TS en 13001 3 4

TÜRK
STANDARDLARI
ENSTİTÜSÜ Türk Standardı
TS EN 13001-3-4
Şubat 2020
ICS 53.020.20; 53.020.30
Vinçler - Genel tasarım - Bölüm 3-4: Rulmanlar-sınır

durumları ve uygunluğun doğrulanması
Cranes - General design - Part 3-4: Limit states and proof of competence of
machinery - Bearings
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception

générale - Partie 3-4 : États limites et vérification d'aptitude des éléments de
mécanismes - Paliers
Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-4: Grenzzustände und

Sicherheitsnachweise für Maschinenbauteile - Lager
TÜRK STANDARDLARININ TELiF HAKKI TSE'YE AiTTiR. STANDARDIN BU NÜSHASININ KULLANIM iZNi TSE TARAFINDAN
iTÜ KÜTÜPHANE VE DOKÜMANTASYON DAiREBASKANLIGI'A VERiLMiSTiR. BASILMA TARiHi: 9.04.2021
TSE'DEN iZiN ALINMADAN STANDARDIN BiR BÖLÜMÜ/TAMAMI iKTiBAS EDiLEMEZ, ÇOGALTILAMAZ.
TELİF HAKKI KORUMALI DOKÜMAN
© Türk Standardları Enstitüsü

Tüm hakları saklıdır. Aksi belirtilmedikçe bu yayının herhangi bir bölümü veya tamamı, TSE'nin yazılı izni
olmaksızın fotokopi ve mikrofilm dâhil, elektronik ya da mekanik herhangi bir yolla çoğaltılamaz ya da
kopyalanamaz.
TSE Standard Hazırlama Merkezi Başkanlığı

Necatibey Caddesi No: 112
06100 Bakanlıklar * ANKARA
Tel: + 90 312 416 63 80

Faks: + 90 312 416 64 39
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
ICS 53.020.20; 53.020.30 TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
TÜRK STANDARDI
EN 13001-3-1:2018
Milli Önsöz
Bu standard, CEN/TC 147 “Cranes - Safety-Vinçler - Güvenlik” Teknik Komitesi tarafından

hazırlanmış, CEN tarafından 22.07.2018 tarihinde onaylanmış ve Türk Standardları Enstitüsü Teknik
Kurulu'nun 03.02.2020 tarihli toplantısında Türk Standardı olarak kabul edilerek yayımına karar
verilmiştir.
Bu standardda kullanılan bazı kelimeler ve/veya ifadeler patent haklarına konu olabilir. Böyle bir
patent hakkının belirlenmesi durumunda TSE sorumlu tutulamaz.
Almanya, Avusturya, Belçika, Birleşik Krallık, Bulgaristan, Çek Cumhuriyeti, Danimarka, Estonya,
Finlandiya, Fransa, Hırvatistan, Hollanda, İrlanda, İspanya, İsveç, İsviçre, İtalya, İzlanda, Kıbrıs,
Letonya, Litvanya, Lüksemburg, Macaristan, Makedonya, Malta, Norveç, Polonya, Portekiz,
Romanya, Sırbistan, Slovakya, Slovenya, Türkiye ve Yunanistan'ın millî standard kuruluşlarıdır.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020 standardı, EN 13001-3-1:2018 standardı ile birebir aynı olup, Avrupa Standardizasyon Komitesi 'nin (Rue de la
Science 23 B - 1040 Brussels) izniyle basılmıştır.
Avrupa Standardlarının herhangi bir şekilde ve herhangi bir yolla tüm kullanım hakları Avrupa Standardizasyon Komitesi (CEN) ve üye
ülkelerine aittir. TSETSE'DEN
kanalıylaiZiN
CEN'den yazılı izin
ALINMADAN almaksızın çoğaltılamaz.
STANDARDIN BiR BÖLÜMÜ/TAMAMI iKTiBAS EDiLEMEZ, ÇOGALTILAMAZ.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 13001-3-4

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM December 2018
ICS 21.100.01; 53.020.20
English Version
Cranes - General design - Part 3-4: Limit states and proof

of competence of machinery - Bearings
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-4:
générale - Partie 3-4 : États limites et vérification Grenzzustände und Sicherheitsnachweise für
d'aptitude des éléments de mécanismes - Paliers Maschinenbauteile - Lager
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 July 2018.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13001-3-4:2018 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword....................................................................................................................................................... 5
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 6
2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 6
3 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations ........................................................................... 7
3.1 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................... 7
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... 8
4 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 15
4.1 Documentation.............................................................................................................................................. 15
4.2 Materials.......................................................................................................................................................... 15
4.2.1 Grades and qualities for slewing rings ................................................................................................. 15
4.2.2 Grades and qualities for rolling bearings, except slewing rings ................................................. 16
4.2.3 Materials for plain bearings ..................................................................................................................... 16
4.3 Bearings ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
4.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 17
4.3.2 Slewing rings.................................................................................................................................................. 17
4.3.3 Rolling bearings ............................................................................................................................................ 20
4.3.4 Plain bearings ................................................................................................................................................ 21
4.4 Proofs of competence for bearings ........................................................................................................ 25
5 Proof of static strength ............................................................................................................................... 26
5.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 26
5.2 Limit design stresses and forces ............................................................................................................. 26
5.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 26
5.2.2 Limit design forces and stresses for slewing rings .......................................................................... 26
5.2.3 Execution of the proof for slewing rings .............................................................................................. 40
5.2.4 Limit design forces and stresses for rolling bearings ..................................................................... 41
5.2.5 Execution of the proof for rolling bearings......................................................................................... 43
5.2.6 Limit design forces and stresses for plain bearings ........................................................................ 44
5.2.7 Execution of the proof for plain bearings ............................................................................................ 49
6 Proof of endurance and fatigue strength ............................................................................................. 49
6.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 49
6.2 Slewing rings.................................................................................................................................................. 49
6.2.1 Design dynamic loads and load ratings................................................................................................ 49
6.2.2 Fatigue strength of the fixing elements................................................................................................ 56
6.2.3 Execution of the proof for slewing rings .............................................................................................. 57
6.3 Rolling bearings ............................................................................................................................................ 59
6.3.1 Design dynamic loads and load ratings................................................................................................ 59
6.3.2 Execution of the proof for rolling bearings......................................................................................... 62
6.4 Plain bearings ................................................................................................................................................ 65
6.4.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 65
6.4.2 Cylindrical plain bearings ......................................................................................................................... 65
6.4.3 Spherical plain bearings ............................................................................................................................ 69
6.4.4 Execution of the proof of endurance for plain bearings ................................................................ 73
6.4.5 Plain bearing design life ............................................................................................................................ 75
7 Proof of elastic stability ............................................................................................................................. 75
2 TÜRK STANDARDLARININ TELiF HAKKI TSE'YE AiTTiR. STANDARDIN BU NÜSHASININ KULLANIM iZNi TSE TARAFINDAN
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Annex A (informative) Calculation factors and guide load ratings of slewing rings ........................... 76
A.1 Excess load factor Krep............................................................................................................................... 76
A.1.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 76
A.1.2 Analytical method of determining Krep ............................................................................................... 77
A.2 Influence factors ........................................................................................................................................... 78
A.2.1 Proof of static strength ............................................................................................................................... 78
A.2.1.1 Factor for shear in sub-hardened layer f1 ........................................................................................... 78
A.2.1.2 Factor for surface hardness f3 ................................................................................................................. 79
A.2.2 Proof of fatigue strength: factor f′f1 for sub-hardened layer ....................................................... 79
A.2.3 Proof of fatigue strength: Inclusion factor f′f2 ................................................................................... 80
A.2.4 Proof of fatigue strength: Surface hardness factor f′f3 ................................................................... 80
A.3 Guidelines for various load ratings ........................................................................................................ 81
A.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 81
A.3.2 Guide value of limit design static axial load rating C0aRd for slewing rings with ball
bearings............................................................................................................................................................ 81
A.3.3 Guide value of limit design static load ratings C0a,Rd and C0r,Rd for slewing rings
with roller bearing ....................................................................................................................................... 82
A.3.3.1 Limit design static axial load rating C0a,Rd ........................................................................................ 82
A.3.3.2 Limit design static radial load rating C0r,Rd (three-row roller bearing) ................................ 82
A.3.4 Basic dynamic axial load rating Ca of a slewing ring with ball bearings .................................. 83
A.3.4.1 Single-row with 4 contact points and double-row with 2 point contacts ................................. 83
A.3.4.2 Double-row with 4 contact points .......................................................................................................... 84
A.3.5 Basic dynamic load ratings Ca and Cr of a slewing ring with roller bearings ......................... 84
A.3.5.1 Basic dynamic axial load rating Ca ......................................................................................................... 84
A.3.5.2 Basic dynamic radial load rating Cr (three-row roller bearing) ................................................. 85
A.4 Fixing elements: alternative calculation of the design stress σSd .............................................. 85
A.4.1 Bolt prying moment Mfb ............................................................................................................................ 85
A.4.2 Normal design stress σSd........................................................................................................................... 90
A.4.3 Calculation of the lever arm sa ................................................................................................................ 90
Annex B (informative) Proof of fatigue strength of slewing ring raceway: calculation of load
history parameter ssr (example) ............................................................................................................ 92
B.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 92
B.2 Working cycles............................................................................................................................................... 92
B.2.1 Type of crane .................................................................................................................................................. 92
TÜRK STANDARDLARININ TELiF HAKKI TSE'YE AiTTiR. STANDARDIN BU NÜSHASININ KULLANIM iZNi TSE TARAFINDAN 3
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
B.2.2 Description of the sequence of movements........................................................................................ 93

B.3 Description of the slewing ring ............................................................................................................... 94
B.3.1 Type of slewing ring .................................................................................................................................... 94
B.3.2 Main data ......................................................................................................................................................... 95
B.4 Proof of fatigue strength ............................................................................................................................ 95
B.4.1 Load combinations ...................................................................................................................................... 95
B.4.2 Dynamic axial equivalent loads Pa,i for supporting/retaining raceways ............................... 97
B.4.3 Dynamic radial equivalent loads Pr,i for radial raceway .............................................................. 99
B.4.4 Classification of the raceways.................................................................................................................. 99
B.4.4.1 Supporting raceway .................................................................................................................................... 99
B.4.4.2 Retaining raceway ..................................................................................................................................... 100
B.4.4.3 Radial raceway ............................................................................................................................................ 101
Annex C (informative) Equivalence of proofs of fatigue strength of slewing rings and rolling
bearings according to EN 13001 method and ISO 281 one ......................................................... 103
Annex D (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application ..... 105
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC ..................................................................................... 107
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................... 108
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN 13001-3-4:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147
“Cranes - Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2019, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2019.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annexes ZA, which are an integral part of this
document.
This European Standard is one Part of the EN 13001 series. The other parts are as follows:
— Part 1: General principles and requirements;
— Part 2: Load actions;
— Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structures;
— Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes in reeving systems;
— Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts;
— Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged hooks;
— Part 3-6: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery — Hydraulic cylinders;
— Part 3-7: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery — Gears;
— Part 3-8: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery — Shafts.
Annexes A, B, C and D are informative.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
the United Kingdom.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
1 Scope
This document is to be used together with EN 13001-1 and EN 13001-2 and as such they specify general
conditions, requirements and methods to prevent mechanical hazards of cranes by design and theoretical
verification.
NOTE 1 Specific requirements for particular types of crane are given in the appropriate European Standard for
the particular crane type.
This document covers bearings in cranes. It is not intended for bearings being part of standard
components, e.g. gearboxes, motors … however those bearings shall be designed using load actions from
EN 13001-2 and classification parameters of EN 13001-1.
NOTE 2 EN 13001-3-7 is under preparation for gears and gearboxes and deals with load actions for bearings in
gear boxes.
The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks
to persons during intended use and reasonably foreseeable misuse. Clauses 4 to 7 of this document are
necessary to reduce or eliminate risks associated with the following hazards:
— exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue);
— exceeding temperature limits of material or components;
— elastic instability of the crane or its parts (buckling, bulging).
This document is not applicable to cranes which are manufactured before the date of its publication as
an EN and serves as reference base for the European Standards for particular crane types (see Annex D).
NOTE EN 13001-3-4 deals only with limit state method in accordance with EN 13001-1.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 10083-1:2006, Steels for quenching and tempering — Part 1: General technical delivery conditions
EN 10247:2017, Micrographic examination of the non-metallic inclusion content of steels using standard
pictures
EN 13001-1, Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirements
EN 13001-2, Crane safety — General design — Part 2: Load actions
EN 13001-3-1, Cranes — General design — Part 3-1: limit states and proof of competence of steel structure
EN ISO 148-1, Metallic materials, Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 1: Test method (ISO 148-1)
EN ISO 683-17, Heat-treated steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 17: Ball and roller bearing
steels (ISO 683-17)
EN ISO 4287:1998, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Terms,
definitions and surface texture parameters (ISO 4287)
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk
reduction (ISO 12100:2010)
ISO 76:2006, Rolling bearings — Static load ratings
ISO 281:2007, Rolling bearings — Dynamic load ratings and rating life
ISO 4306-1:2007, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General
3 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations

3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100:2010 and
ISO 4306-1:2007, Clause 6 for the definitions of loads, and the following applies.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1.1
plain bearing
bearing in which the type of relative movement is sliding but with the exclusion of those operating under
conditions of hydrodynamic lubrication
3.1.2
rolling bearing
bearing operating with rolling motion between the parts supporting load and moving in relation to each
other, which comprises raceway members and rolling elements with or without means for their spacing
and/or guiding
Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of this document, it is designed to support radial, axial, or combined radial and
axial load.
[SOURCE: ISO 5593, modified]
3.1.3
slewing ring
slewing ring bearing
large-size rolling-element bearing providing a connection between two adjacent structures and allowing
rotation and transmission of loads between them (axial and radial loads and a tilting moment)
Note 1 to entry: Slewing ring is usually provided with holes for fixing bolts, with internal or external gear
facilitating the rotation of one structure relative to the other and with lubrication and seals.
3.1.4
nominal contact angle
α
angle between a plane perpendicular to a bearing axis (a radial plane) and the nominal line of action of
the resultant of the forces transmitted by a bearing ring or washer to a rolling element (see
reference 04.02.10 in Figure 1 below)
[see SOURCE: ISO 5593:1997, definition 04.02.10 and Figures 93, 94]
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Figure 1 — Rolling bearings dimensions
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations
The symbols and abbreviations used in this document are given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
a1 Life modification factor for reliability (ISO 281:2007)
ApF Apportionment factor for axial load Fa (slewing ring)
ApM Apportionment factor for tilting moment Mr (slewing ring)
As Bolt stress area (fixing element)

b Distance between two adjacent bolts (slewing ring)
C Total number of working cycles (EN 13001-1)
Ca Basic dynamic axial load rating (ISO 281:2007)
Cr Basic dynamic radial load rating (ISO 281:2007)
Ca,Rd Limit design dynamic axial load (slewing ring, rolling bearing)
Cr,Rd Limit design dynamic radial load (slewing ring, rolling bearing)
C0a Basic static axial load rating (slewing ring, rolling bearing, spherical plain
bearing)
C0r Basic static radial load rating (slewing ring, rolling bearing, spherical plain
bearing)
C0a,Rd Limit design static axial load rating (slewing ring)
C0r,Rd Limit design static radial load rating (slewing ring)
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
C1 Tightening torque
Din Internal diameter (thrust washer)
Dex External diameter (thrust washer, flanged bush)
Pitch Circle Diameter of rolling elements (denoted Dpw in ISO 76 and
Dm
ISO 281)
Dvi Pitch Circle Diameter of fixing elements
Dw Ball diameter (rolling element)
Dwe Roller diameter (rolling element)
Nominal diameter of a screw/bolt (slewing ring); shaft diameter (plain
d
bearing)
dk Sphere diameter of a spherical plain bearing
E Modulus of elasticity
Eb Modulus of elasticity of a bolt
Ep Modulus of elasticity of a slewing ring supporting flange
Distance (lever arm) between external force Fe and the centre of the
em
supporting width 2 · u of the slewing ring
*
em Lever arm of external load Fe to bolt axis (slewing ring)
en Distance between bolt axis and the centre of the supporting width 2 · u of the
slewing ring
Fa Axial load
Fa,i Axial load, range i (fatigue)
Fb Bolt load
Fb,f Fatigue bolt load
Fb,2 Equivalent bolt load
Fc Slewing ring contact load
Fd Limit force
Fe External load (slewing ring)
Fe,cr Critical opening force for a slewing ring
Fe,max Design maximum external load
Fe,f,max Design maximum fatigue external load
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
Fp,min Minimal preload in bolts
Fpb,Sd Design plain bearing force
Fr Radial load (slewing ring)
Fr,i Radial load, range i (fatigue)
FRd Limit design forces
FSd,f,i Design dynamic load (plain bearing)
FSd,f,eq Mean equivalent radial load (plain bearing)
Fy Bolt yield force
fc Calculation factor (ISO 281:2007)
ff1 Reliability factor (fatigue, slewing ring and rolling bearing)
f f '2 Inclusion factor (fatigue slewing ring)
ff2 Factor for additional influences (fatigue)
f f'3 Surface hardness factor (fatigue)
fRd Limit design stress

fub Fixing element ultimate strength
fy Yield stress of material
fyb Fixing element yield stress
f0 Factor for calculation of basic static load rating (ISO 76:2006)
f1 Factor for shear in slewing ring sub-hardened layer (static)
f f'1 Factor for shear in slewing ring sub-hardened layer (fatigue)
f2 Deformation influence factor for slewing ring (static)
f 2' Deformation influence factor for slewing ring (fatigue)
f3 Surface hardness factor (static)

