Foundation Engineering Formula Review  Passive Earth Pressure for Inclined Backfill Sturt Loads

Chapter 1, Introduction 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + √cos 2 𝛼 − cos2 𝜙 𝑃1 = 𝑅1 ∗ 𝑆, 𝑃2 = 𝑅2 ∗ 𝑆, 𝑃3 = 𝑅3 ∗ 𝑆 ….

 Purpose, importance and types of foundation 𝑃𝑝 = 𝐾𝑝 𝛾𝐻, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐾𝑝 = ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑆 = 𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − √cos 2 𝛼 − cos2 𝜙
 Factors affecting choice of foundations Wales Maximum Bending Moments
 Active Earth Pressure for Inclined Backfill and Inclined Retaining Wall
𝑅𝑥 ∗ 𝑠 2
1 sin2 (𝛽 + 𝜙 ′ ) 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = , 𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡𝑠
Chapter 2, Site Investigation 𝑃𝑎 = 𝐾𝑎 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝐻 2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐾𝑎 = 2 8
2
Design features affecting the sample disturbance sin(𝜙 ′ + 𝛿) ∗ sin(𝜙 ′ − 𝑖)
2
sin 𝛽 ∗ sin(𝛽 − 𝛿) [1 + √ ]
sin(𝛽 − 𝛿) ∗ sin(𝛽 + 𝑖) Chapter 6, Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation
 Net ultimate bearing capacity, 𝑞𝑛𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 − 𝛾𝐷𝑓
 Passive Earth Pressure for Inclined Backfill and Inclined Retaining Wall  Gross Safe Bearing Capacity, 𝑞𝑠 = 𝑞𝑛𝑠 + 𝛾 ∗ 𝐷𝑓 =
𝑞𝑛𝑢
+ 𝛾𝐷𝑓
1 sin2 (𝛽 − 𝜙 ′ ) 𝑞𝑛𝑢
𝐹𝑂𝑆
𝑃𝑝 = 𝐾𝑝 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝐻 2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐾𝑝 = 2  Net Safe Bearing Capacity, 𝑞𝑛𝑠 =
2 𝐹𝑂𝑆
sin(𝜙 ′ + 𝛿) ∗ sin(𝜙 ′ + 𝑖)  Allowable Safe Bearing Capacity, 𝑞𝑛𝑎 = 𝑞𝑛𝑢 𝑖𝑓 𝑞𝑛𝑝 > 𝑞𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞𝑛𝑎 = 𝑞𝑛𝑝 𝑖𝑓 𝑞𝑛𝑝 < 𝑞𝑛𝑠
sin2 𝛽 ∗ sin(𝛽 + 𝛿) [1 − √ ]
sin(𝛽 + 𝛿) ∗ sin(𝛽 + 𝑖)  Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Equation,
1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 + 𝐶𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞
 Active Earth Pressure by Trial Wedge Method 2
1 𝜙 𝑎2
𝑃𝑎 = ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝐻 2 ∗ tan2 (45𝑜 − ) 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑁𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜙 [ − 1]
2 2 𝜙
2 cos 2 (45𝑜 + )
 Passive Earth Pressure by Trial Wedge Method 2
1 𝜙 𝑎2 1 𝐾𝑝
𝑃𝑝 = ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝐻 2 ∗ tan2 (45𝑜 + ) 𝑁𝑞 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁𝛾 = [ 2 − 1] ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙
2 2 𝜙 2 cos 𝜙
2∗ cos 2 (45𝑜 + )
2
3𝜋 𝜙
𝐷22 −𝐷12 Chapter 4, Earth Retaining Structure and Coffer Dam 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑎 = 𝑒 4 2
( − )∗𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
 Area Ratio: 𝐴𝑟 = ∗ 100, (𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 10%) Stability Analysis of Retaining Wall
𝐷12  Bearing Capacity Formula for different shapes of foundation
𝐷3 −𝐷1
 Inside Clearance: 𝐶𝑖 = ∗ 100%, (𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒, 0.5 − 3%)  Stability Check for Overturning  For Strip Footing
𝐷1
𝐷2 −𝐷4
∑𝑀𝑅 𝑞𝑢 = 𝐶𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾
 Outside Clearance: 𝐶𝑜 = ∗ 100%, (𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 0 𝑡𝑜 2%) 𝐹𝑂𝑆 = (1.5 𝑡𝑜 2)
