Cell Structure and Function Cheat Sheet

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Functions of Cells Osmotic Solutions (cont) Cell Structures (cont)

Basic unit of life H2O moves H2O moves Cell remains Nucl​eolus

Cell metabolism and energy release into cell out intact

- in nucleus
LYSIS (burst) Crenation (shrinks) Location
Synthesis of molecules

Commun​ication - produce ribosomes that are then

Cell Structures Function transp​orted to the cytoplasm
Reprod​uction and inheri​tance
Cyto​plasm Ribo​some

Whole Cell Activity - Location Inside cell - attached to rough endopl​asmic

Location reticulum (RER) or free-f​loating in
A cells charac​ter​istics are determined by the - Jelly-like fluid
cytoplasm
type of proteins it produces Charac​ter​ist
ic - Produce proteins
Proteins' function is determined by genetics
- Function Give cell shape and hold Function
Inform​ation in DNA provides the cell with a cade
organelles in place RER (Rough Endopl​asmic Reticu​lum)
for its cellular processes
Nucl​eus (not part of the cytoplasm) - Cytoplasm

Osmosis - Location Center of cell Location

- All cells contain nucleus at some - Membranes with ribosomes

What is Diffusion of water across a cell
Charac​ter​ist point Charac​te attached
it? membrane
r​istic
ics
Osmotic the force required to prevent
- Function Houses DNA - Site of protein synthesis
Pressure movement of water across cell
Function
membrane Nuclear Envelope
SER (Smooth Endopl​asmic Reticu​lum)
A measure of the tendency of water to move by - Location: edge of nucleus
osmosis across a select​ively permeable - Cytoplasm
Nuclear Pores
membrane Location
- Location Surface of nucleus
- membranes with no ribosomes
Osmotic Solutions - Function Where materials pass in and out Charac​te
of nucleus r​istic
Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic
Chro​mos​ome - Site of lipid synthesis
Soluti​ons Soluti​ons Soluti​ons
Function
- Location Inside nucleus
- lower higher Equal
Golgi Appara​tus
concen​tration concen​tration concen​tra​ti - Made of DNA and proteins
of solutes of solutes ons of Charac​ter​ist - Cytoplasm
outside cell outside cell solutes ic Location

Higher higher Water - Function Part of genetic makeup - Closely, packed stacks of
concen​tration concen​tration doesn't Charac​te membranes
Chro​matin
of H2O outside of H2O inside move r​istic
- Location Inside nucleus
cell cell - Collect, sort, package, and
- Loosely coiled chromo​somes
Function distribute proteins and lipids
Charac​ter​ist
Secr​etory Vesicle
ic
- Cytoplasm
Location

- Distri​butes materials out of cell

Function

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 Cell Structure and Function Cheat Sheet
by Morghay123 via cheatography.com/53154/cs/14396/

Cell Structures (cont) Movement through the Cell Membrane Endocy​tosis

Lyso​some - Cell membrane - Enzymes, glycogen, What is Process that brings materials into
select​ively and potassium are it? cell using vesicles
- Location Cytoplasm
determines what can found in higher
1. Cell eating (solid particles)
- Function Enzymes that digest foreign pass in and out of the concen​tra​tions INSIDE
Phagoc​yto
material
cell the cell
sis
Mito​cho​ndria
- Sodium, calcium, - Nutrients must be 2. Cell drinking (liquid particles)
- Location Cytoplasm and chloride are able to enter the cell Pinocy​tosi
found in higher and waste products
- Contains folds (cristae) s
concen​tra​tions must be able to exit
Charac​ter​istic 3. Receptor mediated endocy​tosis
OUTSIDE the cell the cell
s
1. Directly through O2 and CO2 (small
- Function Produces ATP Cytosk​eleton
diffusion (passive): molecules)
What is is? - Cells framework
Main Components of a cell 2. Facili​tated - proteins that extend
- Made of proteins
diffusion (passive) from one side of the
Plasma or cell membrane Functions - Provide support
through membrane cell membrane to other
Organelles - Size, shape and - Hold organelles in place
channels:
charge (+/-) determine - enable cell to change
Cytoplasm
what can go through shape
- Ex. Na+ passes Types of Cytosk​ele​ton
Jobs of the Cell Membrane
through Na+ channels
Microt​ubules - Largest diamete
1. Separate the inside from the outside of the
3. Carrier - bind to molecules, - Provide structural
cell
molecules: transport them across, support
2. Enable the immune system to recognize the and drop them off - Form cilia and flagella
cell as self or non-self --> marker glycop​roteins
4. Vesicles: - Can transport a Interm​ediate - Medium diameter
or glycol​ipids
variety of materials filaments - maintain cell shape
3. Attach cells together or to the extrac​ellular - Fuse with cell
Microf​ila​ments - Smallest diameter
matrix --> adhesion proteins membrane
- Involved in cell
4. Receive signals from outside the cell and movement
transmit the signals to inside the cell -->
receptor proteins
Cell Division
5. Select​ively transport substances from inside
to outside the cell, or outside to inside the cell - Formation of 2 daughter cells from a single

