DIFFERENTIATION

RULES
 The Constant Rule
The derivative of a constant function is 0. In
symbols, if c is a constant, then
𝒅
[c] = O.
𝒅𝒙
EXAMPLES:
𝟒
1. y=- y’ = 0
𝟓
2.f(x) = 100 f’(x) = 0
3.G(x) = 𝝅 G’(x) = 0
 THE POWER RULE
If n is any real number, then
𝒅 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏
[𝒙 ] = n𝒙
𝒅𝒙
FIND THE DERIVATIVE OF EACH FUNCTION

𝟔
f(x) = 𝒙
𝟔−𝟏
= 𝟔𝒙
𝟓
f’(x) = 𝟔𝒙
FIND THE DERIVATIVE OF EACH FUNCTION

𝟐𝟓
G(x) = 𝒙
𝟐𝟓−𝟏
= 𝟐𝟓𝒙
𝟐𝟒
G’(x) = 𝟐𝟓𝒙
FIND THE DERIVATIVE OF EACH FUNCTION

𝟏 −𝟑
H(t) = 𝟑
𝒕
=𝒕
−𝟑−𝟏
= −𝟑𝒕
−𝟒
= −𝟑𝒕
−𝟑
H’(t) = 𝟒
𝒕
FIND THE DERIVATIVE OF EACH FUNCTION

p(t) = 𝒕 = 𝒕 𝟏/𝟐
𝟏 𝟏/𝟐−𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏/𝟐
= 𝒕 = 𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟏/𝟐 p’(t) =
𝟐𝒕 𝟐 𝒕
FIND THE DERIVATIVE OF EACH FUNCTION

𝟑 𝟏/𝟑
p(x) = 𝒙 = 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏/𝟑−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏/𝟑−𝟑/𝟑 𝟏 −𝟐/𝟑
= 𝒙 = 𝒙 = 𝒙
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐/𝟑 p’(x) = 𝟑
𝟑𝒙 𝟑 𝒙𝟐
 THE CONSTANT MULTIPLE
RULE
If k is any real number constant and f is a
differentiable function of x, then
𝒅 𝒅
[k∙𝒇(𝒙)] = k· [𝒇 𝒙 ]
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
FIND THE DERIVATIVE OF EACH FUNCTION

𝟔
f(x) = 𝟓𝒙
𝟔−𝟏
= 6 ∙ 𝟓𝒙
𝟓
f’(x) = 𝟑𝟎𝒙
FIND THE DERIVATIVE OF EACH FUNCTION

𝟓
f(x) = 𝟒𝒙
𝟓−𝟏
= 𝟓 ∙ 𝟒𝒙
𝟒
f’(x) = 𝟐𝟎𝒙
FIND THE DERIVATIVE OF EACH FUNCTION

𝟑 𝟖
G(x) = 𝒙
𝟒
𝟑 𝟖−𝟏
=𝟖∙ 𝒙
𝟒
𝟕
G’(x) = 𝟔𝒙
FIND THE DERIVATIVE OF EACH FUNCTION

𝟓 𝟒
G(x) = 𝒙
𝟑
𝟓 𝟒−𝟏
=𝟒∙ 𝒙
𝟑
𝟐𝟎 𝟑 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟑
G’(x) = 𝒙 =
𝟑 𝟑
FIND THE DERIVATIVE OF EACH FUNCTION

𝟏/𝟓
G(x) = 2𝒙
𝟏 𝟏/𝟓−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏/𝟓−𝟓/𝟓
= ∙ 𝟐𝒙 = ∙ 𝟐𝒙
𝟓 𝟓
𝟏 −𝟒/𝟓 𝟐
= ∙ 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟒/𝟓
𝟓 𝟓𝒙
𝟐
G’(x) = 𝟓
𝟓 𝒙𝟒
FIND THE DERIVATIVE OF EACH FUNCTION

f(x) = 7 𝒙 = 7𝒙 𝟏/𝟐
𝟏 𝟏/𝟐−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏/𝟐−𝟐/𝟐
= ∙ 𝟕𝒙 = ∙ 𝟕𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 −𝟏/𝟐 𝟕
= ∙ 𝟕𝒙 = 𝟏/𝟐
𝟐 𝟕
𝟐𝒙
f’(x) =
𝟐 𝒙
THE SUM & DIFFERENCE RULE
If f and g are two differentiable functions at
x, then