𝐷4 ∑𝑀𝑂  For Square Footing
𝐿
 Recovery Ratio: 𝐿𝑟 = , ∑𝑀𝑅 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑒 𝑞𝑢 = (1.2 𝑜𝑟 1.3) ∗ 𝐶𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.4𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾
𝐻
𝐿𝑟 = 1, 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦, 𝐿𝑟 < 1, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑, 𝐿𝑟 > 1, 𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 ∑𝑀𝑂 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑒  For Circular Footing
𝐿 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑞𝑢 = (1.2 𝑜𝑟 1.3) ∗ 𝐶𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.3𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾
 Inside Wall Friction  Stability Check Against Sliding  For Rectangular Footing
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑎 ∗ ℎ
 Design of Non-Return Valve 𝐹𝑂𝑆 = = 0.2𝐵 0.2𝐵
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑑ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒 + 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 + 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑞𝑢 = 𝐶𝑁𝑐 ∗ (1 + ) + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 (1 − )
Standard Penetration Test (SPT Test) 𝐿 𝐿
 Stability Check Against Bearing Capacity Failure
 SPT value (N) = Number of blows for last two 150 mm penetration 𝑞𝑛𝑎  Bearing Capacity Formula for different types of soils
 SPT correction due to overburden pressure 𝐹𝑂𝑆 = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑞𝑛𝑎 = 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙  For Pure Cohesive Soil, 𝜙 = 0, 𝑁𝑞 = 1, 𝑁𝛾 = 0
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑁𝑐 = 𝐶𝑁 ∗ 𝑁, 𝑁𝑐 = 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑁 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒, 𝑁 = 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑁 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ∑𝑉 6𝑒 𝐵 𝑞𝑢 = 𝐶𝑁𝐶 + 𝛾𝐷𝑓
2000 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (1 ± ) , 𝑒 = − 𝑥̅  For Pure Cohesionless Soil, 𝐶 = 0
𝐶𝑁 = 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.77 log10 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜 > 25 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 𝐵 𝐵 2
𝑃𝑜 Sheet Piles 𝑞𝑢 = 𝛾𝐷𝑓 𝑁𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑃𝑜 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏 ∗ 𝐻  Cantilever Sheet Pile  For Mixed Soil,
 SPT Correction due to dilatency correction o Free Cantilever Sheet Pile 𝑞𝑢 = 𝐶𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾
1 o Cantilever Sheet Pile  Bearing Capacity Formula for General and Local Shear Failure
𝑁𝑐′ = 15 + (𝑁𝑐 − 15), 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑁𝑐 > 15
2  Anchored Sheet Pile  For General Shear Failure
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑁𝑐′ = 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑁 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒, o Free Earth Support 𝑞𝑢 = 𝐶𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾
𝑁𝑐 = 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑁 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 o Fixed Earth Support  For Local Shear Failure
