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Steam and Gas Turbines: Dr.M.S.Govinde Gowda, Principal, Alva's Inst. of Engg & Tech, Moodbidri
Steam and Gas Turbines: Dr.M.S.Govinde Gowda, Principal, Alva's Inst. of Engg & Tech, Moodbidri
1.0 Introduction:
Steam turbines use the steam as a working fluid. In steam turbines, high pressure steam
from the boiler is expanded in nozzle, in which the enthalpy of steam being converted into
kinetic energy. Thus, the steam at high velocity at the exit of nozzle impinges over the
moving blades (rotor) which cause to change the flow direction of steam and thus cause a
tangential force on the rotor blades. Due to this dynamic action between the rotor and the
steam, thus the work is developed.
These machines may be of axial or radial flow type devices.
Steam turbines may be of two kinds, namely, (i) impulse turbineand (ii)Reaction
turbine.
Nozzle Nozzle
Rotor
blade
Rotor
blade
Stator
blade
Boiler
pressure Exit Exit
Boiler
velocity velocity
pressure
Inlet Condenser Inlet
Condenser
velocity pressure velocity
pressure
In Impulse turbine, the whole enthalpy drop (pressure drop) occurs in the nozzle
itself. Hence pressure remain constant when the fluid pass over the rotor blades. Fig.1
shows the schematic diagram of Impulse turbine.
In Reaction turbines, in addition to the pressure drop in the nozzle there will also be
pressure drop occur when the fluid passes over the rotor blades. Fig.2 shows the Reaction
turbine .
Most of the steam turbine are of axial flow type devices except Ljungstrom turbine
which is a radial type.
Nozzle
Nozzle
Blades
velocity
MB
MB = Moving blades
Nozzle
FB = Fixed blades Boiler
FB
pressure
MB
Boiler
pressure
Exit
Exit velocity
velocity Inlet
velocity Condenser
Inlet Condenser pressure
velocity pressure
Condenser Pressure
SB = Stationary blades
Nozzle
SB = Stationary blades
Nozzle
MB
SB
MB
SB
MB
SB
MB
MB
MB
MB
SB
SB
Pressure
Velocity
Boiler Boiler Final Velocity
Pressure Pressure
Inital
Velocity
Inital
Velocity Final Condenser Pressure
Velocity
Where Ve and V e are the actual and ideal velocities of the nozzle or stator or rotor blades.
For Impulse turbine, Vr2 = Vr1 in ideal conditions. If the losses are considered, then,
Cb= Vr2 /Vr1
Blade
Vf1
Pressure
b1
equalizing
e hole
zzl
No
V1
Direction of Axial
rotation
Vr1
direction
Shaft
Disc
a1 b2
1
Vu
U
Vr2
V2
2
a2
Vu
Tangential
Vf2
direction
Here positive sign is used, as usual, if Vu1 and Vu2 are opposite to each other
and negative sign if they are in the same direction.
\ h stage = W = U D Vu/gc
1 1
Dh 0 Dh 0
2
Or h (U D Vu) /gc (V1 )/2gc
stage =
X
2 1
V1 /2gc Dh 0
U
= Vr1cosb1 1+ Vr2 cosb2
( Vr1 cosb1 ( Vu2 Vu1
Eqn.(7) shows that the rotor efficiency or blade efficiency varies parabolically for
the given a1, Cb and K.
RPM. The nozzle angle is 20 . Speed ratio is 0.45. Ratio of relative velocity at the outlet to
O
that at inlet is 0.9. The outlet angle of the blade is 3 less than inlet angle. Steam flow rate is
6 kg/s. Draw the velocity diagrams and find the following. (i) Velocity of whirl (ii) Axial
thrust (iii) Blade angles (iv) Power developed.
.
Solution : Given : D=1.5 m, m = 6 kg/s, N=3000RPM, a1 = 20 , f=U/V1= 0.45,
O
D Vu
DVf Scale 1: 50
From Graph : b1 = 35 , Vr1= 312.5 m/s. (iii) Blade angles : b1= 35 , b2 =32
O O O
.
Vr2 = 0.9 x 312.5 = 281.3 m/s.
(iv) Power developed:P= m gc UDVu
\ b2 = 35 - 3 = 32
O O O
is inclined at an angle of 16 to the wheel tangent. Steam comes out of the moving blades
O
with a velocity of 100 m/s in the direction of 110 with the direction of blade motion. The
blades are equiangular and the steam flow rate is10 kg/s. Find:(i) Power developed, (ii)The
power loss due to friction (iii)Axial thrust (iv) Blade efficiency and (v) Blade
coefficient.
1
Solution :Given:V1 = 450 m/s, a 1= 16 ,V2 = 100 m/s, a 2 = 110 ,a 2= 70 b1 = b2 ,
O O O
Graph construction : For the selected scale, draw V1 w.r.t a 1 and V2 w.r.t a 2 and
find the value of Vf1 & Vf2. To get b1 and b2 , produce Vf2 in backward direction &
draw the line from the apex 'A' of inlet velocity triangle which cuts at Vf2 produced
backward at B.