Hring Height of slewing ring
HT Height of tubular shell (slewing ring)
Ib Moment of inertia of a bolt (slewing ring)
Ip Moment of inertia of slewing ring supporting flange
'
Krep; K rep Excess load factor for raceway (slewing ring, static and fatigue)
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
Krep,b Excess load factor for bolts (slewing ring)
kpb Dynamic pressure spectrum factor (plain bearing)
ksr Dynamic load spectrum factor (slewing ring)
krb Dynamic load spectrum factor (rolling bearing)
La Axial loading offset (plain bearing)
Lb Length of plain bearing
Lci; Lce Internal and external chamfers of plain bearing
Le Length of equivalent elastic beam (slewing ring)
Lr Radial loading offset (plain bearing)
Lsr Length between supports of equivalent beam (slewing ring)
lk Effective clamping length
Mr Tilting moment (slewing ring)
Mr,i Tilting moment, range i (fatigue)
Mfb Bolt prying moment (slewing ring)
m Slope constant of the log p-log N curve (plain bearing)
N Shaft rotational speed (plain bearing)
Ntot,pb Total number of cycles (plain bearing)
ns Number of supports (slewing ring)
n Number of cycles (plain bearing)
nsr Number of slewing rings during a crane design life
Pa,i Design axial dynamic equivalent load, range i
Pa,Sd Design axial dynamic load (slewing ring)
Pa,Sd,i Design axial dynamic equivalent load, range i (rolling bearing)
Pr,i Design dynamic radial equivalent load, range i
Pr,Sd Design radial dynamic load (slewing ring)
Pr,Sd,i Design radial dynamic equivalent load, range i (rolling bearing)
P0a Design axial equivalent static load (slewing ring)
P0a,Sd Static equivalent axial load (rolling bearing)
P0r Design radial equivalent static load (slewing ring)
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
P0r,Sd Static equivalent radial load (rolling bearing)
Pspb,Sd Design equivalent load (spherical plain bearing)
p Life exponent (slewing ring, rolling bearing)
peq Equivalent design dynamic plain bearing pressure
pL Limit design dynamic plain bearing pressure
ppb,i Design dynamic plain bearing pressure, range i
ppb,max Maximum design dynamic plain bearing pressure
ppb,Sd Design cylindrical plain bearing pressure (static)
ppb,Rd Limit design cylindrical plain bearing pressure (static)
pspb Design surface pressure (spherical plain bearing)
pspb,L Limit design dynamic spherical plain bearing pressure
(p · v)L Limit design effective transmitted power density (cylindrical plain bearing)
(p · v)spb,L Limit design effective transmitted power density (spherical plain bearing)
Qb Highest contact load for a rolling element (slewing ring)
Ra Average depth of surface profile in accordance with EN ISO 4287:1998
Rd Design resistance
Rht Maximum possible hardened depth for an induction hardening
Sb Bolt flexibility (slewing ring)
Sc Flange flexibility (slewing ring)
Sd Design stress or design force
Ssr Connection flexibility (slewing ring)
sa,cr Critical lever arm of the contact force Fc (slewing ring)
sa Lever arm of the contact force Fc (slewing ring)
sm Bolt stress history parameter

srb Rolling bearing load history parameter
ssr Slewing ring raceway load history parameter
S0 Static safety factor (rolling bearing)
Tmax Limit operating temperature (plain bearing)
t Thickness
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
tch Projected thickness of plain bearing chamber
taf Thickness of plain bearing low friction layer
tp Supporting flange thickness (slewing ring)
u Half-supporting with of slewing ring
UD Reference number of revolutions (slewing ring, rolling bearing)
Ui Number of revolutions of range i
Utot,sr Total number of revolutions (slewing ring)
Utot,rb Total number of revolutions (rolling bearing)
veff Shaft design effective sliding speed (plain bearing)
vL Limit design effective sliding speed (cylindrical plain bearing)
vspb,eff Spherical plain bearing effective sliding speed
vspb,L Limit design effective sliding speed (spherical plain bearing)
X ang Average angular displacement (EN 13001-1)
X Rolling bearing dynamic load factor (ISO 281:2007); plain bearing load factor
X0 Rolling bearing static load factor (ISO 76:2006)
Y Rolling bearing dynamic load factor (ISO 281:2007) ; plain bearing load factor
Y0 Rolling bearing static load factor (ISO 76:2006)
ZaF Number of active rolling elements
Zb Number of slewing ring fixing elements
Zd Critical depth of the sub-hardened layer shear
Nominal contact angle (see 3.1.4) for slewing rings and rolling bearings;
α
Angle of tilt for spherical plain bearings (ISO 12240)
αc Chamfer angle (plain bearing)
βe Calculation factor for the determination of the excess load factor Krep
ΔFb Additional bolt force (slewing ring)

ΔMfb Additional prying moment (slewing ring)
Δσc Characteristic fatigue strength
ΔσSd Design stress range
ΔσRd Limit design stress range
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Symbols,
Description
abbreviations
γm General resistance factor
γn Risk coefficient (EN 13001-2)
γR Total resistance factor
γRb,1; γRb,2 Resulting resistance factors for connections loaded in tension
γrbf Fatigue strength specific resistance factor of rolling bearing
γsa Specific resistance factor for slewing ring raceway (axial)
γsr Specific resistance factor for slewing ring raceway (radial)
γsrb Specific resistance factor for rolling bearings
γsrf Fatigue strength specific resistance factor of slewing ring
νrb Relative total number of revolutions (rolling bearing)
νsr Relative total number of revolutions (slewing ring)
ϕ Stiffness ratio (bolts); total oscillating amplitude angle (plain bearing)
σb Design (bolt) bending stress
σn Design (bolt) tensile stress
σRd Limit design normal stress
σSd Design normal stress
τ Design (bolt) shear stress
τp Sub-hardened layer shear stress (slewing ring)
ψj Slewing sector of range j (slewing ring)
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
4 General
4.1 Documentation
The documentation of the proof of competence shall include:

— design assumptions including calculation models;
— applicable loads and load combinations;
— material grades and qualities;
— used bearing provider instructions and requirements;
— relevant limit states;
— results of the proof of competence calculation and tests when applicable.
4.2 Materials
4.2.1 Grades and qualities for slewing rings
4.2.1.1 Grades
European and International Standards specify materials and specific values. This document gives a
preferred selection of materials with their mechanical properties.
For raceway rings and rolling elements of slewing rings, steel in accordance with the following European
Standards should be used:
— steels for quenching and tempering; Alloy steels: EN 10083-3;
— heat-treated steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels; Ball and roller bearing steels: EN ISO 683-17.
Grades and qualities other than those mentioned in the above standards may be used if the mechanical
properties and the chemical composition are specified in a manner corresponding to relevant European
standard.
For slewing rings, the steel grades below are recommended:
— rolling elements: through hardening bearing steel in accordance with EN ISO 683-17 (e.g. 100Cr6).
— the minimum elongation based on gauge length of five diameters for the materials for slewing rings
is to be 14 %.
4.2.1.2 Inclusions
As a minimum, the contents of non-metallic inclusions shall comply with the requirements of EN 10083-1.
If an enhanced fatigue performance of the slewing ring is needed, values of the maximum limits of non-
metallic inclusions content from EN ISO 683-17 can be used (see A.2.3).
The methods of measurement shall conform to EN 10247:2017. From the data of measurements obtained
by those methods, evaluation according to EN 10083-1 and EN ISO 683-17 shall be established (see
notably from EN 10247:2017, Annex L).
4.2.1.3 Impact toughness
The slewing ring components shall have sufficient ductility to prevent brittle fracture.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
The material shall have a minimum impact toughness of 17 J at −20 °C (operating temperature
T ≥ −30 °C), tested in accordance with EN ISO 148-1, after the heat treatment.
For materials quenched and tempered, the minimum impact toughness shall be 27 J at −20 °C (operating
temperature T ≥ −30 °C).
4.2.2 Grades and qualities for rolling bearings, except slewing rings
4.2.2.1 Grades
European and International Standards specify materials and specific values. This document gives a
preferred selection of materials with their mechanical properties.
For rolling bearings, steel in accordance with following European Standards should be used:
Grades and qualities other than those mentioned in the above standards may be used if the mechanical
properties and the chemical composition are specified in a manner corresponding to relevant European
standard.
For rolling elements, through hardening bearing steel (e.g. 100Cr6) is recommended, in accordance with
ISO 683-17.
4.2.2.2 Inclusions
As a minimum, the contents of non-metallic inclusions shall comply with the requirements of EN 10083-1.
If an enhanced fatigue performance of the rolling bearing is needed, values of the maximum limits of non-
metallic inclusions content from EN ISO 683-17 can be used.
The methods of measurement shall conform to EN 10247:2017. From the data of measurements obtained
by those methods, evaluation according to EN 10083-1 and EN ISO 683-17 shall be established (see
notably from EN 10247:2017, Annex L).
4.2.3 Materials for plain bearings
Plain bearings can be made from various steel and low friction materials such as Bronze, Sintered Bronze,
Bronze-lead, Bronze-Graphite, Polymers (Polyamide, Polyacetal, Polyetherethercetone-PEEK),
Fluorinated polymers (TFE, PTFE) and can have low friction fillers as PTFE, MoS2 or anti-wear fillers as
fibre glass.
For basic properties of the materials below, the following International Standards can be used:
— Fluorinated polymers (PTFE): ISO 6691;
— materials for wrapped bushes: ISO 3547-4;
— Copper alloys (e.g. Bronze): ISO 4382 and EN 1982.
For basic properties of other materials, the designer can refer to specialized data sheets for the plain
bearing materials, as provided by the manufacturers.
For the steel backing, steel in accordance with following European Standards should be used:
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
4.3 Bearings
4.3.1 General
The rotational guiding of rotating parts can be ensured by means of:

— slewing rings;
— rolling bearings;
— plain bearings.
4.3.2 Slewing rings
4.3.2.1 General
Manufacturer’s instructions on installation, maintenance and positioning (lubrication, centring, gear

backlash …), shall be adhered to.
Those instructions are only valid for a not polluted environment, e.g. not containing potentially damaging
elements (dust, water …) which can ingress the raceways of the slewing rings.
This European standard deals with suspended and supported installations of slewing rings. Slewing rings
are generally installed supported on the lower companion structure: the axial load Fa relieves the bolts.
On the contrary, if the installation is suspended, the tension on the bolts are increased by the axial load
Fa.
Load paths due to Fa are represented in Table 2 for both types of installation of a three-row roller bearing.
Table 2 — Supported and suspended slewing rings (principle)
Supported slewing ring
Suspended slewing ring

Key
Fa is the axial load
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
4.3.2.2 Supporting structure
A slewing ring is a large diameter rolling bearing, connected to a supporting structure by means of
preloaded bolted joint. The preferred construction of supporting structure provides a sufficiently rigid
support for the slewing ring, with the stiffness uniformly distributed around the circumference and
should consist of a machined flange joined to a tubular shell, in a coaxial arrangement with the slewing
ring.
Sufficient stiffness of the supporting structure is usually achieved if the supporting flange thickness t p is
equal to or greater than half of the slewing ring height H ring (see Figure 2).
In order to achieve an optimum distribution of the external forces on the rolling elements, it is
recommended that:
— the thickness of tubular shell t should be equal to or greater than 1/6 of the height of the ring H ring ;
— the height of tubular shell H T should be equal to or greater than 1/4 of the Pitch Circle Diameter of
rolling elements Dm .
Table 3 gives recommended flatness tolerances for non-segmented slewing rings, in accordance with
EN ISO 1101. For other slewing rings (e.g. with diameter greater than 8 m), flatness tolerances should be
agreed upon between the crane manufacturer and the slewing ring supplier.
Table 3 — Flatness tolerances (EN ISO 1101)
Dm
Pitch Circle Diameter Flatness according to EN ISO 1101, per support surface
of rolling elements
[mm]
(see Figure 2)
[mm]
Double-row ball Single-row ball bearing
bearing with 2 point with 4 point contacts per Roller bearings
contacts per ball ball
Double-row ball bearing
with 4 point contacts per
ball
≤ 500 0,15 0,10 0,07
500 < Dm ≤ 1 000 0,20 0,15 0,10
1 000 < Dm ≤ 1 500 0,25 0,19 0,12
1 500 < Dm ≤ 2 000 0,30 0,22 0,15
2 000 < Dm ≤ 2 500 0,35 0,25 0,17
2 500 < Dm ≤ 4 000 0,40 0,30 0,20
4 000 < Dm ≤ 6 000 0,50 0,40 0,30
6 000 < Dm ≤ 8 000 0,60 0,50 0,40
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
The machining of the slewing ring bearing surfaces should be done after welding in order to achieve the
required flatness tolerances. Grouting compounds can be used as an alternative to machining.
Key
tp is the supporting flange thickness
Hring is the height of the ring
HT is the height of turbular shell
Dm is the pitch Circle Diameter of rolling elements
Figure 2 — Dimensions
4.3.2.3 Hardness
Raceways and rolling elements shall be at least surface hardened in order to support the maximum
contact stress they endure.
The raceways should be induction hardened, in order to achieve a minimal specified surface hardness
and with an effective hardened depth equal to at least twice the depth of the maximum shear stress. A
minimal surface hardness equal to 55 HRC is recommended and if an enhanced fatigue performance of
the slewing ring is needed, at least 58 HRC is recommended.
Hardening junction shall be marked and should be located on the filler plug for the ungeared ring and
placed as close as possible to the neutral axis of the loads: ideally at zero moment axis. For loaded
bearings with intensive duty, soft spot areas shall be ground.
The core crushing effect below the hardened layer shall be taken into account by the slewing ring
manufacturer and technically justified.
A minimal surface hardness equal to 60 HRC is recommended for the rolling elements.
4.3.2.4 Retaining bolts
The retaining bolts should – as far as practical – be equally spaced over the 360° circumference.
When an angular sector permanently under compression can be ascertained:
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
— non-equally spaced bolts can be allowed with a minimum number of bolts at minimum equal to half
of the number of bolts on the tension side,
— it shall be justified and recorded in the proof of documentation.
High strength bolts of material grades 8.8, 10.9 or 12.9 shall be used in the connection of slewing ring to
its supporting structure. They shall be tightened by controlled means and pre-tensioned to a specified
preload state. A bolt grade 10.9 is usually recommended.
The instructions and requirements given by the slewing ring provider/manufacturer concerning the bolt
grade, the quantity and diameter of the bolts, tightening and retightening, shall be adhered to.
The ratio of the effective clamp length l k to the nominal bolt diameter d should be greater or equal
than 4,5 (see Figure A.4).
The designer should ask the bolt supplier to demonstrate compliance with the requirements regarding
the protection against hydrogen embrittlement, for the property classes (bolt grades) 10.9 and
12.9. Technical requirements can be found in EN ISO 15330, EN ISO 4042 and ISO 9587.
4.3.2.5 Lubrication
Slewing rings shall be provided with suitable lubrication, ensuring regular lubrication, and so
maintaining the correct operating conditions of its components. Suitable lubricants and lubrication
periods specified by the slewing ring manufacturer shall be adhered to.
4.3.3 Rolling bearings
4.3.3.1 General
The choice of rolling bearings and of their mounting shall be appropriate for the acting loads under
consideration. When selecting the type of rolling bearings, the temperature limits of the bearings shall be
taken into account.
Manufacturer’s instructions on installation, maintenance and positioning shall be taken into account. In
case where the manufacturer’s instructions are not met, it shall be technically justified.
Those instructions are only valid for a not polluted environment, e.g. not containing potentially damaging
elements (dust, water …) which can ingress the raceways of the rolling bearings.
4.3.3.2 Housings
The housings of ball or roller bearings shall be sufficiently rigid to prevent the distortion of the rings
(races). A housing thickness of at least 2,5 times the thickness of the outer ring is recommended.
4.3.3.3 Hardness
Raceways and rolling elements shall be at least surface hardened in order to support the maximum
contact stress they endure.
A minimal surface hardness equal to 60 HRC is recommended for the rolling elements.
4.3.3.4 Lubrication
Rolling bearings shall be provided with suitable lubrication, ensuring regular lubrication, and so
maintaining the correct operating conditions of its components. When regular lubrication is required,
suitable lubricants and lubrication periods specified by the rolling bearing manufacturer shall be adhered
to.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
4.3.4 Plain bearings
4.3.4.1 General
The choice of plain bearings and of their mounting shall be appropriate for the loads acting on shafts
under consideration, the shaft speed and its environment.
This standard only deals with the following plain bearings (see Figure 3, including axial and radial acting
loads, and Figure 4):
— bush;
— flanged bush;
— thrust washer;
— radial spherical plain bearing;
— angular contact spherical plain bearing;
— thrust spherical plain bearing.
The type of spherical plain bearing is mainly chosen with respect to:
— the ratio between the axial and radial components of acting loads (see 5.2.6.2.1);
— the tilt angle between the shaft axis and the housing axis (denoted α in ISO 12240).
Some polyamide plain bearings (e.g. PA 4.6) might not be suitable for humid atmosphere.
Bush Flanged bush Thrust washer

Key
Fb is the radial load
Figure 3 — Three types of cylindrical plain bearings
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Radial Angular Thrust
Figure 4 — Three types of spherical plain bearings
Manufacturer’s instructions on installation, maintenance and positioning shall be adhered to.

The definitions of plain bearings can be found in the ISO 4378 and ISO 12240 series.
The provided design shall minimize the edge loads and see that clearance is compatible with the
lubrication selected and with the expected process. It is recommended that the length of the plain bearing
is no longer than 1,2 times the shaft diameter, in order to limit the edge loads.
Low friction bushes are delivered in two different states: finished state or semi-finished state (pre-
machining state). The diameters of shaft and housing shall take into account tolerances in order to
guarantee good operating condition. For bushes in finished state burnishing could be employed in order
to achieve the required clearance tolerance.
In the absence of cylindrical plain bearing manufacturer’s instructions, guide rules are given below:
— the maximum clearances, as a function of the shaft diameter d in mm, should be equal to:
— 1, 8.10 −3 ⋅ d + 0, 11 for bearings with lubrication pocket for grease lubrication and reserve;
— 1, 6.10 −3 ⋅ d + 0, 07 for bearings without lubrication pocket.
— the minimum clearances, as a function of the shaft diameter d, should be equal to:
— 1.10 −3 ⋅ d for bearings with lubrication pocket;
— 3.10 −3 ⋅ d for plain bearings without lubrication pocket.
For bushes with p pb,Sd ≥ 0, 75 ⋅ p pb,Rd (see 5.2.7) or in case of reversing loads, the above maximum
clearances shall be tightened (see [3-9]).
In the absence of manufacturer’s instructions, for guidance, the shaft with spherical plain bearings should
be machined with at least m6 tolerance and the housing with H7.
For bushes, chamfers on the housing are recommended in order to avoid plastic deformation of the bush
at the start of the fitting operation. The chamfer shall be sufficiently large for a flange bearing to
accommodate the curvature of the flange. For a bush which is to be machined, an internal chamfer shall
be provided in order to reduce shear stress and risk of cracking at the end of the active area between low
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
friction layer and steel backing. In absence of the plain bearing manufacturer’s instructions, it is
recommended that:
— the chamfer angle α c is less or equal than 45°;
— t ch ≥ 0, 66 ⋅ t af (see Figure 5).
The internal chamfer Lci shall be greater than the external chamfer Lce on account of fatigue strength
considerations (see Figure 5).
Key
Lce is the external chamfer
Lci is the internal chamfer
αc is the chamfer angle
Figure 5 — Bush chamfers
From a general point of view, the interference fit is such that the contact pressure between the bearing
bush and its metallic tube backing will be at least equal to 10 MPa. For quasi insulated and severe
applications (e.g. plain bearings with design pressures p pb,Sd > 40 MPa and peq ⋅ v eff > 1 MPa m/s,
see 5.2.6.1.2 and 6.4.4.1 resp.), the housing roughness should be Ra = 0,4 µm or better in order to reduce
the thermal contact resistance between the bush and the housing.
In the case of high contamination level, bushes with helical groove are recommended in order to reduce
extra wear generated by pollutant particles (see [3-3]).
4.3.4.2 Sealing
The sealing of bearing shall be selected to prevent:

— the ingress of polluting fluids;
— the embedment of hard particles in the low friction layer (which could become abrasive);
— the corrosion of the running surfaces.
When seals are used in spherical plain bearings, attention shall be paid to the compatibility of:
— the available space with the tilt angle in order to prevent any contact between the bearing
components and their adjacent components;
— the limit temperatures for both the bearing components and the seal;
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
— the type of lubricant and the frequency of relubrication.
4.3.4.3 Lubrication
Plain bearings requiring the application of lubricant from an external source shall be provided with
suitable lubrication, maintaining the correct operating conditions of its components. Suitable lubricants
and lubrication periods specified by the plain bearing manufacturer shall be adhered to, notably for
components operating at very low temperatures.
With bushes with lubrication pocket operating with large thermal amplitude and temperature lower than
0 °C, it is recommended to use low friction material and grease which do not allow fretting corrosion.
4.3.4.4 Shafts for cylindrical plain bearings
Shaft hardness and roughness values specified by the plain bearing manufacturer shall be used.
In the absence of instructions from the cylindrical plain bearing manufacturer, values of shaft hardness
and roughness range given in Table 4 may be used. They are in accordance with EN ISO 4287, after
turning and before grinding. For bushes without lubrication pockets, the roughness values shall be
decreased.
Table 4 — Shaft hardness and roughness
Shaft hardness Shaft Roughness Ra

