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Impulse and Momentum Momentum

Momentum – the product of the mass
and velocity of a body.
Momentum = mass  velocity
p = mv
S.I. unit:
 Momentum is a vector quantity.
 The direction of the momentum is

Physics for engineers the same as that of the velocity.

Momentum is defined as “Inertia in Motion”.

Large Momentum Examples

 The momentum of an object:  Huge bus moving at a small velocity

 Depends on the object’s mass.

 Momentum is directly proportional to
mass.
P = Mv
 High velocity bullet
 Depends on the object’s velocity.
 Momentum is directly proportional to
velocity.
P = mv

Momentum Examples

What is the momentum if the object A large truck has more momentum
with large mass is at rest? than a car moving at the same speed
because it has a greater mass.

 Which is more difficult to slow

down? The car or the large truck?
Momentum is zero.
Large truck

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Example 1 Example 2

What is the momentum of a 1.5-N A projectile has a momentum of 1.6× 10

baseball which is dropped from the top kg m/s and a speed of 200 m/s. What is
of the 170 m Washington monument? its mass? What is its weight?
Given: = 1.5 , = 170 , =0 Given: p = 1.6 × 10 kg m/s, = 200 /
Req’d: =? = Req’d: m=? =?

= = +2 ∆ = = =
1.5 = +2 ∆ = 0.153(57.72) 1.6 × 10 =80(9.8)
= = = =
9.8 = 0 + 2(9.8)(170) 200 = 784
= 8.83
= 0.153 = 57.72 / = 80

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

Second LAW: Third LAW:
The force on an object is equal to the product of For every force that one object exerts on a
that object’s mass times its acceleration. The second object, there is an equal but oppositely
acceleration is in the same direction as the force. directed force that the second object exerts on
the first object.
=
(For every action there is an equal but opposite reaction)
= ∆ /∆

= . ∆ /∆ .∆ = .∆ ∆ = ∆
= .∆ If the external force acting on a system of objects is
zero, the total momentum is conserved.
∆ = .∆ Change in “momentum”

Impulse Impulse

 Impulse– the product of force and  The impulse exerted on an object

time during which the force acts. depends on:
J= ∆  The force acting on the object.
where:  Impulse is directly proportional to force.
J is impulse measured in Newton second (Ns)  The time that the force acts.
F is force measured in Newton (N)  Impulse is directly proportional to time.
t is time measured in second (s)

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Impulse-Momentum Theorem When Force is Limited

Impulse is equal to the change in  Apply a force for a long

momentum. time.
 Examples:
J= ∆
 Follow through on a golf swing.
∆ = −  Pushing a car.
∆ = ( − )
If no impulse is exerted on an object,
Dt
F

the momentum of the object will not

change.

Minimize the Force Maximize Momentum Change

Apply a force for a short time.

Increase Dt
 Examples:
 Catching a ball  Boxing
 Karate
 Bungee jumping

F Dt F Dt

Example 3
Given: m = 0.2 kg, = −30 , = 50 , = 0.002
A baseball has a mass of about Req’d: =?
0.2 kg if the velocity of a pitched
ball is 30 m/s and after being ∆ = ( − )

batted it is 50 m/s in the ( − )

=
∆
opposite direction. Find the 0.2(50 − − 30 )
average force of the blow if the =
0.002
ball remains in contact with the = 8000
bat for 0.002 s.

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Example 4
Given: m = 0.05 kg, = 400 , = 0, = 0.1
A bullet having a mass of 0.05 kg, moving with a
Req’d: =? , =? , =? =?
velocity of 400 m/s penetrates a distance of 0.1 m
into a wooden block firmly attached to the earth.
Assume the accelerating force constant. Compute the = +2 ∆ = = +
− =2 ∆ = 0.05 800,000 − =
acceleration of the bullet, the accelerating force, the −
− = 40,000 =
time of acceleration and the impulse of the collision. =
2∆ 0 − 400
0 − 400 =
= −800,000
2(0.1) = ∆
= 5 × 10
= −800,000 / = 40,000 0.0005
= 0.0005
= 20

