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27
Equilibrium of Beams
GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Regions of distributed load

V = ∫ w(x) dx M = ∫ V(x) dx
Change in = area under Change in = area
shear distributed moment under
loading shear
diagram

V2 – V1 M2 – M1

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 3

Equilibrium of Beams
GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Regions of concentrated force and moment

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 4

Equilibrium of Beams
6.2 GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Procedure for analysis

Moment diagram
• Since V(x) must be integrated to obtain M, then
if V(x) is a curve of degree n, M(x) will be a curve
of degree n+1

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 5

SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 2
QUESTION 1

Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 2
QUESTION 1

Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 2
QUESTION 1
Support Reaction

∑FX = 0 RBX
RBX = 0

∑MA = 0
RBY
30(1.5)(1.5/2) – 45 + RBY (3) = 0
RBY = 3.75 kN

∑FY = 0
RAY + RBY – 30kN/m (1.5) = 0
RAY = 41.25 kN
SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 2
QUESTION 1
(1) X = 0 ; V =0

(2) Diff Shear Force between 0 – 1.5m =

(-ve) area under load diagram
= – 30kN/m (1.5m) = – 45 kN

(3) X = 1.5
V = – 45 kN + 41.25 kN
V = – 3.75 kN

(4) 1.5 < X < 4.5

V = Constant (No distributed load, W)
V = – 3.75 kN

(5) X = 4.5
V = – 3.75 + 3.75 kN
V=0
SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 2
QUESTION 1
(1) X = 0 ; V =0

(2) Diff Shear Force between 0 – 1.5m =

(-ve) area under load diagram
= – 30kN/m (1.5m) = – 45 kN

(3) X = 1.5
V = – 45 kN + 41.25 kN
V = – 3.75 kN

(4) 1.5 < X < 4.5

V = Constant (No distributed load, W)
V = – 3.75 kN

(5) X = 4.5
V = – 3.75 + 3.75 kN
V=0
SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 2
QUESTION 1
(1) X = 0 ; V =0

(2) Diff Shear Force between 0 – 1.5m =

(-ve) area under load diagram
= – 30kN/m (1.5m) = – 45 kN

(3) X = 1.5
V = – 45 kN + 41.25 kN
V = – 3.75 kN

(4) 1.5 < X < 4.5

V = Constant (No distributed load, W)
V = – 3.75 kN

(5) X = 4.5
V = – 3.75 + 3.75 kN
V=0
SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 2
QUESTION 1
(1) X = 0 ; M =0
(2) 0 < X <1.5
V = Linear V(x)
M = Curve with degree (n+1) (x2 curve)
Change in M = Area under V diagram
∆M = – 45kN/m (1.5) (1/2) = – 33.75 kN

(3) 1.5 < X <3

V = Constant
M = Linear (x)
Change in M = Area under V diagram
∆M = – 3.75 (1.5) = – 5.625
X =8
M = – 33.75 – 5.625 = – 39.375

(4) X = 3.0
M = – 39.375 + 45 = 5.625

(5) 3 < X <4.5

∆M = – 3.75 (1.5) = – 5.625
X= 4.5, M = 5.625 – 5.625 = 0
SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 2
QUESTION 1
(1) X = 0 ; M =0
(2) 0 < X <1.5
V = Linear V(x)
M = Curve with degree (n+1) (x2 curve)
Change in M = Area under V diagram
∆M = – 45kN/m (1.5) (1/2) = – 33.75 kN

(3) 1.5 < X <3

V = Constant
M = Linear (x)
Change in M = Area under V diagram
∆M = – 3.75 (1.5) = – 5.625
X =8
M = – 33.75 – 5.625 = – 39.375

(4) X = 3.0
M = – 39.375 + 45 = 5.625

(5) 3 < X <4.5

∆M = – 3.75 (1.5) = – 5.625
X= 4.5, M = 5.625 – 5.625 = 0
SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 1
QUESTION 2
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam. Find Maximum
bending moment at X and distance of X for Zero shear force by using Shear Force Equation
& Bending Moment Equation.
SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 2
QUESTION 2
Support Reaction
∑FX = 0
RAX = 0

∑MA = 0
RBY (9) – (5 x 4.5 x 0.5)(3.0) – (5 x 4.5 x 0.5)(7.5)
=0
RBY = 13.125 kN

∑FY = 0
RAY + RBY – (5 x 4.5 x 0.5) – (5 x 4.5 x 0.5) = 0
RAY + (13.125) – (5 x 4.5 x 0.5) – (5 x 4.5 x 0.5) = 0
RAY = 9.375 kN
QUESTION 2
SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 2
5 kN/m
w kN/m
9.375 kN
V M

X1 m
4.5 m
w kN/m = 5 kN/m
X1 m 4.5m
w = 5 X1 kN/m
4.5m
X=0
V = 9.375

0 < X < 4.5

– V + 9.375 – (1/2) w (X1) = 0
– V + 9.375 – (1/2) (5 X1) (X1) = 0
4.5m
V = 9.375 – (5/9) X12