𝒅 𝒅 𝑑
[𝒇(𝒙)±g(x)] = [𝒇 𝒙 ]± [g(x)]
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑥
FIND THE DERIVATIVE OF EACH FUNCTION

f(x) = 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐
=𝟏∙ 𝟗𝒙 𝟏−𝟏 +0
= 𝟗𝒙 𝟎 +0

f’(x) = 𝟗
FIND THE DERIVATIVE OF EACH FUNCTION

G(x) = 𝟐𝒙 𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙 𝟐 - 3x + 1
𝟑−𝟏 𝟐−𝟏 -𝟏 ∙ 𝟑𝒙 𝟏−𝟏 +0
=𝟑∙ 𝟐𝒙 +𝟐∙ 𝟒𝒙
𝟐
= 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟖𝒙 - 𝟑𝒙 𝟎

𝟐
G’(x) = 6𝒙 + 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟑
THE PRODUCT & QUOTIENT RULE
If f and g are two differentiable functions of x, then
the following rules should be followed:
PRODUCT RULE
𝒅
[f(𝒙)𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈′(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)𝒇′(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
QUOTIENT RULE
𝒅 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈 𝒙 𝒇′ 𝒙 −𝒇 𝒙 𝒈′(𝒙)
[ ] =
𝒅𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) [𝒈 𝒙 ]𝟐
 EXAMPLES
𝟑 𝟑
y = (4 – 𝟐𝒙 )(2x + 𝒙 )
𝟑 𝟐
= (4 – 𝟐𝒙 )(2 + 3𝒙 ) + 𝟑 𝟐
(2x + 𝒙 ) ( – 𝟔𝒙 )
= 8 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 𝟐 - 𝟒𝒙 𝟑 - 6𝒙 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙 𝟓

y ‘ = - 𝟏𝟐𝒙 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙 𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 𝟐 +8

 EXAMPLES

F(t) = (𝒕 𝟓 + t)(𝒕 𝟑 - 4t + 1)
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟐
= (𝒕 − 𝟒𝒕 + 𝟏)(𝟓𝒕 + 𝟏) + (𝒕 + t) (3𝒕 − 4)
𝟕 𝟑 𝟓 𝟒 𝟕 𝟓 𝟑
= 5𝒕 + 𝒕 − 𝟐𝟎𝒕 - 4t + 5𝒕 + 𝟏 + 𝟑𝒕 - 4𝒕 + 𝟑𝒕 - 4t

F’(t) = 𝟖𝒕 𝟕 − 𝟐𝟒𝒕 𝟓 + 𝟓𝒕 𝟒 + 𝟒𝒕 𝟑 - 8t + 1
 EXAMPLES
𝟏
G(x) = ( 𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟑𝐱 − 𝟏
𝒙
𝟏 −𝟐
=( 𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟑) + (𝟑𝐱 − 𝟏) ( 𝟑)
𝒙 𝒙
𝟑 𝟔𝒙 𝟐 𝟑 𝟔 𝟐
= 𝟐 +3- 𝟑 + = 𝟐 +3- 𝟐 +
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙𝟑

𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 −𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟑𝒙𝟑 −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐

= G’(x) =
𝒙𝟑
𝒙𝟑
THE PRODUCT & QUOTIENT RULE
If f and g are two differentiable functions of x, then
the following rules should be followed:
PRODUCT RULE
𝒅
[f(𝒙)𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈′(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)𝒇′(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
QUOTIENT RULE
𝒅 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈 𝒙 𝒇′ 𝒙 −𝒇 𝒙 𝒈′(𝒙)
[ ] =
𝒅𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) [𝒈 𝒙 ]𝟐
EXAMPLES
𝟒
y=
𝟓𝒙
𝟓𝒙 ∙ 𝟎 − 𝟒 ∙5
=
(𝟓𝒙)𝟐
𝟎 − 20 − 20
= =
𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐
−4
y’=
𝟓𝒙𝟐
 EXAMPLES
𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
F(x) =
𝒙 −𝟏
(𝑥 −1)(4𝑥) − (𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)(1) 4𝑥 2 −4𝑥 − (𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)
= =
(𝑥 −1)2 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1

4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥− 𝟐𝒙𝟐
−𝟏 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 𝟏
=
𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1
F ’(x) = 2
𝑥 −2𝑥+1
 EXAMPLES
1 −1/2
1 ( 𝑥 +1)(0) − (𝟏)( 𝑥 )
F(x) = =
2
𝑥 +1 ( 𝑥 +1)2
1 1
0− − −1 1
2 𝑥
= = 2 𝑥
= ∙
( 𝑥 +1)2 𝑥 +2 𝑥 + 1 2 𝑥 𝑥 +2 𝑥 + 1

