madgrnt`g e`
e` anldumde` kgrrelte que
que per`nte prepmrmr mrrgz
fgkâ sn`paes.
 

Fnsknpanlm2 VAX
Kamsse2 =8ª
Anäëg l² 84
Kmpàtuag NN2 Nltrgfuäëg m madgrnt`nm e madgrnt`gs iulfm`eltmns.
[u`írng2 Exerkàkngs fe mpankmäëg sgjre g madgrnt`g e` feskrnäëg lmrrmtnvm

Xrgjae`m2 Eamjgre u` madgrnt`g e` feskrnäëg lmrrmtnvm que per`nte aer fgns

lò`ergs e mpreseltmr g prgfutg fesses lò`ergs.

Zesgauäëg
=. Nlàkng fg kíakuag3
:. Aer (eltrmfm) g prn`enrg lò`erg3
;. Aer (eltrmfm)
(eltrmfm) g sedulfg lò`erg3
6. Kmakuamr g prgfutg fgs fgns lò`ergs3
lò`ergs3
5. Mpreseltmr g prgfu
prgfutg
tg fgs `es`gs lò`ergs.
9. In`.

Vmreim
=. Lm sum kmsm e lu`m igaom, eam
eamjgre
jgre u` madgrnt`g e` feskrnäëg lmrrmtnv
lmrrmtnvm
m que
per`nte kmakuamr e mpreseltmr m nfmfe fe u` knfmfëg.
 

Fnsknpanlm2 VAX
Kamsse2 =8ª
Anäëg l² 8?
Kmpàtuag NN2 Nltrgfuäëg m madgrnt`nm e madgrnt`gs iulfm`eltmns.
[u`írng2 Exerkàkngs fe mpankmäëg sgjre g madgrnt`g e` feskrnäëg lmrrmtnvm

Xrgjae`m
Eamjgre u` madgrnt`g e` feskrnäëg lmrrmtnvm (anldumde` kgrrelte), que per`nte
kmakuamr e mpreseltmr m nfmfe fe u` knfmfëg.

Zesgauäëg
=. Nlàkng fg kíakuag3
:. Aer (eltrmfm) g mlg fe lmskn`eltg
lmskn`eltg fg knfmfëg3
;. Aer (eltrmfm) g mlg kgrrelte3
6. Kmakuamr m nf
nfmfe
mfe fg knfmfëg3
5. Mpreseltmr m nfmfe fg knfmfëg3
9. In`.

Vmreim
=. Eamjgre u` madgrnt`g e` feskrnäëg lmrrmtnvm (anldumde` kgrrelte), que
per`nte mpreseltmr gs pmssgs que vgkâ fí sum kmsm mtî m eskgam.
 

Fnsknpanlm2 VAX
Kamsse2 =8ª
Anäëg l² 8?
Kmpàtuag NN2 Nltrgfuäëg m madgrnt`nm e madgrnt`gs iulfm`eltmns.
[u`írng2 Exerkàkngs fe mpankmäëg sgjre g madgrnt`g e` feskrnäëg lmrrmtnvm

Xrgjae`m2
Eamjgre u` madgrnt`g e` feskrnäëg lmrrmtnvm (anldumde` kgrrelte), que per`nte
kmakuamr m `îfnm fe u` maulg reierelte m fums mvmanmäões.

Zesgauäëg
=. Nlàkng fg kíakuag3
:. Aer (eltrmfm) m prn`enrm mvmanmäëg3
;. Aer (eltrmfm)
(eltrmfm) m sedulfm mvmanmäëg3
6. Kmakuamr m `îfnm fg maulg3
5. Mpreseltmr m `îfnm fg maulg3
9. In`.

Vmreim
Eamjgre u` madgrnt`g e` anldumde` kgrrelte (feskrnäëg lmrrmtnvm), que per`nte
kmakuamr e mpreseltmr g aukrg fe u` prgfutg gjtnfg pgr u` kg`erknmlte,
smjelfg que eae lekessntmrí fg preäg fe kg`prm e fg preäg fe velfm pmrm g
seu kíakuag.
 

Fnsknpanlm2 VAX
Kamsse2 =8ª
Anäëg l² 8>
Kmpàtuag NN2 Nltrgfuäëg m madgrnt`nm e madgrnt`gs iulfm`eltmns.
[u`írng2 Exerkàkngs fe mpankmäëg sgjre g madgrnt`g e` iauxgdrm`m

Xrgjae`m
Eamjgre u` madgrnt`g e` iauxgdrm`m que per`nte aer fgns lò`ergs e
mpreseltmr g prgfutg fesses lò`ergs.