Conservation of Momentum Conservation of Momentum

The Law of Conservation of Momentum:
“In the absence of an external
force (gravity, friction), the total
momentum before the collision is
equal to the total momentum after
the collision.”
If a system undergoes changes wherein all forces are
internal, the net momentum of the system before
and after the event is the same. Examples are:
• atomic nuclei undergoing radioactive decay,
• cars colliding, and
• stars exploding.
=
− initial momentum before collision
− final momentum after collision

Collisions Types of Collision

Before  Elastic Collision  Inelastic Collision

  - Momentum and
v 01 v 02 - Only momentum is
kinetic energy conserved.
m1 m2 are conserved. - Some or all of the
After   - Objects do not kinetic energy are
v1 v2
stick together lost.
m1 m2
after collision. - Objects stick
    together after
m1 v 01  m 2 v02  m1v1  m 2 v 2
collision.

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Elastic Collisions Elastic Collision

A situation where the objects DO NOT
Conserve Energy and Momentum
STICK is one type of collision
Before Collision

Case 1: Equal masses

Case 2: M>M
Case 3: M<M

Notice that in EACH case, you have TWO objects BEFORE and AFTER
the collision.

Coefficient of Restitution Elastic Collision

-the ratio of the relative velocity after collision to the
relative velocity before collision.
v 2  v1
e
v01  v 02
 Forperfectly elastic collisions e = 1. Spbefore = Spafter
 Ifthe two object stick together, e = 0. m1vo1  m2vo 2  m1v1  m2 v2
(1000)(20)  0  (1000)(v1 )  (3000)(10)
 Otherwise 0 < e < 1.
 10000  1000v1
v1  -10 m/s

Elastic Collision Inelastic Collisions

Another type of collision is one where

the objects “STICK” together. Notice
you have TWO objects before the
collision and ONE object after the
KEcar ( Before)  1 mv 2  0.5(1000)(20) 2  200,000 J
2 collision.
KEtruck ( After )  0.5(3000)(10) 2  150,000 J
KEcar ( After )  0.5(1000)(10) 2  50,000 J
Since KINETIC ENERGY is conserved during the collision we call this an
ELASTIC COLLISION.

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Inelastic Collision
Spbefore = Spafter
m1vo1  m2 vo 2  mT vT
(1000)(20)  0  (4000)vT
20000  4000vT
vT  5 m/s
Example
Granny (m=80 kg) whizzes
around the rink with a
velocity of 6 m/s. She
suddenly collides with
Ambrose (m=40 kg) who is at
rest directly in her path.
Rather than knock him over,
she picks him up and
continues in motion without
"braking." Determine the
velocity of Granny and
How many objects do I have before the collision? Ambrose.
2  p0   p f
How many objects do I have after the collision? m1v o1  m 2 v o 2  mT vT
1 (80 )( 6 )  ( 40 )( 0 )  120 vT
vT  4 m/s
Backwards Inelastic - Explosions
Suppose we have a 4-kg rifle
loaded with a 0.010 kg
bullet. When the rifle is
fired the bullet exits the
barrel with a velocity of
300 m/s. How fast does
the gun RECOIL
Spbefore = Sp backwards?
after
mT vT  m1v1  m2v2
(4.010)(0)  (0.010)(300)  (4)(v2 )
0  3  4v2
v2  -0.75 m/s
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Inelastic Collision
KEcar ( Before)  1 mv 2  0.5(1000)( 20) 2  200,000 J
2
KEtruck / car ( After )  0.5(4000)(5) 2  50,000 J
Since KINETIC ENERGY was NOT conserved during the collision we call
this an INELASTIC COLLISION.
The “explosion” type
This type is often referred to as
“backwards inelastic”. Notice you
have ONE object ( we treat this as
a SYSTEM) before the explosion
and TWO objects after the
explosion.
Collision Summary
Sometimes objects stick together or
blow apart. In this case, momentum is
ALWAYS conserved.
p before
  p after
m1v01  m2v02  m1v1  m2v2 When 2 objects collide and DON’T stick
m1v01  m2v02  mtotal vtotal When 2 objects collide and stick together
mtotal vo ( total )  m1v1  m2v2 When 1 object breaks into 2 objects
Elastic Collision = Kinetic Energy is Conserved
Inelastic Collision = Kinetic Energy is NOT Conserved
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Example 5
Given: m1 = 3 kg, 2 =8 , =4 , 02 = −1.5 /
On a frictionless table, a 3-kg block
moving 4 m/s to the right collides with a. Stick together
an 8 kg block moving 1.5 m/s to the left. Req’d: =?
a. If the two blocks stick together, what is the final +
1 01 2 02 = 1 + 2
velocity? 1 01 + 2 02
=
b. If the two blocks make a completely elastic head 1+ 2
3(4) + 8(−1.5)
on collision, what are their final velocity? =
3+8
c. How much mechanical energy is dissipated in =0
collision of part (a)?

Given: m1 = 3 kg, 2 = 8 , =4 , 02 = −1.5 / Given: m1 = 3 kg, 2 =8 , =4 , 02 = −1.5 /

b. Don’t stick together Subs. ① to ② c. Mechanical energy dissipated
Req’d: 1 =? , 2 =? 5.5 = 2 − 1 Given: =0
8 2 Req’d: ∆ =? ∆ = − 0
5.5 = 2 − −
1 01 + 2 02 = 1 1+ 2 2 3
3(4) + 8(−1.5) = 3 1 + 8 2 11 1 1
5.5 = ∆ =
0 = 3 1+8 2 3 2 1+ 2 − 1 01 + 2 01
5.5 3
2 2
1 = − ① = = 1.5 / 1 1
11 ∆ = 3 + 8 (02) − 3(42) + 8(−1.5)
8 2 8 1.5 2 2
2 − 1 1 = − =− = −4 / ∆ = −66
= =1 3 3
01 − 02
01 − 02 = 2 − 1
4 − −1.5 = 2 − 1
5.5 = 2 − 1 ②

Collisions in 2 Dimensions
Given: m1 = 2000 kg, = 4000 , = 60 , , = 20 ,
A 2000 kg automobile going eastward 2 02

• x-component
Chestnut Strut at 60 km/hr collides
1 01 + 2 02 = 1+
with a 4000 kg truck which is going 2
2000 60 + 4000 0 = 2000 + 4000 = +
120,000 = 6000
southward across Chestnut Strut at 20 = 20 /hr = (20) +(−13.33)
= 24 /ℎ
km/hr. If they become coupled on
• y-component
collision, what is the magnitude and = tan
+ 2 02 = 1+ −13.33
direction of their velocity immediately 1 01 2
2000 0 + 4000 −20 = 2000 + 4000
= tan
20
after colliding? −80,000 = 6000
= −13.33 /ℎ
= −33.68°

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Collisions in 2 Dimensions Collisions in 2 dimensions

The figure to the left shows a p ox   px
collision between two pucks
m AvoxA  mB voxB  mAv xA  mB v xB
on an air hockey table. Puck
A has a mass of 0.025-kg (0.025)(5.5)  0  (.025)(v A cos 65)  (.050)(v B cos 37)
vA and is moving along the x- vA
axis with a velocity of +5.5 vAsinq
vAsinq
m/s. It makes a collision with
0.1375  0.0106v A  0.040vB
puck B, which has a mass of
0.050-kg and is initially at
vAcosq
vAcosq rest. The collision is NOT
head on. After the collision,
p oy   py

vBcosq the two pucks fly apart with vBcosq 0  m Av yA  m Bv yB

vBsinq angles shown in the drawing. vBsinq
vB Calculate the speeds of the vB 0  (0.025)(v A sin 65)  (0.050)(v B sin 37)
pucks after the collision. 0.0300v B  0.0227v A
v B  0.757v A

Collisions in 2 dimensions
0.1375  0.0106v A  0.040vB
v B  0.757v A
0.1375  0.0106v A  (0.050)(0.757v A )
0.1375  0.0106v A  0.03785v A
0.1375  0.04845v A
v A  2.84m / s

v B  0.757(2.84)  2.15m / s