LESSON 1: REVIEW

OF RESEARCH
Macaulay Buena Bagnate, LPT, CB, CARMA
Research Instructor
At the end of the presentation, you will be able to recall the:

▪ Definition of research
▪ Goals/purpose of research
▪ Nature of research
▪ Characteristics/properties of
research
▪ Classification of research
▪ Ethics in Research
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
Macaulay Buena Bagnate, LPT, CB, CARMA
Research Instructor
DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH

▪ Research is a careful, critical, disciplined inquiry, varying in technique

and method according to the nature and conditions of the problem
identified, directed toward the clarification or resolution (or both) of a
problem.

▪ Research is simply the systematic search for pertinent information on a

specific topic or problem. After a careful, systematic search for
pertinent information or data on a specific topic or problem, and after
the research worker has analysed and interpreted the data, he
eventually faces another essential task – that of preparing the research
report.
DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH

▪ Research is the process of gathering data or information to solve a

particular or specific problem in a scientific manner.

▪ Research is a systematic study or investigation of something for the

purpose of answering question posed by the researcher.

▪  Research is the collection of data in rigorously controlled situation for

the purpose of prediction or explanation.
DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH

▪ Research may be defined as a purposive, systematic and scientific

process of gathering, analysing, classifying, organizing, presenting and
interpreting data for the solution of a problem, for prediction, for
invention, for the discovery of truth, or for the expansion or vertical of
existing knowledge, all for the preservation and improvement of the
quality of human life.
GOALS/PURPOSE OF
RESEARCH
Macaulay Buena Bagnate, LPT, CB, CARMA
Research Instructor
GOALS/PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

▪ Main or principal purpose and goal of Research: “Preservation and

Improvement of the Quality of Human Life.”
o PURPOSE: “to serve man”
o GOAL: “the good life”

▪ Large and Fundamental Goals of Research

o To satisfy man’s craving
o To improve his judgment
o To add to his power
o To reduce the burden of work
o To relieve stress
o To increase satisfactions in multitudinous ways
GOALS/PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

▪ Specific Purposes and Goals of Research

o To discover new facts about known phenomena.
o To find answers to problems which are only partially solved by existing methods and
information.
o Improve existing techniques and develop new instruments or products.
o To discover previously unrecognized substances or elements.
o Discover pathways of action of known substances and elements.
o To order related, valid generalizations into systematized science.
o To provide basis for decision-making in business, industry, education, government, and in
other undertakings.
GOALS/PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

▪ Specific Purposes and Goals of Research

o To satisfy the researcher’s curiosity
o To find answers to queries by means of scientific methods.
o To acquire a better and deeper understanding about one phenomenon.
o To expand or verify existing knowledge.
o To improve educational practices for raising the quality of school products.
o To promote health and prolong life.
o To provide man with more of his basic needs.
o To make work, travel, and communication faster and easier, and more comfortable.
NATURE OF RESEARCH
Macaulay Buena Bagnate, LPT, CB, CARMA
Research Instructor
NATURE OF RESEARCH

▪ Research is Systematic and Scientific

o Research is scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic.
o Generally, research has to follow a certain structural process
o Research is systematic - it follows an orderly and sequential procedure that leads to
the discovery of truth, solution of a problem, or whatever is aimed to be discovered.
▪ Research has Objectivity
o Objectivity - research is quite objective in its approach and is almost free from biases,
prejudices and subjectivity.
▪ Research is Definiteness
o Definiteness - research is characterized by definiteness in its process as well as product.
Here the modes and measures for collection and organizing information or data and
testing and verifying the collected information for arriving at the conclusion are all well
planned and definite.
NATURE OF RESEARCH

▪ Research has Verifiability

o Verifiability - research lays emphasis on the proper verification of the collected
information, data or facts. Here, nothing is accepted and derived unless verified
through adequate observation, tests and experimentation.
▪ Research has Generality
o Generality - the conclusion or results derived from the scientific method show a
marked characteristic of generality.
▪ Research has Predictability
o Predictability - the results obtained through scientific method are characterized
with the ability of predicting the future outcomes of the things or events.
NATURE OF RESEARCH

▪ Research has Modifiability and Dynamicity

o Modifiability and dynamicity - the conclusion reached or results obtain through
research are never final, absolute and static. They are always open to
verification, observation and experimentation.
o Consequently, what is true today in terms of the derived fact or reached
generalization may be proved wrong tomorrow based on new findings.
o Therefore, research neither advocates rigidity in the process adopted for
discovering the facts nor stands in the way of bringing desired modification and
changes in the pre-established principles, laws or theories.
NATURE OF RESEARCH