Method of Analysis 𝑐̅ = 0.67𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜙̅ = tan−1 (0.67tan(𝜙)
Chapter 3, Lateral Earth Pressure Theories  Exact Analysis  Effect of Water Table on Bearing Capacity of Soil
 Lateral Earth Pressure (𝜎𝐻 ) = 𝑘 ∗ 𝜎𝑉 = 𝑘 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝐻  Simplified Analysis / Approximate Analysis 𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝛾𝐷𝑓 𝑁𝑞 ∗ 𝑅𝑤1 + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 ∗ 𝑅𝑤2
 Earth Pressure at Rest,
𝐷𝑤1 𝐷𝑤2
𝜎𝐻 = 𝐾𝑜 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝑍, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐾𝑜 = 1 − sin(𝜙) Chapter 5, Arching in soil and Braced Cuts 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑅𝑤1 = 0.5 [1 + ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑤2 = 0.5 [1 + ]
 Active Earth pressure (Cohesionless soil) 𝐷𝑓 𝐵
Lateral Earth Pressures on Sheetings
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 𝜙 𝐷𝑤1 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑇 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐺𝐿
𝑃𝑎 = 𝐾𝑎 ∗ 𝜎𝑉 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐾𝑎 = = tan2 (45𝑜 − ) 𝐷𝑤2 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑇 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 (𝑈𝑝𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 𝐵)
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 2
 Passive Earth pressure (Cohesionless soil)  Skempton’s Analysis
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 𝜙 Net ultimate bearing capacity (𝑞𝑛𝑢 ) = 𝐶𝑁𝑐
𝑃𝑝 = 𝐾𝑝 ∗ 𝜎𝑉 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐾𝑝 = = tan2 (45𝑜 + ) 𝐷𝑓
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 2 For Strip Footing, 𝑁𝑐 = 5 (1 + 0.2 ∗ )
𝐵
 Active Earth pressure (Cohesive soil) 𝐷𝑓
For Square or Circular Footing, 𝑁𝑐 = 6 (1 + 0.2 ∗ )
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 𝜙 𝐵
𝑃𝑎 = 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝑍 − 2𝐶√𝐾𝑎 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐾𝑎 = = tan2 (45𝑜 − )
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 2
2𝐶 For Rectangular Footing
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘, 𝑍𝑐 =  When
𝐷𝑓 𝐵
< 2.5, 𝑁𝑐 = 5 [1 + 0.2 ∗ ] ∗ [1 + 0.2 ∗
𝐷𝑓
]
𝛾 ∗ √𝐾𝑎 𝐵 𝐿 𝐵
𝐷𝑓 𝐵 𝐷𝑓
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑡, 𝐻𝑐 = 2 ∗ 𝑍𝑐  When ≥ 2.5, 𝑁𝑐 = 7.5 [1 + 0.2 ∗ ] ∗ [1 + 0.2 ∗ ]
𝐵 𝐿 𝐵
 Passive Earth pressure (Cohesive soil)  Plate Load Test
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 𝜙  For Clay Soil, 𝑞𝑢 (𝑓) = 𝑞𝑢 (𝑝)
𝑃𝑝 = 𝐾𝑝 𝛾𝑍 + 2𝐶 √𝐾𝑝 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐾𝑝 = = tan2 (45𝑜 + )
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 2 𝐵
 For Sandy Soil, 𝑞𝑢 (𝑓) = 𝑞𝑢 (𝑝) ∗ 𝑓
 Active Earth Pressure for Inclined Backfill 𝐵𝑝
 For Moist Sand, 𝑃𝑎 = 0.65 ∗ 𝛾𝐻 ∗ 𝐾𝑎 𝐵𝑓
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − √cos 2 𝛼 − cos2 𝜙 𝛾𝐻  For Clay Soil, 𝑆𝑓 = 𝑆𝑝 ∗
𝐵𝑝
𝑃𝑎 = 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝐻, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐾𝑎 = ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼  When ≤ 4, soil is firm clay.
𝐶
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + √cos 2 𝛼 − cos2 𝜙 𝛾𝐻
 When > 4, soil is soft to medium clay.
