Lecture topic

Sampling Techniques

PRM Course
Community Research Methodology

Hippu Salk Kristle Nathan

Institute of Rural Management Anand
Dt. 29 September and 01 October 2021
 Recap
Sampling needs to be representative

Sampling vs. census

- cannot substitute each other (when census is necessary?)
- a trade-off on details
- cost, feasibility, efficiency (human fatigue), destructive criteria
- accuracy trade-off

Sampling units; definition is critical

Sampling frame; identification is critical

Central limit theorem

doubts or clarifications?
 Central Limit Theorem
Bell shaped distribution

Combinations
 Sample size calculation
Margin of error
Confidence level
Sample size calculator (absolute number matters)
(http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html)
Influenced by heterogeneity
Constrained by budget (practical aspect)
Optimal – too large (waste); too small (fail to achieve the objective)

As sample size increases, sampling distribution of the mean approaches

normal distribution (n≥30) Central limit theorem
(Ex: Nature: heights, weights, IQs; Industry: dimension of parts )

If population is normal distribution; sample will be so with less sample

 Sampling Methods
Random sampling methods
Simple random sampling
Systemic random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Cluster sampling

Non-random sampling methods

Purposive or judgement sampling
Convenience sampling
Quota sampling
Snowball sampling
Inverse sampling
 Sampling Methods Cont...

Simple random sampling

Each member of the population has equal chances of selection
Equal probability to each of the all possible samples

Some pointers

How to generate random numbers? (excel application)

Random Number Tables
(https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra2/Statistics/STrandomtable.html)

No. of samples
Sampling with or without order
Sampling with or without replacement
 Sampling Methods Cont...

Systemic random sampling

Possibility of samples is less – less random
No possibility of selection of an unit more than once
More useful if one orders the units under certain criterion

Some pointers

Periodicity issues
(Ex: garbage on Mondays)
arrange the population before proceeding with systemic sampling

Linear vs. circular systemic sampling

 Sampling Methods Cont...

Stratified random sampling

Stratification along the criteria which might influence the outcome
(Ex: rural/urban, male/female, tourist places , land productivity, seasons ,
A R Rahman songs – diff language)
Uniformity among the sampling units in a stratum and variability among
the various strata
Different sampling schemes can be used for different stratum
More representative than simple random sample
Given sample size (budget) precision of parameter high: more variability
Some pointers of explanatory variable
Proportionate vs. Disproportionate
size of each stratum
degree of variability in each stratum
 Sampling Methods Cont...

Cluster sampling
Variability among the sampling units in a cluster and uniformity among
the various clusters (opposite condition as for strata)
(Ex: students in different section of a class, buildings in apartment complex,
mangoes in boxes in a truck load)

Sample size is smaller

Some pointers
Pure random survey is extremely expensive – to travel to all clusters

All the variability is captured in a cluster

 Thank You
Queries and Suggestions

E-mails:
happyhippu@gmail.com,
hippu@irma.ac.in