PRACTICING HEALTHY  If a lot of people act or think in a

SKEPTICISM certain way, we tend to act or think

the same.
Pause and calm down
One of the main challenges presented by the
 Studies show that people remember
infodemic is finding trustworthy sources
information better when they appeal
amidst the information overload about the
to their emotions. These are stories
coronavirus pandemic. As a rule of thumb,
that make people angry, scared,
keep in mind to always act with caution —
anxious, or those that make them
the second step in #iwasfake: wag basta
jump for joy.
maniniwala (be skeptical)
Confirmation bias
Healthy skepticism vs cynicism
 Aside from our emotions, we also To be skeptical means to have an attitude of
tend to accept information faster and doubt, to be always questioning.
easier when they confirm our
existing views. This is called Cynicism is an attitude of scorn, negativity,
‘confirmation bias’. and general distrust in people’s motives and
integrity.
Emotional skepticism
How to spot potential disinformation:
 Questioning your own emotional
reactions to the messages around One way to practice healthy skepticism is by
you. being on the lookout for red flags or tell-tale
signs.
Other hidden biases
Another important strategy so that you can
Implicit bias avoid cynicism is to learn to ask questions
 We associate two different things, about all media messages, not just those
which in our minds, are usually with which you may disagree with.
linked.
Sunk-cost fallacy
 The more time or emotions we invest
into something, the more we want to
keep investing in it.
Anchoring bias
 The first piece of information we
hear tends to have more influence on
us.
Bandwagon effect

BASIC VERIFICATION &
REPORTING
Lesson 1 | what’s good about having a
journalist’s mindset in the time of the
infodemic?
Debunking the myth of objectivity
The most common misunderstanding about
journalists is that they are supposed to be
objective or free of bias. What every good
journalist strives for is to maintain a
consistent method of verification, a
transparent approach to evidence.
While not everyone can and wants to
become an actual journalist, everyone will
benefit from learning basic skills of
verification both online and offline. This is
very true today especially with just how
much user-generated content (ugc) there is.
Verifying user-generated content (ugc)
1. Who’s behind the information?
- to filter imposter content, you must always
verify people’s identity -- if they are who
they say they are online. The most
commonly faked accounts are those of
journalists, news organizations, politicians,
and celebrities. Aside from imposter
accounts, you should also be wary of
internet trolls and bots.
2.is the content authentic?
- one important skill you must learn in
testing the authenticity of an online content
is using reverse image search through tineye
3. What do other sources say?
- Lateral Reading is the process of finding
multiple sources to either confirm or
disprove a piece of information. This is
opposed to ‘vertical reading’ which means
staying on a webpage to look for
information and evidence.
Lesson 2 | what do we do next after
verifying mis- /disinformation?
Verifying information can be a long and
difficult process. It is not a simple yes/no
action. This should make you realize just
how difficult and imperfect the job of a
journalist is.
Reporting mis-/disinformation on
facebook
Facebook has made it easy for everyone to
report content and content creators that we
have verified to be deceiving and doing
harm. In the last couple of years, facebook
has taken down hundreds of pages in the
philippines that they found to be performing
“coordinated inauthentic behavior”.
Aside from reporting content, it is also very
easy to unfollow or block accounts on
facebook. But what if it’s not trolls or
strangers who spread disinformation on your
feed but a friend or a relative of yours? How
should you talk to them?
In this case, ignoring the spread of false
information from people you personally
know is not the best idea. You need to try to
talk to them while not making them feel bad
or ashamed. The key is empathic
conversation.
Join or build your own fact-checking
communities
One final tip we have for you is to
participate in existing fact-checking efforts.
It will be a huge help to journalists when the
general public does their part in monitoring
the infodemic, instead of contributing to the
information pollution.
PEOPLE MEDIA
People media refers to persons that are
involved in the use, analysis, evaluation and
production of media and information.
What are the 2 types of people media?
 People as media
 People in media
PEOPLE AS MEDIA
They are the media itself. The person serves
as the medium for another person to learn or
acquire new knowledge.
1. Opinion leaders
- is a leader for a certain group who gives
details and information to lesser active
persons in the group.
2. Citizen journalist
- people without professional journalism
training that use the tools of modern
technology and internet to create, augment
or fact-check media on their own or in
collaboration with others.
3. Social journalist
Journalist that uses social media to make
their content available to more people.
Characteristics of social media
1. Individualized
2. Connects with friends and people
3. Uploads content in real time
4. Enables conversations (both private and
public)
5. Provides tracking (history and threads)
Formats of social media
1. Relationships / social network
2. Micro-blogging
3. Special interest network
4. Media sharing
5. Collaborative news
6. Discussion forums
7. Buying/merchant site
8. Virtual worlds
4. Crowdsourcer
- the person who obtains needed services,
ideas, or content by soliciting contributions
from a large group of people and especially
from the online community
Ex. Waze and wikipedia
PEOPLE IN MEDIA
•Media practitioners
•Provide information coming from their
expert knowledge or first- hand experience
of events.