Cylindrical plain bearing, low friction material
[HB] [µm]
Bronze 150–400 ≤ 1,0
Bronze – Sinter bronze 300–600 ≤ 0,4
Bronze – Lead 300–600 ≤ 0,4
Bronze – Graphite 300–500 ≤ 0,8
POM Composite, in accordance with ISO 3547-4 150–600 ≤ 0,8
PTFE composite, in accordance with ISO 3547-4 300–600 ≤ 0,4
Fluorinated polymers (PTFE) + sintered bronze +
300–600 ≤ 0,4
fillers
Filament wound 500–600 0,2–0,4
Polyamide + sintered bronze 200–400 0,4
The shaft shall be protected or adapted to the machinery atmosphere (presence of water or of a conductor
fluid) not to create an oxidation-reduction reaction between the shaft and the plain bearing, in case of
metallic bearings (e.g. shafts including nickel).
For polymer plain bearings, shaft with hardened steel or with heat treatment should be used.
For multilayer steels (steel backing, metallic low friction layer and eventually, electroplated layer),
ISO 4383 recommends shaft surface hardness related to the application.
4.3.4.5 Shafts for spherical plain bearings
Requirements for shaft are slightly different for spherical bearings than for shafts with cylindrical
bearings. As any spherical bearing involves at least two components fitted on the shaft and in the housing,
it is important to ensure that the expansion of the assembly does not affect the internal clearance of the
spherical bearing.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
The shaft needs also a minimal hardness for wear resistance and a minimal roughness in order to avoid
abrasion on the seal lips and to ensure low wear.
In the absence of spherical bearing manufacturer’s or of seal provider’s instructions:
— Shaft hardness shall be higher than 50 HRC;
— Shaft roughness Ra shall be lower than 3,2 μm;
— Shaft roughness Rz shall be lower than 10 μm.
Concerning the internal clearances of spherical bearing, the radial and axial clearances between the inner
ring and the outer ring, these parameters are defined by the supplier who provides the interference fits
for the shaft and for the housing.
4.4 Proofs of competence for bearings
The object of the proof of competence is to demonstrate that the design stresses or forces do not exceed
the design resistances Rd:
S d ≤ Rd
(1)
The design stresses or forces Sd shall be determined by applying the relevant loads, load combinations
and partial safety factors in accordance with EN 13001-2.
In the following clauses, the design resistances R d are represented as:
— limit stresses (slewing ring bolted connection);
— limit load ratings (slewing rings and rolling bearings);
— limit pressures (plain bearings);
— limit power densities (plain bearings).
The following proofs shall be demonstrated for bearings:

— Proof of static strength, in accordance with Clause 5;
— Proof of fatigue strength in accordance with Clause 6;
— Proof of elastic stability in accordance with Clause 7.
All those proofs are based on nominal stresses, i.e. stresses calculated using traditional elastic theory of
the strength of materials which in general neglect localized stress non-uniformities, but the proofs of
strength of the slewing rings allow the determination of optimized values of many factors based on
advanced methods such as Finite Element models.
As mentioned in EN 13001-1, alternatively, advanced and recognized theoretical or experimental
methods may be used in general, provided that they conform to the principles of this series of standard.
Those methods can be sophisticated programs (e.g. of the rolling bearing or plain bearing industries).
Conformity to the principles of EN 13001 series means notably that:
— the classification parameters of the bearing under consideration shall be issued from EN 13001-1;
— the most unfavourable load effects (proof of static strength) and the load history (proof of fatigue
strength) shall be issued from the load combinations A, B or C, in accordance with EN 13001-2;
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
— separate proofs shall be executed for both static and fatigue strengths.
5 Proof of static strength

5.1 General
A proof of static strength by calculation is intended to prevent excessive deformations due to yielding of
the material, elastic instability (see Clause 7) and fracture of machinery components. Dynamic factors
given in EN 13001-2 are used to produce equivalent static loads to simulate dynamic effects.
The proof shall be carried out for machinery components, with the most unfavourable load effects from
the load combinations A, B or C in accordance with EN 13001-2 taken into account and with the
resistances calculated in accordance with 5.2.
5.2 Limit design stresses and forces
5.2.1 General
The limit design stresses and forces shall be calculated from:

Limit design stresses or limit design pressures = function , γ R ) ;or
( fk (2a)
Limit design power densities or limit load ratings = function ( Fk , γ R ) (2b)
where
f k or Fk are characteristic values (or nominal);
γR is the total resistance factor γ =

R γ m ×γ s ;
γm is the general resistance factor γ m = 1,1 (see EN 13001-2);
γs is the specific resistance factor applicable to specific machinery components as given

in the clauses below. γ s and γ s are generic symbols that will be applied for different components and
different proofs, each time with a specific index.
NOTE Limit design values are equivalent to R / γ m in EN 13001-1.
5.2.2 Limit design forces and stresses for slewing rings
5.2.2.1 General
The proof of static strength of the raceways and of the rolling elements of slewing rings is mainly based
on ISO 76:2006.
The proof of static strength of bolted connection of the slewing ring shall be carried out using the design
stresses and limit design stresses defined in 5.2.2.4. They are an extension of the requirements for bolted
connections of the EN 13001-3-1 which do not cover bolts subjected to bending or connections prone to
a local opening, situation inherent in the mounting arrangement of the slewing ring bolts.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
5.2.2.2 Static equivalent loads for raceways and rolling elements
5.2.2.2.1 General
The loads acting on a slewing ring are calculated using load combinations A, B or C in accordance with
EN 13001-2.
They consist of the following forces and moment (see Figure 6):
— axial load Fa ;
— radial load Fr ;
— tilting moment M r .
The design loads P0a (design axial equivalent static load) and P0r (design radial equivalent static load)
shall be determined from these loads, in 5.2.2.2.3.
Qb is the highest contact load on a rolling element.
Qb and P0a depend on the nominal contact angle α .
Key
Fr is the radial load
Mr is the tilting moment
α is the nominal contact angle
Qb is the highest contact load on a rolling element
Figure 6 — Loads applied to a slewing ring, load Qb on rolling element
The determination of the design loads for a critical sector of a slewing ring is based on the following
simplified assumptions regarding the distribution of applied loads on the rolling elements:
— Sinusoidal distribution of the tilting moment M r ;
— uniform distribution of the axial load Fa (eventually including the axial load equivalent to the radial
load Fr );
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
— substituting the equivalent axial load for the radial load Fr . This substitution of Fr does not apply to
three-row roller bearings, where Fr is distributed on the separate vertical row (see Tables 5 and 6,
last case).
Those assumptions are valid under the following conditions:

— supporting structure of sufficient stiffness (see recommendations in 4.3.2.2),
— a sufficiently high number of fixing elements (bolts, studs), uniformly distributed;
— opening of the gap in the connection between the slewing ring rings and their supporting structure
is prevented.
If the above conditions are not satisfied, the distribution of loads and moments into the rolling elements
of the slewing ring will deviate from that assumed due to the presence of hard spots (e.g. with a weak,
low-stiffness flange mounted directly onto a frame as opposed to a tubular shell, slewing ring sections
adjacent to stiffeners, gussets, supporting beams below the supporting flange). To take into account this
unequal distribution among the rolling elements or fixing elements in an analytical calculation, the
resulting force calculated from the nominal loads and moments shall be multiplied by an excess load
factor K rep greater than 1,0 (see A.1 for the determination of K rep ).
5.2.2.2.2 Apportionment of the applied loads
In the absence of a more accurate information (e.g. from slewing ring manufacturer, finite element
analysis) the apportionment of the distributed loads between the raceways of the slewing ring defined in
Table 5 (supported installations) and Table 6 (suspended installations) for five different types of slewing
rings shall be used.
Slewing rings can have one or more raceways and the apportionment of the applied loads depends on the
type of slewing ring and on the external load under consideration.
Tables 5 and 6 define this apportionment (factors ApF and ApM) and the corresponding number of active
(i.e. transmitting the external load) rolling elements related to the number Z of rolling elements of each
raceway under consideration (single, upper or lower). The apportionment factors ApF and ApM will be
used in Formula (3) defining the design equivalent load P0a .
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Table 5 — Apportionment of applied loads and number of active rolling elements to raceways (supported installations)
Axial load Fa Tilting moment Mr

Raceway and
Type of Number of
number Z of Apportionment Apportionment
active rolling
slewing ring a rolling Load path factor
elements Load path factor
elements
ApF ZaF ApM
Single-row ball
bearing with
four-point Single Z1 Z1
1,0 1,0
contact per ball
(two contact
lines per ball)
Double-row ball Upper Z2 1,0 Z2 1

bearing with
two point −1,0 1,0
contacts per where where
ball (one Lower Z3 Z3
Mr Dm Mr Dm
contact line per > >
Fa 4 Fa 4
ball) c
Upper Z2 1,4 Z2 + Z3 1,4
29
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)

Raceway and
Type of Number of
active rolling
elements
ApF ZaF ApM
Double-row ball
bearing with
four point
contacts per
ball (two
contact lines Lower Z3
per ball);ball
size and
number of balls
identical for
both rows b
Single-row
crossed roller
bearing (one Single Z1 1 Z1/2 1
contact line per
roller)
Upper Z2 1,0 Z2 1
Three-row −1,0 1,0
roller bearing
(one contact where where
Lower Z3 Z3
line per roller) c Mr Dm Mr Dm
> >
Fa 4 Fa 4
30
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)

Raceway and
Type of Number of
active rolling
elements
ApF ZaF ApM
a Dash lines indicate load path or rotation axis, thin lines indicate contact line and arrows indicate force axis (full for moment Mr). Values of ApF in Table 5 are valid only
for the downward direction of Fa.
b The 1,4 apportionment factor reflects the assumed 70/30 load distribution on the two raceways, not knowing which one is the most loaded. A smaller value may be used,
not lower than 1,10, taking into account tight tolerances, stiffness of supporting structure and variation of internal dimensions between the bearing rows, with technical
justifications such as test results.
c Mr Dm
Lower raceway: where ≤ , only the upper raceway is loaded (ApF = ApM = 0 for lower raceway).
Fa 4
Table 6 — Apportionment of applied loads and number of active rolling elements to raceways (suspended installations)

Raceway and
Type of slewing Number of
active rolling
ring a rolling Load path factor
elements
ApF ZaF ApM
Single-row ball
bearing with
four-point Single Z1 Z1
1,0 1,0
contact per ball
(two contact
lines per ball)
31
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)

Raceway and
active rolling
elements
ApF ZaF ApM
Double-row ball −1,0 1,0

bearing with two where where
point contacts Upper Z2 Z2
Mr Dm Mr Dm
per ball (one > >
Fa 4 Fa 4
contact line per
ball) c Lower Z3 1,0 Z3 1,0
Double-row ball Upper Z2
bearing with four
point contacts
per ball (two
contact lines per 1,4 Z2 + Z3 1,4
ball); ball size Lower Z3
and number of
balls identical for
both rows b
Single-row
crossed roller
bearing (one Single Z1 1 Z1/2 1
contact line per
roller)
−1,0 1,0
Three-row roller
bearing (one where where
Upper Z2 Z2
contact line per Mr Dm Mr Dm
> >
roller) c Fa 4 Fa 4
32
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)

Raceway and
active rolling
elements
ApF ZaF ApM
Lower Z3 1,0 Z3 1
a Dash lines indicate load path or rotation axis, thin lines indicate contact line and arrows indicate force axis (full for moment Mr). Values of ApF in Table 6 are valid only
for the downward direction of Fa.
b The 1,4 apportionment factor reflects the assumed 70/30 load distribution on the two raceways, not knowing which one is the most loaded. A smaller value may be used,
not lower than 1,10, taking into account tight tolerances, stiffness of supporting structure and variation of internal dimensions between the bearing rows, with technical
justifications such as test results.
c Mr Dm
Lower raceway: where ≤ , only the upper raceway is loaded (ApF = ApM = 0 for lower raceway).
Fa 4
33
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
5.2.2.2.3 Design equivalent static loads for raceways and rolling elements
5.2.2.2.3.1 Design axial equivalent static load P0a
For double-row ball bearing with two point contacts per ball and three row roller bearings (see Tables 5
and 6), P0a shall be calculated separately for upper and lower raceway.
The design axial equivalent load P0a is defined by:
 4 ⋅ Mr 
 ( ( ))
P0a= K rep ⋅ f 2 ⋅  ApF . Fa +2, 3 ⋅ Fr ⋅ tan α + ApM .
Dm 
 (3)
 
where
Krep is the excess load factor, defined in A.1;
Dm is the Pitch Circle Diameter of rolling elements;
ApF, are the apportionment factors for axial load Fa and tilting moment Mr, defined in Tables 5
ApM and 6;
α is the nominal contact angle of the rolling elements;
f2 is the deformation influence factor, taking into account a misalignment angle between the
two raceway surfaces due to the deformation under load;
f2 = 1,0 for roller bearings, and with analysis using advanced FE models taking into account the
bearing operating clearance and the deformation of the supporting structure, with
eccentricity ei defined by:
∆s
ei
= ≤ 0, 15 (4)
LWE
where
∆s is the distance from the centre of roller to resulting roller force according Finite Element
Models;
LWE is the effective roller length;
f2 = 1,3 for roller bearings, in all other cases;

f2 = 1,0 for ball bearings.
For three row roller bearings, Fr shall be set equal to 0 in Formula (3).
P0a can also be calculated directly, e.g. with advanced Finite Element Models taking into account the
bearing operating clearance and the deformation of the supporting structure, with Formula (5):
( )
P0a = Z aF ⋅ Q b ⋅ f 2 ⋅ sin α (5)
with
Z aF is the number of active rolling elements (see Tables 5 and 6);
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Qb is the highest contact load on a rolling element, determined with advanced Finite Element
Models or tests
5.2.2.2.3.2 Design radial equivalent static load (three-row roller bearing only)
The design radial equivalent static load P0r for the radial row is defined by:
P0r = 2 ⋅ Fr (6)
In Formula (6), the factor 2 can be replaced by an alternative value determined by tests or by Finite
Element Models.
5.2.2.3 Limit design static load ratings C0a,Rd and C0r,Rd for slewing rings
5.2.2.3.1 General
In ISO 76:2006, the basic static load ratings C 0a and C 0r are defined and correspond to a plastic
indentation equal to 10−4 × Dw.
For crane design, a higher plastic indentation is accepted [1-6] and is represented by the limit design
static load ratings C 0a,Rd and C 0r,Rd .
The values of C 0a and C 0r (for three row roller bearings) shall take into account the strength of the
material below the hardened layer (sub-hardened layer). In the first instance C 0a and C 0r should be
sought from and should usually be provided by the slewing ring manufacturer, for each raceway.
5.2.2.3.2 Limit design static axial load rating C0a,Rd
The limit design static axial load rating C0a,Rd shall be calculated from:
C 0a
C 0a,Rd = (7)
γ Ra
with
γ Ra
= γ m ⋅ γ sa
where
C 0a is the basic static axial load rating;
γm is the general resistance factor, with γm = 1,1;
γsa is the specific resistance factor for raceway and rolling elements, for axial direction, with
γsa = 0,6.
Annex A of this standard gives a method for calculating a guide value of C 0a,Rd , taking into account the
surface hardness and sub-hardened layer effects.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
5.2.2.3.3 Limit design static radial load rating C0a,Rd (three-row roller bearing only)
The limit design static radial load rating C 0r,Rd shall be calculated from:
C 0r
C 0r,Rd = (8)
γ Ra
where
γ=
Rr γ m ⋅ γ sr
C 0r is the basic static radial load rating;
γ sr is the specific resistance factor for raceway and rolling elements, for radial direction, with
γ sr = 0, 60 .
Annex A of this standard gives a method of calculating a guide value of C 0r,Rd .
5.2.2.4 Fixing elements (bolts)
5.2.2.4.1 Design stress σSd
5.2.2.4.1.1 General
The design normal stress σSd in the most highly loaded fixing element of a slewing ring is due to:
— the value of the mounting preload Fp (see relevant clause in EN 13001-3-1),
— the maximum external load Fe,max acting on the fixing element due to the applied loads
(see 5.2.2.4.1.2 below).
The loads are calculated from load combinations A, B or C in accordance with EN 13001-2.
Owing to the diversity of the designs and the interaction of multiple parameters, there is no universally
accepted analytical method of analysing the forces imposed on the bolts in a slewing ring bolted
connection subjected to tilting moment loading.
Consequently, the bolt design normal stress σSd should be preferably be calculated directly from Finite
Element Models where:
— the bolts are individually modelled and preloaded;
— the slewing ring and its supports are included;
— contact surfaces between the different connected parts are included.
This standard provides a simple and conservative method that can be used to calculate the bolt force
(see 5.2.2.4.1.3), supporting both proofs of static strength and fatigue strength.
NOTE A.4 of this standard presents another (informative) possibility of analytical calculation of the design
normal stress σSd with the effect of the bolt prying moment Mfb included.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
5.2.2.4.1.2 Maximum external force Fe,max on fixing elements
The loads perpendicular to the axis of fixing elements (radial load Fr) are assumed to be transmitted by
the friction between the surfaces of the connection, when Fr is lower than 0,1 times Fa.
For a slewing ring supported on a lower companion structure (as opposed to a suspended slewing ring),
the theoretical external load Fe acting on the most highly loaded fixing element is given by:
1  4 ⋅ Mr 
Fe = ⋅  − Fa  (9)
Z b  Dm 

where
Zb is the number of fixing elements (bolts);
Fa is the axial load;
Mr is the tilting moment;
Dm is the Pitch Circle Diameter of rolling elements.
For a suspended slewing ring, the theoretical external force Fe acting on the most highly loaded fixing
element is given by:
1  4 ⋅ Mr 
Fe = ⋅  + Fa  (10)
Z b  Dm 

The ideal distribution of loads into the fixing elements is disturbed by the presence of hard spots. This
disturbance is taken into account by means of the excess load factor K rep, b , with its default value
considered equal to the value of K rep factor defined in A.1. Values lower than K rep shall be technically
justified.
The design maximum external (vertical) load Fe, max is defined as:
F=
e, max K rep, b ⋅ Fe (11)
5.2.2.4.1.3 Bolt equivalent tensile stress σn,2
This simplified method does not consider the bolt prying moment explicitly but takes it into account
implicitly by means of both design equivalent bolt forces Fb,1 and Fb,2 , calculated from:
1
 Fy 3
F=
b,1 Fp, min + 3 ⋅ ϕ ⋅ Fe, max ⋅  (12)
 Fp, min 
 
where
Fp, min is the minimal preload (see EN 13001-3-1). In this standard, for the calculation of Fp,min, the
notion of n identical bolts, identically pre-loaded and equally loaded in the proof of competence
under consideration also applies to slewing ring bolted connections with at least five neighbouring
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
bolts having a bolt force Fb greater than 0,9 times Fb,max and belonging to an angular sector lower
than 45°;
Fe, max is the design vertical load per bolt, according to 5.2.2.4.1.2;
Fy is the bolt yield force (see EN 13001-3-1);
ϕ is the stiffness ratio (see EN 13001-3-1), with ϕ > 0, 13 .
 F 
 e + r, b ⋅ e + e  1 1
m y x
 Fe, max  e +e 3  Fy 3
Fb,2 = 0, 85 ⋅ Fe, max ⋅  ⋅ m x  ⋅  +K
rot ⋅ Fp, min
 ex   3 ⋅ tp   Fp, min 
     
 
  (13)
where
Fe, max is the design vertical load per bolt, according to 5.2.2.4.1.2;
Fr , b is the radial (horizontal) load per bolt, defined by:
4 ⋅ Fr 1
Fr , b = + Fe, max ⋅
Zb ( )
tan α
(14)
with
Zb is the number of fixing elements (bolts);
α is the contact angle of the rolling elements (see Figure 6)
K rot is a factor representing the torsional stiffness of the ring, set equal to 0,35;
em ; ex ; ey are dimensions according to Figure 7, expressed in mm and with
e x > 0, 8 ⋅ d
{ }
max e x = 3 ⋅ d
(15)
Fp, min is the minimal preload (see EN 13001-3-1);
tp is the supporting flange thickness (see Figure 2);
Fy is the bolt yield force (see EN 13001-3-1).
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Key
Fr,b is the radial (horizontal) load per bolt
Fe,max is the design vertical load per bolt
em; ex, ey are dimensions
Figure 7 — Ring, loads and dimensions
Then, it shall be calculated a design equivalent tensile stress σ n,2 by:
 Fb,1 Fb,2 
σ n,2 = max  ;  (16)
 As As 
where
AS is the bolt stress area.
5.2.2.4.2 Limit design stresses σRd,1 and σRd,2
The limit design stresses are based on the nominal strengths of the fixing elements, by:
f yb
σ Rd,1 = (17)
γ Rb,1
f ub
σ Rd,2 = (18)
γ Rb,2
where
f yb is the fixing element yield stress, in accordance with EN 13001-3-1;
f ub is the fixing element ultimate strength, in accordance with EN 13001-3-1;
γ Rb are the resulting resistance factors for connections loaded in tension, where for bolt grades 10.9
and 12.9:
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
γ Rb,1 = 1, 0
γ Rb,2 = 1, 0
(19)
for bolt grade 8.8:
γ Rb,1 = 1, 0
γ Rb,2 = 1, 0
(20)
5.2.3 Execution of the proof for slewing rings
5.2.3.1 Raceways and rolling elements
For the raceway and rolling elements under consideration it shall be proven that:
C 0a,Rd
= S 0 ≥ 1, 0
P0a
(21)
where
P0a is the design axial equivalent static load in accordance with 5.2.2.2.3.1;
C 0a,Rd is the limit design static axial load rating in accordance with 5.2.2.3.2;
S0 is the static safety factor.
The proof shall be done for each raceway, separately.

For three-row roller bearing, it shall be additionally proven that:
C 0r,Rd
> S0 =
1, 0
P0r
(22)
where
P0r is the design radial equivalent static load in accordance with 5.2.2.2.3.2;
C 0r,Rd is the limit design static radial load rating in accordance with 5.2.2.3.3;
5.2.3.2 Fixing elements
5.2.3.2.1 In accordance with 5.2.2.4.1 or Finite Element Models
For the fixing element under consideration it shall be proven that:

σ n ≤ σ Rd,1 and σ Sd ≤ σ Rd,2
(23)
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
with
σn tensile stress calculated in accordance with 5.2.2.4.1.3 ( σ n,2 ) or by means of an Finite
Element Models;
σ Sd design stress (sum of tensile stress and bending stress) calculated by means of an Finite
Element Models;
σ Rd,1 ; σ Rd,2 limit design stresses in accordance with 5.2.2.4.2.
This proof is based on nominal stresses, i.e. stresses calculated using traditional elastic strength of
materials theory or using beam elements in Finite Element Models, which in general neglect localized
stress non-uniformities. When localized stresses are calculated with Finite Element Models s using solid
elements for example, higher limit design stresses should be used, with technical justification such as test
results.
NOTE A limited opening between the ring of slewing ring and its supporting flange can be tolerated for a
slewing ring, subjected to the maximum external force Fe, max .
5.2.3.2.2 Simplified methods
Alternatively, with the proof in accordance with 5.2.3.2.1, it may be simply proven that with:
— fixing elements of bolt grade 10.9, tightened to a pre-stress equal to 70 % of the yield stress of the
bolt material;
— ratio of the effective clamp length l k to the nominal bolt diameter d greater or equal than 4,5;
— respect of the following geometrical condition (see Figure 7):
( )
e z > 0, 8 ⋅ d + 2 mm;
(24)
— supporting structure in accordance with slewing ring manufacturer’s instructions:
Fe, max ≤ 0, 30 ⋅ Fy
(25)
with
Fy is the bolt yield force in accordance with EN 13001-3-1.
5.2.4 Limit design forces and stresses for rolling bearings
5.2.4.1 General
The proof of static strength of the rolling bearings is based on ISO 76:2006.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
5.2.4.2 Static equivalent loads for rolling bearings
5.2.4.2.1 General
The radial load Fr and axial load Fa that are assumed to act on a rolling bearing shall be calculated using
load combinations A, B or C in accordance with EN 13001-2, including the partial safety factors γp and
dynamic factors ϕi.
5.2.4.2.2 Static equivalent loads P0r,Sd and P0a,Sd
The static equivalent radial load P0r,Sd and the static equivalent axial load P0a,Sd shall be determined from
the rolling bearing radial load Fr and the rolling bearing axial load Fa in accordance with the
requirements of ISO 76:2006.
For cases not dealt within ISO 76:2006, the rolling bearing manufacturer’s specifications may be used.
In ISO 76:2006, P0r,Sd and P0a,Sd are calculated using static load factors X 0 and Y0 . Table 7 gives
expressions of the static equivalent loads P0r,Sd and P0a,Sd for single bearings.
Table 7 — Static equivalent loads P0r,Sd and P0a,Sd in accordance with ISO 76:2006
Static equivalent radial Static equivalent axial

Nominal contact load P0r,Sd load P0a,Sd
Bearing type
angle α a
[N] [N]
Radial ball bearings All α (

max X 0 ⋅ Fr + Y0 ⋅ Fa ; Fr ) —
α ≠ 0° (
max X 0 ⋅ Fr + Y0 ⋅ Fa ; Fr )
Radial roller bearings —
α = 0° Fr
Thrust ball bearings and α ≠ 90° 2, 3 ⋅ Fr ⋅ tan α + Fa

—
thrust roller bearings α = 90° Fa
a See 3.1.4.
5.2.4.3 Limit design static load ratings C0a,Rd and C0r,Rd for rolling bearings
5.2.4.3.1 General
In ISO 76:2006, the basic static axial load rating C 0a and the basic static radial load rating C 0r are defined
and correspond to a plastic deformation of rolling element and raceway approximately equal to
10−4 × Dw (rolling element diameter).
The basic static radial load ratings C 0r and the basic static axial load ratings C 0a shall be issued from the
manufacturer catalogue.
5.2.4.3.2 Limit design static load ratings C0r,Rd and C0a,Rd
The limit design static load ratings C 0r,Rd and C 0a,Rd shall be calculated from:
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
C 0r
— C 0r,Rd = for radial ball bearings and radial roller bearings (26)
γ m ⋅ γ srb
C 0a
— C 0a,Rd = for trust ball bearings and thrust roller bearings (27)
γ m ⋅ γ srb
where
γm is the general resistance factor, with γm = 1,1;
γsrb is the specific resistance factor for rolling bearings, with γsrb = 0,75.
5.2.5 Execution of the proof for rolling bearings
5.2.5.1 Ball bearings
For the ball bearings to be designed it shall be proven that:

C 0r,Rd
> S0 =
1, 0 for radial ball bearings(28)
P0r,Sd
C 0a,Rd
> S0 =
1, 0 for thrust ball bearings (29)
P0a,Sd
where
P0r,Sd ; P0a,Sd are the static equivalent loads in accordance with 5.2.4.2.2;
C 0r,Rd ; C 0a,Rd are the limit design static load ratings in accordance with 5.2.4.3.2;
5.2.5.2 Roller bearings
For the roller bearings to be designed it shall be proven that:

C 0r,Rd
> S0 =
1, 0 for radial roller bearings (30)
P0r,Sd
C 0a,Rd
> S0 =
1, 0 for thrust roller bearings (31)
P0a,Sd
where
P0r,Sd ; P0a,Sd are the static equivalent loads in accordance with 5.2.4.2.2;
C 0r,Rd ; C 0a,Rd are the limit design static load ratings in accordance with 5.2.4.3.2;
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
5.2.6 Limit design forces and stresses for plain bearings
5.2.6.1 Cylindrical plain bearings
5.2.6.1.1 Symmetry of the loading
From a general point of view, contact pressure on low friction bearing component can be produced by
several situations.
Shaft bending flexibility combined with certain types of loading can give rise to edge loading in the bush.
Service experience indicates that radial loading or axial loading can be asymmetrical as illustrated on
Figure 8.
a) Symmetrical loading without b) Asymmetrical loading without

shaft bending shaft bending
Figure 8 — Loadings
Regarding the asymmetrical loading, the recommendations below should be fulfilled in order to avoid a
loss of contact in the active area of the low friction component:
Lb
Lr < Lr, max =
6 (32)
2 2
Dex + Din
La < La, max =
8 ⋅ Dex
(33)
where
La, Lr are respectively axial and radial loading offsets (see Figure 9);
Dex is the external diameter of the thrust washer;
Din is the internal diameter of the thrust washer.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Bush Thrust washer Flanged bush

Key
Fr is the radial load
La is the axial loading offset
Lr is the radial loading offset
Din is the internal diameter of the thrust washer
Dex is the external diameter of the thrust washer
Figure 9 — Asymmetrical bush loadings
5.2.6.1.2 Design cylindrical plain bearing pressure ppd,Sd
The loadings are assumed to apply in the centre of the low friction component.
p pb,Sd is the design cylindrical plain bearing pressure (see Figure 10), also called specific pressure or
diametral pressure in literature.
For a radial force, it is defined by:
Fpb,Sd
p pb,Sd =
d ⋅ Lb
(34)
where
Fpb,Sd is the design cylindrical plain bearing force, from load combinations A, B or C in accordance
with EN 13001-2;
d is the shaft diameter (e.g. inside diameter of bush or flanged bush);
Lb is the plain bearing effective length.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Key
1 plain bearing
2 shaft
Figure 10 — Design cylindrical plain bearing pressure ppb,Sd (for a bush)
For an axial force, it is defined by two specific relationships related to thrust washer or flanged bearing:
a) For a thrust washer, the axial design cylindrical plain bearing pressure is equal to:
4 ⋅ Fpb,Sd
p pb,Sd = (35)
( 2
π ⋅ Dex 2
− Din )
where
Dex is the external diameter of the thrust washer (see Figure 11);
Din is the internal diameter of the thrust washer.
b) For a flanged bush under axial loading, the calculation of the design pressure shall take into account
the fact that the axial surface is not flat due to the flange curvature. The axial design cylindrical plain
bearing pressure is equal to:
Fpb,Sd
p pb,Sd =
( 2
0, 04 ⋅ Dex − d2 ) (36)
where
Dex is the external diameter of the flanged bush (see Figure 11);
d is the shaft diameter.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Figure 11 — Thrust washer and flanged bush, design dimensions
5.2.6.1.3 Limit design cylindrical plain bearing pressure ppb,Rd
There is no International or European standard dealing with the selection of plain bearings. Moreover,
the properties for plain bearings differ from one manufacturer to another, sometimes widely even within
the same category of material (e.g. in relation with the composition). Consequently, the limit design
cylindrical plain bearing pressure specified by the plain bearing manufacturer shall be used.
In the absence of values from the cylindrical plain bearing manufacturer, the conservative values given
in Table 8 may be used. Table 8 also includes recommended limit operating temperatures.
NOTE Above those limit temperatures, the material has no more mechanical resistance or has a high creep rate.
The values listed below are lower than the maximum temperatures producing the low friction material destruction.
Table 8 — Limit design plain bearing pressure ppb,Rd
Limit design plain Limit operating

bearing pressure temperature
Plain bearing, low friction material p pb,Rd Tmax
[N/mm2] [°C]
Bronze 45 150
Bronze – Sintered bronze 20 150
Bronze – Lead 150 150
Bronze – Graphite 150 180
POM Composite, in accordance with ISO 3547-4 250 110
PTFE composite, in accordance with ISO 3547-4 250 250
Fluorinated polymers (PTFE) + Sintered bronze + fillers 150 180
Filament wound 140 140
Polyamide + Sintered bronze 150 90
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
5.2.6.2 Spherical plain bearings
5.2.6.2.1 Equivalent loading
In order to evaluate the severity of the load applied on the bearing, F, is decomposed in a radial
component Fr and an axial one, Fa (see Figure 12). Both components are determined from load
combinations A, B or C in accordance with EN 13001-2.
Figure 12 — Combined loadings for different types of spherical bearing
The proof of static strength shall be executed in accordance with the spherical plain bearing manufacturer
requirements. It is usually based:
— either on each individual component Fr and Fa, eventually multiplied by specific factors,
— or on an equivalent static loading, denoted P0,Sd in this standard, and defined by the spherical plain
bearing manufacturer, using Fr and Fa components. P0,Sd may be written in the form of:
P0,Sd = X ⋅ Fr + Y ⋅ Fa
(37)
where
X, Y are static load factors given by the plain bearing manufacturer, usually depending on the ratio
Fa/Fr.
5.2.6.2.2 Limit design static load ratings C0r and C0a
The proof of static strength is based on the limit design static load ratings, maximal load that the spherical
plain bearing can accommodate at room temperature without inadmissible deformation or damage of
sliding surfaces, when there is no relative movement between the sliding contact surfaces.
The values of static load ratings C 0r and C 0a shall be given by the plain bearing manufacturer.
NOTE 1 An International standard is under preparation under ISO/TC 4, dealing with the calculation of static
and dynamic load ratings for spherical plain bearings (ISO 20015 [3–23]). The load ratings are calculated using the
factors f 0r (radial and angular contact spherical plain bearings) or f 0a (thrust spherical plain bearings), depending
on specific materials (e.g. sliding material, contact surface treatment, heat treatment …) and design features (e.g.
seal recess size, lubrication grooves …).
Note 2 Some plain bearing manufacturers can multiply the static load ratings by influencing factors dealing with
the service temperature or the type of load, for example.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
5.2.7 Execution of the proof for plain bearings
For the cylindrical plain bearing under consideration, it shall be proven that:
p pb,Sd ≤ p pb,Rd
(38)
where
p pb,Sd is the design plain bearing pressure, defined in 5.2.6.1.2;
p pb,Rd is the limit design plain bearing pressure, defined in 5.2.6.1.3.
For the spherical plain bearing under consideration, it shall be proven that:
P0,Sd ≤ C 0r
or P0,Sd ≤ C 0a
(39)
where
P0,Sd is the equivalent static loading, defined in 5.2.6.2.1;
C 0r , C 0a are the static load ratings, defined in 5.2.6.2.2.
6 Proof of endurance and fatigue strength

6.1 General
A proof of fatigue strength is intended to prevent risk of failure due to formation of critical cracks in
machinery components under repeated loading.
In general, the proof of fatigue strength shall be executed by applying the load combinations A in
accordance with EN 13001-2, with all partial safety factors γ p set to 1.
6.2 Slewing rings

6.2.1 Design dynamic loads and load ratings
6.2.1.1 Raceways and rolling elements: general
The proof of fatigue strength of the slewing ring raceways and of their rolling elements is mainly based
on the ISO 281:2007 standard. ISO/TS 16281 can be used when more detailed calculations (e.g. FEA) take
into account the bearing-operating clearance, deformation of the surrounding structure and
misalignment.
The proof of fatigue strength of the bolted connection of the slewing ring shall be carried out using the
design stress ranges defined in 6.2.2.1 and limit design stresses defined in EN 13001-3-1.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
6.2.1.2 Raceways and rolling elements: design dynamic equivalent loads Pa,i and Pr,i
The design dynamic loads for fatigue strength check shall be calculated for each raceway by applying the
load combinations A (regular loads) in accordance with EN 13001-2, setting all partial safety factors γ p
and dynamic factors ϕ i to 1,0.
According to ref. [1-4], for each range i of the load history (with a number of revolutions U i ), the design
dynamic axial equivalent load Pa, i for each raceway is calculated from the Formula (40) below:
  2 ⋅ M r, i  
 0,66
Pa, i max K rep
= ⋅ f 2' ( ( ))
⋅  ApF . Fa, i +0, 75 ⋅ Fr, i ⋅ tan α + ApM .
Dm  
;0
 (40)
 
   
where
K rep is the excess load factor, defined in A.1;
f 2' is the deformation influence factor. For roller bearings, with analysis using advanced
FE models (see conditions and definition of eccentricity e i in 5.2.2.2.3.1), we have:
f 2' = 10 × e i1,7 + 1 ≤ 1, 40 (41)
with
∆s
ei
= ≤ 0, 15
LWE
f 2' = 1, 4 for roller bearings, in all other cases;
f 2' = 1, 0 for ball bearings;
ApF, ApM is the apportionment factors for axial load Fa, i and tilting moment M r, i , defined in
Tables 5 and 6;
Fr , i is the radial load, for the range i of the load history;
Fa, i is the axial load, for the range i of the load history;
M r, i is the tilting moment, for the range i of the load history;
Dm is the Pitch Circle Diameter of rolling elements.
For three row roller bearings:

— the design dynamic radial equivalent load Pr, i shall be calculated with:
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Pr, i 20,66 ⋅ Fr, i

= (42)
— and Fr, i in Formula (40) becomes 0, for the supporting (upper) and retaining (lower) raceway.
NOTE Formula (40) is expressed for the (downward) direction of Fa, i , therefore Ap,F is different in sign for
supporting and retaining raceway. If an equivalent load Pa, i < 0 is calculated for one raceway, then Pa, i is set equal
to 0.
Pa, i and Pr, i can be calculated with advanced Finite Element Models, in accordance to the requirements
of ISO/TS 16281.
6.2.1.3 Total number of revolutions Utot,Sr and relative number of revolutions νsr
When all Pa, i are greater than 0, the total number of revolutions U tot ,sr of the slewing ring, with the crane
loaded or unloaded, is:
1 X ang ⋅ C
U tot ,sr
= =
nsr
.
π ∑U i (43)
i
where
nsr is the number of slewing rings during the crane design life (in most cases, nsr = 1 );
C is the total number of working cycles during the crane design life; see EN 13001-1;
X ang is the average angular displacement of the slewing ring during the crane design life,
see EN 13001-1:
∑ jψ j ⋅ nj 1
X ang = =⋅ ∑ψ j ⋅ nj
∑ jnj C
j
(44)
where
ψj is the slewing sector of range j, during one work cycle (the slewing sector represent the
loaded part of the work cycles, i.e. the sector the load is moved during a work cycle, see Figure 13);
nj is the number of slewing sectors ψ j of range j.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Key
ψj is the slewing sector of range j
Figure 13 — Average angular movement ψj of the slewing ring
U i is the corresponding number of revolutions for each range Pa, i , with the crane loaded or unloaded, it
is calculated by:
 ψj 
=Ui ∑  ⋅n
 2 ⋅ π  ij
(45)
j  
where
nij is the number of average angular movements ψ j with a dynamic axial equivalent load Pa, i
(see Figure 14 below).
Figure 14 — Representation of Pa,i versus ψj
C is the total number of working cycles during the crane design life, see EN 13001-1. When all Pa, i
are greater than 0, we have:
C= ∑ ∑nij
i j
(46)
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
NOTE The definition of U i above is based on the conservative assumption that the angular sweep sectors have
the same axes of symmetry. It may need further consideration, notably in the European product type standards.
The relative total number of revolutions ν sr is calculated by:
U tot,sr
ν sr =
UD
(47)
where
6
U D is the reference number of revolutions: U D = 1 × 10 .
6.2.1.4 Basic dynamic axial load rating Ca and basic dynamic radial load rating Cr
The values of Ca and Cr (for three row roller bearings) shall take into account the strength of the material
below the hardened layer (sub-hardened layer), the inclusion and surface hardness effects and the
influence of equalization of load.
In the first instance Ca and Cr should be sought from and should usually be provided by the slewing ring
manufacturer, for each raceway.
It corresponds to one million revolutions, with 90 % reliability, in accordance with the term 3.4 (basic
rating life) of ISO 281:2007.
Informative Annex A of this standard gives a method of calculating a conservative guide value of Ca and
Cr.
6.2.1.5 Dynamic load spectrum factors ksr and ksr,r
The dynamic load spectrum factor of the slewing ring raceway k sr is calculated by:
i max p
 Pa,i  Ui
=k sr ∑ 
 Pa,max
 ⋅
 U tot,sr
i =1   (48)
where
p is the life exponent, dependent upon the type of the rolling elements of the slewing ring under
consideration:
ball p = 3;
roller p = 10/3;
i is the index of a load;
Ui is the corresponding number of revolutions with a load;
Pa,max is the maximum calculated value of Pa,i, it will be used as Pa,Sd(design axial dynamic load)
for the proof in 6.2.3.1.
Similarly, a dynamic load spectrum factor ksr,r can be calculated for the vertical (radial) row of a three-
row roller bearing, with all dynamic equivalent radial loads Pr,i.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
6.2.1.6 Slewing ring raceway load history parameter ssr
In analogy to stress history parameter according to EN 13001-1, the slewing ring load history parameter
for each raceway under consideration is given by
s= k sr ⋅ ν s r
sr (49)
where
k sr is the dynamic load spectrum factor, or k sr, r for the vertical (radial) row of a three row roller
bearing (see 6.2.1.5);
ν s r is the relative total number of revolutions (see 6.2.1.3).
The slewing ring raceway load history parameter shall be determined either directly using Formula (49),
or by using a simplified approach and selecting a class SSR from Table 9.
Table 9 — Classes SSR of slewing ring raceway load history parameter ssr
Class SSR0 SSR1 SSR2 SSR3 SSR4 SSR5 SSR6 SSR7 SSR8 SSR9
ssr 0,008 0,016 0,032 0,063 0,125 0,25 0,5 1,0 2,0 4,0
An example of calculation of the load history parameter ssr is given in Annex B.