Zesgauäëg

l=

l:

l=*l:

l=*l:

In`
 

Fnsknpanlm2 VAX
Kamsse2 =8ª
Anäëg l² =8
Kmpàtuag NN2 Nltrgfuäëg m madgrnt`nm e madgrnt`gs iulfm`eltmns.
[u`írng2 Exerkàkngs fe mpankmäëg sgjre g madgrnt`g e` iauxgdrm`m

Xrgjae`m
Eamjgre u` madgrnt`g e` iauxgdrm`m que per`nte kmakuamr e mpreseltmr m nfmfe
fe u` knfmfëg.

Zesgauäëg

ml

mk

mk-ml

mk-ml

In`
 

 Fnsknpanlm2 VAX
Kamsse2 =8ª
Anäëg l² ==
Kmpàtuag NN2 Nltrgfuäëg m madgrnt`nm e madgrnt`gs iulfm`eltmns.
[u`írng2 Exerkàkngs fe mpankmäëg sgjre g madgrnt`g e` iauxgdrm`m

Xrgjae`m2
Eamjgre u` madgrnt`g e` iauxgdrm`m, que per`nte kmakuamr m `îfnm fe u`
maulg reierelte m fums mvmanmäões.

Zesgauäëg

mv=

mv:

(mv=+mv:)/:

mv=+
mv=+mv
mv:
: /:

In`

Vmreim
=. Lm sum kmsm e lu`m igaome eamjgre u` madgrnt`g e` iauxgdrm`m que
per`nte kmakuamr g aukrg fe u` prgfutg gjtnfg pgr u` kg`erknmlte e lg inlma
mpreseltmr g `es`g aukrg.
 

Fnsknpanlm2 VAX
Kamsse2 =8ª
Anäëg l² =:
Kmpàtuag NN2 Nltrgfuäëg m madgrnt`nm e madgrnt`gs iulfm`eltmns.
[u`írng2 Ymrnívens e kglstmltes

Ymrnívea pgfe ser eltelfnfm kg`g u` espmäg reservmfg lm `e`grnm fg

kg`putmfgr, lg quma pgfe`gs dumrfmr feter`nlmfg tnpg fe nligr`mäëg.
G vmagr fe u`m vmrnívea pgfe ser mktumanzmfg se`pre que igr lekessírng gu ser
`gfninkmfg qumlfg î aoe mtrnjunfg u` lgvg vmagr. U`m lgvm mtrnjunäëg n`pankm
m perfm fg vmagr mlterngr.
 Ms vmrnívens feve` ter lg`es eauknfmtnvgs (kamrg) fms sums iuläões lg
prgdrm`m. Mssn` feinle`-se madu`ms redrms reamtnvms è eskgaom fg lg`e fms
vmrnívens.
  G prn`enrg kmrmkter feve ser u`m aetrm, `mnòskuam gu `nlòskuam3
  Gs lg`es sëg kgls
kglstntunfgs
tntunfgs peams aetrms fg maimjetg, lò`er
lò`ergs,
gs, e gutrgs
kmrmkteres fnspglàvens3
  Lëg sëg per`ntnfgs usmr kg`g lg`es fe vmrnívens ms pmamvrms
reservmfms fm anldumde` fe prgdrm`mäëg e` usg, kg`g pgr exe`pag,
aer e eskrever.

Fe sedunfm mpreseltm`-se maduls lg`es fe vmrnívens víanfgs.

  M=:3   Lu`erg3
  Lg`e3   Lg`eWfgWmaulg.
  _3
Lm anldumde` madgràt`nkm (pgrtuduâs estruturmfg) que nre`gs usmr, m mtrnjunäëg
fe u` vmagr m u`m vmrnívea î ientm mtrmvîs fg gpermfgr ↘, selfg m snltmxe m
sedunlte2

1vmrnívea<↘1expressëg< 
Exe`pags
lu`erg ↘ 8,5 

sg`m ↘ 5+: 
lg`e ↘ ‑Bgsî 
 

KGL[VMLVE[

[ëg vmagres mtrnjuàfgs m u` sà`jgag que lëg vëg matermr mg agldg fm exekuäëg
fg prgdrm`m.