▪ Research is Controlled
o All variables except those that are tested or being experimented upon are kept
constant (not allowed to change or vary) so that the changes made on the
subjects of the study can be attributed only to the experimental variable. This is
especially true in an experimental research.
▪ Research is Empirical
o All the procedures employed and the data gathered are perceived in the same
manner by all observers.
▪ Research is Analytical
o There is a critical analysis of all the data used so that there is no error in their
interpretation.
NATURE OF RESEARCH

▪ Research is Objective, Unbiased and Logical

o All the findings and conclusions are logically based on empirical data and no effort
is made to alter the result of the research
▪ Research Employs Hypothesis
o This is to guide the investigation process. In experimental studies, hypotheses are
expressly stated but in descriptive studies, the specific subproblems or specific
questions serve as the hypotheses are tested and not proved.

▪ Research Employs Quantitative or Statistical Methods

o Data are transformed into numerical measures and are Treated statistically to
determine their significance or usefulness
NATURE OF RESEARCH

▪ Research is Original Work

o Except in historical research, data are gathered from primary sources and not
from secondary sources (usually printed materials such as books, or theses,
etc.)
▪ Research is Done by an Expert
o The researcher users valid and carefully designed procedures, valid
data-gathering instruments, and valid data. He subjects his data to expert
scrutiny.
CHARACTERISTICS /
PROPERTIES OF RESEARCH
Macaulay Buena Bagnate, LPT, CB, CARMA
Research Instructor
CHARACTERISTICS/PROPERTIES OF
RESEARCH

▪ Research is Accurate Investigation, Observation and Description

o In fact, every research activity must be done accurately so that the findings will
lead to the formulation of scientific generalizations. All conclusions are based on
actual evidence.

▪ Research is Patient and Unhurried Activity

o This is to ensure accuracy. Research that is hurriedly done or conducted
carelessly due to racing against time may lead to shaky conclusions and
generalizations.
CHARACTERISTICS/PROPERTIES OF
RESEARCH

▪ Research Requires an Effort-making Capacity

o No research can be conducted without the exertion of much effort. No one
without any effort -making capacity can conduct a research because research
involves much work and time.

▪ Research Requires Courage

o Research requires courage because the researcher oftentimes undergo hazards,
discomforts and the like. At times the researcher encounters public and social
disapproval. Also, disagreements with colleagues may arise.
CLASSIFICATION OF
RESEARCH
Macaulay Buena Bagnate, LPT, CB, CARMA
Research Instructor
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

▪ According to Purpose

o Predictive or Prognostic Research has the purpose of determining the future

operation of the variables under investigation with the aim of controlling or redirecting
such for the better. Predictive research proposes to give the result from one specific
educational practice or pattern and seeks to establish a close statistical connection
between characteristics of the students and a prediction of educational outcome.

o Directive Research determines what should be done based on the finding. This is to
remedy an unsatisfactory condition if there is any.

o Illuminative Research is concerned with the interaction of the components of the

variable being investigated.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

▪ According to Goal

o Basic or Pure Research is done for the development of theories or principles. It is

conducted for the intellectual pleasure of learning.

o Applied Research is the application of the results of pure research. This is testing
the efficacy of theories and principles.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

▪ According to the Levels of Investigation

o Exploratory Research - the researcher studies the variables pertinent to the

specific situation.

o Descriptive Research - the researcher studies the relationship of the variables.

o Experimental Research - the experimenter studies the effects of the variables in

each other.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

▪ According to the Type of Analysis

o In the Analytic Approach, the researcher attempts to identify and isolate the
components of the research situation.

o The Holistic Approach begins with the total situation, focusing attention in the
system first and then on its internal relationship.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

▪ According to Scope

o Under this category is the Action Research. This type of research is done on very
limited scope to solve a particular problem which is not big.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

▪ According to Choice of Answers to Problems

o In Evaluation Research, all possible courses of action are specified and identified
and the researcher tries to find the most advantageous.

o In Developmental Research, the focus is on finding or developing a more suitable

instrument or process that has been available.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

▪ According to Statistical Content

o Quantitative or Statistical Research is one in which inferential statistics are utilized to

determine the results of the study. Inferential Statistics such as correlation, chi-square,
analysis of variance, etc., are used to test the hypothesis. This type of research usually
includes comparison study, cause and effect relationships, etc.

o Qualitative Research is a research in which the use of quantity or statistics is practically

nil. Descriptive data are gathered rather than quantitative data.

o Mixed methods research is a research which applied methodology for conducting

research that involves collecting, analysing and integrating quantitative (e.g.,
experiments, surveys) and qualitative (e.g., focus groups, interviews) research.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

▪ According to Time Elements

o Historical Research describe what was.

o Descriptive Research describe what is.
o Experimental Research describe what will be.

