Zapÿjchig Jkchvgrhglg `a Ualazuacg

Nhlhstarhk `ac ]k`ar ]kpucgr ]grg cg A`uigihùl Yuparhkr

Hlstutk ulhvarshtgrhk ]kchtèilhik Yglgdk Ngrh÷k

(Y.G.H.G) Igrrarg Hldalharîg Ihvhc.

Cîlags `a
Hlecualihg
 

Astu`hglta? Cah`hsngry `a cks Gldacas ]hrklg Eklsaig 

@aelhihùl Cîlags `a hlualihg y sus usks?

Ya `aela cg cîlag `a hlualihg `a ulg ragiihùl, ul `atarnhlg`k asuarzk k ulg `atarnhlg`g

`akrngihùl, iknk cg ulihùl qua prkpkrihklg `hibg ragiihùl, asuarzk k `akrngihùl, pgrg cgs
`hsltgs pkshihklas `a cg igrdg nùvhc g ck cgrdk `a cg astruiturg, y pgrg ul vgckr ulhtgrhk `a `hibg
igrdg.

]grg `hsa÷gr astruiturgs skna`gs g igrdgs nùvhcas as laiasgrhk iklkiar iuçc as ac vgckr `a cgs
giihklas pkr astgs igrdgs al tk`ks cks pultks `a gpchigihùl pkshjcas, pgrg gsî pk`ar `atarnhlgr ac
nçxhnk vgckr ikl elas `a `hsa÷k. Qlg krng `a kjtalar ac vgckr `ac nknaltk axhklglta y cg
uarzg ikrtglta ikrraspkl`halta g cgs `hsltgs pkshihklas `a cg igrdg nùvhc sarîg `atarnhlgrcks
pgrg ig`g pultk iknk sh uargl igrdgs eogs, shl anjgrdk, ac prkjcang sa shnpcheig usgl`k ac
ikliaptk `a cîlag `a hlualihg.

Qchzgihùl `a cgs cîlags `a hlualihg al ac `hsa÷k `a shstangs astruiturgcas?

Cgs cîlags `a hlualihg `asanpa÷gl ul pgpac hnpkrtglta al ac `hsa÷k `a pualtas, vhdgs igrrhcarg
`a drÿgs-pualta, ihltgs trglspkrtg`krgs, y iugcquhar ktrk pk `a astruiturg al cgs qua ac pultk `a
gpchigihùl `a cgs igrdgs sa nuava g ck cgrdk `a su cuz. Astgs igrdgs sa `alknhlgl igrdgs nùvhcas.
Ql aoanpck phik as ac pask `a ul vabîiuck qua ihriucg pkr ul pualta. Ac igsk ikltrgrhk sarîg ac
pask prkphk `a ulg vhdg qua as ulg igrdg qua parnglaia prçiignalta iklstglta, y as pkr tgltk
ulg igrdg parnglalta.

Prgzg`k `a cîlags `a hlualihg?

Cg pkshjhch`g` `a igrdgs nùvhcas hnpchig cg laiash`g` `a kjtalar

G) cgs skchihtgihklas, `akrngihklas, ati., qua prk`uia ulg igrdg (k ul astg`k `a igrdgs) pgrg
`hsltks pultks `a gpchigihùl `a cg nhsng.

J)  Ac astg`k
astg`k nçs `asgvkr
`asgvkrgjc
gjcaa `a gpchig
gpchigihù
ihùl
l `a cg igrdg,
igrdg, qua trga gpgraog
gpgraog`g
`g cgs ngykras
ngykras
skchihtgihklas k `akrngihklas, y ikl cgs iugcas ala qua sar avgcug`g ulg saiihùl `g`g Astgs `ks
laiash`g`as `ajal sar talh`gs al iualtg al tk`gs cgs saiihklas `a cg vhdg, k pkr ck nalks, al
vgrhgs saiihklas igrgitarîsigs sadÿl cgs ihriulstglihgs.

Ac trgzg`k `a `hgdrgngs k Cîlags `a Hlualihg lks parnhta ulg g`aiug`g raspuastg g cgs `ks
laiash`g`as y su uchzgihùl as igsh hnprasihl`hjca al ac igsk `a astu`hks `a pualtas, pualtas
drÿg, ati., `kl`a cgs igrdgs nùvhcas (p) alal ulg ihartg hnpkrtglihg ikl raspaitk g pask prkphk k
igrdg parnglaltas (d).
 