6.2.1.7 Minimum slewing ring fatigue strength specific resistance factor γsrf
The minimum fatigue strength specific resistance factor of slewing ring γ srf shall be
γ srf = 1, 0
(50)
6.2.1.8 Limit design dynamic loads Ca,Rd and Cr,Rd
6.2.1.8.1 General
The axial limit design dynamic load C a,Rd shall be determined from:
Ca
C a,Rd
= ⋅ ff1 ⋅ ff2 (51)
γ srf ⋅ p s sr
where
s sr is the slewing ring raceway load history parameter, in accordance with 6.2.1.6;
p is the life exponent, dependent upon the type of the rolling elements of the slewing ring under
consideration
ball p=3
roller p = 10/3
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Ca is the basic dynamic axial load rating, load corresponding to a life of one million revolutions,
with 90 % reliability, in accordance with 6.2.1.4;
f f1 is the reliability factor, in accordance with 6.2.1.8.2;
ff2 is the factor of additional influences, in accordance with 6.2.1.8.3;
γ srf is the minimum fatigue strength specific resistance factor of slewing ring, in accordance
with 6.2.1.7.
Similarly, the radial limit design dynamic load C r,Rd for the vertical (radial) row of a three-row roller
bearing shall be determined from:
Cr
C r,Rd
= ⋅ ff1 ⋅ ff2 (52)
γ srf ⋅ p s sr
where
p is the life exponent, with p = 10/3;
C r is the basic dynamic radial load rating, load corresponding to a life of one million revolutions,
with 90 % reliability, in accordance with 6.2.1.4.
6.2.1.8.2 Reliability factor ff1
The basic reliability is equal to 90 % survival probability according to ISO 281:2007.

For high-risk applications notably, increasing safety and reliability can be achieved applying a risk
coefficient γ n to the design loads (see EN 13001-2). Alternatively, for the slewing ring only, a survival
probability greater than 90 % can be obtained by multiplying the basic dynamic load by a reliability factor
f f1 chosen from Table 10.
Table 10 — Reliability factor ff1 a
Survival probability (%)

90 95 96 97 98 99 99,5 99,9
Balls 1,0 0,86 0,82 0,78 0,72 0,63 0,55 0,45
Rollers 1,0 0,87 0,84 0,80 0,74 0,66 0,59 0,49
a f f1 is calculated from the life modification factor for reliability a1 , defined in ISO 281:2007, with f f 1 = p a1
6.2.1.8.3 Factor for additional influences ff2
This factor takes into account the influence of lubricant viscosity, cleanliness and surface roughness of
raceways, all likely to decrease the expected rating since even with proper lubrication according to the
manufacturer’s instructions, a pure hydrodynamic friction condition cannot be reached due to the low
speed.
f f 2 shall be determined:
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
— when the factor aiso according ISO 281:2007 is calculated (life modification factor, based on a
systems approach of life calculation) or given by the manufacturer’s data, with:
f f 2 = p a iso
(53)
— otherwise, f f 2 = 0, 5 for slewing rings and f f 2 = 0, 9 for rolling bearing.
6.2.2 Fatigue strength of the fixing elements
6.2.2.1 Design stress range ΔσSd
The design fatigue loads shall be calculated by applying the load combinations A (regular loads) in
accordance with EN 13001-2, setting all partial safety factors γ p to 1,0.
They should be preferably calculated by a Finite Element Models.

Alternatively, the design stress range ∆σ Sd is given by the following conservative formula:
∆F
∆σ Sd =b (54)
As
where
AS is the stress area of the bolt;
∆Fb is the additional bolt force, calculated from:
∆Fb = Fb, f − Fp, min (55)
where
Fb, f is the fatigue force in the bolt, calculated with Fb, f = max {Fb1 ; Fb2 } from Formulae (12) and
(13);
Fp, min is the minimal preload (in accordance with EN 13001-3-1).
6.2.2.2 Characteristic fatigue strength Δσc
The characteristic fatigue strength ∆σ c to be used is defined in EN 13001-3-1.
Alternative fatigue strength may be used if they are obtained either in accordance with the requirements
for fatigue testing of EN 13001-3-1 or using recognized sources (e.g. [1-2]), with a probability of survival
equal to 97,7 %.
The limit design stress range ∆σ Rd shall be determined in accordance with the following Formula from
EN 13001-3-1:
∆σ
∆σ Rd = c (56)
γ mf ⋅ m s m
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
where
∆σ Rd is the limit design stress range;
∆σ c is the characteristic fatigue strength (see relevant annexes of EN 13001-3-1);
m is the slope constant of the log ∆σ − log N curve (see relevant annexes of EN 13001-3-1);
γ mf is the fatigue strength specific resistance factor (see relevant table of EN 13001-3-1);
sm is the bolt stress history parameter.
6.2.3 Execution of the proof for slewing rings
6.2.3.1 Raceways and rolling elements
6.2.3.1.1 General
This standard provides two different methods for the proof of fatigue strength, both resulting in the same
final safety level (see demonstration in Informative Annex C):
— a proof based on the usual EN 13001 concept, consisting in the comparison of the design value to a
limit design one (see principle in 4.4) and already used in all the other parts 3-X of the EN 13001
series of standards (e.g. structural elements, wire ropes, wheels, rails, hooks …);
— a proof based on the ISO 281 concept, widely used in the rolling bearing manufacturers catalogues.
6.2.3.1.2 Proof according to EN 13001 concept
For each raceway of the slewing rings it shall be proven that:

Pa,Sd ≤ C a,Rd
(57)
where
Pa,Sd is the design axial dynamic load in accordance with 6.2.1.5;
C a,Rd is the limit design dynamic axial load in accordance with 6.2.1.8.
For three-row roller bearing, a similar proof shall be also executed with Pr,Sd and C r,Rd .
6.2.3.1.3 Proof according to ISO 281 concept
For the slewing ring under consideration, it shall be proven that:

Lnm,sr ≥ Lnm,sr,Rd
(58)
where
Lnm,sr is the modified rating life, expressed in million revolutions, defined by:
p p p
 Ca   ff1 ⋅ ff2   Ca  1
Lnm=
, sr
  ⋅ =   ⋅ a1 ⋅ aISO ⋅
P   γ  P  p
 m   srf   m  γ srf
(59)
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
where
p is the life exponent, in accordance with 6.2.15;
Ca is the basic dynamic axial load rating, in accordance with 6.2.1.4;
f f2 is the factor of additional influences, in accordance with 6.2.1.8.3;
γ srf is the minimum fatigue strength slewing ring resistance factor, in accordance with 6.2.1.7;
Pm is the mean dynamic equivalent load, given by:
i max
p ∑ i = 1 a, i
p
P ⋅Ui Pap,1 ⋅ U 1 + Pap,2 ⋅ U 2 + …
=Pm = p
U tot ,sr U tot ,sr
(60)
where
Pa,i is the design dynamic axial equivalent load, for each range i of the load history, in accordance
with 6.2.1.2;
Ui is the corresponding number of revolutions with a load Pa,i , in accordance with 6.2.1.3;
U tot ,sr is the total number of revolutions in accordance with 6.2.1.3;
Lnm,sr,Rd is the design life, expressed in million revolutions, with:
U tot ,sr
Lnm,sr,Rd =
10 6 (61)
For three-row roller bearing, a similar proof shall be also executed with:
— the basic dynamic radial load rating C r (see 6.2.1.4);
— the mean dynamic equivalent load Pm , calculated with the design dynamic radial equivalent loads
Pr,i , for each range i of the load history (see 6.2.1.2).
6.2.3.2 Fixing elements
The proof of fatigue strength of the fixing elements is ensured according EN 13001-3-1, with:
∆σ Sd ≤ ∆σ Rd (62)
For a slewing ring under the action of the maximum fatigue external force Fe, f , max , no gap opening at the
bolt hole is permitted between the slewing ring and its supporting flange.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
6.3 Rolling bearings

6.3.1 Design dynamic loads and load ratings
6.3.1.1 General
The proof of fatigue strength of the rolling bearings is mainly based on ISO 281:2007. ISO/TS 16281 can
be used when more detailed calculations (e.g. FEA) take into account the bearing-operating clearance,
deformation of the surrounding structure and misalignment.
6.3.1.2 Design dynamic equivalent loads Pa,Sd,i and Pr,Sd,i
The design dynamic loads for fatigue strength check shall be calculated by applying the load combinations
A (regular loads) in accordance with EN 13001-2, setting all partial safety factors γ p and dynamic
factors ϕ i to 1,0.
For each range i of the load history related to a number of revolutions U i , the dynamic equivalent radial
load Pr,Sd, i or the dynamic equivalent axial load Pa,Sd, i shall be determined from the rolling bearing radial
load Fr and the rolling bearing axial load Fa in accordance with the requirements of ISO 281:2007.
For cases not dealt within ISO 281:2007, the rolling bearing manufacturer’s specifications may be used.
In ISO 281:2007, Pr,Sd, i and Pa,Sd, i are calculated using dynamic load factors X and Y. Table 11 gives
expressions of the static equivalent loads Pr,Sd, i and Pa,Sd, i for single bearings.
Table 11 — Dynamic equivalent loads Pr,Sd,i and Pa,Sd,i in accordance with ISO 281:2007
Dynamic equivalent Dynamic equivalent

Nominal contact angle α radial load axial load Pa,Sd, i
Bearing type
a
[N] [N]
Radial ball bearings All α X ⋅ Fr + Y ⋅ Fa —
α ≠ 0° X ⋅ Fr + Y ⋅ Fa
Radial roller bearings —
α = 0° Fr
Thrust ball bearings and α ≠ 90° X ⋅ Fr + Y ⋅ Fa

—
thrust roller bearings α = 90° Fa
a See 3.1.4.
6.3.1.3 Total number of revolutions Utot,rb and relative total number of revolutions νrb for
rolling bearing
U tot,rb is the total number of revolutions of the rolling bearing.
For example, for the rolling bearing of a running wheel (travel or traverse motion), U tot,rb could be
calculated by:
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
2⋅ X ⋅C
U tot,rb = (63)
π ⋅ Dwh
where
X is the average displacement of the related crane motion, see EN 13001-1;
C is the total number of working cycles during the design life of the crane, see EN 13001-1;
Dwh is the wheel diameter.
The relative total number of revolutions ν rb of the rolling bearing is calculated by
U tot,rb
ν rb =
UD (64)
where
UD is the reference number of revolutions: U D = 106 .
6.3.1.4 Basic dynamic axial load rating Ca and basic dynamic radial load rating Cr
The values of C a and C r should be sought from and should usually be provided by the rolling bearing
manufacturer.
They correspond to one million revolutions, with 90 % reliability, in accordance with the term 3.4 (basic
rating life) of ISO 281:2007.
6.3.1.5 Rolling bearing dynamic load spectrum factor krb
The dynamic load spectrum factor of the rolling bearing krb is calculated by
p
 P imax
 U
=krb ∑  a,Sd,i  ⋅ i for thrust ball bearings and thrust roller bearings (65)

i =1  Pa,Sd,max  U tot,rb
p
 P imax
 Ui
=krb ∑  r,Sd,i  ⋅ for radial ball bearings and radial roller bearings (66)

i =1  Pr,Sd,max  U tot,rb
where
i is the index of a load Pa,Sd,i or Pr,Sd,i ;
p is the life exponent, dependent upon the type of the rolling elements of the rolling bearing
under consideration
ball p=3
roller p = 10 / 3
Ui is the corresponding number of revolutions with a load Pa,Sd,i or Pr,Sd,i ;
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Pa,Sd,max is the maximum calculated value of Pa,Sd,i , it will be used as Pa,Sd (design axial dynamic load)
for the proof;
Pr,Sd,max is the maximum calculated value of Pr,Sd,i , it will be used as Pr,Sd (design radial dynamic load)
for the proof.
6.3.1.6 Rolling bearing load history parameter srb
In analogy to stress history parameter according to EN 13001-1, the rolling bearing load history
parameter is given by
s=
rb krb ⋅ν rb (67)
where
krb is the dynamic load spectrum factor (see 6.3.1.5);
ν rb is the relative total number of revolutions (see 6.3.1.3).
The rolling bearing load history parameter shall be determined either directly using Formula (67), or by
using a simplified approach and selecting a class SRB from Table 12.
Table 12 — Classes SRB of rolling bearing load history parameter srb
Class SRB0 SRB1 SRB2 SRB3 SRB4 SRB5 SRB6 SRB7 SRB8 SRB9
srb 0,008 0,016 0,032 0,063 0,125 0,25 0,5 1,0 2,0 4,0
6.3.1.7 Minimum rolling bearing resistance factor γrbf
The minimum fatigue strength specific resistance factor for rolling bearing γ rbf shall be
γ rbf = 1, 0 (68)
6.3.1.8 Limit design dynamic loads Ca,Rd and Cr,Rd
The axial limit design dynamic load Ca,Rd and radial limit design dynamic load Cr,Rd shall be determined
from:
Ca
Ca,Rd
= ⋅ ff 1 ⋅ ff 2 for thrust ball bearings and thrust roller bearings (69)
γ rbf ⋅ p srb
Cr
Cr,Rd
= ⋅ f f 1 ⋅ f f 2 for radial ball bearings and radial roller bearings (70)
γ rbf ⋅ p srb
where
srb is the rolling bearing load history parameter, in accordance with 6.3.1.6;
p is the life exponent, dependent upon the type of the rolling elements of the rolling bearing
under consideration:
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
ball p = 3;
roller p = 10/3;
Ca ; Cr are the basic dynamic load ratings, in accordance with 6.3.1.4;
f f2 is the factor for additional influences, in accordance with 6.2.1.8.3;
γ rbf is the minimum fatigue strength specific resistance factor for rolling bearing, in accordance
with 6.3.1.7.
6.3.2 Execution of the proof for rolling bearings
6.3.2.1 General
This standard provides two different methods for the proof of fatigue strength, both resulting in the same
final safety level (see the demonstration of the proof in Informative Annex C):
— a proof based on the usual EN 13001 concept, consisting in the comparison of the design value to a
limit design one (see principle in 4.4) and already used in all the other parts 3-X of the EN 13001
series of standards (e.g. structural elements, wire ropes, wheels, rails, hooks …);
— a proof based on the ISO 281 concept, widely used in the rolling bearing manufacturers catalogues.
6.3.2.2 Thrust ball bearings and thrust roller bearings
For each rolling bearing it shall be proven that:

Pa,Sd ≤ C a,Rd
(71)
where
Pa,Sd is the design axial dynamic load in accordance with 6.3.1.5;
C a,Rd is the limit design axial dynamic load in accordance with 6.3.1.8.
For the rolling bearing it shall be proven that:

Lnm,rb ≥ Lnm,rb,Rd
(72)
where
Lnm,rb is the modified rating life defined by:
p p p
 Ca   ff1 ⋅ ff2   Ca  1
Lnm=
, rb
  ⋅ =   ⋅ a1 ⋅ aISO ⋅
P   γ  P  p
 m   rbf   m  γ rbf
(73)
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
where
Ca is the basic dynamic axial load rating, in accordance with 6.3.1.4;
γ rbf is the minimum fatigue strength rolling bearing resistance factor, in accordance with 6.3.1.7;
Pm is the mean dynamic axial equivalent load, given by:
i max
p ∑ i = 1 a,Sd, i
p
P ⋅Ui Pap,Sd,1 ⋅ U 1 + Pap,Sd,2 ⋅ U 2 + …
=Pm = p
U tot , rb U tot , rb
(74)
where
Pa,Sd,i is the design dynamic axial equivalent load, for each range i of the load history, in accordance
with 6.3.1.2;
Ui is the corresponding number of revolutions with a load Pa,Sd,i , in accordance with 6.3.1.3;
U tor, rb is the total number of revolutions, in accordance with 6.3.1.3;
Lnm,rb,Rd is the design life, expressed in million revolutions, with:
U tot , rb
Lnm,rb,Rd =
106 (75)
6.3.2.3 Radial ball bearings and radial roller bearings
For each rolling bearing it shall be proven that:

Pr,Sd ≤ C r,Rd
(76)
where
Pr,Sd is the design radial dynamic load in accordance with 6.3.1.5;
C r,Rd is the limit design radial dynamic load in accordance with 6.3.1.8.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
For the rolling bearing it shall be proven that:

Lnm,rb ≥ Lnm,rb,Rd
(77)
where
Lnm,rb is the modified rating life defined by:
p p p
 Cr   ff1 ⋅ ff2   Cr  1
Lnm=
, rb   ⋅ =   ⋅ a1 ⋅ aISO ⋅
     
 Pm   γ rbf   Pm
p
 γ rbf
(78)
where
Cr is the basic dynamic axial load rating, in accordance with 6.3.1.4;
γ rbf is the minimum fatigue strength resistance factor of rolling bearing, in accordance
with 6.3.1.7;
Pm is the mean dynamic radial equivalent load, given by:
i max
p ∑ i = 1 r,Sd, i
p
P ⋅Ui Prp,Sd,1 ⋅ U 1 + Prp,Sd,2 ⋅ U 2 + …
Pm = p
U tot , rb U tot , rb
(79)
where
Pr,Sd,i is the design dynamic radial equivalent load, for each range i of the load history, in
accordance with 6.3.1.2;
Ui is the corresponding number of revolutions with a load Pr,Sd,i , in accordance with 6.3.1.3;
U tot , rb is the total number of revolutions, in accordance with 6.3.1.3;
Lnm,rb,Rd is the required modified rating life, expressed in million revolutions, with:
U tot , rb
Lnm,rb,Rd =
106 (80)
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
6.4 Plain bearings

6.4.1 General
The proof of endurance covers hazards related to:

— wear (mainly),
— overheating,
— deforming or damaging of the sliding surface (e.g. seizure).
At present there is no International or European standard dealing with the selection of plain bearings.
Furthermore, the design rules for plain bearings and their selection differ from one manufacturer to
another. Consequently, this standard gives below general recommendations and principles for the proof
of endurance.
The proof of endurance is usually based on the three components below:
— the sliding speed v ,
— the pressure p ,
— the product p ⋅ v (transmitted power density).
The endurance of a plain bearing is usually presented in the form of a p ⋅ v diagram, an example of which
is illustrated in Figure 15.
Key
1 pressure limit (pL)
2 sliding speed limit (vL)
3 p ⋅ v limit ( p ⋅ v )
L
Figure 15 — p · v diagram (principle)
6.4.2 Cylindrical plain bearings
6.4.2.1 Design dynamic pressure of plain bearing
The axial and radial design dynamic loads FSd, f , i acting on the plain bearing shall be calculated by
applying the load combinations A (regular loads) in accordance with EN 13001-2, including the dynamic
factors ϕ i and setting all partial safety factors γ p = 1, 0 .
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Each design dynamic load FSd, f , i corresponds to a number of cycles (or revolutions) ni, as illustrated in
Figure 16, or to a duration ti.
Key
Ntot,pb is the total number of cycles (plain bearing)
Fsd,f is the design dynamic load (plain bearing)
Figure 16 — Example of loading histogram with 3 ranges only
p pb, i is the design dynamic pressure of plain bearing corresponding to a range i, defined in the same way
as p pb,Sd in 5.2.6.1.2 (Formulae 34 to 36), and with Fpb,Sd replaced with the design dynamic load FSd, f , i
defined above.
p pb, max is the maximal design dynamic pressure of plain bearing.
An equivalent design dynamic pressure peq of plain bearing can be calculated from all those p pb, i values,
as the pressure producing the same damage as all components of dynamic plain bearing pressures p pb, i .
In absence of plain bearing manufacturer’s instruction, it may be calculated from:
2 2
p pb,1 ⋅ n1 + p pb,2 ⋅ n2 + …
peq = 2
N tot , pb
(81)
6.4.2.2 Limit design dynamic pressure pL of plain bearing
The limit design dynamic pressure of plain bearing specified by the plain bearing manufacturer shall be
used. It is denoted pL in this standard.
in Table 13 may be used, for operation at room temperature, for a selection of materials shown.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Table 13 — Limit design dynamic pressure pL of plain bearing
Limit design dynamic pressure