Historical, descriptive and experimental are the three major research methods. All
other methods, kinds, and types of research whatever they are called fall under
these three major methods
ETHICS IN RESEARCH
Macaulay Buena Bagnate, LPT, CB, CARMA
Research Instructor
ETHICS IN RESEARCH

▪ Principle One: Minimising the Risk of Harm

▪ Principle Two: Obtaining Informed Consent
▪ Principle Three: Protecting Anonymity and Confidentiality
▪ Principle Four: Avoiding Deceptive Practices
▪ Principle Five: Providing the Right to Withdraw
ETHICS IN RESEARCH

▪ Principle One: Minimising the Risk of Harm

o Research should not harm participants.
o Where there is the possibility that participants could be harmed or
put in a position of discomfort, there must be strong justifications
for this.
o Such scenarios will also require (a) additional planning to illustrate
how participant harm (or discomfort) will be reduced, (b) informed
consent, and (c) detailed debriefing.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH

▪ Principle Two: Obtaining Informed Consent

o Simply put, informed consent means that participants should understand
that (a) they are taking part in research and (b) what the research
requires of them.
o Such information may include the purpose of the research, the methods
being used, the possible outcomes of the research, as well as associated
demands, discomforts, inconveniences and risks that the participants
may face.
o Whilst is it not possible to know exactly what information a potential
participant would (or would not) want to know, you should aim not to
leave out any material information; that is, information that you feel
would influence whether consent would (or would not) be granted.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH

▪ Principle Three: Protecting Anonymity and Confidentiality

o After all, participants will typically only be willing to volunteer information, especially
information of a private or sensitive nature, if the researcher agrees to hold such
information in confidence.
o Whilst it is possible that research participants may be hurt in some way if the data
collection methods used are somehow insensitive, there is perhaps a greater danger
that harm can be caused once data has been collected. This occurs when data is not
treated confidentially, whether in terms of the storage of data, its analysis, or during the
publication process.
o However, this does not mean that all data collected from research participants needs to
be kept confidential or anonymous. It may be possible to disclose the identity and views
of individuals at various stages of the research process (from data collection through to
publication of your paper). Nonetheless, permissions should be sought before such
confidential information is disclosed.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH

▪ Principle Four: Avoiding Deceptive Practices

o At first sight, deceptive practices fly in the face of informed
consent. After all, how can participants know (a) that they are
taking part in research and (b) what the research requires of them if
they are being deceived? This is part of what makes the use of
deceptive practices controversial. For this reason, in most
circumstances, dissertation research should avoid any kinds of
deceptive practices. However, this is not always the case.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH

▪ Principle Five: Providing the Right to Withdraw

o With the exception of those instances of covert observation where
is not feasible to let everyone that is being observed know what you
are doing, research participants should always have the right to
withdraw from the research process.
o Furthermore, participants should have the right to withdraw at any
stage in the research process. When a participant chooses to
withdraw from the research process, they should not be pressured
or coerced in any way to try and stop them from withdrawing.
REFERENCES

Abadiano, M. (2016). Research in Daily Life 1: Qualitative Research Method.

Philippines: Cronica BookHaus.

Calderon, J., & Gonzales, E. (2011). Methods of Research and Thesis Writing.
Mandaluyong City, Philippines: National Books Store, Inc.

Cooper, D., & Schindler, P. (2008). Business Research Methods (10th ed). New York,
USA: McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.

Henson, R., & Soriano, R.F. (2016). Practical Research 1 - Qualitative Research: World
of Reality Dissections. Malabon City: Mutya Publishing House, Inc.: Don Bosco Press.

http://dissertation.laerd.com/principles-of-research-ethics.php
ANY QUESTIONS?
Macaulay Buena Bagnate, LPT, CB, CARMA
Research Instructor
THANK YOU!
Macaulay Buena Bagnate, LPT, CB, CARMA
Research Instructor