@atarnhlgr cgs kr`alg`gs `a cg cîlag `a hlualihg?

- Ikcùquasa ulg igrdg ulh`g` al cg pkshihùl ikrraspkl`halta g cg raspuastg astruiturgc al cg

astrui
astruitur
turg
g krhdhl
krhdhlgc
gc (lk chjarg
chjarg`g)
`g),, y na`
na`hgl
hglta
ta cg gpchig
gpchigihù
ihùl
l `a cgs ikl
ikl`hi
`hihkl
hklas
as `a aqu
aquhch
hchjrk
jrk
`atarnîlasa ac vgckr `a cg kr`alg`g `a cg cîlag `a hlualihg ikrraspkl`halta g asg pkshihùl. Yh cg
raspuastg astruiturgc jusig`g as ul asuarzk ikrtglta, altklias cg igrdg ulh`g` `aja ikckigrsa
suiash
suiashvgn
vgnalt
alta
a al `ks cudgras,
cudgras, hln
hlna`h
a`hgtg
gtgnal
nalta
ta g cg hzquha
hzquhar`g
r`g y g cg `ar
`araib
aibg,
g, `a cg sai
saiihù
ihùl
l
ikrraspkl`halta, y pgrg gnjgs pkshihklas `aja igciucgrsa cks vgckras `a cgs kr`alg`gs `a cg cîlag
`a hlualihg. Yh cg kr`alg`g `a cg saiihùl ikrraspkl`halta g cg raspuastg astruiturgc qua astg
astu`hgl`k as iark, altklias ikcùquasa cg igrdg ulh`g` al cg pkshihùl `a kr`alg`g nçxhng k
nîlhng, y `atarnîlasa ac vgckr lunèrhik `a cg kr`alg`g gpchigl`k ikl`hihklas `a aquhchjrhk.

 Qchzgl`k cg daknatrîg `a cg cîlag `a hlualihg, `atarnîlalsa cks vgckras lunèrhiks `a cgs

-rastgltas kr`alg`gs al tk`gs gquaccgs pkshihklas ikrraspkl`haltas g ignjhks `a pal`halta `a cg
cîlag `a hlualihg.

@hgdrgng `a alvkcvaltas –Ikliaptk y Prgzg`k„?

Ikl cgs skchihtgihklas nçxhngs y nîlhngs al `hsltgs saiihklas irîigs (k al tk`gs cgs saiihklas)
kjtal`ranks "`hgdrgngs alvkcvaltas" ikl tèilhigs qua `apal`arçl `ac pk `a astruiturg y `ac
pk `a igrdg g gpchigr

Yh gc `hgdrgng `a igrdg nùvhc p ca gdradgnks ac `hgdrgng `a ikrta W, pgrg cg igrdg parnglalta d,

sa kjala ac `hgdrgng elgc alvkcvalta ikl cks Wngx y cks Wnhl al tk`gs cgs saiihklas `a cg vhdg.

Ac `hgdrgng `a alvkcvalta pgrg ulg igrdg p as `a hlna`hgtg `a`uiihùl, gc hdugc qua cg igrdg d
parnglalta.

Ac `hgdrgng alvkcvalta elgc pgrg Nnhl y Nngx sarçl `ajh`k g cgs igrdgs?
 

Cîlags `a hlualihg `a astruiturgs astçignalta `atarnhlg`gs?

Axhstal `ks drgl`as prkia`hnhaltks pgrg cg `atarnhlgihùl `a cîlags `a hlualihg al astruiturgs

astçignalta `atarnhlg`gs? ac prhnark `a accks jgsg`k al cg shnpca gpchigihùl `a cgs aiugihklas
`a cg astçig, y ac sadul`k ul`gnaltk al ac prhlihphk `a cks trgjgoks vhrtugcas.

Al vhdgs astçignalta `atarnhlg`gs as pkshjca igciucgr iugcquhar asuarzk hltarlk y ragiihklas

al cks gpkyks uchzgl`k axicushvgnalta aiugihklas `a cg astçig, y `a hdugc krng tgnjhèl astgs
skl sueihaltas pgrg igciucgr cgs cîlags `a hlualihg.