Plain bearing, low friction material pL
(N/mm2)
Bronze 25
Bronze – Sintered bronze 20
Bronze – Lead 100
Bronze – Graphite 100
POM composite, in accordance with ISO 3547-4 120
PTFE composite, in accordance with ISO 3547-4 80
Fluorinated polymers (PTFE) + Sintered bronze + fillers 30
Filament wound 100
Polyamide + Sintered bronze 40
6.4.2.3 Design effective sliding speed νeff
The definitions of the design effective sliding speed v eff are given in Table 14, with:
d shaft diameter at the bearing, expressed in mm;
N maximum rotational speed, expressed in rpm;
φ total oscillating amplitude angle, expressed in °;
n number of oscillations per second;
Dex , Din diameters (see 5.2.6.1.1).
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Table 14 — Design effective sliding speeds
Type of cylindrical plain Effective sliding speed v eff

Condition
bearing
(m/s)
π⋅d ⋅N
Continuously rotating
60 ⋅ 103
Bush
π ⋅ d ⋅ n 2⋅φ
Oscillating ⋅
103 360
(
π ⋅ Dex + d ⋅ N )
120 ⋅ 103
Flanged bush
Oscillating
(
π ⋅ Dex + d ⋅ n ) ⋅
φ
10 3 360
(
π ⋅ Dex + Din ⋅ N )
3
120 ⋅ 10
Thrust washer
Oscillating
(
π ⋅ Dex + Din ⋅ n ) ⋅
φ
10 3 360
6.4.2.4 Limit design effective sliding speed νL
The limit design effective sliding speed specified by the plain bearing manufacturer shall be used. It is
denoted v L in this standard.
in Table 15 may be used, for operation at room temperature, under dry or initially lubricated condition,
for a selection of materials shown.
Table 15 — Limit design effective sliding speed vL
Limit design effective sliding speed

Plain bearing, low friction material vL
(m/s)
Bronze 0,5
Bronze – Sintered bronze 0,5
Bronze – Lead —
Bronze – Graphite 0,5
POM composite, in accordance with ISO 3547-4 2,5
PTFE composite, in accordance with ISO 3547-4 2
Fluorinated polymers (PTFE) + Sintered bronze + fillers 1,5
Filament wound 0,15
Polyamide + Sintered bronze 2
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
6.4.2.5 Limit effective transmitted power density (p·ν)L of cylindrical plain bearings
The limit effective transmitted power density specified by the plain bearing manufacturer shall be used.
It is denoted ( p ⋅ v ) in this standard.
L
in Table 16 may be used, for operation at room temperature, under dry or initially lubricated condition,
for a selection of materials shown.
Table 16 — Limit effective transmitted power density values (p · v)L
Limit effective transmitted power density

(p · v)L
Cylindrical plain bearing material
(N/mm2⋅m/s)
Bronze 0,1
Bronze – Sintered bronze 0,1
Bronze – Lead 0,1
Bronze – Graphite 0,3
POM composite, in accordance with ISO 3547-4 1,5
PTFE Composite, in accordance with ISO 3547-4 1,5
Fluorinated polymers (PTFE) + Sintered bronze + fillers 0,35
Filament wound 0,5
Polyamide + Sintered bronze 0,15
6.4.3 Spherical plain bearings
6.4.3.1 Design dynamic load
The axial and radial components Fa, i and Fr, i , respectively of design dynamic loads acting on the spherical
plain bearing shall be calculated by applying the load combinations A (regular loads) in accordance with
EN 13001-2, including the dynamic factors ϕ i and setting all partial safety factors γ p = 1, 0 .
The proof of endurance shall be executed in accordance with the manufacturer requirements of the
spherical plain bearing. It is usually based:
— either on each individual component Fr,i and Fa,i, eventually multiplied by specific factors;
— or on an equivalent dynamic load, denoted Pspb,Sd, i in this standard and defined by the spherical plain
bearing manufacturer, using Fr,i and Fa,i components. Pspb,Sd, i may be written in the form of:
Pspb,Sd, i = X ⋅ Fr, i + Y ⋅ Fa, i

(82)
where
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
X, Y are dynamic load factors given by the plain bearing manufacturer, usually depending on the ratio
Fa/Fr.
The design dynamic load, denoted Pspb,Sd in this standard, is usually:
— either the maximal value of Pspb,Sd, i ;
— or calculated from an equivalent load (e.g. in case of variable load), for example with:
t 1 ⋅ Fr2,1 + … + t n ⋅ Fr2, n
Pspb,Sd + Fa, max
100 (83)
where
t 1 , …, t n are the time components of each value of the dynamic load history,
Fa,max is the maximum value of Fa,i.
A design surface pressure (some plain bearing manufacturers may call it specific bearing load), denoted
pspb in this standard, can be defined as:
Pspb,Sd
pspb= K ⋅
C (84)
where
K is a specific load factor, defined by the plain bearing manufacturer,
Pspb,Sd is the design dynamic load for spherical plain bearing,
C is the dynamic load rating, given by the plain bearing manufacturer (see NOTE 1 in 5.2.6.2.2).
6.4.3.2 Limit design dynamic pressure pspb,L of spherical plain bearing
The limit design dynamic pressure of spherical plain bearing specified by the plain bearing manufacturer
shall be used. It is denoted pspb,L in this standard.
In the absence of values from the spherical plain bearing manufacturer, the conservative values given in
Table 17 may be used, for operation at room temperature, for a selection of materials shown.
Table 17 — Limit design dynamic pressure pspb,L of spherical plain bearing

pspb,L
Sliding contact combination
(N/mm2)
Steel/Steel 50
Steel/Bronze 40
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)

pspb,L
(N/mm2)
Steel/PTFE – Sintered bronze 80
Steel/PTFE fabric 200
6.4.3.3 Design effective sliding speed vspb,eff of spherical plain bearing
The design effective sliding speed of spherical plain bearing shall be calculated as specified by the plain
bearing manufacturer. It is denoted v spb,eff in this standard.
The bearing has oscillatory motions in two directions (tilt motion and swivel motion) as illustrated in
Figure 17. In defining the sliding distance at the spherical interface the tilting oscillation is usually not
considered in the instructions from plain bearing manufacturers.
Key
a swivel
b tilt
Figure 17 — Oscillating motions
θs is the amplitude of the swivel oscillation and αt is the amplitude of tilt oscillation, as illustrated
Figure 18.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Swivel oscillation amplitude Tilt oscillation amplitude

Key
a swivel
b tilt
Figure 18 — Oscillating amplitudes
In absence of the plain bearing manufacturer instructions, the conservative approaches below can be
used.
For oscillations occurring at the same frequency f, v spb,eff can be calculated with the formula below using
an ellipsoid combined motion:
3 
v spb,eff = ( )
f ⋅ dk ⋅ π ⋅  ⋅ θs + α t − θs ⋅ α t  (85)
2 
When there are two different frequencies f s and f t for, respectively, the swivel and the tilt motions,
then an assumption of ellipsoid combined motion would result in:
  f  ft 
3
v spb,eff = f ⋅ d k ⋅ π ⋅  ⋅ θ s + t ⋅ α t − ⋅θs ⋅ α t  (86)
2  fs  fs 
   
6.4.3.4 Limit design effective sliding speed vspb,L of spherical plain bearings
The limit design effective sliding speed specified by the spherical plain bearing manufacturer shall be
used. It is denoted v spb,L in this standard.
In the absence of values from the spherical plain bearing manufacturer, those given in Table 18 may be
used, for operation at room temperature, for a selection of materials shown.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Table 18 — Limit design effective sliding speed vspb,L of spherical plain bearings
Limit design effective sliding speed,

spherical plain bearings
Sliding contact combination vspb,L
(m/s)
Steel/Steel 0,10
Steel/Bronze 0,10
Steel/PTFE – Sintered bronze 0,25
Steel/PTFE fabric 0,05
6.4.3.5 Limit design transmitted power densities (p·v)spb,L of spherical plain bearings
The limit design effective transmitted power density specified by the spherical plain bearing
manufacturer shall be used. It is denoted ( p ⋅ v ) in this standard.
spb, L
In the absence of values from the spherical plain bearing manufacturer, the conservative values given in
Table 19 may be used, for operation at room temperature, for a selection of materials shown.
Table 19 — Limit transmitted power density values (p · v)spb,L for spherical plain bearings
(p · v)spb,L
(N/mm2·m/s)
Steel/Steel 0,4
Steel/Bronze 0,30
Steel/PTFE – Sintered bronze 0,15
Steel/PTFE fabric 0,3
6.4.4 Execution of the proof of endurance for plain bearings
In the absence of instructions from the plain bearing manufacturer, for the cylindrical plain bearing under
consideration it shall be proven that:
p pb, max ≤ pL
v eff ≤ v L
(
peq ⋅ v eff ≤ p ⋅ v )L (87)
where
p pb, max is the maximal design dynamic pressure of plain bearing, defined in 6.4.2.1;
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
v eff . is the design effective sliding speed, defined in 6.4.2.3;
peq is the equivalent design dynamic pressure of plain bearing, defined in 6.4.2.1;
peq ⋅ v eff is the design effective equivalent transmitted power density;
pL is the limit design dynamic pressure of plain bearing, defined in 6.4.2.2;
vL is the limit design effective sliding speed, defined in 6.4.2.4;
( p ⋅ v )L is the limit design effective transmitted power density, defined in 6.4.2.5.
The components denoted p pb, max , v eff or peq ⋅ v eff in this standard may be multiplied by specific factors
taking into account further influences such as the type of bushing, the temperature, the type of loading…
In the absence of instructions from the plain bearing manufacturer, for the spherical plain bearing under
consideration it shall be proven that:
pspb ≤ pspb,L
v spb,eff ≤ v spb,L
(
pspb ⋅ v spb,eff ≤ p ⋅ v )
spb, L (88)
where
pspb is the design surface pressure, defined in 6.4.3.1;
v spb,eff is the design effective sliding speed of spherical plain bearing, defined in 6.4.3.3;
pspb ⋅ v spb,eff is the design effective transmitted power density;
pspb,L is the limit design dynamic pressure of spherical plain bearing, defined in 6.4.3.2;
v spb,L is the limit design effective sliding speed, defined in 6.4.3.4;
( p ⋅ v ) spb,L is the limit design effective transmitted power density, defined in 6.4.3.5.
The components denoted pspb , v spb,eff or pspb ⋅ v spb,eff in this standard may be multiplied by specific
factors taking into account further influences such as the type of bushing, the temperature, the type of
loading…
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
6.4.5 Plain bearing design life
Not all the plain bearing manufacturers provide rules for the plain bearing design life calculation. This
calculation is problematic because of the interdependence between many influence factors that are
sometimes difficult to determine and, when available, the methods differ from one manufacturer to
another one.
Consequently this standard cannot provide a method for calculating a plain bearing pressure history
parameter, in analogy to the stress history parameter in accordance with EN 13001-1, contrarily to the
rolling bearings and slewing rings.
The plain bearing design life shall be calculated in accordance with the plain bearing manufacturer
instructions, when they exist, by applying the load combinations A (regular loads) in accordance with
EN 13001-2, including the dynamic factors ϕ i and setting all partial safety factors γ p = 1, 0 .
7 Proof of elastic stability

The proof of elastic stability prevents machinery components from the loss of stability by lateral
deformation.
It should be demonstrated with EN 13001-3-1, or using the relevant literature.
At least, in order to prevent local buckling, the thickness t of a tubular shell supporting a slewing ring
(see 4.3.2.2) shall verify:
Dm fy
t> ⋅
70 240 (89)
where
Dm is the Pitch Circle Diameter of rolling elements, expressed in mm;
f y is the yield stress of the tubular shell material, expressed in N/mm2.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Annex A
(informative)
Calculation factors and guide load ratings of slewing rings
A.1 Excess load factor Krep

A.1.1 General
The excess load factor K rep is defined as the ratio between the real maximum loads acting on the rolling
elements and those calculated assuming an idealized sinusoidal load distribution for the applied tilting
moment.
Many tests have demonstrated that the real maximum load could be much greater than the theoretical
maximum load thus calculated [1-1].
By simplification, the factor K rep is dependent upon the construction of the supporting structure and the
type of load introduction (point or linear).
Figure A.1 illustrates the situation on the example of a mobile crane, the distribution of tilting moment
load into the rolling elements.
Key
X radius [°] Finite Element Model
Y contact force [N] Sine curve
Finite Element Model
Sine curve
Figure A.1 — Force distribution in a slewing ring with 4 point contact ball bearing
(Krep approximately 1,7)
K rep tends towards 1,0 mainly under the following two conditions:
— both supports are rigid and the fixing elements of the slewing ring are uniformly distributed;
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
— loads are introduced into the slewing ring via a tubular shell the height H T of which is equal to or
greater than 0,25 times the Pitch Circle Diameter of rolling elements Dm .
K rep should be preferably determined by tests or by modelling the slewing ring, its supports and rolling
elements, using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method. In the absence of more precise evaluation,
A.1.2 may be used.
A.1.2 Analytical method of determining Krep
In the absence of experimental data or FEA data, the factor K rep can be evaluated analytically using the
factor βe, defined as:
 π ⋅ Dm 
 
Lsr  n 
βe =  
s
= (A.1)
Le Le
with
Dm Pitch Circle Diameter of rolling elements;
n s number of supports;
Le length of equivalent elastic beam, defined by Formula (A.2) below;
Lsr length between supports of an equivalent beam, composed of the slewing ring and of the
supporting flange (see Figure A.2).
Figure A.2 — Definition of the length Lsr of the arc between two supports
The length Le of equivalent elastic beam is defined by:
4 ⋅ E ⋅ I sr
Le = 4
K sr
(A.2)
where
E modulus of elasticity;
I sr moment of inertia of the ring of slewing ring and of its supporting flange;
K sr stiffness factor for linear supporting load, with K sr = 12 000 N/mm2.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
The Formula (A.3) for K rep suggested below is valid for 1,6 < βe < 12:
−0, 0055 ⋅ β e2 + 0, 254 ⋅ β e + 0, 622

K rep =
(A.3)
where
1 ≤ K rep ≤ 3
(A.4)
A.2 Influence factors

A.2.1 Proof of static strength
A.2.1.1 Factor for shear in sub-hardened layer f1
This factor f1 makes an allowance for the shear strength below the hardened layer (within the sub-
hardened layer).
The critical depth Z d for the shear stress τ P in the sub-hardened layer is calculated from:
Z d 1, 10 ⋅ R ht
=
(A.5)
where
R ht is the maximum possible hardened depth for an induction hardened material, equal to 0,1 times
the diameter of the rolling element D w (see Figure A.3).
Key
1 hardness
2 shear
Figure A.3 — Hardness versus shear stress (principle)
Values for f1 can be chosen from Table A.1, depending on the type of rolling element, the ball to raceway
conformity (i.e. ring cross-sectional raceway groove radius divided by rolling element diameter) of outer
ring, the core ultimate strength and the hardening depth. In the absence of more data, the following
assumptions may be used:
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
— conformity equal to 0,54;
— hardness depth equal to 0, 10·Dw .
Table A.1 — Factor for shear in sub-hardened layer f1
Core ultimate
strength f u Ball to raceway conformity
Rollers
(N/mm2) 0,52 0,53 0,54
Hardening depth = 0,15 · Dw
900 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0

800 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
700 0,93 1,0 1,0 0,99
600 0,79 0,97 0,97 0,81
900 0,98 1,0 1,0 0,98

800 0,87 1,0 1,0 0,87
700 0,75 0,87 0,87 0,75
600 0,64 0,69 0,69 0,64
900 0,84 0,94 0,94 0,73

800 0,74 0,79 0,79 0,63
700 0,65 0,65 0,65 0,52
600 0,55 0,51 0,51 0,41
A.2.1.2 Factor for surface hardness f3
f3 is the surface hardness factor, with:

2
 HRC 
=f3   ≤ 1, 0
 58  (A.6)
where
HRC is the Rockwell surface hardness of the raceway.
A.2.2 Proof of fatigue strength: factor f′f1 for sub-hardened layer
Values for f f'1 can be chosen from Table A.2, depending on the type of rolling element, the ball to raceway
conformity, the core ultimate strength and the hardening depth.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Table A.2 — Factor for shear in sub-hardened layer f′f1 (fatigue)
Core ultimate
strength f u Ball to raceway conformity
Rollers
(N/mm2) 0,52 0,53 0,54
0,12 · Dw ≤ Hardening depth ≤ 0, 15 · Dw
600 ≤ fu ≤ 900 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0

900 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0

800 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
700 1,0 1,0 0,98 0,90
600 1,0 0,89 0,80 0,73
A.2.3 Proof of fatigue strength: Inclusion factor f′f2
This factor takes into account a high material quality regarding the contents of non-metallic inclusions,
likely to decrease the expected rating of a slewing ring (see 4.2.1.2).
In the absence of experimental data, f f'2 should be determined by:
— f f'2 = 1, 0 when the contents of non-metallic inclusions comply with the requirements of
EN ISO 683-17,
— f f'2 = 0, 6 when the contents of non-metallic inclusions comply with the requirements of EN 10083-1
or are unknown.
A.2.4 Proof of fatigue strength: Surface hardness factor f′f3
This factor takes into account the influence of the surface hardness, likely to decrease the expected rating
of a slewing ring.
In the absence of experimental data, f 3' should be determined by:
— f f'3 = 1, 0 when the surface hardness is greater or equal than 58 HRC;
3,6
 HRC 
— f f'3 =   otherwise to be calculated from this formula, with HRC being the Rockwell surface
 58 
hardness.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
A.3 Guidelines for various load ratings