𝐶
 2
𝐵𝑓 (𝐵𝑝 +0.3)
 For Sandy Soil, 𝑆𝑓 = 𝑆𝑝 ∗ [ ]
𝐵𝑝 (𝐵𝑓 +0.3)
 Rankine’s Formula for ultimate load bearing capacity  Hiley’s Formula
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙′
2 𝑊ℎ𝜂𝑏 ∗ 𝜂ℎ
𝑞𝑢 = 𝛾𝐷𝑓 [ ] 𝑄𝑢 = , 𝑊 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟, ℎ = 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙′ 𝐶
𝑆+
2
 Hansen’s Bearing Capacity Equation 𝜂𝑏 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑤, 𝜂ℎ = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟
𝑞𝑢 = 𝐶𝑁𝑐 𝑆𝑐 𝑑𝐶 𝑖𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝑆𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑖𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 𝑆𝛾 𝑑𝛾 𝑖𝛾 𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑠 = 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑅
 Settlement of Shallow Foundation 𝐶1 = 1.77 ∗ , 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑦
𝐴
 Immediate Settlement 𝑅𝐷
𝐶2 = 0.657 ∗ , 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑒
1 − 𝜇2 𝐴
𝑠𝑖 = 𝑞𝐵 ∗ ∗ 𝐼𝑓 𝑅
𝐸𝑠 𝐶3 = 3.55 ∗ , 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
 Primary Settlement / Consolidation Settlement (𝑆𝑝 ) 𝐴
𝐻 𝜎̅𝑂 + ∆𝜎̅ Also, 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑒 + 𝐴𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑙 + 𝐻𝑒𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑡 𝐹𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑆𝑝 = 𝐶𝑐 ∗ ∗ log10 ( ) 𝑒 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝜎̅𝑂
𝑊 + 𝑒2𝑃
𝑆𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 ∗ ∆𝜎̅ ∗ 𝐻 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑊 > 𝑃 ∗ 𝑒, 𝜂𝑏 =
∆𝑒 𝑊+𝑃
𝑆𝑝 = ∗𝐻 𝑊 + 𝑒2𝑃 𝑊 − 𝑒𝑃 2
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑊 < 𝑃 ∗ 𝑒, 𝜂𝑏 = −( )
 Secondary Settlement (𝑆𝑠 ) – Very less , can be neglected. 𝑊+𝑃 𝑊+𝑃
 Pile Group in Cohesionless soil
 For Eccentric Load
𝑄𝑈 (𝑔) = 𝑛 ∗ 𝑄𝑢 (𝑆)
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐿 − 2𝑒𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐵 − 2𝑒𝑥
 Pile Group in Cohesive Soil
 Individual Failure
Chapter 7, Mat Foundations 𝑄𝑢 (𝑔) = 𝑛 ∗ 𝑄𝑢 (𝑆)
 Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundation  Block Failure
 For Cohesionless soil 𝑄𝑢 (𝑔) = 𝑄𝑏 (𝑔) + 𝑄𝑓 (𝑔)
𝑞𝑛𝑠 = 0.22𝑁 2 𝐵𝑅𝑤1 + 0.67(100 + 𝑁 2 )𝐷𝑓 ∗ 𝑅𝑤2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑁 < 5 𝑄𝑏 (𝑔) = 𝐶𝑁𝐶 ∗ (𝐴𝑠 )𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑓 (𝑔) = 𝛼𝐶̅ ∗ (𝐴𝑠 )𝐵
And safe settlement pressure for 25mm settlement is given as  The pile capacity is taken as least of above two failure condition.