Bgjhtugcnalta ac içciuck `a cgs cîlags `a hlualihg `a cks asuarzks hltarlks sa gihchtg iugl`k sa
iklkial cgs cîlags `a hlualihg `a cgs ragiihklas, pkr ck qua cg kjtalihùl `a astgs suaca iklstuhr
ac prhnar pgsk al ac prkiask `a içciuck.
i çciuck.

Yh al ulg astruiturg astçignalta `atarnhlg`g al aquhchjrhk sa achnhlg cg chdg`urg qua `g cudgr g

cg ragiihùl (K ac asuarzk) iuyg cîlag `a hlualihg sa `asag bgccgr, cg astruiturg sa iklvharta al ul
naiglhsnk, ikl ck iugc pua`a talar nkvhnhaltks `a skch`k rîdh`k qua sa prk`uial shl qua cg
astruiturg sa `akrna y , pkr tgltk, shl giunucgihùl `a alardîg acçsig. @a giuar`k ikl ac ].P.U,
gc gpchigr gbkrg ul `aspcgzgnhaltk vhrtugc y puastk qua cg astruiturg astg al aquhchjrk, sa iunpca
qua ac trgjgok vhrtugc `a tk`gs cgs uarzgs qua gitÿgl skjra cg astruiturg as luck, gc lk giunucgrsa
alardîg acçsig.

Cgs uarzgs qua gitÿgl skjra cg astruiturg trglskrng`g pkr asa prkia`hnhaltk al naiglhsnk,
skl cgs shduhaltas?

-Cg uarzg ulhtgrhg nùvhc

-Cgs ragiihklas al cks gpkyks, qua lk prk`uial trgjgok vhrtugc.

-Ac asuarzk (K ragiihùl) iuyg cîlag `a hlualihg sa `asag bgccgr.

Prgzg`k `a cîlags `a hlualihg `a vhdgs, pùriks y grng`urgs?

Ac nètk`k sa jgsg al cg gpchigihùl `a cgs ikl`hihklas `a aquhchjrhk (Nètk`k iklvalihklgc).

Aoanpck? Igsk `a ulg vhdg shnpcanalta gpkyg`g, al cg iugc cg pkshihùl `a cg igrdg ulhtgrhg sa nh`a
pkr cg `hstglihg –x„ gc gpkyk J.

G.) Cg cîlag `a hlualihg `a cg ragiihùl al G, ZG? ]kr aquhchjrhk sa iunpca?

 

 ∗ N J > = Z G´C - 7´x > = ZG > x/C , pgrg = ≠ x ≠ C

J.) Cg cîlag `a hlualihg `a cg ragiihùl al J, ZJ. ]kr aquhchjrhk sa iunpca?

∗ NG > = ↚ ZJ´C - 7´(C-x) > = ZJ > (C-x)/C , pgrg = ≠ x ≠ C

I.) Cg cîlag `a hlualihg `ac ikrta al cg saiihùl I ujhig`g g cg `hstglihg –g„ `ac gpkyk G y g cg
`hstglihg –j„ `ac gpkyk J, astç `g`g pkr?

@.) Cg cîlag `a hlualihg `ac nknaltk al cg saiihùl I ujhig`g g cg `hstglihg –g„ `ac gpkyk G y
g cg `hstglihg –j„ `ac gpkyk J, astç `g`g pkr?

Gpchigr ac prhlihphk `a Nuccar - Jrascgu pgrg ac glçchshs `a astruiturgs pkrig`gs `a drg`k `a

bhparastgih`g` nçxhng?

Ac nètk`k `a Nuccar-Jrascgu prasaltg uch`g` pgrg ac glçchshs `a astruiturgs pkrig`gs `a drg`k

`a bhparastgih`g` nçxhng 9. Qchzg ac ikliaptk `a "ialtrk acçsik" qua axpusk Igrc Iucngl al
7255 al sus trgjgoks skjra astçig drçeig

Glgchianks cg vhdg ikllug `a cg edurg, y astu`hanks al ulihùl `a cgs cîlags `a hlualihg cks
astg`ks `a igrdg pgrg qua sa `al skchihtgihklas nçxhngs y nîlhngs. Al ac trgnk JI y al ac gpkyk
I.

Cgs igrdgs g gpchigr pgrg asuarzks nçxhnks k nîlhnks al cks `hsltks igsks skl cks shduhaltas?
 

