Design review of Abutment

Analysis of forces

Analysis data
Unit weight of backfill soil  18 kN/m³
Unit weight of concrete conc 24 kN/m³
Horizontal seismic coefficient  0.096
Vertical seismic coefficient  0.048

Degree Radian
Angle between the wall and earth  0 0.0000
Angle of internal friction of soil  30 0.5236
Angle of friction between soil and wall  15 0.2618

R.L. of Deck surface 1003 m

Total depth of superstructure deck 1.7 m
Assumed thickness of bearing 0.05 m
Soffit level 1001.300
Thickness of abutment cap 0.5 m
HFL 999.800 m
Average ground level at abutment location 998.000 m
Lowest Bed Level of river 995.160 m
Maximum scour level for abutment 994.857 m
Bottom of abutment stem 996.000 m
Base Level of abutment footing (in case of open foundation) NA m

Total height of the abutment H1 = 7m

(from the stem base to the top of the ballast wall)

Equivalent Live Load Surcharge height [IRC:6-2000, 217.1] 1.2 m

Hence equivalent height of abutment for calc. of earth pressure H= 8.2 m

Length of the abutment L= 7.20 m

Thickness of the return wall 0.300 m

ign Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / abut_stem [1]

Let the section of the abutment be as follows:
(The sections and dimensions from the previous design are kept same as far as possible and checked
for adequacy)
0.25 0.3
3.00 1.00 1003.000
0.2

a6 a
0.60 0.50
1.7
a4 0.3 1001.300 soffit
a7

1.76 0.05
a3 0.5
HFL= 999.8
2.00

7
a1

Note:
-0.079
The section dimensions
are kept same to the 4.750
previous design

0.679
2.84
a2
A RL= 996.000

1.30 0.5

Calculation of area and CG with respect to point A

Area CG-X CG-Z Volume, m³ Weight, kN

a1 6.175 0.650 2.375 44.46 1067.04
a2 1.188 1.467 1.583 8.55 205.20
a3 0.650 0.650 5.000 4.68 112.32
a4 0.510 0.150 6.150 3.67 88.13
a5 0.125 -0.125 6.550 0.90 21.60
a6 1.200 -1.000 6.700 0.72 17.28
a7 1.760 -0.667 5.813 1.06 25.34
Total 11.61 64.04 1536.91 (dl_abut)
Position of CG 0.679 2.84
Position of CG relative to superstructure load point = -0.079

Non-seismic forces on the abutment

Dead load from superstructure (total) dl_sup 1240 kN

Critical live load (total) ll 850 kN

Braking force:
Braking force = 20% of the weight of the design vehicle (Class A)
And this force acts along the bridge at 1.2m above the road level
(IRC:6-2000, 214.2)

Total weight of the IRC Class A vehicle = 543.29 kN

Therefore braking force length = br_f 54.33 kN
(Note: the braking force is shared by the abutment and the neighbouring pier)

Frictional force due to resistance of bearings (temperature effect)

ign Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / abut_stem [2]

 Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete (C) = 0.000009
Length of main girders (L) 20000 mm
Width of girder (a) 400 mm
Assume width of elastomeric bearing (parallel to span) (b) 300 mm
Assume thickness of elastomeric bearing (T) 50 mm
Differential temperature in celcius (dt) 30 degree
Number of main girders = 3

Assume Shear modulus of elastomer (G) 1.20 N/mm² (range 0.6 to 1.2)
Elongation of the girder (D) = C*L*dt at each end 2.7 mm
Plan area of the bearing (A) = 120000 mm²
Longitudinal force transmitted to the pier
F = G*A*D / T = 7.776 kN per bearing
Total force from all bearings 23.328 kN
Hence Lateral force due to frictional resistance of bearings,
fr_f 23.328 kN

Effect of buyoncy

Depth of submerged part of abutment = 3.80 m

Area of stem at base = 12.96 m²
Area of stem at top = 9.36 m²
Area of stem at HFL = 12.24 m²
Volume of submerged part of abutment = 47.88 m³
Taking 1/2 of the volume, Net upward force due to buyoncy = bu_f -239.40 kN

Forces due to earth pressure (including live load surcharge)

Total Static earth pressure = 0.5*  * H² * tan²(45° - /2)*L = 1452.40 kN

It's point of application will be at H*0.42 [IRC:6-2000, 217.1]

Seismic forces on the abutment

Horizontal seismic coefficient = 0.096

Vertical seismic coefficient = 0.048

Horizontal seismic forces:

Superstructure: 119.04 kN
Abutment: 147.54 kN
Backfill soil mass: 139.43 kN
(This force acts at 0.5*H)

Vertical seismic forces:

Superstructure: 59.52 kN
Abutment: 73.77 kN

Summary of forces (along the traffic)

* The loads calculated above are multiplied by coefficient as per IRC:6-2000, 202.3, Table 1.