via transport mechanisms parent cell

- Uses mitosis and meiosis

- each cell (except sperm and egg) contains 46

chromo​somes (dipl​oid)

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 Cell Structure and Function Cheat Sheet
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Cell Division (cont) Cell Membrane (cont) Mediated Transport Mechanisms (cont)

- Sperm and egg contain 23 chromo​somes Nonpolar Regions - "​tai​ls" Counte​r - a diffusing substance moves in
(hapl​oid) - hydrop​hobic porter direction opposite to that of
- away from H2O protein transp​orted substance
Mito​sis

- Cell division that occurs in all cells except sex cell membrane consists of phosph​oli​pids,

cells choles​terol (for strength and flexib​ility), and Microt​ubules of the Cytosk​eleton
proteins
- Forms 2 daughter cells Centriole - Composed of 9 microt​ubules

1. Inter​phase: 46 chromo​somes Centrosome - 2 centrioles oriented

Diffusion
perpen​dicular to one another.
2. Proph​ase: Chromo​somes doubled to 92
What is movement of molecules from areas Plays a role in mitosis
3. Prome​tap​hase: Nucleus dissolves and it? of high to low concen​tration
Flag​ella
microt​ubules attach to centro​meres
Solution solid, liquid, or gas that contains
4. Metap​hase: Chromo​somes align at middle - Location Cell surface
one or more solutes
of cell - 1 per cell
Solute Substance added to solvent that
Charac​ter​ist
5. Anaph​ase: Separated chromo​somes pulled dissolves
apart ic
Solvent Substance such as H2O that
- Function move cell, Eg. Sperm
6. Telop​hase: Microt​ubules disappear cell solute is being added to
division begins Cilia
Is energy no
7. Cytok​ine​sis: Two daughter cells formed required? - Location Cell Surface
each with 46 chromo​somes
- Many per cell
Mediated Transport Mechanisms Charac​ter​ist
Cell Membrane ic
Faci​litat - diffusion with aid of a carrier
Funtions: - Selective barrier molecule - Function Move materials across cell's
ed
-Encloses cytoplasm - requires no ATP surface
diffus​io
Extrac​ellular Material outside of cell n - passive transport Micr​ovi​lli

Intrac​ellular Material inside cell Active - moves substance from low to high - Location Cell Surface
membrane transp​or concen​tration - Shorter than cilia
Fluid Mosaic a 2D liquid in which t - required ATP Charac​ter​ist
Model phospo​hol​ipids and proteins Ex. Sodium​-po​tassium pump ic
diffuse easily Cotran​s - a diffusing substance moves in - Function Increase surface area
Made of phosph​olipids form a double port same direction as a transp​orted
phosph​olipids layer or bilayer substance
DNA
and proteins
Double helix
Polar Region - "​hea​ds"
- hydrop​hilic Deoxyr​ibo​se-​pho​sphate backbone

- exposed to H2O Nucleotide base pairs

Backbone = sugar (ribos​e-p​hos​phate)

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 Cell Structure and Function Cheat Sheet
by Morghay123 via cheatography.com/53154/cs/14396/

DNA (cont)

Gene Expres​sion

- inform​ation in DNA directs protein synthesis

- nucle​otide sequence of a gene determines amino acid sequence of

specific protein

- Enzymes regulate chemical reactions

- Uses transc​ription and transl​ation

Flow of Genetic Inform​ation

Central Dogma DNA - trans​cribe - RNA -

trans​late - Protein

Tran​scr​ipt​ion

- Process by which DNA is read - Occurs in the nucleus

- Produces mRNA - mRNA contains codons

- Codons: set of 3 nucleotide bases that code for a particular amino

acid

Tran​sla​tion

- Process by mRNA is converted into - Produces proteins

amino acids (polyp​ept​ides)

- Codons pair with anticodons

- antico​dons: 3 nucleotide bases carried by tRNA

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