−1 −1
=
2 𝑥(𝑥 +2 𝑥 + 1)
F ’(x) =
2𝑥 𝑥 +4𝑥 +2 𝑥
 EXAMPLES
(3𝑥+2)(𝑥 2 −1) 3𝑥 + 2 2𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 1)(3)
F(x) =
𝑥+2 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 3
𝑥+2 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + −𝟏(3𝑥+2)(𝑥 2 −1)
𝟒𝒙 −𝟑
𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑
=
(𝑥+2)2
𝟑 𝟐
𝟗𝒙 +𝟒𝒙 −𝟑x + 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 +𝟖𝒙−𝟔 −(3𝑥 3 −3𝑥+2𝑥 2 −2)
=
(𝑥+2)2
𝟑 𝟐
𝟗𝒙 +𝟒𝒙 −𝟑x + 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 +𝟖𝒙−𝟔 −3𝑥 3 +3𝑥−2𝑥 2 +2
=
(𝑥+2)2
 EXAMPLES
𝟑 𝟐
𝟗𝒙 +𝟒𝒙 −𝟑x + 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 +𝟖𝒙−𝟔 −3𝑥 3 +3𝑥−2𝑥 2 +2
=
(𝑥+2)2

6𝑥 3 +20𝑥 2 +8𝑥 −4
y’ =
(𝑥+2)2
 THE CHAIN RULE
If y is a differentiable function of u and u is a differentiable
function of x, then y can be regarded as a function of x, and
that
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
= ( )
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙

That is, the derivative of y with respect to x is the derivative of

y with respect to u multiplied by the derivative of u with
respect to x.
 Examples of NONDIFFERENTIABLE AND
DIFFERENTIABLE FUNCTIONS when used with the
CHAIN RULE
Not Differentiable with the Chain Rule Differentiable with the Chain Rule

2 1
y=𝑥 -3 y = (𝑥 2 −3) 3

y = 2x + 4 y = 2𝑥 + 4
1
y = 7x + 8 y = (7𝑥 + 8) −
4

y = (x – 1)(2x + 9) Y = (x – 1)(2𝑥 + 9)4

6𝑥 −1 6𝑥 −1 3
y= y=( )
4+3𝑥
4+3𝑥
 EXAMPLES
Find the derivative of G(x) = (𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔
𝟏) .
𝟔
Let y = 𝒖 and u = 4x + 1.
𝒅𝒚 𝟓 𝒅𝒖
 = 𝟔𝒖 and =𝟒
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖 𝟓 𝟓
 = ( ) = 𝟔𝒖 · 𝟒 = 𝟐𝟒𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟓
 = 𝟐𝟒(𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒅𝒙
 EXAMPLES
Find the derivative of F(x) = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒.
Let y = 𝒖 and u = 3x -4.
𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
 = 𝒖 = 𝟐 and =𝟑
𝒅𝒖 𝟐 𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝟑
 = ( )= ·𝟑=
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒖 𝟐 𝒖
𝒅𝒚 𝟑
 =
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟑𝒙 −𝟒
 THE GENERAL POWER RULE
If y = 𝒖𝒏 is differentiable function of u, where u
is a differentiable function of x, then for any
real number n,

𝒅 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏 ′
[𝒖 ] = 𝒏𝒖 ·𝒖
𝒅𝒙
 𝟑 𝟒
Find the derivative of f(x) = (𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 ) .

f’(x) = 𝟒(𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑 𝟑 2
𝟐𝒙 ) · (5 – 6𝑥 )
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
f’(x) = (20 - 24𝒙 ) (𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 )
 𝟑
Find the derivative of f(x) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙)𝟐 .
𝟐
𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏 2
f’(x) = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙) 𝟑 · (6𝑥 + 3)
𝟑
𝟏
𝟐 −
f’(x) = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙) 𝟑 · (6𝑥 2 + 3)
𝟑
𝟑
2 2 1
f’(x) = (6𝑥 + 3) · 3 3
3 2𝑥 +3𝑥
𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟐
f’(x) = 𝟑
𝟐𝒙𝟑 +𝟑𝒙
 𝒙𝟐 +𝟑 𝟑
Find the derivative of f(x) = ( ) .
𝟒𝒙+𝟏
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑
Let u =
𝟒𝒙+𝟏
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑 𝟐 𝒅 𝒙𝟐 +𝟑
f’(x) = 3( ) · [ ]
𝟒𝒙+𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟒𝒙+𝟏
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑 𝟐 𝟒𝒙+𝟏 𝟐𝒙 −(𝒙𝟐 +𝟑)(𝟒)
f’(x) = 3( ) ·
𝟒𝒙+𝟏 (𝟒𝒙+𝟏)𝟐
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑 𝟐 (𝟖𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙)−(𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟏𝟐)
f’(x) = 3( ) ·
𝟒𝒙+𝟏 (𝟒𝒙+𝟏)𝟐
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑 𝟐 𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐)
f’(x) = 3( ) ·
𝟒𝒙+𝟏 (𝟒𝒙+𝟏)𝟐
𝟐
𝟑 𝒙 +𝟑 (𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙 −𝟏𝟐)
𝟐
f’(x) =
(𝟒𝒙+𝟏)𝟐