Concept Formula Inputs SI Unit

Magnitude of a vector ‖ A‖= √ i^ 2 + ^j 2 + k^ 2 A = vector

(i, j, k) = components

Dot Product ⃗ B=i^A i^B + ^

A ⋅⃗ j B + k^A k^B
jA ^ A = vector
- multiplying between ⃗A ⋅⃗
B=cos ⁡(θ)‖ A‖‖B‖ B = vector
vectors, the product is a (i, j k,) = components
scalar
Cross Product ⃗
A×⃗
B=sin ⁡(∅)‖A‖‖B‖ ⃗
A×⃗
B = magnitude of
- multiplying between det ⁡¿ cross product of A and B
vectors is a vector det ⁡( ⃗
A×⃗B ) = vector
component orthogonal to
both A and B
Unit Vector ⃗A ⃗
U A = one-unit vector
⃗
U A=
- one unit equivalent of ‖ A‖ A = vector
vector A with the same
direction
Change ∆ x=x b −x a

Average Change f ( x b ) −f (x a)
∆ x=
t b−t a
KE 1 v f =v 0 +at m
v f = final velocity ( )
s
m
v 0 = initial velocity ( )
s
a = constant acceleration
m
( 2
)
s
t = time (s)
KE 2 2
v =v +2 ad
2
m
f 0 v f = final velocity ( )
s
m
v 0 = initial velocity ( )
s
a = constant acceleration
m
( 2
)
s
d = distance (m)

( )
KE 3 v f +v 0 m
d= at v f = final velocity ( )
2 s
m
v 0 = initial velocity ( )
s
a = constant acceleration
m
( )
s2
t = time (s)
KE 4 at 2
m
d=v 0 t + v f = final velocity ( )
2 s
 at 2 m
x f −x 0=v 0 t+ v 0 = initial velocity ( )
2 s
a = constant acceleration
m
( )
s2
t = time (s)
x f = final position
x 0 = initial position
Force F=ma m = mass (kg) Newton (N)
m
a = acceleration ( ¿
s2
Concept Formula Inputs SI Unit

Normal Force F N =mgcos(θ) m = mass (kg) Newton (N)

- force perpendicular to g = acceleration due to
surface m
gravity ( 2
)
s
Friction F k =μk F N μk = coefficient of kinetic Newton (N)
- force opposing a body in Fs≤ μs FN friction
motion μs = coefficient of static
friction
Weight Force W =mg m = mass (kg) Newton (N)
- force directed to Earth g = acceleration due to
m
gravity ( )
s2
Torque τ =Fd F = force applied (N) Nm
- force applied in a circular d = perpendicular distance
motion of applied force from
pivot (m)
Work W =Fd F = force applied (N) Joule (J)
- energy used d = distance travelled Nm
caused by the applied 1 cal = 4.1869 J
force (m)
Power W W = work done Watt (W)
P=
- work done per unit of t t = time it took to finish 1 hp = 746 W
time the action
Kinetic Energy 1 2 m = mass (kg) Joule (J)
KE= m v
- energy of moving objects 2 m
v = velocity ( )
s
Gravitational Potential PE=mgh m = mass (kg) Joule (J)
Energy g = acceleration due to
- energy due to height m
difference gravity ( 2
)
s
h = height
Elastic Potential Energy 1 2 k = elasticity constant Joule (J)
PE= k x
- energy due to elasticity 2 x = change in length from
natural length

Momentum p=mv m = mass (kg) m

kg
- mass in motion s
 m
v = velocity ( )
s
Impulse I =F ∆ t F = force applied (N) Ns
t = time of impact (s)

Impulse-Momentum ∆ I=∆ p F = force applied (N)

Theorem F ∆ t=m∆ v t = time of impact (s)
m = mass (kg)
m
v = velocity ( )
s
Law of Conservation of p1 + p2= p1 f + p 2 f p1 = initial momentum of
Momentum object 1
p2 = initial momentum of
object 1
pf = final momentum of
object

Concept Formula Inputs SI Unit

Elastic Collision K E0=K E f

- KE is conserved p0= p f
- momentum is conserved ( mv )a 0+ ( mv )b 0 =( mv )af + ( mv )bf
- do not stick together
Inelastic Collision p0= p f
- momentum is conserved ( mv )a 0+ ( mv )b 0 =( mv )af + ( mv )bf
- do stick together
Perfectly Inelastic Collision ( mv )a 0+ ( mv )b 0 =( m a +m b ) v f
- momentum is conserved
- do stick together
Density m M = mass (kg) kg
ρ=
V V = volume (m 3) m
3

Weight Density W M = mass (kg)

ρ g=
- density affected by V V = volume (m 3)
gravity m m
ρ g= g W = weight (kg )
V s2
g = acceleration due to
m
gravity (kg )
s2
Specific Gravity ρsubstance kg
ρwater =1000
- relative density with ρwater m3
water
Pressure F F = force (N) N
P=
A A = area (m2) m
2