V= 0 X =4.5
0 = 9.375 – (5/9) X12 V = 9.375 – (5/9) (4.5)2
X1 = 4.107 V= – 1.875kN
SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 1
QUESTION 2
5 kN/m
W2 kN/m
9.375 kN
V M

X2 m
4.5 m
4.5 < X < 9.0
W2 kN/m = 5 kN/m – V + 9.375 – (1/2) 5 (4.5) – (1/2) 5 (X2- 4.5) (X2- 4.5) = 0
(X2 – 4.5)m (4.5) m 4.5m
w = 5 (X2 – 4.5) kN/m – V + 9.375 – 11.25 – (5/9)(X22 -9X2 + 20.25)= 0
4.5m – V + 9.375 – 11.25 – (5/9)X22 + 5X2 – 11.25= 0
V = – 13.125 + 5X2 – (5/9)X22 = 0
0 < X < 4.5
– V + 9.375 – (1/2) w (X1) = 0 X=9
– V + 9.375 – (1/2) (5 X1) (X1) = 0 V= – 13.125
4.5m
V = 9.375 – (5/9) X12 X=9
V= 0 V = – 13.125 + 13.125
0 = 9.375 – (5/9) X12 V=0
X1 = 4.107
 X = 0 MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 2
SOLID
V = 9.375
QUESTION
0 < X < 4.5 2
– V + 9.375 – (1/2) w (X1) = 0
– V + 9.375 – (1/2) (5 X1) (X1) = 0
4.5m
V = 9.375 – (5/9) X12
V= 0
0 = 9.375 – (5/9) X12
X1 = 4.107
X =4.5
V = 9.375 – (5/9) (4.5)2
V= 1.875kN
4.5 < X < 9.0
– V + 9.375 – (1/2) 5 (4.5) – (1/2) 5 (X2- 4.5) (X2- 4.5) = 0
4.5m
– V + 9.375 – 11.25 – (5/9)(X22 -9X2 + 20.25)= 0
– V + 9.375 – 11.25 – (5/9)X22 + 5X2 – 11.25= 0
V = – 13.125 + 5X2 – (5/9)X22 = 0

X=9
V= – 13.125
X=9
V = – 13.125 + 13.125 ; V = 0
SOLID MECHANICS
QUESTION 2 – TUTORIAL 2
5 kN/m
W kN/m
9.375 kN
V M

X1 m
4.5 m
W kN/m = 5 kN/m
X1 m 4.5m
W = 5 X1 kN/m
4.5m
X=0
M=0

0 < X < 4.5

M – 9.375 (X1) + (1/2) W (X1) (1/3) (X1) = 0
M= + 9.375 X1 – (1/2) (5 X1) (X1) (1/3)(X1)
4.5m
M = 9.375 X1 – (5/27) X13
M = 9.375 X1 – (0.185) X13
M max ; when V= 0 ; X1= 4.107
M = 9.375(4.107) – (0.185) (4.107)3
M = 25.675
SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 2
QUESTION 2
5 kN/m
W2 kN/m
9.375 kN
V M
3.0 m
X2 – 4.5
X2 m
4.5 m
4.5 < X < 9.0
W2 kN/m = 5 kN/m
M - 9.375X2 + (1/2) 5 (4.5)(X2 – 3)
(X2 – 4.5)m (4.5) m
+ (1/2) 5 (X2- 4.5) (X2- 4.5) (X2- 4.5) = 0
W2 = 5 (X2 – 4.5) kN/m
4.5m 3
4.5m
M= – 0.18518X3 + 2.5X2 – 13.125X + 50.625
0 < X < 4.5
M = 9.375 X1 – (0.185) X13 X=9
M=0
SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 1
QUESTION 1

=
SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 1
QUESTION 3
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam. Find Maximum bending
moment at X and distance of X for Zero shear force by using Shear Force Equation &
Bending Moment Equation.
SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 2
QUESTION 3
Support Reaction

Distributed Load (1) = 20(6)(1) Distributed Load (1) = 15(3)

2 Acting at (3m/2 + 6m)
Acting at X = 1/3 (6m) = 2m Acting at X = 7.5m

∑MA = 0
– 20(6)(1) 1 (6) – (15)(3) (6 + 1.5) – 40 (6+3+1.5) + RE (6+3+3)= 0
2 3
– 120 – 337.5 – 420 + 12RE = 0
RE = 73.125 kN

∑FY = 0
RA – 20(6)(1) – 15(3) – 40 + RE = 0
2
RA – 60 – 45 – 40 + 73.125 = 0
RA = 71.875 kN
SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 2
QUESTION 3
Shear Force Diagram
Distributed Load (w)
20 = w 71.875 kN
6 (6-x)
20 – 3.333x = w
(1) X = 0 11.875 kN
V = FA = 71.875 kN (X=0)

(2) 0 < X < 6m

Load Diagram Linear (w = 20 – 3.333x)
W= Linear V(x)
V = Curve with degree (n+1) (x2 curve)
Change in V = Area under W diagram
∆ V = (1/2) (20) (6) = 60 kN
X = 6m;
V = 71.875 – 60
V = 11.875 kN (X=6)
SOLID
(1) X = 0; MECHANICS – TUTORIAL
V = FA = 71.875 kN 2
QUESTION
(2) 0 < X < 6m ; 3 W= Linear V(x) 40kN
V = Curve with degree (n+1) (x curve)
2