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / abut_stem [3]

 Dry case, Non-seismic (combination I)

Particular Load Vertical Lever arm, Horizontal Lever arm, Moment

coefficient force (kN) vert. (m) force (kN) hor. (m) (kN.m)
*
Superstructure dead loa 1 1240.00 -0.079 -98.22
Live load 1 850.00 -0.079 -67.33
Abutment 1 1536.91 -0.679 -1043.89
Soil mass 1 1452.40 3.44 5002.05
Tractive/Braking for 1 54.33 8.2 445.50
Frictional force 1 23.328 5.25 122.47

Total 3626.91 1530.05 16.89 4360.58

Dry case, Seismic (combination VI)

Particular Load Vertical Lever arm, Horizontal Lever arm, Moment

coefficient force (kN) vert. (m) force (kN) hor. (m) (kN.m)
*
Non seismic forces
Superstructure dead loa 1 1240.00 -0.079 -98.22
Live load 0.5 425.00 -0.079 -33.66
Abutment 1 1536.91 -0.679 -1043.89
Soil mass 1 1452.40 3.44 5002.05
Tractive/Braking for 0.5 27.16 8.2 222.75
Frictional force 0.5 11.664 5.25 61.24

Additional seismic forces

Superstructure 1 59.52 -0.079 119.04 5.3 626.20
Abutment 1 73.77 -0.679 147.54 2.84 369.15
Soil mass 1 139.43 4.10 571.66

Total 3335.20 1897.24 5677.28

Flooded case, Non-seismic (combination I-a)

Particular Load Vertical Lever arm, Horizontal Lever arm, Moment

coefficient force (kN) vert. (m) force (kN) hor. (m) (kN.m)
*
Superstructure dead loa 1 1240.00 -0.08 -98.22
Live load 1 850.00 -0.08 -67.33
Abutment 1 1536.91 -0.679 -1043.89
Soil mass 1 1452.40 3.44 5002.05
Tractive/Braking for 1 54.33 8.2 445.50
Frictional force 1 23.328 5.25 122.47
Buyoncy 1 -239.4
Total 3387.51 1530.05 16.89 4360.58

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / abut_stem [4]

 Flooded case, Seismic (combination VI-a)

Particular Load Vertical Lever arm, Horizontal Lever arm, Moment

coefficient force (kN) vert. (m) force (kN) hor. (m) (kN.m)
*
Non seismic forces
Superstructure dead loa 1 1240.00 -0.08 -98.22
Live load 0.5 425.00 -0.08 -33.66
Abutment 1 1536.91 -0.679 -1043.89
Soil mass 1 1452.40 3.44 5002.05
Tractive/Braking for 0.5 27.16 8.2 222.75
Frictional force 0.5 11.664 5.25 61.24
Buyoncy 1 -239.4

Additional seismic forces

Superstructure 1 59.52 -0.08 119.04 8.2 971.41
Abutment 1 73.77 -0.679 147.54 2.84 369.15
Soil mass 1 139.43 4.10 571.66

Total 3095.80 1897.24 6022.50

Summary of load cases

Load case Vertical Horizontal Moment Increment

force (kN) force (kN) (kNm) factor for
allowable
stresses **
Non-seismic
Dry (comb. I) 3626.91 1530.05 4360.58 1.0
Flooded (comb. I-a) 3387.51 1530.05 4360.58 1.0
Seismic
Dry (comb. VI) 3335.20 1897.24 5677.28 1.5
Flooded (comb VI-a) 3095.80 1897.24 6022.50 1.5
Max 3626.91 1897.24 6022.50
** IRC:6-2000, 202.3, Table 1.

Based on the above comparison the abutment will be designed for the critical values of
Non-seismic case and checked for seismic case(s)

Design of Abutment Stem (as a compression member with uniaxial moment)

Design cosntants:
Concrete grade (fck) 20 N/mm²
Steel grade (fe) 500 N/mm²
Allowable stress of steel in tension and shear Sst = 240 N/mm²
(IRC:21-2000, 303.2.1, Table 10)
Allowable stress of steel in direct compression Ssc = 205 N/mm²
(IRC:21-2000, 303.2.1, Table 10)
Allowable compressive stress in concrete in flexure Scbc = 6.667 N/mm²
(IRC:21-2000, 303.1, Table 9)
Allowable comp. stress in concrete in direct compression Scc = 5 N/mm²
(IRC:21-2000, 303.1, Table 9)
Modular ratio (m) m= 10
(IRC:21-2000, 303.1, Table 9, Note 1)

Overall thickness of stem at the base = D= 1800 mm

Length of the abutment = L= 7200 mm

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / abut_stem [5]

 Gross cross sectional area of the stem Ag = 12960000 mm²

Let the percentage of longitudinal tensile reinforcement pst 0.18 %

And the percentage of longitudinal compressive reifnrocepsc 0.115 %
Total percentage of longitudinal reinforcement = 0.295 % !!!
(Percentage of steel restricted by IRC:21-2000, 306.2.2)
(Note: the percentage of steel reinforcement is taken from the previous design
for the purpose of checking its adequacy)