Al cks igsks vhstks sa `ajal g`hihklgr g cgs igrdgs p cgs igrdgs parnglaltas d (pask prkphk, ati.).
]kr
]kr ÿc
ÿcn
nk,
k, g nk`k
nk`k `a ao
aoan
anpc
pck
k hltal
hltaltg
tgra
rank
nkss axpc
axpchi
hiht
htgr
gr qu
qua
a ki
kiur
urrh
rhrî
rîg
g ikl
ikl cks
cks `hgd
`hgdrg
rgng
ngss
alvkcvaltas `a cks nknaltks aitkras pgrg cg vhdg `a iugtrk trgnks shnètrhig, bgihal`k cg
sgcva`g` `a qua cks nhsnks skl ulg gprkxhngihùl `kialta.
 

Gpchigr ac prhlihphk `a suparpkshihùl `a aaitks al ac glçchshs astruiturgc?

Ac ]rhlihphk `a suparpkshihùl ua axpchihtg`k pkr Aucar (74=4-7429).

" Yh cks `aspcgzgnhaltks y cgs talshklas, al cks shstangs acçsiks, skl prkpkrihklgcas g cgs igrdgs
qua cks prk`uial, altklias, cks `aspcgzgnhaltks tktgcas y cgs talshklas tktgcas, rasuctgltas `a cg
gpchigihùl `a vgrhgs igrdgs, sarçl cg sung `a cks `aspcgzgnhaltks y `a cgs talshklas krhdhlg`gs pkr
ig`g ulg `a cgs igrdgs"

]grg qua pk`gnks gpchigr ac ]rhlihphk `a Yuparpkshihùl tgltk al ac ignpk `a cks asuarzks iknk
al ac `a cks `aspcgzgnhaltks as laiasgrhk qua sa iunpcg ulg prhnarg ikl`hihùl?

]rkpkrihklgch`g`, as `aihr ulg racgihùl chlagc al ac iknpkrtgnhaltk `ac ngtarhgc skjra ac qua
gitÿgl cgs igrdgs.

Ck gltarhkr sa iunpca al cks ngtarhgcas acçsiks iknk pkr aoanpck

a oanpck ac giark.

]ark g`ançs bg `a iunpchrsa ulg sadul`g ikl`hihùl yg qua gulqua ac shstang `a igrdgs astè
gi
gitu
tugl
gl`k
`k sk
skjr
jra
a ul ngta
ngtarh
rhgc
gc acçs
acçsik
ik pu
pua`
a`a
a su
suia
ia`a
`arr qu
qua
a lk sag
sag gp
gpch
chigj
igjca
ca ac ]r
]rhl
hlih
ihph
phk
k `a
Yuparpkshihùl, iknk suia`a al ac igsk `a ]gl`ak, `g`k qua lk sa prk`uia ulg racgihùl chlagc
altra cg skchihtgihùl y cg `akrngihùl.

]grg gpchig
]grg gpchigrr asta
asta nètk`k,
nètk`k, prhnar
prhnarkk as laiasg
laiasgrhk
rhk h`a
h`ale
leigr
igr cgs ragiih
ragiihkla
klass ra`
ra`ul`
ul`glt
gltas
as gc
achnhlgrcgs kjtalanks ck qua sa ccgng vhdg prhngrhg.

Bgihal`k astk kjtalanks cg vhdg igrdg`g ragc.

]kr ac prhlihphk `a suparpkshihùl sa sgja qua cks `aspcgzgnhaltks elgcas `ajh`ks tgltk g cgs
igrdgs ragcas iknk g cgs ra`ul`gltas gitugl`k gc nhsnk anpk `ajal sar hdugcas g cg sung `a
cks `aspcgzgnhaltks igciucg`ks hl`apal`haltanalta.

Al ac igsk `a cgs ragiihklas ra`ul`gltas cks `aspcgzgnhaltks sarçl hdugc g iark. X `a astgs
krnucgs
krnucgs pk`anks raskcvar cgs ragiihklas
ragiihklas al cgs igrdgs ra`ul`gltas,
ra`ul`gltas, Qlg vaz kjtalh`gs cgs
ra`ul`gltas, cgs ragiihklas `a cg vhdg sa `atarnhlgl ikl cgs aiugihklas `a aquhchjrhk.