A.3.1 General
Since ISO 76:2006 and ISO 281:2007 do not take into account the strength of the material below the
hardened layer, this standard gives the possibility of an additional check of the strength below the
hardened layer, based on the core material properties and using specific factors mentioned in A.2.
A.3.2 Guide value of limit design static axial load rating C0aRd for slewing rings with ball
bearings
The limit design static axial load rating C 0a,Rd can be calculated from:
C 0a,Rd
2
f 0 ⋅ Z equ ⋅ D w
=
( )
⋅ sin α ⋅ f 1 ⋅ f 3 C 0a, ISO76 ⋅ f 1 ⋅ f 3
γ Ra γ Ra
(A.7)
where
γ Ra
= γ m ⋅ γ sa
where
f 0 is the factor for calculation of basic static load rating from ISO 76:2006, Table 1;
Z equ is the number of equivalent active rolling elements, with
Z equ = Z 1 for single-row ball bearings with 4 contact points;
Z equ = Z 2 for double-row ball bearings with 2 contact points, static load rating for upper raceway;
Z equ = Z 3 for double-row ball bearings with 2 contact points, static load rating for lower raceway;
Z equ
= Z2 + Z3 for double-row ball bearings with 4 contact points (see Tables 5 and 6), if Z2 = Z3;
D w is the ball diameter [mm] of the raceway under consideration;
f 1 is the specific factor for shear in sub-hardened layer, defined in A.2.1.1;
C 0a, ISO76 is the basic static axial load rating, in accordance with ISO 76:2006;
f 3 is the surface hardness factor (see A.2.1.2);
γ m is the general resistance factor, with γ m = 1, 1 ;
γ sa is the specific resistance factor for raceway and rolling elements (see 5.2.2.3.2).
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
A.3.3 Guide value of limit design static load ratings C0a,Rd and C0r,Rd for slewing rings
with roller bearing
A.3.3.1 Limit design static axial load rating C0a,Rd
The limit design static axial load rating C 0a,Rd can be calculated from:
C 0a, ISO76 ⋅ f 1 ⋅ f 3
C 0a,Rd =
γ Ra
(A.8)
with
γ Ra
= γ m ⋅ γ sa
where
C 0a,ISO76 is the basic static axial load rating, in accordance ISO 76:2006 (Formula (11));
f1 is the specific factor for shear in sub-hardened layer, defined in A.2.1.1;
f3 is the surface hardness factor (see A.2.1.2);
γm is the general resistance factor, with γ m = 1, 1 ;
γ sa is the specific resistance factor for raceway and rolling elements (see 5.2.2.3.2).
A.3.3.2 Limit design static radial load rating C0r,Rd (three-row roller bearing)
The limit design static radial load rating C 0r,Rd can be calculated from:
C 0r, ISO76 ⋅ f 1 ⋅ f 3
C 0r,Rd =
γ Rr
(A.9)
with
γ=
Rr γ m ⋅ γ sr
where
C 0r,ISO76 is the basic static radial load rating, in accordance with ISO 76:2006 (Formula (7));
f1 is the specific factor for shear in sub-hardened layer, defined in A.2.1.1;
f3 is the surface hardness factor (see A.2.1.2);
γm is the general resistance factor, with γ m = 1, 1 ;
γ sr is the specific resistance factor for raceway and rolling elements (see 5.2.2.3.3).
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
A.3.4 Basic dynamic axial load rating Ca of a slewing ring with ball bearings
A.3.4.1 Single-row with 4 contact points and double-row with 2 point contacts
The basic dynamic axial load rating C a , expressed in N, can be calculated from:
≤
D w 25,4 mm
For :
2
( ) ( )
0.7 1, 8
C a = 1, 3 ⋅ f c ⋅ cos α ⋅ tan α ⋅ Z 3 ⋅ D w ⋅ f f'1 ⋅ f f' 2 ⋅ f f'3 ⋅ f f'5 = C a, ISO281 ⋅ f f'1 ⋅ f f' 2 ⋅ f f'3 ⋅ f f'5
(A.10)
D w > 25, 4 mm

For :
2
( ) ( )
0.7 1, 4
C a= 3, 647 ⋅ 1, 3 ⋅ f c ⋅ cos α ⋅ tan α ⋅Z 3 ⋅ Dw ⋅ f f'1 ⋅ f f' 2 ⋅ f f'3 ⋅ f f'5= C a, ISO281 ⋅ f f'1 ⋅ f f' 2 ⋅ f f'3 ⋅ f f'5
(A.11)
where
f c is the factor from Table 4 of ISO 281:2007;
Z is the number of active rolling elements for axial load (see Z aF in Tables 5 and 6), with
Z = Z 1 for single row with 4 point contacts ball bearing;
Z = Z 2 for double-row with 2 point contacts ball bearings, upper raceway;
Z = Z3 for double-row with 2 point contacts ball bearings, lower raceway;
D w is the ball diameter [mm];
f f'1 is the specific factor for shear in the sub-hardened layer, defined in A.2.2;
f f' 2 is the specific factor for inclusions, defined in A.2.3;
f f'3 is the specific factor for surface hardness, defined in A.2.4;
1
f f'5 is the factor for equalization of the load f f' 5 = ;
1 − 0, 33 ⋅ sin α
C a,ISO281 is the basic dynamic axial load rating, in accordance with ISO 281:2007.
f f'5 is the reverse value of the additional reduction factor η defined in ISO/TR 1281-1, which takes into
account an unequal distribution of load among the rolling elements. This effect has to be removed from
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
the definition of C a , because it is already taken into account, notably by K rep , in the definitions of the
design dynamic equivalent loads Pa, i and Pr, i .
A.3.4.2 Double-row with 4 contact points
The basic dynamic axial load rating Ca , expressed in N, can be calculated from:
3
 10

10 10
  Z  3  Z  3

Ca = ( Z 2 + Z 3 ) ⋅  2
+ 3
 Ca 2  C
 
 a3  
  (A.12)
where
Z 2 , Z 3 are the numbers of active rolling elements for axial load (see Tables 5 and 6);
Ca 2 is the minimal value of basic dynamic axial load rating Ca , expressed in N, calculated from
Formula (A.10) or (A.11), for the upper raceway;
Ca 3 is the minimal value of basic dynamic axial load rating Ca , expressed in N, calculated from
Formula (A.10) or (A.11), for the lower raceway.
NOTE Ca 1, 62 ⋅ Ca 2 .
When Z2 = Z3 and Ca2 = Ca3, =
A.3.5 Basic dynamic load ratings Ca and Cr of a slewing ring with roller bearings
A.3.5.1 Basic dynamic axial load rating Ca
The basic dynamic axial load rating C a , expressed in N, can be calculated from:
C a =C a, ISO281 ⋅ f f'1 ⋅ f f' 2 ⋅ f f'3 ⋅ f f'5

α = °:
For 90
(A.13)
For 90 C a C a, ISO281 ⋅ f f'1 ⋅ f f' 2 ⋅ f f'3 ⋅ f f'5

α ≠ ° :=

(A.14)
where
C a,ISO281 is the basic dynamic axial load rating, in accordance with Formula (17) or (18) from
ISO 281:2007;
f f'3 is the specific factor for surface hardness, defined in A.2.4;
1
f f'5 is the factor for equalization of the load, with f f'5 = .
1 − 0, 15 ⋅ sin α
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
A.3.5.2 Basic dynamic radial load rating Cr (three-row roller bearing)
The basic dynamic radial load rating C r , expressed in N, can be calculated from:
C r C r, ISO281 ⋅ f f'1 ⋅ f f' 2 ⋅ f f'3

=
(A.15)
where
C r,ISO281 is the basic dynamic radial load rating, in accordance with ISO 281:2007;
f f'3 is the specific factor for surface hardness, defined in A.2.4.
A.4 Fixing elements: alternative calculation of the design stress σSd

A.4.1 Bolt prying moment Mfb
The offset of the external force Fe relative to the bolt axis induces a prying moment Mfb in the angular
sector of the ring including the bolt. This prying moment Mfb creates further axial stresses in the bolt, the
magnitude of which depends on moments of inertia of the bolt and of the connected parts.
The evaluation of Mfb is based on a “bent beam” model from ref. [1-5]. Two formulations are suggested
below, depending on the relation between the maximum external load Fe,max and the critical opening
force Fe,cr, which is the critical value of the contact force Fe,max corresponding to an opening from the
loaded edge until the bolt axis.
NOTE The proofs from ref. [1–5] are not reproduced in this European Standard, only the conclusions are kept.
It is not recommended to use this alternative method for calculating the design bolt stress range of the proof of
fatigue strength.
The essentials of the calculation model and related parameters are illustrated in Figure A.4 (example with
a tubular shell in ideal coaxial arrangement with the slewing ring) and Figure A.5.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Figure A.4 — Calculation model (example)
Further consideration is needed for designs with other arrangements of supporting structure (e.g. flange
supported by two shells …), before their inclusion in a future version of this standard and FE models are
recommended meanwhile.
The rings of the slewing ring are considered rigid.
Locally, the supporting flange is considered as a beam with the width b taken as equal to the distance
between two adjacent fixing elements and with the thickness t p , the thickness of the supporting flange.
By simplification, Fe is applied on the action line within the thickness of the tubular shell, on Figure A.4.
— Calculation of the critical opening force Fe,cr
Fe,cr is defined by:
Fp, min
Fe,cr =
 * * s a2,cr 
 em + 1 − S c − em . 
s S sr S sr 6 ⋅ E p ⋅ I p 
 a,cr 
  (A.16)
where
Fp, min is the minimal preload (according relevant clause in EN 13001-3-1);
*
em is the lever arm of force Fe to bolt axis (see Figure A.4), it can be calculated from:
e m distance (lever arm) between external force Fe and the center of the supporting width 2 ⋅ u
of the slewing ring;
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
e n distance between bolt axis and the center of the supporting width 2 ⋅ u , with:
*
e= em − em en
n (nota: can be negative);
Ep is the modulus of elasticity of the supporting flange;
s a,cr is the critical value of the lever arm s a of the contact force Fe,cr (see Figures A.4 and A.5);
defined by:
s a,cr =
(
2 ⋅ u + en ) for u + e n < t p (A.17)
3
tp
(
s a,cr = u + e n − ) 3 for u + e n ≥ t p
where
u is half of the supporting width 2 ⋅ u of the slewing ring (see Figure A.4);
Ssr is the flexibility of the connection defined by:
Ssr
= Sc + Sb (A.18)
where
1
Sc is the flexibility of the flange, with S c = ( K c is the flange stiffness, defined according relevant
Kc
annex in EN 13001-3-1);
1
Sb is the flexibility of the bolt, with S b = ( K b is the bolt stiffness, see EN 13001-3-1);
Kb
b ⋅ t p3
Ip is the moment of inertia of the supporting flange, with I p = .
12
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Figure A.5— “Bent beam” model
In the case of two bent parts with different thicknesses (see Figure A.6), the moment of inertia of the
1 1 1
flange I p can be calculated with = + .
Ip I p1 I p2
Figure A.6 — Model with two bent beams
Fe, max < Fe,cr

Case 1:
The bolt load Fb with the prying effect included is calculated as:
 *
em 
Fb Fe, max
= 
⋅ 1+  for Fe, max > 0 (A.19)
 sa 
 
where
s a is the lever arm of the contact force Fc , calculated from:
s a3
6 ⋅ S ⋅ E ⋅ I 
 c p p 2 
⋅s +
6 ⋅ F
( ) 
p, min − Fe, max ⋅ S sr ⋅ E p ⋅ I p 
+
 *  a  *  ⋅ s a − 6 ⋅ S sr ⋅ E p ⋅ I p =0
s ⋅ e  F ⋅ e 
 a,cr m   e, max m  (A.20)
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Guideline for solving the Formula (A.20) is given in A.4.3.

The bolt prying moment Mfb is calculated from:
   *   *  
Eb ⋅ Ib    e m + 1  ⋅ S sr  − Sc em ⋅ sa  S sr 
M= ⋅ F .
 e, max   s + − Fp, min ⋅
fb
lk  s  sa 3 ⋅ E p ⋅ I p  sa 
   a  a   
(A.21)
where
E b is the modulus of elasticity of the bolt;
Ib is the design moment of inertia of the bolt, with:
lK
Ib =
l1 l
+ 2
I1 I2
(A.22)
where
lk is the effective clamping length;
l2 is the is the effective length for tension without thread (see Figure A.6);
l1 is the is the effective length for tension with thread;
I2 is the moment of inertia of bolt shank;
I1 is the moment of inertia of thread length.
Fe, max > Fe,cr

Case 2:
The bolt load Fb is calculated from:
 
 
 *
em 
Fb Fe, max ⋅  1 +
= 
 sa 
 sa ⋅ 
 s a,cr 
  (A.23)
where
s a is the lever arm of the contact force Fc , calculated from:
(
s a,cr − u + e n )+
=sa
1
(u + e n )
 Fe, max α
 
 Fe,cr 
  (A.24)
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
where
α is a parameter, given by:
Fe,cr  * s a,cr 
e Sc e*
(
α = u + e n − s a,cr ⋅ ) ⋅ m +

Fp, min s 2
+ m ⋅ 
s a,cr ⋅ S sr S sr 3 ⋅ E p ⋅ I p 
 a,cr  (A.25)
Then, the bolt prying moment M fb is calculated from:
   *   S  
Eb ⋅ Ib    e m + 1  ⋅ S sr e* ⋅ s S 
M= ⋅ F . − c + m a −F ⋅ sr
fb
lk  e, max   s  s  s 3 ⋅ Ep ⋅ Ip  p, min
sa 
   a  a  a
 
(A.26)
where
Fp, min is the minimal preload (according EN 13001-3-1),
sa is the lever arm of the contact force Fc , calculated from Formula (A.24).
A.4.2 Normal design stress σSd
Finally, the normal design stress σ Sd is calculated by:
F M fb ⋅ 4 ⋅ π 
σ Sd = 1, 05 ⋅ (σ n + σ b ) = 1, 05 ⋅  b
+  (A.27)
A As3/2 
 s 
where
AS is the bolt stress area;
σ n is the bolt tensile stress;
σ b is the bolt bending stress.
A.4.3 Calculation of the lever arm sa
sa lever arm of the contact force Fc , is calculated from Formula (A.20) which can be transformed into:
s a3 + a ⋅ s a2 + b ⋅ s a + c =0
(A.28)
where
6 ⋅ Sc ⋅ Ep ⋅ Ip
a=
s a,cr ⋅ m *
(A.29)
b=
( )
6 ⋅ Fp, min − Fe, max ⋅ S sr ⋅ E p ⋅ I p
Fe, max ⋅ m *
(A.30)
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
c =−6 ⋅ S sr ⋅ E p ⋅ I p
(A.31)
Formula (A.28) itself can be transformed into:
y3 + p ⋅ y + q =0 (A.32)
where
a2
p= b −
3 (A.33)
2 ⋅ a3 a ⋅ b
q= − +c
27 3 (A.34)
Then, we calculate the following parameter:

2 3
q p
=R   + 
2 3 (A.35)
y can be determined by:
q q
y =3− + R +3− − R
2 2 (A.36)
Finally, the lever arm s a is determined by:
a
s a= y−
3 (A.37)
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Annex B
(informative)
Proof of fatigue strength of slewing ring raceway: calculation of load history

parameter ssr (example)
B.1 General
The purpose of that annex is to illustrate the evaluation of the main parameters for the assessment of the
proof of fatigue strength of the slewing ring raceways.
The chosen slewing ring links the upper slewing part of a tower crane with the mast.
B.2 Working cycles

B.2.1 Type of crane
This tower crane is permanently installed in a power plant and the total number of working cycles C is
equal to 380 000. Conservatively, the hoist load is considered constant (kQ = 1,0).
The centres of gravity of the slewing part (considered as a whole, see EN 13001-2) and of the hoist load
are represented in Figure B.1 below.
R0 is the radius corresponding to the rest-position of the unloaded trolley.
Key
1 wind directions
G1 is the dead weight of the upper slewing part
Q is the mass of the maximum net load
Figure B.1 — Top slewing tower crane with loads
Concerning the proof of the slewing ring, the main nominal loads to take into account are:
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
— Dead weight of the upper slewing part (G1): 480 000 N;
— Dead weight of the trolley, load lifting attachment and lifted ropes: 3 800 N;
— Mass of the maximum net load (Q): 29 430 N.
The slewing ring is supported by a tubular shell which height is half of the mean race diameter Dm ,
consequently the excess load factor K rep is equal to 1,0.
B.2.2 Description of the sequence of movements
Regarding this crane, the total number of working cycles can be separated into the numbers of working
cycles corresponding to three typical tasks.
The slewing sectors ψ i and working ranges WR i for those three tasks are represented in Figure B.2.
Key
1 lowering
2 lifting
Figure B.2 — Slewing displacements and working ranges
Data needed to specify the working ranges is shown in the Table B.1.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Table B.1 — Identified working ranges for slewing motion
Working range Working range Working range

WR1 WR2 WR3
Average radius Ri [m] 49 38 29

Slewing sector ψi [°] 120 40 85
Specified number of
80 000 140 000 160 000
working cycles
Relative number of
working cycles αi 0,21 0,37 0,42
(see EN 13001-1)
Net load Qi [t] 3 3 3
NOTE The very limited number of net load, working ranges and corresponding slewing sectors in Table B.1
does not reflect the usual duty for such a crane. This data are deliberately reduced for the purpose of the annex
which is to give an application example of the classification of a raceway for the proof of fatigue strength.
B.3 Description of the slewing ring

B.3.1 Type of slewing ring
The slewing ring is a three-row roller bearing type (see Figure B.3).
Figure B.3 — Slewing ring – Cross section
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
B.3.2 Main data
The main data and dimensions concerning the slewing ring are:
Dm = 1, 390 m is the Pitch Circle Diameter of rolling elements of the supporting/retaining raceways
(horizontal rollers);
'
Dm = 1, 49 m is the Pitch Circle Diameter of rolling elements of the radial raceway (vertical rollers);
t p = 35 mm is the supporting flange thickness;
H ring = 110 mm is the height of the slewing ring;
z f = 47 is the number of fasteners.
B.4 Proof of fatigue strength

B.4.1 Load combinations
The design dynamic loads for fatigue strength proof are calculated by applying the load combination A1
(regular loads) in accordance with EN 13001-2 and for this particular crane location, wind loads occur
frequently enough to be included into the fatigue assessment. Those winds can be either wind from rear
or wind from front (see Figure B.1).
All partial safety factors γ p and dynamic factors ϕ i are set equal to 1,0.
The main load combinations are calculated in Table B.2, resulting in a set of axial load Fa, i , radial load Fr, i
and tilting moment M r, i . The radial load Fr, i is mainly due to the wind load.
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
— Working range WR1
It comes:
Table B.2 — load combinations with working range WR1
Nominal Dynamic Partial safety Design axial Nominal tilting Design tilting Design radial
Component Radius
vertical load factor factor load moment moment load
ϕi γp Fa,i R Mr,i Fr,i
[N] [N] [m] [N·m] [N·m] [N]
Upper slewing
part
480 000 1,0 1,0 480 000 −2,1 −1,008 · 106 −1,008 · 106 —
Trolley, load
lifting attachment 3 800 1,0 1,0 3 800 47 178 600 178 600 —
and lifted ropes
Hoist load 29 430 1,0 1,0 29 430 49 1,44 · 106 1,44 · 106 —
Wind load –
— 1,0 1,0 — — — — 5 000
Loaded crane
Wind load –
— 1,0 1,0 — — — — 4 500
Unloaded crane
Total – Loaded crane Fa,1 = 513 230 M r,1 = 612670

Fr,1 = 5 000
Total – Unloaded crane Fa,1 = 483 800 M r,1 = −829 400 Fr,1 = 4 500
96
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Similar calculations are performed for working ranges WR2 in Table B.3 and WR3 in Table B.4, giving:
Total – Loaded crane Fa,2 = 513 230 M r,2 = 247140 Fr,2 = 5 000
Total – Unloaded crane Fa,2 = 483 800 M r,2 = −871200 Fr,2 = 4 500
Total – Loaded crane Fa,3 = 513 230 M r,3 = 51 930 Fr,3 = 5 000
Total – Unloaded crane Fa,3 = 483 800 M r,3 = −905 400 Fr,3 = 4 500
B.4.2 Dynamic axial equivalent loads Pa,i for supporting/retaining raceways
Then, the dynamic axial equivalent load Pa, i for each raceway is calculated from Formula (B.1):
  2 ⋅ M r, i  
 0,66 '   ; 0
Pa, i max K rep
= ⋅ f 2 ⋅  ApF ⋅ Fa, i + ApM ⋅  
  Dm  
    (B.1)
where
K rep = 1, 0 is the excess load factor;
f 2' = 1, 3 is the deformation influence factor (roller bearings, analytical calculation);
ApF ; ApM are the apportionment factors (see Table 5 for supported installations);
Dm = 1, 39 m is the Pitch Circle Diameter of rolling elements of the supporting/retaining raceways