 M snltmxe fm fekamrmäëg î m sedunlte2

kglstmlte 1kglstmlte<01vmagr<3

Exe`pags

Kglstmlte fnms0;83
Kglstmlte `eses0=:3
Kglstmlte XN0;,=63
Kglstmlte tmxm nvm08,:83

G usg fe kglstmltes bustninkm-se qumlfg2

  Exnste` vmagres nlmaterívens usmfgs kg` irequâlknm3

  Exnste` vmagres pgssàvens fe matermäëg e` iuturms versõe
versõess fg prgd
prgdrm`m3
rm`m3
  Oí kglv
kglvelnâlknm
elnâlknm f
fe
e tgrlmr u` prgdrm`m `mns aedàv
aedàvea.
ea.

Vmreim

=. Fnierelkne vmrnívea fm kglstmlte.

:. Knte fums redrms m ser ku`prnfm
ku`prnfm lg `g`eltg fm eskgaom
eskgaom fg lg`e fe u`m
vmrnívea.
 

Fnsknpanlm2 VAX
Kamsse2 =8ª
Anäëg l² =;
Kmpàtuag NN2 Nltrgfuäëg m madgrnt`nm e madgrnt`gs iulfm`eltmns.
[u`írng2 Vnpgs fe fmfgs e fekamrmäões

VNXG[ FE FMFG[
Kmfm vmrnívea î kamssninkmfm sedulfg u` feter`nlmfg tnpg fe fmfgs fe mkgrfg
kg` g(s) vmagr (es) que vmn mr`mzelmr.
Lm eamjgrmäëg fgs madgrnt`gs e` pgrtuduâs estruturmfg, kglsnferm`-se knlkg
(5) tnpgs fe fmfgs prn`írngs2 nltenrg, rema, kmrmkter, strnld e jggaemlg.
 M rmzëg festm sepmrmäëg e` tnpgs fe fmfgs resnfe lm inxmäëg fe mspektgs
n`pgrtmltes kg`g2
  G kglbultg fe vmagres
vmagres que u`m kglstmlte pgfe tg`mr3
tg`mr3
  G kglbultg fe vmagres
vmagres gjtnfgs mtrmvîs fe
fe u`m expressëg3
  G kglbultg fe vmagres
vmagres pgr iuläëg gpu gpermfgr3
  G kglbultg fe vmagres mssu`nfgs pgr u`m vmrnívea
vmrnívea î esselknma pmrm
pmrm m
kg`preelsëg fe qumaquer prgdrm`m gu madgrnt`g3
  G espmäg e` `e`ûrnm lekessírng pmrm represeltmr u`m vmrnívea
fepelfe fg tnpg fe fmfgs mssgknmfg m essm vmrnívea.

FEKAMZMÄËG FE YMZNÍYEN[
E` pgrtuduâs estruturmfg m fekamrmäëg fe vmrnívens e ientm peag tnpg fe fmfgs
fm vmrnívea sedunfg fgs lg`es fms vmrnívens.
 M snltmxe fm fekamrmäëg fe vmrnívea î m sedunlte2
1tnpg fe fmfg<1lg`e fm vmrnívea<3

VNXG NLVENZG
Este tnpg fe fmfgs reiere-se m lò`ergs nltenrgs, pgsntnvgs e ledmtnvgs,
pertelkelte m u` feter`nlmfg drupg, fepelfelfg fg kg`putmfgr e` questëg.
E` pgrtuduâs estruturmfg, m fekamrmäëg fe vmrnívens fg tnpg nltenrg te` m
sedunlte igr`m2
nltenrg x3
nltenrg lu`erg3
 

nltenrg vmr=3
Gu fe gutrm igr`m.
nltenrg x, lu`erg, vmr=3
 Mpûs estms fekamrmäões ms vmrnívens x, lu`erg e vmr=, estëg e` kglfnäões fe
ser nlnknmanzmfms lgs prgdrm`ms.

VNXG ZEMA
Feinle g kglbultg
kglbultg fgs lò
lò`ergs
`ergs remns, respentmlfg u` drupg fepelfelte f
fg
g
kg`putmfgr glfe se estí m exekutmr g prgdrm`m.
 Ms vmrnívens fg tnpg rema sëg fekamrmfms
fekamrmfms fm sedunlte igr`m.
igr`m.
rema x3
rema y3
Gu pgfe mnlfm se2
rema x, y3

VNXG KMZMKVEZ
Gs eae`eltgs feste tnpg fe fmfgs sëg tgfgs gs kmrmkteres nlfnvnfumns que
pgfe` ser represeltmfgs pgr u` kg`putmfgr.
 Mtuma`elte, gs imjrnkmltes fe kg`putmfgres feinlnfgs lg kûfndg M[KNN
(M`ernkml [tmlfmrf Kgfe Nligr`mtngl Nlterkomlde), fe M è R ) `mnòskuam e
`nlòskuam) e fe 8 mtî >.
 M fekamrm fe vmrnívens feste tnpg, imz-se fe sedunlte `gfg2
kmrmkter aetrm, sà`jgag3
 M mtrnjunäëg fe vmagres pgfe
pgfe ser ientm fg sedunlte `gfg2
  Aetrm↘ ‑M‐3 