𝑞𝑛𝑝 = 17.5 ∗ (𝑁 − 3) ∗ 𝑅𝑤1 𝑄𝑢 (𝑔)
Then, 𝑄𝑎 =
𝐹𝑜𝑟 50 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝐹𝑂𝑆
𝑞𝑛𝑝 = 22 ∗ 𝑅𝑤1 ∗ 𝑁  Efficiency of Pile Group
 For Cohesive Soil 𝑄𝑢 (𝑔)
𝜂𝑔 = ∗ 100%
0.2𝐷𝑓 0.2𝐵 𝑛 ∗ 𝑄𝑢 (𝑆)
𝑞𝑛𝑢 = 𝐶𝑁𝑐 (1 + ) ∗ (1 + ) 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝
𝐵 𝐿
 Conventional Method of Design of Mat Foundation 𝜃 (𝑛 − 1)𝑚 + (𝑚 − 1)𝑛
𝜂𝑔 = 1 − [ ]
 Determine the line of action of all loads acting on the raft. 90 𝑚𝑛
 Determine contact pressure distribution as, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑚 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠, 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤
𝑄 𝑑
𝐼𝑓 𝑒 = 0, 𝑞= 𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) , 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝐴 𝑠
𝑄 𝑄 ∗ 𝑒𝑥 ∗ 𝑋 𝑄 ∗ 𝑒𝑦 ∗ 𝑌  Pile Group Subjected to Eccentric Load
𝐼𝑓 𝑒 ≠ 0, 𝑞= ± ±
𝐴 𝐼𝑦𝑦 𝐼𝑋𝑋 Load transmitted to particular pile (𝑄𝑖 ) is,
 Divide slab into strips in X and Y directions. Each strip is assumed to act as 𝑄 𝑀𝑦 ∗ 𝑋 𝑀𝑋 ∗ 𝑌
𝑄𝑖 = ± ±
independent beam subjected to the contact pressure and the column loads. 𝑛 ∑𝑋 2 ∑𝑌 2
 Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for each strips. 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑀𝑥 = 𝑄 ∗ 𝑒𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑦 = 𝑄 ∗ 𝑒𝑥
 Determine the modified column load as  Negative Skin Friction
1 𝑄𝑈′ = 𝑄𝑢 − 𝑄𝑛𝑠𝑓
𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝑈𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑)
2 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑄𝑛𝑠𝑓 = 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑘𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1
𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 + 𝑞𝑎𝑣𝑔 ∗ 𝐵1 ∗ 𝐵)
2
 The modified average soil pressure is Chapter 9, Well Foundation
𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑔  Depth of Well Foundation
𝑞̅𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑞𝑎𝑣𝑔 ∗ = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑑𝑓 ) = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ (𝑑𝑠 ) + 𝐺𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑑𝑔 )
𝑞𝑎𝑣𝑔 ∗ 𝐵1 ∗ 𝐵 𝐵1 ∗ 𝐵
1
 The column load modification factor (F) is 𝑄 3
𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ (𝑑𝑠 ) = 0.473 ∗ ( ) , 𝑓 = 𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1.76√𝑑𝑚
𝐹= 𝑓
𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 𝑚3
All the column loads are multiplied by ‘F’ for that strip. 𝑄 = 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 , 𝑑𝑚 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚
𝑠
1
Chapter 8, Pile Foundations 𝐺𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = ∗ 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
3
 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of pile is  Lateral Stability of Well Foundation
𝑄𝑢 = 𝑄𝑏 + 𝑄𝑓  Terzaghi’s Method
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑄𝑏 = 𝑞𝑏 ∗ 𝐴𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞𝑏 = 𝐶𝑁𝑐 + (𝑁𝑞 − 1)𝜎𝑉 + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾  IRC Method
𝑄𝑓 = 𝐶𝑎 ∗ 𝐴𝑠 ,
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙, 𝑄𝑢 = 𝐶𝑁𝑐 𝐴𝑏 + 𝛼𝐶̅ 𝐴𝑠 Chapter 10, Foundation Soil Improvement
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙, 𝑄𝑢 = (𝑁𝑞 − 1)𝜎𝑉 𝐴𝑏 + 𝐾𝜎̅𝑉 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 ∗ 𝐴𝑠  No Numerical
 Bearing Capacity of pile from Dynamic Pile Driving Formula
 Engineering News Record Formula Chapter 11, Machine Foundation
𝐸𝑛 𝜂ℎ  No Numerical
𝑄𝑢 = , 𝑆 = 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑤, 𝐸𝑛 = 𝑊 ∗ ℎ
𝑆+𝐶
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑐 = 2.54𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑐 = 0.254𝑐𝑚