Types of journalists by medium
• Print Journalists
• Photojournalists
• Broadcast Journalists
• Multimedia Journalist
TEXT AND INFORMATION MEDIA
Types of text
Hypertext – serve to link different
electronic documents and enable users to
jump from one to other in a nonlinear way.
Plain text or unformatted text – fixed size
and characters having essentially the same
type of appearance.
Formatted text – appearance can be
changed using font parameters.
What is a typeface?
 Also called font, font type
 Type refers to the representation or
style of a text in the digital format
 Usually comprised of alphabets,
numbers, punctuation marks,
symbols and other special characters
Types of common typefaces
Serif
 Connotes formality and readability in
large amount of texts.
 Usually used for the body text of
books, newspapers, magazines and
research publication.
 Gives a classic or elegant look when
used for title or heading
 Ex. Times new roman, garamond
baskerville
Sans serif
 Brings a clean or minimalist look to
the text.
 Used for clear and direct meaning of
text such as road signage, building
directory or nutrition facts in food
packages.
 Gives a modern look and is used
primarily in webpage design.
 Ex. Arial, helevetica, tahoma,
verdana, calibri
Slab serif
 Carries a solid or heavy look to
text.
 Can be used for large advertising
sign on billboards.
 Ex, rockwell, playbill
Script
 Draws much attention to itself
because of its brush like strokes.
 Must be used sparingly and not to be
used in large body of text.
  Usually used in wedding invitation
cards or other formal events.
 Ex. Edwardian, vladimir, kuntsler.
Decorative
 Caters to a wide variety of emotions
or themes.
 Ex. Chiller, jokerman, curlz mt
Common file formats
Txt (text) – unformatted text document by
an editor as notepad on windows platform.
Doc (document) – a native format for
storing documents created by MS word
package.
Rtf (rich text format) – cross platform
document exchange; default format for mac
os x’s default editor textedit.
Pdf (portable document format) –
developed by adobe systems for cross
platform exchange of documents, supports
image and graphics.
Ps (post script) – a page description
language used for mainly for desktop
publishing.
Design principles and elements
Emphasis - importance or value given to a
part of the text-based content  Steps in formal production of animations
Appropriateness - how fitting or suitable
the text is used for a specific audience,
purpose or event
Proximity - refers to how near or how far
are the text elements from each other.
Alignment - refers to how the text is
positioned in the page.
Organization - refers to a conscious effort
to organize the different text elements in a
page.
Repetition - concerns consistency of
elements and the unity of the entire design
Contrast - creates visual interest to text
elements.
- is achieved when two elements are
different from each other.
MOTION INFORMATION AND
MEDIA
What is a motion media?
• It is visual media that gives the appearance
of a movement
• Can be a collection of graphics, footage,
videos. It is combined with audio, text
and /or interactive content to create
multimedia
2 forms of motion media
1. Informal– created by individuals often
for personal use
2. Formal– created by professionals who
follow industry standards in creating, editing
and producing motion media
• Writing the story
• Script is written and dialogue is recorded
• Animators sketch major scenes,
inbetweeners fill in the gaps
• Background music and background details
are added
• Drawings are rendered
TYPES OF MOTION MEDIA shadows; the source of light determines the
size and direction of the shadow
ACCORDING TO FORMAT:
3. Scale and Size Consistent - scale refers
ANIMATION – Animated GIFs (Graphic
to how the size of the objects in reference to
Interchange Format), Flash, Shockwave,
one another are near the real thing. If the
Dynamic HMTL
picture is reduced or enlarged by a certain
VIDEO FORMATS / VIDEO CODECS – percent then all of the objects should be
MP4, DivX, MPG, 3GP, AVI, MKV, etc. resized by that percent. Objects that are far
away are usually smaller than objects that
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE: are nearer.
 Education Advantages of Motion Media:
 Entertainment
 Advertising  It captures motion in a manner that
can be viewed repeatedly
ACCORDING TO SOURCE:  It can show processes in detail and in
 Personal sequence
 Social Media  It enables learning with emotions
 Media Companies  It can cut across different cultures
and groups
ACCORDING TO AUDIENCE:  It allows scenes, history, events and
 Private / Public phenomenon to be recreated
 General / Directed Limitations of Motion Media:
CREDIBILITY OF MOTION MEDIA  Compared to other forms of visual
Determining the Credibility of Motion media the viewer cannot always
Media: interrupt the presentation.
 It is often times more costly than
 Validity of Information other forms of visual media.
 Source  Other data may be presented best
 Relationship of the Author to using still images. Examples are
the event graphs, diagrams, maps.