Pascal (Pa)
1 atm = 101 325 Pa
1 atm = 14.7 psi

Pressure on Gauge P= ρgh ρ = density of substance Pa

kg
( 3)
m
 g = acceleration due to
m
gravity ( 2)
s
h = depth from surface of
substance (m)
Absolute Pressure (Open P|¿|= P atm + ρgh¿ ρ = density of substance
Container) kg
( )
m3
g = acceleration due to
m
gravity ( )
s2
h = depth from surface of
substance (m)
Patm = atmospheric
pressure
Pascal’s Principle P1=P2
F1 F 2
=
A1 A2

Concept Formula Inputs SI Unit

Buoyancy F b=ρ fluid Vg V = volume (m 3)

- buoyant force g = acceleration due to
m
gravity (kg )
s2
Archimedes’ Principle F b=W fluid displaced W A = normal weight Newton (N)
F b=W A −W B W B = weight immersed in
fluid

( )
WA W A = normal weight kg
ρobject = ρ W B = weight immersed in 3
W A −W B fluid m
fluid
Partially Submerged V fluid ρobject f = fraction of volume of
Objects f= = the partially submerged
V object ρfluid
object
Rate of Flow V V = volume (m 3) m
3
J= = Av
- ideal fluid flow t t = time (s) s
A = cross-sectional area (
2
m)
m
v = velocity ( )
s
Continuity Equation J ¿ =J out A = cross-sectional area (
A1 v 1= A 2 v 2 m 2)
m
v = velocity ( )
s
Bernoulli's Equation 1 2 2 ρ = density of substance
P1=P2 + ρ(v 2−v 1 )+ ρgh
- fluids moving at high 2 kg
( 3)
velocities lower pressure m
g = acceleration due to
 m
gravity ( )
s2
h = depth from surface of
substance (m)
P2 = pressure at point 2
Torricelli's Principle v=√ 2 gh v = velocity of liquid
- speed of liquid flowing in g = acceleration due to
a container at depth h m
gravity ( )
s2
h = depth from surface of
substance (m)

Heat Q=mc p ∆ T m = mass (kg) Joule (J)

c p = specific heat
T = change in temperature
Latent Heat of Fusion Q=m Lf m = mass (kg) Joule (J)
* solid to liquid Lf = latent heat of fusion
Latent Heat of Q=m Lv m = mass (kg) Joule (J)
Vaporization * liquid to gas Lv = latent heat of
vaporization
Heat Transfer Q Q = heat flow (J) Watt (W)
H=
- the rate of heat achieving t T = time (s)
equilibrium
Heat Flux H H = heat transfer (W) W
h '=
A A = surface area (m2) m2
Concept Formula Inputs SI Unit

Heat Transfer by T 2 −T 1 K = thermal conductivity Watt (W)

Conduction H=kA A = cross-sectional area
L
where heat passes
through (m2)
*temperature must be in Kelvin. If L = distance that heat
change in temperature, C is passes through (m)
enough. T 1 = colder temperature
T 2 = hotter temperature

Heat Transfer by H=hA(T 2−T 1) h = convection coefficient Watt (W)

Convection A = surface area (m2)
T 1 = colder temperature
T 2 = hotter temperature

Heat Transfer by Radiation 4

H=εσA (T 2 −T 1 )
4
ε = emissivity constant Watt (W)
σ = Boltzman constant (
*temperature must be in Kelvin W
5.67 ×10−8 2 4
m −K
A = surface area (m2)
T 1 = colder temperature
T 2 = hotter temperature
 Heat Equilibrium Q gained=−Qlost m = mass (kg) Joule (J)
- heat lost and heat gained m c p (T f −T i)=−m c p ( T f −T i) c p = specific heat
T = change in temperature
Linear Thermal Expansion ∆ L=α L0 ∆ T L0 = initial length (m) m
α = coefficient of linear *negative answers
expansion means contraction
T = change in temperature and positive
expansion
Area Thermal Expansion ∆ A=2 α A0 ∆ T A0 = initial area (m2) m
2

* 2 α =γ α = coefficient of area *negative answers

expansion means contraction
T = change in temperature and positive
expansion
Volume Thermal ∆ V =3 α V 0 ∆ T V 0 = initial volume (m3) m2
Expansion * 3 α =β α = coefficient of volume *negative answers
expansion means contraction
T = change in temperature and positive
expansion
Coulomb’s Law q1 q2 k = Coulomb’s Constant ( Newton (N)
F=k
d2 N m2
9 ×10 9 )
C2
d = distance of particles
(m)
q = charges (C)

Concept Formula Inputs SI Unit

Electric Field Fe q k = Coulomb’s Constant ( N

E= =k 2 2
q0 r 9 Nm C
9 ×10 2 )
C
d = distance of particles
(m)
q = charges (C)
F = force of electric charge
(N)
Ohm’s Law V =IR I = current (Amp) Volt (V)
R = resistance (Ω)