  [n`jgag↘ ‑5‐3 

VNXG [VZNLD
Kglsnste lu` vmagr que lëg î `mns fg que u` kglbultg fe kmrmkteres. M
fekamrmäëg fe vmrnívens î ientm fe sedunlte `gfg2
kmrmkter lg`eWvmr Stm`mlogP3
 M mtrnjunäëg fe vmagres î ientm kg`g
kg`g se mpreseltm m sedunr2
  Xmamvrm ↘ ‑prgdrm`mäëg e kg`putmfgres‐3 
 

VNXG JGGAEMLG
G tnpg jggaemlg represeltm g kglbultg fe vmagres verfmfenrg e imasg. M
fekamrmäëg fe u`m vmrnívea feste tnpg î ientm fg sedunlte `gfg2
  Jggaemlg jga3

Vmreim
=. Fe`glstre m snltmxe fm fekamrmäëg fe vm
vmrnívens.
rnívens.
:. ]umltgs tnpgs
tnpgs fe fmfgs mprelfeu e qumns sëg7
sëg7
 

Fnsknpanlm2 VAX
Kamsse2 =8ª
Anäëg l² =6
Kmpàtuag NN2 Nltrgfuäëg m madgrnt`nm e madgrnt`gs iulfm`eltmns.
[u`írng2 Gpermfgres mrnt`îtnkgs

Gs gpermfgres mrnt`îtnkgs feinlnfgs lm anldumde` madgràt`nkm (pgrtuduâs

estruturmfg) sëg gs que kgrrespglfe` ms gpermäões mrnt`îtnkms sà`paes, `mns
u` gpermfgr que igrleke kg`g resuatmfg g resuatmfg g restg fe u`m fnvnsëg
nltenrm.
Estes gpermfgres sëg gs que mpmreke` lg sedunlte qumfrg.

Gpermfgr Gpermäëg [nltmxe

+  Mfnäëg m+j
- [ujtrmäëg m-j
* @uatnpankmäëg m*j
 / Fnvnsëg m/j
% Zestg fm fnvnsëg nltenrm m%j
- [nlma -m

Vmreim
=. ]uma î mn`pgrtêlknm
mn`pgrtêlknm fgs gpermfgres mrnt
mrnt`îtnkgs
`îtnkgs lm prgdrm`mäëg7
 

Fnsknpanlm2 VAX
Kamsse2 =8ª
Anäëg l² =5
Kmpàtuag NN2 Nltrgfuäëg m madgrnt`nm e madgrnt`gs iulfm`eltmns.
[u`írng2 Gpermfgres aûdnkgs e reamknglmns.

Gs gpermfgres aûdnkgs feinlnfgs lm anldumde` madgràt`nkm (pgrtuduâs

estruturmfg) sëg gs sedunltes2

 M J M MLF J M GZ J LGV M

I I I I Y
I Y I Y Y
Y I I Y I
Y Y Y Y I

Gpermfgres reamknglmns
[ëg utnanzmfgs e` expressões que kggrfelm` mäões lgr`ma`elte fesndlmfgs
pgr kgltrgag fe iauxg.
Essms mäões fe kgltrgag fe iauxg feter`nlm` se u` fmfg jagkg fe nlstruäëg
feve ser gu lëg exekutmfg, mvmanmlfg pmrm tma
t ma u`m expressëg aûdnkm.
Gs gpermfgres reamknglmns sëg gs que se mpreseltm` lg qumfrg sedunlte2
Gpermfgr Gpermäëg [nltmxe
00 Nduma m m00j
1 @elgr que m1j
10 @elgr gu nduma m m10j
< @mngr que m<j
<0 @mngr gu nduma m m<0j
!0 Fnierelte m!0j

Vmreim
=. Mpreseltm fgns g
gpermfgres
permfgres aûdnkgs e reamknglmns.
reamknglmns.
:. Glfe sëg
sëg usm
usmfgs
fgs gs
gs gpermf
gpermfgres
gres reamknglmns7
reamknglmns7
 

Fnsknpanlm2 VAX
Kamsse2 =8ª
Anäëg l² =9
Kmpàtuag NN2 Nltrgfuäëg m madgrnt`nm e madgrnt`gs iulfm`eltmns.
[u`írng2 Eltrmfm e smàfm fe fmfgs