(nota: Dm/4 = 0,347 5).
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
The calculation of all the dynamic axial equivalent loads Pa, i gives:
Table B.5 — Dynamic axial equivalent loads Pa,i
Dynamic axial
Case i Working range Raceway Axial load Tilting moment Condition Factor Factor
equivalent load
M r, i Dm
Fa,i ∣Mr,i∣ > ApF ApM Pa,i
Fa, i 4
[N] [N·m] [N]

1 WR1 – Loaded Supporting 1 1 1 813 200
513 230 612670 yes
2 WR1 – Loaded Retaining −1 1 478 810
3 WR1 – Unloaded Supporting 1 1 2 180 340

483 800 829400 yes
4 WR1 – Unloaded Retaining −1 1 922 460
5 WR2 – Loaded Supporting 1 1 1 129 480

513 230 247140 yes
6 WR2 – Loaded Retaining −1 1 −204 930 →0

483 800 871200 yes
8 WR2 – Unloaded Retaining −1 1 1 000 650
9 WR3 – Loaded Supporting 1 1 764 340

513 230 51930 no
10 WR3 – Loaded Retaining 0 0 0

483 800 905400 yes
12 WR3 – Unloaded Retaining −1 1 1 064 620
98
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
B.4.3 Dynamic radial equivalent loads Pr,i for radial raceway
The dynamic radial equivalent load Pr, i for this raceway is calculated from Formula (B.2).
Pr, i 20,66 ⋅ Fr, i

=
(B.2)
The calculation of all the dynamic radial equivalent loads Pr, i is represented in Table B.6.
Table B.6 — Dynamic radial equivalent loads Pr,i
Case i Working range Radial load Dynamic radial equivalent load

Fr,i Pr,i
[N] [N]
1 WR1 — Loaded 5 000 7 900
2 WR1 — Unloaded 4 500 7 110
3 WR2 — Loaded 5 000 7 900
4 WR2 — Unloaded 4 500 7 110
5 WR3 — Loaded 5 000 7 900
6 WR3 — Unloaded 4 500 7 110
B.4.4 Classification of the raceways
B.4.4.1 Supporting raceway
The different classification parameters are summarized in Table B.7.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Table B.7 — Classification parameters for supporting raceway
Range i Dynamic axial Slewing sector Number of working Number of

equivalent load cycles revolutions
C i ⋅ψ i
Pa,i ψi Ci Ui =
360 °
[N] [°]
1 (Pa, max ) 85 160 000 37 777

2 322 500
2 2 258 530 40 140 000 15 556
3 2 180 340 120 80 000 26 667
4 1 813 200 120 80 000 26 667
5 1 129 480 40 140 000 15 556
6 764 340 85 160 000 37 777
U tot ,sr = 160 000
The relative total number of revolutions ν sr is given by:
U tot ,sr 160000

ν sr
= = = 0, 16
UD 106 (B.3)
The dynamic load spectrum factor k sr is calculated by:

10/3 10/3
777  2 258 530 
37 15556  2180 340  26 667
()
10/3
k sr = 1 × +  × +  × +
160
000  2322500  160 000  2322500  160 000
10/3 10/3 10/3
 1
813 200  26 667  1 129 480  15556  764 340  37 777
  × +  × +  ×
 2322500

 160 000  2322500  160 000  2322500  160 000
= 0, 55 (B.4)
Finally, the supporting raceway history parameter is given by:

s sr = k sr ⋅ ν sr = 0, 55 × 0, 16 = 0, 088
(B.5)
B.4.4.2 Retaining raceway
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Table B.8 — Classification parameters for retaining raceway
Range i Dynamic axial Slewing sector Number of working Number of

C i ⋅ψ i
Pa,i ψi Ci Ui =
360 °
[N] [°]
1 ( Pa, max ) 85 160 000 37 777

1 064 620
2 1 000 650 40 140 000 15 556
3 922 460 120 80 000 26 667
4 478 810 120 80 000 26 667
U tot ,sr = 106 667
U tot ,sr 106667

ν sr
= = = 0, 107
UD 106 (B.6)

10/3 10/3
777  1 000 650 
37 15556  922 460  26 667
()
10/3
k sr = 1 × +  × +  × +
10
6667  1 064 620  106 667  1 064 620  106 667
10/3
 478
810  26 667
  ×
 1
064 620  106 667
= 0, 43 (B.7)
Finally, the retaining raceway history parameter is given by:

s sr = k sr ⋅ ν sr = 0, 107 × 0, 43 = 0, 046
(B.8)
B.4.4.3 Radial raceway
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Table B.9 — Classification parameters for radial raceway
Range i Dynamic radial Slewing sector Number of working Number of

C i ⋅ψ i
Pr,i ψi Ci Ui =
360 °
[N] [°]
120 80 000 26 667
1 (Pr, max ) 40 140 000 15 556
7 900
85 160 000 37 777
120 80 000 26 667
2 7 110 40 140 000 15 556
85 160 000 37 777
U tot ,sr =
160 000
U tot ,sr 160 000

ν sr
= = = 0, 16
UD 10 6 (B.9)

10/3
80  7 110  80
(1 )
10/3
k sr= × +  × = 0, 852
160  7 900  160
(B.10)
Finally, the radial raceway history parameter is given by:

s sr = k sr ⋅ ν sr = 0, 852 × 0, 16 = 0, 136
(B.11)
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Annex C
(informative)
Equivalence of proofs of fatigue strength of slewing rings and rolling

bearings according to EN 13001 method and ISO 281's one
The purpose of this annex is to demonstrate that the proof of fatigue strength of slewing rings or rolling
bearings in accordance with EN 13001 method (in 6.2.3.1.2 and 6.3.2.2.1, respectively) leads to the same
final safety level as the proof in accordance with ISO 281 method (in 6.2.3.1.3 and 6.3.2.2.2, respectively).
This demonstration is only done below for the proof of slewing rings (6.2.3); however it is similarly
applicable to the proof of rolling bearings (6.3.2).
The proof of a slewing ring raceway is defined by Formula (57), reproduced below:
Pa,Sd ≤ C a,Rd
(C.1)
where
Pa,Sd is the design axial dynamic load in accordance with 6.2.1.5; equal to Pa, max , maximal value
of the load history (see 6.2.1.5);
C a,Rd is the limit design dynamic axial load in accordance with 6.2.1.8, defined by Formula (51).
Formula (57) is equivalent to:

Ca
Pa, max ≤ =
C a,Rd ⋅ ff1 ⋅ ff2
γ srf ⋅ p s sr
(C.2)
Using the definition of the slewing ring raceway history parameter in 6.2.1.6, it comes:
C
Pa, max ⋅ p s sr= Pa, max ⋅ p k sr ⋅ ν sr ≤ a ⋅ f f 1 ⋅ f f 2
γ srf
(C.3)
that can be developed as:

 i max p 
  Pa,i  Ui  U tot ,sr C
Pa, max ⋅ p  ∑ 

 i =1  Pa,max
 ⋅
 U tot,sr .
 10
6
≤ a ⋅ ff1 ⋅ ff2
γ srf

  (C.4)
Removing both terms Pa, max from the formula above, we get:
 i max P p ⋅ U  U
 a, i i  p tot ,sr C
p
 ∑
 i =1 U tot,sr
⋅
 106
≤ a ⋅ ff1 ⋅ ff2
γ srf
  (C.5)
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Then, we introduce the equivalences between respectively the influences factors f f 1 , f f 2 and the ISO 281
factors a1 , aISO (see 6.2.1.8.2 and 6.2.1.8.3):
 i max P p ⋅ U  U
 a, i i  p tot ,sr C
p
 ∑
 i =1 U tot ,sr
⋅
 10 6
≤ a ⋅ p a1 ⋅ p aISO
γ srf
  (C.6)
The first term of the left-hand component of the formula above is equal to the mean dynamic equivalent
load Pm defined by Formula (60). Consequently we obtain:
U tot ,sr C
Pm ⋅ p ≤ a ⋅ p a1 ⋅ p a ISO
10 6 γ srf
(C.7)
which is equivalent to
p
U tot ,sr  C 
Pmp ⋅ ≤ a  ⋅ a1 ⋅ aISO
10 6 γ 
 srf  (C.8)
and at final, we get the basic Formula (59) of the proof of fatigue strength in accordance with ISO 281:
p p
U tot ,sr C   1 
Lnm,sr,=
Rd ≤ a  ⋅ a1 ⋅ aISO ⋅ 
10 6 P  γ 
 m   srf  (C.9)
Lnm,sr is the modified rating life, expressed in million revolutions.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Annex D
(informative)
Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application
Is there a product standard in the following list that suits the application?
EN 12999 Cranes — Loader cranes
EN 13000 Cranes — Mobile cranes
EN 14439 Cranes — Safety — Tower cranes
EN 14985 Cranes — Slewing jib cranes
EN 15011 Cranes — Bridge and gantry cranes
EN 13852-1 Cranes — Offshore cranes — Part 1: General purpose offshore cranes
EN 13852-2 Cranes — Offshore cranes — Part 2: Floating cranes
EN 14492-1 Cranes — Power driven winches and hoists — Part 1: Power driven winches
EN 14492-2 Cranes — Power driven winches and hoists — Part 2: Power driven hoists
EN 13157 Cranes — Safety — Hand powered cranes
EN 13155 Cranes – Safety — Non-fixed load lifting attachments
EN 14238 Cranes — Manually controlled load manipulating devices
EN 16851 Cranes — Light crane systems
Anti—collision devices and systems for tower crane — Safety characteristics and
EN 17076
requirements
YES
Use it directly, plus the standards
NO
that are referred to
Use the following:

EN 13001-1 Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirements
EN 13001-2 Cranes — General design — Part 2: Load actions
Cranes — General Design — Part 3–1: Limit States and proof competence of steel
EN 13001-3-1
structure
Cranes — General design — Part 3–2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes
EN 13001-3-2
in reeving systems
Cranes — General design — Part 3–3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail
EN 13001-3-3
contacts
Cranes — General design — Part 3–4: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery
EN 13001-3-4
– Bearings
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Cranes — General design — Part 3–5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged
EN 13001-3-5
hooks
Cranes — General design — Part 3–6: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery
EN 13001-3-6
— Hydraulic cylinders
Cranes — General Design — Part 3–8: Limit States and proof competence of machinery
EN 13001-3-8
— Shafts
EN 13135 Cranes — Safety — Design — Requirements for equipment
EN 13557 Cranes — Controls and control stations
Cranes safety — Requirements for health and safety — Part 2: Limiting and indicating
EN 12077-2
devices
EN 13586 Cranes — Access
EN 14502-1 Cranes — Equipment for the lifting of persons — Part 1: Suspended baskets
EN 14502-2 Cranes — Equipment for the lifting of persons — Part 2: Elevating control stations
EN 12644-1 Cranes — Information for use and testing — Part 1: Instructions
EN 12644-2 Cranes — Information for use and testing — Part 2: Marking
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Annex ZA
(informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential

Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC
This European Standard has been prepared under a Commission’s standardization request “M/396” to
provide one voluntary means of conforming to essential requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC
Machinery.
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive 2006/42/EC,
compliance with the normative clauses of this standard given in Table ZA.1 confers, within the limits of
the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the corresponding essential requirements
of that Directive 2006/42/EC, and associated EFTA regulations.
Table ZA.1 — Correspondence between this European Standard and Annex I of
Directive 2006/42/EC
Essential Requirements of Clause(s)/subclause(s)

Remarks/Notes
Directive 2006/42/EC of this EN
Requirements given in Annex I,
Clauses 4, 5, 6 and 7 all requirements are covered
Clause 1.3.2 and 4.1.2.3
WARNING 1 — Presumption of conformity stays valid only as long as a reference to this European
Standard is maintained in the list published in the Official Journal of the European Union. Users of this
standard should consult frequently the latest list published in the Official Journal of the European Union.
WARNING 2 — Other Union legislation may be applicable to the product(s) falling within the scope of
this standard.
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
Bibliography
Selection of literature that contains information about slewing rings
[1-1] Etude dimensionnement de vis de couronnes d’orientation, Rapport n° 1J9002, CETIM,

décembre 2006
[1-2] VDI 2230, Systematic calculation of High Duty Bolted Joints. Joints with one cylindrical Bolt. Part 1,
November 2015
[1-3] Rapport CETIM n°010454, Modélisation simplifiée de couronne d’orientation, application de la

méthodologie sur une couronne à double et triple rangée, septembre 2008
[1-4] Wind turbine design guideline DG03: yaw and pitch rolling bearing life, T. Harris, JH. Rumbarger,
C.P. Butterfield, December 2009
[1-5] Techniques de l’Ingénieur, fascicule BM 5563v2, octobre 2008
[1-6] Case depth and static capacity of surface induction-hardened rings, J. Lai, P. Ovize, H. Kuipers, A.
Bachetto, E. Loannides. J. ASTM Int. 2009
[1-7] Guideline for the certification of wind turbines, Germanischer Lloyd, WindEnergie, 2010 + Note
on Engineering details, DWM-Schl-extern-003
[1-8] EN ISO 4042, Fasteners - Electroplated coating systems (ISO 4042)
[1-9] EN ISO 15330, Fasteners - Preloading test for the detection of hydrogen embrittlement - Parallel
bearing surface method (ISO 15330)
[1-10] ISO 9587, Metallic and other inorganic coatings -- Pretreatment of iron or steel to reduce the risk
of hydrogen embrittlement
Selection of literature that contains information about rolling bearings
[2-1] Rolling Bearing Analysis, Fifth Edition, Tedric A. Harris, Michael N. Kotzalas, CRC Press,
November 2006
[2-2] ISO/TR 1281-1:2008, Rolling bearings — Explanatory notes on ISO 281 — Part 1: Basic dynamic
load rating and basic rating life
[2-3] ISO/TR 1281-1/AC1:2009, Technical corrigendum 1 to standard ISO/TR 1281-1:2008
[2-4] ISO/TR 10657:1991, Explanatory notes on ISO 76
[2-5] ISO/TS 16281/AC1:2009, Technical corrigendum 1 to standard ISO/TS 16281:2008
[2-6] ISO 5593, Rolling bearings — Vocabulary
[2-7] ISO/TS 16281:2008, Rolling bearings — Methods for calculating the modified reference rating life
for universally loaded bearings
Selection of literature that contains information about plain bearings
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
[3-1] Techniques de l’Ingénieur, matériaux pour paliers lisses, fascicule B5330, novembre 1995
[3-2] Wear mechanisms of statically loaded hydrodynamic bearings by contaminant abrasive

particles, Ronen A., Malkin S. Wear. volume 68 pp. 371–389
[3-3] The Effect of Helical Groove Geometry on Journal Abrasive. Sep J., Pawlus P., Galda L. Archives of
Civil and Mechanical Engineering 2013, 13 (2) pp. 150–157
[3-4] Les revêtements anti-frottement, Pauleau Y., Lavoisier, 2015
[3-5] Sintered iron-copper-tin-lead low friction materials — Effect of temperature, Chandrasekaran

M., Singh P. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2000, 292 pp. 26–33
[3-6] ASM Handbook Volume 18: Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology, Editor: Peter J. Blau,
1992
[3-7] Bearings, a Tribology Handbook, M.J. Neale. Butterworth Heinemann, 1993
[3-8] Dommage par Fatigue, Lalanne C., Hermes (Wiesb.), 1999
[3-9] Mechanics C. Johnson. K. L. Cambridge University Press, 1985
[3-10] Friction and Wear of Materials. Rabinowicz E. John Wiley and sons, Second Edition, 1995
[3-11] ISO 3547-4:2017, Plain bearings — Wrapped bushes — Part 4: Materials
[3-12] ISO 4378-1:2017, Plain bearings — Terms, definitions, classification and symbols — Part 1: Design,
bearing materials and their properties
[3-13] ISO 4378-2:2017, Plain bearings — Terms, definitions, classification and symbols — Part 2:
Friction and wear
Lubrication
[3-15] ISO 4378-4:2009, Plain bearings — Terms, definitions, classification and symbols — Part 4: Basic
symbols
Application of symbols
[3-17] ISO 4382-1:1991, Plain bearings — Copper alloys — Part 1: Cast copper alloys for solid and
multilayer thick-walled plain bearings
[3-18] ISO 4382-2:1991, Plain bearings — Copper alloys — Part 2: Wrought copper alloys for solid plain
bearings
[3-19] ISO 4383:2012, Plain bearings — Multilayer materials for thin-walled plain bearings
[3-20] ISO 6691:2000, Thermoplastic polymers for plain bearings — Classification and designation
[3-21] ISO 12240-1:1998, Spherical plain bearings — Part 1: Radial spherical plain bearings
TS EN 13001-3-4 : 2020-02
EN 13001-3-4:2018 (E)
[3-22] ISO 12240-2:1998, Spherical plain bearings — Part 2: Angular contact radial spherical plain
bearings
[3-22] ISO 12240-3:1998, Spherical plain bearings — Part 3: Thrust spherical plain bearings
[3-23] ISO 20015:2017, Spherical plain bearings — Method for the calculation of static and dynamic load
ratings
Other standards
[4-1] EN 1982:2017, Copper and copper alloys — Ingots and castings
[4-2] EN 10083-2:2006, Steels for quenching and tempering — Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for
non alloy steels
[4-3] EN 10083-3:2006, Steels for quenching and tempering — Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for
alloy steels
[4-4] EN ISO 1101:2017, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Geometrical tolerancing —

Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out (ISO 1101:2017)

TS en 13001 3 4

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

TS en 13001 3 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TÜRK

ICS 53.020.20; 53.020.30

Vinçler - Genel tasarım - Bölüm 3-4: Rulmanlar-sınır

Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception

Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-4: Grenzzustände und

© Türk Standardları Enstitüsü

TSE Standard Hazırlama Merkezi Başkanlığı

Tel: + 90 312 416 63 80

Bu standard, CEN/TC 147 “Cranes - Safety-Vinçler - Güvenlik” Teknik Komitesi tarafından

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 13001-3-4

ICS 21.100.01; 53.020.20

Cranes - General design - Part 3-4: Limit states and proof

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 July 2018.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

B.2.2 Description of the sequence of movements........................................................................................ 93

— Part 1: General principles and requirements;

— Part 2: Load actions;

— Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structures;

— Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts;

— Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged hooks;

— Part 3-7: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery — Gears;

— Part 3-8: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery — Shafts.

Annexes A, B, C and D are informative.

— exceeding temperature limits of material or components;

— elastic instability of the crane or its parts (buckling, bulging).

EN 13001-1, Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirements

EN 13001-2, Crane safety — General design — Part 2: Load actions

ISO 76:2006, Rolling bearings — Static load ratings

ISO 4306-1:2007, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General

3 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp

[SOURCE: ISO 5593, modified]

Figure 1 — Rolling bearings dimensions

3.2 Symbols and abbreviations

ApM Apportionment factor for tilting moment Mr (slewing ring)

As Bolt stress area (fixing element)

f f '2 Inclusion factor (fatigue slewing ring)

ff2 Factor for additional influences (fatigue)

f f'3 Surface hardness factor (fatigue)

fRd Limit design stress

f f'1 Factor for shear in slewing ring sub-hardened layer (fatigue)

f2 Deformation influence factor for slewing ring (static)

f 2' Deformation influence factor for slewing ring (fatigue)

f3 Surface hardness factor (static)

sa Lever arm of the contact force Fc (slewing ring)

sm Bolt stress history parameter

X ang Average angular displacement (EN 13001-1)

ΔFb Additional bolt force (slewing ring)

The documentation of the proof of competence shall include:

— applicable loads and load combinations;

— material grades and qualities;

— used bearing provider instructions and requirements;

— relevant limit states;

— results of the proof of competence calculation and tests when applicable.

— materials for wrapped bushes: ISO 3547-4;

— Copper alloys (e.g. Bronze): ISO 4382 and EN 1982.

The rotational guiding of rotating parts can be ensured by means of:

4.3.2 Slewing rings

Manufacturer’s instructions on installation, maintenance and positioning (lubrication, centring, gear

Supported slewing ring

Suspended slewing ring

4.3.2.2 Supporting structure