Electric Power P=IV I = current (Amp) Watt (W)

V = voltage (V)

Equivalent Resistance in Req =R1 + R2 + R3 R = resistors resistance (Ω) Ohm (Ω)

Series

Current in Series I T =I 1=I 2=I 3 I = current (Amp) Ampere (Amp)

 Voltage in Series V T =V 1 +V 2 +V 3 V = voltage drops (V) Volt (V)

Equivalent Resistance in 1 1 1 R = resistors resistance (Ω) Ohm (Ω)

R−1
eq = + +
Parallel R1 R 2 R 3

Current in Parallel I T =I 1 + I 2 + I 3 I = current (Amp) Ampere (Amp)

Voltage in Parallel V T =V 1=V 2 =V 3 V = voltage drops (V) Volt (V)

Kirchhoff’s Current Law I ¿=I out I = current (Amp)

- the sum of entering and
exiting current in a node is
zero
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law ∑ V =0
- The sum of the potential
differences across all
elements around any
closed circuit loop must be
zero.
Magnetic Field I μ0 = permeability of free Tesla (T)
B=μ 0
2 πd −7 Tm N
space (4 π × 10 ) 1 Tesla=1 2
A Am
I = current (Amp)
d = distance from wire

Concept Formula Inputs SI Unit

Magnetic Field in a Coil N μ0 = permeability of free Tesla (T)

B=μ 0 μr I
l −7 Tm * relative
space (4 π × 10 ) permeability is a
A
μr = relative permeability constant. The
inside the coil relative
I = current (Amp) permeability of air
l = distance from wire (m) is 1.
N = number of loops
Magnetic Force F B=qvBsin(θ) q = charge of particle (C) Newton (N)
v = velocity of particle
m
( )
s
B = magnetic field force
(T)
θ = angle between
velocity and magnetic
field force
 F B=I ×l × Bsin(θ) I = current (Amp) Newton (N)
l = length of wire (m)
B = magnetic field force
(T)
θ = angle between
velocity and magnetic
field force

Period of a Wave 1 f = frequency (Hz)

T=
f

Velocity of a Wave λ λ = wavelength (m) m

v= =λf
T T = period (how many s
seconds in a cycle)
f = frequency (Hz) – how
many cycles in a second
Mirror Equation 1 1 1 f = distance from the focal
= +
f p q point of the mirror
p = distance of the object
from the mirror
q = distance of the

Material Resistance l R = material resistance Ohm (Ω)

R=ρ
A (Ohms)
ρ = resistivity (Ohm-m)
l = length (m)
A = cross-sectional area
(m2)

Concept Formula Inputs SI Unit

Conductance 1 G = conductivity of Siemens (S)

G=
R material
R = resistance of
material (Ohms)
Delta-Wye Conversion R = resistances (Ohms) Ohm (Ω)
Wye-Delta Conversion R = resistances (Ohms) Ohm (Ω)

Electromotive Force of a NPΦZ N = speed of the Volt (V)

Eb =
DC Motor 1 60 A armature (rpm)
Φ = flux per pole (Wb)
P = number of poles
A = number of parallel
paths
Z = total number of
conductors
Eb = back EMF of motor
(V)

Electromotive Force of a Eb =V t −I a Ra Eb = back EMF of motor Volt (V)

DC Motor 2 (V)
V t = terminal voltage of
load (V)
I a = current in armature
(A)
Ra = resistance in
armature (R)

Concept Formula Inputs SI Unit

2 2
Power Input in DC Motor Pm= Eb I a + I a R a + I sh Rsh

I ¿ V ¿=E b I a + I 2a R a + I 2sh Rsh

Electromotive Force of a NPΦZ N = speed of the Volt (V)

E g=
DC Generator 1 60 A armature (rpm)
Φ = flux per pole (Wb)
P = number of poles
A = number of parallel
paths
Z = total number of
conductors
E g = back EMF of motor
(V)
Electromotive Force of a V T =E g−I a R a E g = back EMF of motor Volt (V)
DC Generator 2 (V)
V T = terminal voltage of
load (V)
I a = current in armature
(A)
Ra = resistance in
armature (R)

Power Input in DC Motor P=V T I L V T = terminal voltage of Watts (W)

load (V)
I L = current in load (V)

EMF Equation of an T ( 2 πƒ ) Φm Φ m = induced flux (Wb) Volt (V)

Electrical Transformer E= ƒ = frequency (Hz)
√2
E = electromotive force
E=4.44 Φ m ƒT (V)
T = number of turns
EMF in a certain area Φm Φ m = induced flux (Wb) Tesla (T)
B m= Bm = flux density (T)
A
A = cross-sectional area
(m2)

Specific Volume 1 nm
V=
ρ