 It is subject to misinterpretation
Technical Methods to Detect
Fake/Tampered Video: ELEMENTS OF MOTION MEDIA
1.Smoothness of the Video - This is often 1. Speed - A fast movement gives vigor and
detected when movements are not smooth; vitality, intensifying emotions. A slow
when action seems to jump from one movement connotes lethargy, solemnity or
position to another, as if some action was sadness.
missing
2. Direction - indicates a movement from
2. Lighting Coverage Matches - One way one direction to another. It can also refer to
to detect lighting matches is to look at the the growing or shrinking of an object.
3. Timing - can be objective or subjective.
Objective timing can be measured in
minutes, seconds, days, etc. Subjective
timing is psychological or felt. Timing can
be used to clarify or intensify the message or
the event. Using a pause can help time the
events.
4. Transition – used to switch between
scenes
5. Sound and Color – adds meaning to the
motion
6. Blurring – In animation, blurring can
provide the illusion of fast movement. In
videos, it is often used to censor information
for security or decency
AUDIO INFORMATION AND MEDIA
What is an Audio?
• sound, especially when recorded,
transmitted, or reproduced
AUDIO MEDIA
• media communication that uses audio or
recordings to deliver and transfer
information through the means of sound
Types of Audio Information
1. Radio Broadcast - live or recorded
audio sent through radio waves to
reach a wide audience
2. Music - vocal or instrumental sounds
combined in such a way as to
produce beauty of form, harmony,
and expression of emotion
3. Sound Recording - recording of an
interview, meeting, or any sound
from the environment
4. Sound Clips / Effects - any sound
artificially reproduced to create an
effect in a dramatic presentation (ex.
sound of a storm, or a door)
5. Audio Podcast - a digital audio or
video file or recording, usually part
of a themed series, that can be
downloaded from a website to a
media player or a computer
Ways to Store Audio Information
1. Tape - magnetic tape on which
sound can be recorded
2. CD (Compact Disc) - a plastic-
fabricated, circular medium for
recording, storing, and playing back
audio, video, and computer data
3. USB Drive - an external flash drive,
small enough to carry on a key ring,
that can be used with any computer
that has a USB Port
4. Memory Card (aka Flash Memory
Card or Storage Card) - is a small
storage medium used to store data
such as text, pictures, audio, and
video, for use on small, portable, or
remote computing devices.
5. Computer Hard Drive - secondary
storage devices for storing audio file
6. Internet / Cloud - websites or file
repositories for retrieving audio files,
and more precisely the files are
stored in some datacenter full of
servers that is connected to the
Internet
Audio File Formats
1. MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer 3) - a
common format for consumer audio,
as well as a standard of digital audio
compression for the transfer and
playback of music on most digital
audio players.
2. M4A / AAC (MPEG4 Audio /
Advanced Audio Coding) - an
 audio coding standard for lossy
digital audio compression. Designed
to be the successor of the MP3
format, AAC generally achieves
better sound quality than MP3 at
similar bit rate
3. WAV - is a Microsoft audio file
format standard for storing an audio
bitstream on PCs. It has become a
standard file format for game sounds,
among others
4. WMA (Windows Media Audio) - is
an audio data compression
technology developed by Microsoft
and used with Windows Media
Player
Units of Sound
1. Decibel
• or simply dB
• noise of sound measurement
2. Hertz
• or simply Hz
• unit of sound frequency
3.  Phon
• unit of subjective loudness
Characteristics and Purposes of Sound
1. Volume – intensity of a sound
2. Tone – the audible characteristic of a
sound
3. Pitch - is how high or low a sound is
4. Loudness - refers to the magnitude of
the sound heard
Purposes of a Sound:
• Give instruction or information.
• Provide feedback.
• To personalize or customize
Elements of Sound Design
1. Dialogue - speech, conversation,
voice-over
2. Sound Effects – any sound other
than music or dialogue
3. Music – vocal or instrumental
sounds (or both) combined in such a
way as to produce beauty of form,
harmony, and expression of emotion
Principles of Sound Design
1. Mixing – the combination, balance
and control of multiple sound
elements
2. Pace – time control, editing, order of
events (linear, non-linear or multi-
linear)
3. Stereo Imaging – Using left and
right channel for depth. This refers to
the aspect of sound recording and
reproduction.
4. Transition – how you get from one
segment or element to another
Types of Transitions
1. Segue – one element stops, the next
begins (“cut” in film)
2. Cross-fade – one element fades out,
the next fades in, and they overlap on
the way
3. V-Fade – first element fades to
inaudible before the second elements
begins
4. Waterfall – As first element fades
out, the second element begins at full
volume. Better for voice transitions,
than for effects
Hearing vs. Listening
Hearing
• the act of perceiving sound by the ear
Listening
• requires concentration so that your brain
processes meaning from words and
sentences. Listening leads to learning.