Now measure b1and b2 and find out the tangential velocity of rotor.
A
DVu
DVf
Scale 1: 50
V1
Vr2
Vf2 V2 Vr1 Vf1
1 0
a2 = 110
0
a2 a1=16 b1
U
Vf2
B
From Graph : U = 167 m/s, Vr1 = 293 m/s, Vr2 = 222 m/s
m DV = 10 x 30.1 = 301 N
.
(iii) Axial thrust, F =
a gc f 1
0.94 and the nozzle angle at the rotor inlet is 18 to the wheel plane. The rotor blades which
moves with the speed of 450 m/s are equiangular. If the coefficient of velocity for the rotor
blades is 0.92, find (i) The specific power output (ii) The rotor efficiency (iii) The Stage
efficiency (iv)Axial thrust (v) The direction of exit steam.
Solution : Given : p1 = 10 atm » 10 bar, po = 0.5 atm » 0.5 bar, hnozzle = 0.94, a1 =18 ,
O
ar
10b
h
p1 =
Convergent & divergent nozzle
bar
h1 1
0.5
p1 Turbine
p0 =
Nozzle
To Pump p0
Condenser h2 2
1
1
2
h2
s
From Mollier Chart : h = 2780 kJ/kg , h = 2270 kJ/kg
1
1
1 1
Isentropic enthalpy change, Dh = h1- h 2 = 2780 - 2270
1
Dh = 510 kJ/kg
2
Actual enthalpy change, Dh = h1 - h2 = V1 /2gc (as negligible velocity at nozzle inlet)
\ Efficiency of the nozzle,
h = Actual enthalpy change /kg of steam nozzle
nozzle Isentropic enthalpy change /kg of steam in nozzle
2 1
0.94 = (V1 /2gc) /Dh
3
\ V1 = 2 x gc x 0.94 x Dh = 2 x 1 x 0.94 x 510 x 10
1
DVu
Scale 1: 90 DVf
V1
Vr2
Vr1 Vf1
V2 Vf2
a2 0
a1=18 b2 b1
U
W 2U DVu ____________
2 x 450 x 924.1
(ii) The rotor efficiency : h = _____
2
=
b
_______
2
= 2
x 100
V1 /2gc V1 (979.2)
= 86.7 %
(iii) Stage efficiency : hs tage = hb x hnozzle = 0.867 x 0.94
= 81.4 %
m DV = 1________
(iv) Axial thrust : Fa = ___ x 24.12
.
gc f
1
Fa = 24.12 N / (kg/s)
(v) The direction of exit steam i.e.,
a2 = 88.5 in the direction of tangential speed of rotor.
O
V1 U
Vf2 Vr2 1st Stage
V2 Vr1
Vf1
a2 a1 b2 b1
Rotor
Vu2 U Vr2
V2
b2
2nd Stage
Individual Velocity U
DVu2 triangle
Stator
Vr4 V3 V3
Vf 4=V4 Vr3 Vf3 Vr3
a3 2nd Stage
a4 a3 b4 b3
U
U
Rotor
2
WT, max = 8 U /gc (16)
The present analysis is made for 2 stages only. The similar procedure can be adopted
for analyzing the with three or more stages. In general, optimum blade speed ratio for
maximum blade efficiency or maximum work done is given by
cosa (17)
f= 2n1
(ii) If the fluid discharges axially at the last row means, V4= Vf 4 i.e., a4= 90 , Vu4=0.
O
(iii) If the tangential speed or velocity of blade to be found when the axial discharge is
given, then one should start always from the II stage by assuming suitable length for
U and then proceed to the I stage. Finally, by finding the actual scale ratio with the
known quantity (say V1 is given) find out the value of U and other parameters by
using scale ratio obtained from graph.
Dr.M.S.Govinde Gowda, Principal, Alva’s Inst. Of Engg & Tech, Moodbidri
15
(iv) Especially for two-stage turbine, graphical method is preferable, otherwise more
calculation procedure is involved in analytical method.
Example 4: The following data refers to a velocity compounded Impulse steam turbine
having two rows of moving blades and a fixed row between them : Velocity of steam
0
leaving the nozzle is 1200 m/s, nozzle angle is 20 , blade speed is 250 m/s, blade angles of
O
first moving row are equiangular, blade outlet angle of the fixed blade is 25 . Blade outlet
O
angle of the second moving row is 30 . Friction factor for all the rows is 0.9. Draw the
velocity diagrams for a suitable scale and calculate the power developed, axial thrust,
diagram efficiency for steam flow rate of 5000 kg/hr.
