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𝑛 𝐴∪𝐵 Kecerunan, m 𝐽𝑢𝑚𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑢𝑠
=𝑛 𝐴 +𝑛 𝐵 −𝑛 𝐴∩𝐵 𝑗𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑘 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑖
= = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑘𝑜 − 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑗𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑘 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑓𝑢𝑘
× 𝑛𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑖 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑒ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎
𝑛 𝐴′ = 𝑛 𝜉 − 𝑛 𝐴 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑘𝑎𝑖
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = 𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑛
− 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑘𝑎𝑖
− 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑘𝑎𝑖

𝑛 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = 𝑛 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ′ 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑛 − 𝑦 𝐶𝑢𝑘𝑎𝑖 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑢

𝑚=−
𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑛 − 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑘𝑎𝑖 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑢
× 𝑛𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑖 𝑡𝑎ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑛

𝑛 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = 𝑛 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ′ 𝑗𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑘 𝐶𝑢𝑘𝑎𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑎ℎ

𝐿𝑎𝑗𝑢 = = 𝑘𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑘𝑎𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑎ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑝
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑎
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑛
× 𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑎ℎ
𝑛 𝐴 𝐿𝑎𝑗𝑢 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝐹𝑎𝑘𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑎, 𝑘
𝑃 𝐴 = 𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑗𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑘 =
𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑖 𝑦𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑑 𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑗
𝑛 𝑆 = 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑘
𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑎

Peristiwa pelengkap, A 𝑃𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐿𝑢𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑗

𝑃 𝐴′ = 1 − 𝑃 𝐴 𝑃𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑗𝑢 = 𝑘 2 × 𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑘
=
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑢𝑏𝑎ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑎

𝑃 𝐴 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 Σ𝑥 𝐽𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑘 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑎ℎ 𝑏𝑎𝑔𝑖 𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠

𝑥ҧ = 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑔𝑖 − 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑘 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑎ℎ 𝑏𝑎𝑔𝑖
𝑁 𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎ℎ

𝑃 𝐴∩𝐵 =𝑃 𝐴 ×𝑃 𝐵 Σ𝑓𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑠𝑖ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑖 , 𝜎

𝑥ҧ =
Σ𝑓 Σ𝑥 2
= − 𝑥ҧ 2
𝑁
𝑃 𝐴 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑢 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 Σ 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 2 Σ𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 2
2 2
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠, 𝜎 = 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠, 𝜎 =
𝑁 Σ𝑓
Σ𝑥 2 2
Σ𝑓𝑥
= − 𝑥ҧ 2 = − 𝑥ҧ 2
𝑁 Σ𝑓

𝑃 𝐴∪𝐵 1 𝑑 −𝑏 𝑆𝑖𝑠𝑖ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑖, 𝜎

𝐴−1 =
=𝑃 𝐴 +𝑃 𝐵 −𝑃 𝐴∩𝐵 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎 Σ𝑓𝑥 2
= = 𝑥ҧ 2
Σ𝑓

Σ𝑑 𝑣 = 2𝐸 ; 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐽𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑘𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙

𝑁𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑖 𝑚𝑢𝑘𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑖 = 𝑘𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙 𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎, 𝑄3
=
𝑅𝑀 𝑥 − 𝑘𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑄1
@icebearrawrr × 𝑘𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑀𝑥