L9AMEo2A1

SHORT (DoTE On MoT lakks10

O i Ho (Cssasjon u diud as auelonatd a(onsaso)
totaoinak Soh Ua, , [a(
CsutnqMon th puonie sat he
4 V,0et (ombind to ferm motten deposit, whih Cmage 0.
PDtechive Sufaie oxdk.TMae aru 2 hypes efhot tojoion.
HTHC- tmp sang C'8s%-9o't) t)geo-19o
LTH Tnp sarge (6-80ot)
lEgHANAsn
he inukrhion Stge om aloy
Inuorion Pesiod awing Similac most
to tha-obleved i h aßsere
ekmud in it urdesgo a s
sclt depsit Oridks e most aslayin
elemd om s gien belos

At te e inubtion Stage, homockynarmialy Caides Suh

Stuble as

fpmud as dense oxid ScahOn Ssfale, ealog.

AKOAEO.. u
S
hs xide lager at4a diffuiorn bewen. f Speuies Suhai 0, 2
nacklineqorspaling oride laqen tus af
nhiation Stage- 0ide grousth. 1hus
duniri
tnio Stage du o sgsg developee horming alloqinq
Lohih d depleed escdlh alloy ing
uwh aloy Surhee, shiaon below
to & ation e/ depisit as
elemuta,is expoud diselued qaa
Tbi+s0lbotso, 1oLo
Fi acaation stuge Popetion stig4 dusinq kot uonesia io Substanhidally
di ffaun o n i ehavioun clloy in abtnte f dyrsit. 44_is qltornicd
b avoy Seveu atak ef aloy ad a VAUlt q"4luaing e Czido co shan
blon: i 6 +20 210i0"Cnicklet); A,O, to 2Ao (alunind
Cs,O+20420, 2%0Kromalu
he disolued sulpher Stact oi atloyina elnent ofollous
20itSo 2ot h ; 48st/2/Di40, oo1elb S
Psotective oxido saly au Aomud ky luxina sdute Suh as Co, (a,),
i las ino auidic n basic Londi tias. Awing 0n. moy cause a
Certain elkmus to be amocd fiom,the allo, hth inton Aive ise to
is Me ou a t hu He
a nom-poationay Ccal. Most favouud oxido
Jaoot olubility (an fen a hiotrctive SCals. (chtt baed alloys 4, corhings
u meu Volncrab' b acidic furing tan i- hed alloys en (ochng
MAHESHLenantomAA voaLLAR ARMEO20S.
0ptoACHE
REVEU1o
Y
Jegistcne Superallays aainst hot, w'nostn i
lloy Selection hethe domital tokpostion e alloy . its thumov
thwmoetb
eisectly lattd to
lemvu nave an advose
icel kioto. Unkstunntely may alloing
alo dt hich
Me mehnial hnoties o Supo
tec o In 738LL Y-40 hove bto
tenp.& n its vesistamet hot orsbsion,
uec co to manyacho both stutss &D tas. (hemital cormosi hion is
ivun in tablel in nest page. 11, AL w AtSA inonae het oosin
Sesisttce, Cobett baed lbn Supumilo we mgeiel more esistunt
toH1 hn (i-aoel alb.

Kotetie (cdings hio uftt appmh, tven (sun wlatively hot

wed. 1he numviak vaiani hich-
CVesion-esitact kase allos Bhuw
use tadau maybe Ccteoied nto
tep. Leatines that nu in
tpectings. oentample.
NeNiC pe: 4 difkason, ovelayk hwnal baniey so(mebid bijAL booed
Vatcun an deositad 0i-ls-A\L-4Si urs frud
otidakon &het wvesa
* 6 Castalloy wih on hhie Motectihgatnst
minimize hot (evosien
wahing hot omolonts , oven aovah to
usin plain rlb. i o albos fen disoloing
"metoving"auhs
bel
deli
Sals <Otun totuminards, thuw teventhir he
COoning auodq
beeu
ethon
initihionhot tovosin. hahinq may e veguised On EAu estimaton
ath ickt@a up to gt one a month, depncding
h ity C8NSion envivonrea.
kevel O0-o8ppm hao been Sujguted fe Hcoibe
Ais hiltesin+ Limitinq
belo hith hot étasl ONOSion toill not extst, 4kayfe,
0a in the dis,
Ustond aary otecion qalnst het lodts ton "may be aftinucl by itstallahi
Stend
hiop-fcinuq aia f+s.
Fulcleaulineosomposibion fuul deunlinnas als te tnikiation Vhorad
nalium, Suf
hot otiosion atat. Hence, tha tontat ealkali nctal, a u added o
ith ful shedd be Ccouhly Codolld. Cften addhi ves
(Mg,CCala deavear the Cerrosion Dale. nc,
7AL, cddifans anals in the ruel tart si
aCoed by ND Potrchu czings absonce (eCl, zine
n e exteis
ive in aduing Linc atat.
eive
i d s in th Salt
deaaane thu solubilis the (otthe nmcdal
YetDmed
electahemcal tu tovosion Caction.
Potrtial
 MAHESH LENINKUMAR MUDALIAR
198MEO295
TABLES FOR HOT CORROSION

Engine application Contaminants

Aero Na, Cl, S, Ca ( All low)

Marine Na, Cl, S, Mg (Al high)

Industrial Na, V, S, Pb, C

Table .
Contaminants in gas turbine fuel and air (8]

Na, SO4 -3

Caso, 2H,o 227

FeO 22.3

ZnSO, H, 20.6

K, SO *

Mgo 2.8

Al, O

Sio, 10.4

Energy systenms Mixed oxidant reactions Hot corrosion

So, .so,.O,. H,. H,S and H, o

Batteries and Fuel cells Fused halides and carbonate cells
attack of alloys

Coal convesio ana co.co, H, , H,s s a g l m s , residue hims, tly ash hlms, salt hlms in
combustion systems and H,O attack of alloys MHD', salt film assisted coal combustion

Solar energy and energy Salt spillage or leakage from thermal storage

storage tanks

H-O.C in HTGR
Nuclear Energy Fission product, salt condensation on claddin8
Steam reactions with Zircaloy

sO,. SO, and O, Na,SO . NaV,Oy.

Gas Turbines attack of alloys NaCI attack of alloys

Gas and Oil recovery and H. H,S and H,o

Magma Energy attack of alloys

Table 3.
Relevance and importance of hot corrosion in energy systems [1o]

Table I
Nominal compositions (wt.'%) of superalloys discussed in this paper

Alloy Ni Co Cr Ti Al Mo W Ta Hf Zr C B V Nb Fe MnSi

CM 247LC Bal. 9.2 8. 0.7 5.6 0.5 8.5 3.20 14 0015 0.05 0015
N100 Bal. 15.0 10.0 5.0 5.5 3.0 0.060 0.18 0010 1.0
IN 713C Bal. 125 0.8 6.0 42 1.75 0.100 0.12 0.012 9
IN 738LC Bal. 8.5 16.0 3.4 34 1.7 26 1.70 0.050 0.11 0.011 0.9
MAR-M200 Bal. 100 9.0 20 5.0 12.5 0.050 0.15 0015 1.0 1.0
X-40 10.0 Bal. 22.0 7.5 0.50 I.5 0.5 0.5
 EAXNU EADtumNR.MUnALTAR19KMEO24S,
i t e Shost rote non-dushsuchie teshinq methols Latkast)
is in
appkahon (wis litatiu ezample) ailr
eminw
sis.
As Won dstsuctive testim vebs to an avay inputon methos
hot alleuw Inspectess o eveluatok collit data abaut a
mateial,ystem 0n lo)penot coithout pesmanucty alterinq it.
pes
3 hadhcds el
hon-dustouhve teshve
OHadisph t
his nomdstsvdive nuthod Con be wel to dekect intenal dufeck in
a uoide varichy Cmporvid Soth w Castirg,fosgings ei wildmuity
by exposuw to"say n gamma-sauy cdiationOsiled
stilled Focionmhe,
daciognk
Coun hodUce
highcualityimaga vsing X-say tubus amma
Deu isotopes such aslidin 192 K (dalt 60. epts u
ciekecked by d floune in vadition absosphion the mcteial
asseen cna "Shaoo ph" diplayed n photaraphn 0a
otluooeKerd struan
Nopliation
Andusticd salaaphy ued n the inspecion nuyo fhadvcks &
Lwelds to enuu huy mud he vequisemend K selevbut stondnd
(orytsuction. [Deus Pipelino Stosage totain%&even insulated
atenial au ukindy muputed uoinq adtotophy.
Hnotos tcmmn e fi inkustrial adiogaph is be detecion
Mcsawud intenm laws in exshing plant. he early dektthin
htena! ad in pipetkus flart in
detection
ofl Lgao str,
e
eNomple, esenhid n mzintaininq hecludtionloo k .
evarcionpokuriallu diogstory hdaaxbon Spi
pketion ef lerosion nden Anxdahion,'i onothe (mon Gppliatia

e Badicth4 tpeadns on any deichs toittrt tha

pinpeint
tIeoty& tine toauunin phtesad senmoving Teplaing he mu
 AHESH lEpnrumRR: DALIRR LNCMEo2:45
RUtason ic esting:
testing (UT) uwes heh tnuny SDond u Condvd
to tondod
toasonrie
eXominghons make nabvanitb, Socond lo0yes ou 1opnaud duoss

he pard & huin beauiouon s a fnction its

thuwe phopetis chngo dusim a test du fo a Oract o
pqvhis.pore
t

hu veiodrd siqna Chonge, urorth Onnysis sianay the

Chnain hgeties n be delesmintd. 0T i tsel meAwing
Poref hicnus, fhuo deteckan for meterial analyss
Mirs enic bhickney gotes w t by trrting the time it tates for
irng an ulhasonic puät to vglect h a . fos sids a somple.
Suth maouwunots sequive aUtess to auly au side o t Pard
nun o nud, huyou, to Cud patsin edes toMaie n
igkorios Suyave.
Using &e tanu Sound auflecion priniple, Otasonk flauo detdps
loot ps tchos hat vesdt pim acks, voids on otes de antinui
in uhsaic: pulbe loill 6aiel fron a peulbe/veeien thraqh Solid,
q Solid
hmer tmateiad until t hants a toundoy ldn these
the wepath, part t h enen
in oill be
a dutohinuit,
rulectel bak fion Hi fuw soyate. Au 3teletd Coavt siqna
tswstsme into ektical Sianal ky hu tsonsdvces dA
oplaued ON a son. foun t siqnal, iofesmahon oouk
detect laahon, she eriertehion otho Maturw tan be ebtuin
&thun
yvieuoitg tu ho pdton tom a
shune pot n
ooting Alarry in i seceived fovm tes
peateks
locde hiddn Has
e4, aotcinad
pieres,
Piet cPerntos Con eosily
tailu
Wod inspetion is an imgrtat applkakn in Crgines
anadyis
YAHESAlkttomARMUDALIAR emEes
AdymÝYYhyYm
wvut esting Er)
ddy tuwwd 1lon-deststctie testings atype electoomegnhic
tesnq
testnghas LUes muoswmurb the Soenth elcesod
(writCauo alle eddy twvnt in a mtneticcld
Srondinq a matei in ovd to make deterninetioy
about th mleial, tohich ma Enctude 6 bhe loatios
dekc
londut ody Cuwvwd teshne,
i1spctos eramjne o
eddy tceni in he w it
maqretic eld Swvooundineq a lödochve
matciol to idortiny inteoouphioHs cand ba defech on.
Inpettchas in t mainial
Arpiotion
Cely turtut hauk ddechion esupmunt can be dividad mto
eauninstsumoit frdnq Sioate bwating acts in
ncs non-foso Mäteiau los puaunty
findna Subsuodele Oates in instoumtnt es
uaueny inytoumint
et chn Sabtwtare (hades inno-FOraus matenias.
rous Makeiials is fossible c
Cnly whnty have been saoard maqnditaly to semoe
Pemuabitity e Ahiu is lmpley &s onlypoackukla in
meded e
dutomded de testi stema. y uwaut
3auitive the detechio Swkae Oack. Migh
in tesh ou highly
eguncies
E dn oh 2M qi ign solution, but tu poba
e Small 2 oeringlo Sifaes amas take a lonahine.
Lo tegusny trak dettors Aa& oen parbes to alo foo
Suitale Cofl inductances, hu tqun Sething i Citial L is in
th Bang lootz-to [0O=HE dptnding on gh depth a padsahion
tuised Subovaue edd cwerd ftds ar lunled mor b
phase Chongs thon ampitud Choidyhorforu phtse Sin
ssing
Ciouu tu Cwdial.
 BMESH LENIntyMAR uDALA 8mtOA
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