Solution :Given : V1 = 1200 m/s, a1=20 , U = 250 m/s, b1 = b2, a3 = 25 , b4 = 30 ,
O O O
I stage
DVf1
Scale 1 : 100
Vr
2=
Cb V V1
r1
V2 Vr1 Vf1
Vf2
a2 a1 b2 b1
D Vu2
II stage
DVf2
V3
Vr4
Vr3 Vf3
Vf4 V4 0
b4=30
0
a3=25 b3
Example 5 : The velocity of steam at the exit of a nozzle is 440 m/s which is compounded
in an Impulse turbine by passing successively through moving, fixed, and finally through a
second ring of moving blades. The tip angles of moving blades throughout the turbine are
O
30 . Assume loss of 10% in velocity due to friction when the steam passes over a blade
ring. Find the velocity of moving blades in order to have a final discharge of steam as axial.
Also determine the diagram efficiency.
Vr2 V3 Vr4
Solution : Given : V1= 440m/s, b1= b2 = b3= b4 = 30 , Cb = 0.9 = ____ = ____ = ____
O
Vr1 V2 Vr3
To find : U & hb .
Note : As we have to find out the tangential speed of rotors for the axial discharge at the last
n d
row, we have to proceed from the 2 stage by assuming a suitable length for U.
We assumed U = 3 cm, Finally from Graph we get, V1 = 13.6cm .
Also, V = 440 m/s = 13.6 cm
1 (... V = 440 m/s given )
1
\ Scale ratio = 1: 32.35 i.e., 1 cm = 32.35 m/s
(i) Tangential velocity of rotor (U)
\ U = 3cm x 32.35 = 97.06 m/s
D Vu1
I Stage DVf1
V1
Vr
2
Vr1
V2 Vf1
Vf2
a2 a1 b2 b1
U
D Vu2
II Stage
DVf2
V3
Vr4
Vf4 V4 Vf3
Vr3
b4
a3 b3
] ( (]
2 2
V1 2U U V1 2
D h0 = ____ 1+ ___ cosa1 - ___ = ___ [1+ 2f cosa1 - f ] (22)
2gc V1 V1 2gc
p1
I p2
h 1
p3
DWs1
II
Wa 2
2 p4
III
Ws DWs2
3 Saturation line
p5
IV
A 4
3 DWs3
B 5
DWs4
1
4 C Note : 1 to 2 = DWs1
2 to A = DWs2
5 3 to B = DWs3
4 to C = DWs4
s
Fig.15. Enthalpy-entropy diagram for multi stage expansion.
Isentropic or ideal values in each stages are DWs1 , D Ws2, DWs3, DWs4.
Therefore, the total value of the actual work done in these stages is,
Wa = SDWa = S (1 - 2) + (2 - 3) + (3 - 4) + (4 - 5)
Also stage efficiency for each stage is given
actual work done / kg of steam W
hs = _________________________ = ____a1
Isentropic work in a stage Ws1
Wa1 ______
h -h Wa1
For stage 1, hs1 = ____ = 1 2 = _____ or DWa1 = hs1 DWs1
Ws1 h1 - h¢2 DWs1
\ Wa = SDWa =S [ hs1 DWs1 + hs2 DWs2+ hs3 DWs3 + hs4 DWs4 ]
For same stage efficiency in each stage, hs1 = hs2 = hs3 = hs4
Wa = hs S [DWs1 +DWs2+DWs3+DWs4 ] = hs S DWs (27)
From equation (26) and (27),
ho Ws = hs S DWs
SDW
\ ho = hs _____s (28)
Ws
The slope of constant pressure lines on h-s plane is given by
( (
¶h = T
¶s p
DVu
Vr2 V1
V2 Vr1
a2 a1 b2 b1
U
O O
Example 7: In a reaction turbine, the blade tips are inclined at 35 and 20 in the direction of
rotor. The stator blades are the same shape as the moving blades, but reversed in direction.
At a certain place in the turbine, the drum is 1m diameter and the blades are 10 cm high. At
this place, the steam has a pressure of 1.75 bar and dryness is 0.935. If the speed of the
turbine is 250 RPM and the steam passes through the blades without shock find the mass of
steam flow and power developed in the ring of moving blades.
Solution : Given : b1= 35 = a2, b2 = 20 = a1, D= 1m, N = 250 RPM, h = 0.1 m , At
O O
.
certain point, p = 1.75 bar, X = 0.935. Find : m, P.
Tangential speed of rotor
pDmN
U = ________
60
Where Dm = Mean diameter of rotor = D + h
Dm = 1.0 + 0.1 = 1.1m
DVu
Vr2 V1
V2 Vr1
a2 a1 b2 b1
U
.
(a) Mass flow rate ( m):
m = r Af Vf = 1.042 x 0.3456 x 10.8 kg/s
.
.
m = 3.89 kg/s
(b) Power developed ( P) :
. .
m U DV = _________________
P = ___ 3.89 x 14.4 x 45.45 kW
gc u 1000
P = 2.545 kW