Change in V = Area under W diagram

∆ V = (1/2) (20) (6) = 60 kN
X = 6m; V = 71.875 – 60 71.875 kN
V = 11.875 kN (X = 6m) Shear Force Diagram

(3) 6 < x < 9m ; W = Constant 11.875 kN

V = Linear (x)
0 kN
Change in V = Area under W diagram
∆ V = (15) (3) = 45 kN.m
X = 9; V = 11.875 – 45
– 33.125 kN
V = – 33.125 kN (X=9m)
– 73.125 kN
(4) 9 < X < 10.5
V = Constant (No distributed load, W)
V = – 33.125

(5) X= 10.5
V = – 33.125 – 40 = – 73.125 kN (X=10.5)

(6) X = 12
V = – 73.125 + 73.126 = 0 kN (X=12)
(1) X = 0 MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 2
SOLID
M = 0 kN
QUESTION 3
(2) 0 < X < 6m
Load Diagram Linear (w = 20 – 3.333x) (2)(6)
W= Linear V(x) 3
V = Curve with degree (n+1) (x2 curve) 71.875 kN
M= Curve with degree (n+1) (x3 curve)
X=6
MB = FA (6) – (1)(20)(6) (2)(6) 11.875 kN
2 3 0 kN
MB = 191.25 kN (X=6)

(3) 6 < X < 9m – 33.125 kN

– 73.125
W= Constant
V = Linear (x)
M = Curve with degree (n+1) (x2 curve)
MC = FA (9) – (1)(20)(6) (2)(6) + 3 – (15)(3)(1.5) 191.25 159.36
2 3
MC = 646.875 – 420 – 67.5 (x3 curve) (x2 curve)
MC = 159.36
0 kN.m
Bending Moment Diagram
(1) X = 0 MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 2
SOLID
M = 0 kN
QUESTION 3
(2) 0 < X < 6m; W= Linear V(x)
V = Curve with degree (n+1) (x2 curve) (2)(6)
M= Curve with degree (n+1) (x3 curve) 3
X=6 71.875 kN
MB = 191.25 kN (X=6)

(3) 6 < X < 9m 11.875 kN

W= Constant 0 kN
V = Linear (x)
M = Curve with degree (n+1) (x2 curve)
Change in M = Area under V diagram – 33.125
MC = 159.36 – 73.125

(4) 9 < X < 10.5

V = Constant 191.25 159.36
M = Linear (x)
Change in M = Area under V diagram (x3 curve) (x2 curve) 109.7
∆ V = – 33.125 x 1.5 = – 49.69
MD = 159.36 – 46.69 = 109.7 0 kN.m
Bending Moment Diagram
(1) X = 0 ;MECHANICS
SOLID M = 0 kN – TUTORIAL 2
QUESTION
(2) 0 < X < 6m; 3
W= Linear V(x)
V = Curve with degree (n+1) (x2 curve)
M= Curve with degree (n+1) (x3 curve) (2)(6)
X=6 3
MB = 191.25 kN (X=6) 71.875 kN

(3) 6 < X < 9m; W= Constant

V = Linear (x) 11.875 kN
M = Curve with degree (n+1) (x2 curve) 0 kN
MC = 159.36 (X=9)

(4) 9 < X < 10.5 V = Constant – 33.125

M = Linear (x)
Change in M = Area under V diagram – 73.125
∆ V = – 33.125 x 1.5 = – 49.69
MD = 159.36 – 46.69 = 109.7 (X=10.5) 191.25 159.36

(5) 10.5 < X < 12 V = Constant (x3 curve) (x2 curve) 109.7
M = Linear (x)
Change in M = Area under V diagram 0 kN.m
∆ V = – 73.125 x 1.5 = – 109.7 0 kN.m
ME = 109.7 – 109.7 = 0 (X=12)
Bending Moment Diagram
Maximum Bending Moment
SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 2
Shear Force , V = 0
QUESTION 3
6 < X1 < 9 X
RA – 1 (20)(6) – 15 (X1 – 6) = 0
2
X1
(71.875) – 60 – 15 X1 + 90 = 0
X1 = 6.791

X (Distance from B)
X = X1 – 6
X = 6.791 – 6
X = 0.791 X = 0.791

Max Bending Moment = Moment at X1 X1 = 6.791

MX1 = RA(X1) – 1 (20)(6) (X1 –2) + 15 X (X)
2 2
MX1 = (71.875)(6.791) – 60(4.791) +15(0.791)2 195.95 kN.m
2
MX1 = 488.1 – 287.46 – 4.69
MX1 = 195.95
Max Moment = 195.95 kN.m
SOLID MECHANICS – TUTORIAL 2
QUESTION 3
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam. Find Maximum bending
moment at X and distance of X for Zero shear force by using Shear Force Equation &
Bending Moment Equation.