Animal Reproductive Biology (I)

Angelico Reyes
 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS
Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson • Reece

36
Reproduction
and Development

Lecture Presentations by
Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Objectives

At the end of this topic, you should be able to:

1. Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction;
2. Give the significance and benefits of asexual and
sexual reproduction;
3. Describe other forms of reproduction; and
4. Differentiate external and internal fertilization.

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Overview: Pairing Up for Sexual Reproduction

Each sea slug produces sperm and eggs and thus

acts as both mother and father to the next generation
Animal reproduction takes many forms
A population outlives its members only by
reproduction, the generation of new individuals
from existing ones

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 Figure 36.1

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Concept 36.1: Both asexual and sexual
reproduction occur in the animal kingdom
Sexual reproduction is the creation of an offspring
by fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and female
gamete (egg) to form a zygote
Asexual reproduction is the creation of offspring
without the fusion of egg and sperm

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Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction

Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by budding,

in which new individuals arise from outgrowths of
existing ones

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Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction

Also common among invertebrates is fission, the

separation of a parent organism into two individuals
of approximately equal size

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 Figure 36.2

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 Fragmentation is breaking of the body into pieces,
some or all of which develop into adults
Fragmentation must be accompanied by
regeneration, regrowth of lost body parts

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 Parthenogenesis is the development of a new
individual from an unfertilized egg

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Sexual Reproduction: An Evolutionary Enigma

Sexual females have half as many daughters as

asexual females; this is the “twofold cost” of sexual
reproduction
Despite this, almost all eukaryotic species reproduce
sexually

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 Figure 36.3-1

Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction

Female Generation 1
Female

Generation 2
Male

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 Figure 36.3-2

Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction

Female Generation 1
Female

Generation 2
Male

Generation 3

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 Figure 36.3-3

Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction

Female Generation 1
Female

Generation 2
Male

Generation 3

Generation 4

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 Sexual reproduction results in genetic recombination
The resulting increased variation among offspring
may enhance the reproductive success of parents in
changing environments

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Reproductive Cycles

Most animals exhibit reproductive cycles related to

changing seasons
Reproductive cycles are controlled by hormones and
environmental cues
Because seasonal temperature is often an important
cue in reproduction, climate change can decrease
reproductive success

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 Figure 36.4

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 In some species of whiptail lizards, the members of
breeding pairs alternate roles
Reproduction is exclusively asexual, and there are
no males
However, courtship and mating behavior still take
place, with one female of each pair mimicking male
mating behavior
The two alternate roles two or three times during
the breeding season

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Figure 36.5

Ovar

size
y
Ovulation Ovulation
Progesterone
Estradiol

Hormon
e level
Time

Behavior
Female Male- Female Male-
like like

(a) A. uniparens females (b) The sexual behavior of A. uniparens is

correlated with the cycle of ovulation.

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Variation in Patterns of Sexual Reproduction

For many animals, finding a partner for sexual

reproduction may be challenging
One solution is hermaphroditism, in which each
individual has male and female reproductive systems
Any two hermaphrodites can mate, and some
hermaphrodites can self-fertilize

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 Individuals of some species undergo sex reversals
For example, in a coral reef fish, the bluehead
wrasse, a lone male defends a group of females
If the male dies, the largest female in the group
transforms into a male
Within a few weeks, this individual can begin to
produce sperm instead of eggs

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External and Internal Fertilization

Sexual reproduction requires fertilization, the

union of sperm and eggs
In external fertilization, eggs shed by the female
are fertilized by sperm in the external environment
In internal fertilization, sperm are deposited in or
near the female reproductive tract, and fertilization
occurs within the tract

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 A moist habitat is almost always required for external
fertilization to prevent gametes from drying out and to
allow sperm to swim to eggs
Many aquatic invertebrates simply shed gametes into
the surrounding water
In this case, timing of release of gametes is crucial to
ensure that sperm and egg encounter one another
If external fertilization is not synchronous across a
population, courtship behaviors might lead to
fertilization

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 Figure 36.6

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 However fertilization occurs, the mating animals
may use pheromones, chemicals released by one
organism that can influence physiology and
behavior of another individual of the same species

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Ensuring the Survival of Offspring

Internal fertilization is typically associated with

production of fewer gametes but the survival of a
higher fraction of zygotes
Internal fertilization is also often associated with
mechanisms to provide protection of embryos and
parental care of young

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 The embryos of some terrestrial animals develop in
eggs with calcium- and protein-containing shells and
several internal membranes
Some other animals retain the embryo, which
develops inside the female
In many animals, parental care helps ensure survival
of offspring

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 Figure 36.7

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Animal Reproductive Biology (I)
Angelico Reyes