Philippine Christian University

Graduate School of Education

METHODS OF RESEARCH
W I T H S TAT I S T I C S

ROMELYN COPON-SAUL, Ed.D., RGC, RPm, LPT

 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
 1.1  MEANING OF RESEARCH

The word research is derived from the Latin word meaning  ‘to know’.
1.1  Meaning of Research
01
Research is a process of
gathering data or
information to solve a
particular or specific
problem in a scientific
manner. It employs well-
designed method to
collect the data and in the
analysis of the results.
02
It is a systematic
and replicable process,
which identifies and
defines problems, within
specified boundaries. It
disseminates the findings
to contribute for
generalizing knowledge.
1.1  Meaning of Research
03 04
Research is a tiresome,
thorough, yet
challenging
undertaking. It bridges
the gap between theory
and practice while
broadening the horizon
of one’s knowledge and
appreciation of facts.
Research is a purposive,
systematic and scientific
process of gathering,
analyzing, organizing,
presenting and interpreting
data for the solution of a
problem, for prediction, for
invention, for the discovery
of truth, or for the
expansion or verification of
existing knowledge, all for
the preservation and
improvement of the quality
of life.
 1.2  GENERAL KINDS OF RESEARCH
These are some of the general kinds of research conducted by educational researchers
Basic Research Evaluation Research
The purpose of basic research is to It involves determining the worth, merit, or
develop a solid foundation of reliable quality of an evaluation object, such as an
and fundamental knowledge and educational program. This research is
Basic often carried out to determine how well the
theory on which future research can
be built. about basic human and
01 Research programs work in real-world settings and to
other natural processes. It is usually show how they might be improved.
Evaluation
conducted by using the most rigorous
research methods (e.g.,
Research 03 Evaluation research is subdivided into 2
types: Formative and Summative
experimental) under tightly controlled evaluation.
Applied
laboratory conditions.
Research Action Research
Applied Research It focused on solving specific problems that
Action local practitioners’ face in their schools and
Research focused on answering
practical questions to provide Research 04 communities (Stringer, 2013). It involves
relatively immediate solutions. It often
leads to the development of
02 continuously identifying new problems that
you want to work on and trying new
interventions and programs aimed at strategies and actions to see what improves
improving societal conditions It is your situation. Many practitioners find action
often conducted in more natural research helpful because it helps them to
settings. integrate theory and research with practice.
 1.3  VALUE OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH IS OF GREAT VALUE TO MAN.
THROUGH RESEARCH, THE QUALITY OF MAN’S LIFE IS IMPROVED FROM CONVENTIONAL
TO MODERN BECAUSE LIFE BECOMES NOT ONLY MEANINGFUL BUT ENRICHING AS WELL.

RESEARCH PRESERVES AND IMPROVES THE QUALITY OF LIFE.

Research has led man to search for ways in preserving and improving
his life. Research improves life satisfaction and happiness of man
because research is a self-learning experience . We find learning and
acquire deeper understanding through our research.

RESEARCH SATISFIES MAN’S NEEDS.

In the 19th century, the needs of man were not as fully satisfied as
they are today. Man suffered from conventional ways. Due to
advanced science and technology, man’s conventional ways of living
have become modern. All these modern facilities and devices are the
products of research. It reduces the burden of work of man.
1.3  VALUE OF RESEARCH

RESEARCH IMPROVES INSTRUCTION AND STUDENT’S ACHIEVEMENTS.

Research has no beginning and no end. It is a never ending task.
Several studies have been conducted and innovations have been
introduced to improve instruction. Conventional teaching is no
longer practiced and only modern one is applied. The modern
teacher now is Effective, Efficient and Economical. Researches
served to improve instruction as well as teacher’s competence and
student’s achievement.

RESEARCH HAS DEEP-SEATED PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS.

Research stimulates and add dignity to the human spirit. It
challenges man to remove the threat of stagnation. It is an open
door to a better future and it guides him in his efforts to obtain good
results which contribute to his satisfaction and self-fulfillment.
 1.4  CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
EMPIRICAL
Research is based on observed and measured phenomena and derives
knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief.

REPLICABILITY
The research designs and procedures are replicated to enable
the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results. The more
replications of researches, the more valid and conclusive the
results would be.

SYSTEMATIC
It follows an orderly and sequential procedure that leads to the discovery
of truth, solution of a problem or whatever is aimed to be discovered. It
points to the need to examine information on a step-by-step procedure
rather than deal with sources of data abruptly and haphazardly.
1.4  CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
CRITICAL
Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. A higher level of
confidence must be established (1% or 5%). Based on these levels of
confidence, the researcher is confidently precise in his interpretation that
will lead him to draw valid conclusions.

ANALYTICAL.
Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering of
data. There is a critical analysis of all the data used in order to
avoid error in their interpretation.

OBJECTIVE AND LOGICAL

Research is based on valid procedures and principles. It is unbiased. All the
findings and conclusions are logically based on empirical data and no effort is
made to alter the results of the research.
1.5  GENERAL PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

To solve  To add to  To expand or

a problem existing body verify existing
of knowledge knowledge

The principal goal of research is the preservation

and improvement of the quality of life.
 01 Intellectual Curiosity.
 A researcher undertakes reflective thinking and
inquiry of the things, situations and problems
1.6  around him. He is eager to get information, he
CHARACTERISTICS raises questions to seek answer, continues to read
OF THE related literature, make use of his experiences and
exercises his creativeness and inventiveness.
RESEARCHER
02 Prudence.
 The researcher is prudent if he conducts his
research study at the right time and at the right place
wisely, efficiently and economically. In other words,
he does the right thing at a right time.
 03 Healthy Criticism
 The researcher is always doubtful as to the veracity
of the results. Normally, the researcher always
1.6  doubts the truthfulness of his findings even if the data
CHARACTERISTICS are gathered honestly.
OF THE
RESEARCHER 04 Intellectual honesty.
 An intelligent researcher is honest in collecting or
gathering the data or facts in order to arrive at
honest results. Honesty is the best policy for an
intelligent researcher because the success or failure
of his research lies on his hand.
 1.7  QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCHER

Resourceful
Systematic
Curiosity
Effective Religious

R E S E A R C H E R

Research Efficient Analytical Honest

Oriented Economical