Then the initial total area of reinforcement Asc = 38232 mm²

Net area of concrete Ac = 12921768 mm²

Let the effective cover (referring to the CG of bars) cover (d')= 65 mm

Hence the effective depth d_eff = 1735 mm

Moment of inertia I = 3.134.E+12 mm 4

Section modulus Z = 3.612.E+09 mm³
Radius of gyration k= 501 mm
Height of the abutment (upto abutment cap) 5250 mm
Effective length (height) factor (IRC:21-2000, 306.1.2, Table 13) = 1.75
Effective height of the abutment 9187.5 mm
Ratio of Effective length : Radius of gyration = 18.34
Hence it is treated as a Short Column

The direct comp. stress, Scc_cal = 0.269 N/mm²

Scc_cal = P/(Ac+1.5*m*Asc)
The comp. stress in bending Scbc_cal = M/Z Scbc_cal = 1.207 N/mm²

Interaction Condition to be satisfied:

We have, Scc = 5 N/mm²
Scbc = 6.667 N/mm²

Hence, [Scc_cal/Scc] + [Scbc_cal/Scbc] = 0.235 <1 OK

Check for seismic condition Scc_cal = 0.247

Scbc_cal = 1.667

Hence, [Scc_cal/Scc] + [Scbc_cal/Scbc] = 0.300 <1 OK

Hence the tensile reinforcement = 23328 mm²

and the compressive reinforcement = 14904 mm²

Let the diameter of tensile and comp.bars be 25 mm and 20 mm

Unit areas = 490.87 mm² 314.16 mm²

Total number of tensile bars = 48 nos

@ 153 mm c/c
Total area of provided tensile reinforcement = Ast = 23562 mm²

Total number of compression bars = 48 nos

@ 153 mm c/c
Total area of provided compressive reinforcement = Asc = 15080 mm²

Total provided area of longitudinal steel = 38642 mm²

0.298 %

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / abut_stem [6]

 Check for shear

Non-seismic case

Critical shear force at the base V= 1530053 N

Effective area of the section A= 12492000 mm²

Shear stress developed tau = 0.122 N/mm²

Permissible shear stress with longitudinal reinforcement = 0.235 N/mm²
[IRC:21-2000, Table 12B] OK
Hence no additional shear reinforcement required.

Check for tensile stress in concrete (cracked / uncracked section)

The following condition should be satisfied for uncracked section:

(Scbc_cal - Scc_cal) < 0.25*(Scc_cal + Scbc_cal)

Non seismic condition: 0.938 > 0.369 Cracked section

Seismic condition: 1.420 > 0.479 Cracked section

The section & reinforcement to be checked for cracked condition

The section & reinforcement to be checked for cracked condition

(note: the following calculations to be ignored if the section is uncracked)

The critical neutral axis, x is found from the following equation:

(SN Sinha, Reinforced Concrete Design, Tata McGraw Hill)

m*Ast(D - x - d' ) (e+ 0.5D - d' ) = 0.5*L*x² (e - 0.5D+ x/3) + (1.5m - 1) Asc(x-d' ) (e-0.5D+d' )

here, m= 10 Ast = 23562

D= 1800 Asc = 15080
d' = 65 e = D/2 = 900
L= 7200

Solving the eqn. When x = 701.28 mm (by MS Excel Solver)

4.226E+11 - 4.226E+11 = 0
(LHS) (RHS) ok

Now the resultant stress:

Scb = P / 0.5*L*x + (1.5m - 1) Asc(x-d' )/x - m.Ast(D-d'-x)/x where P = Vertical loads

3626912 N
hence, Scb = 1.531 N/mm²

Stress in compression reinforcement: allowable values

Ssc = 1.5m*Scb*(x-d')/x = 20.838 N/mm² < 205 OK

Stress in tension reinforcement:

Ss = m*Scb*(D-d'-x)/x = 22.569 N/mm² < 240 OK

Let the percentage of distribution bars be 17 % of the total longitudinal reinforcement

Hence, area of distribution bars = 6569 mm²

Let's use bars of 12 mm Unit area = 113.10 mm²
Total number of distribution bars on each face of the stem = 30 nos

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / abut_stem [7]

 Spacing @ 160 mm c/c

Curtailment of main bars

Let's curtail the main bars at 2.00 m above the stem base input 0 if no curtailment
Calculation of forces (considering the dry seismic condition)

Particular Load Vertical Lever arm, Horizontal Lever arm, Moment

coefficient force (kN) vert. (m) force (kN) hor. (m) (kN.m)
*
Non seismic forces
Superstructure dead loa 1 1240.00 0.6 744
Live load 0.5 425.00 0.6 255.00
Abutment 1 1001.23 0 0.00
Soil mass 1 830.31 2.60 2162.13
Tractive/Braking for 0.5 27.16 6.20 168.42
Frictional force 0.5 11.664 3.25 37.91

Additional seismic forces

Superstructure 1 59.52 0.6 119.04 3.30 428.54
Abutment 1 48.06 0 96.12 2.68 257.28
Soil mass 1 79.71 3.10 247.10

Total 2773.81 1164.01 4300.38

Overall thickness of stem at the the height of curtailment = 1589.47 mm

Length of the abutment = 7200.00 mm
Gross cross sectional area of the stem at the height of curtailment 11444211 mm²
Let the amount of longitudinal reinforcement be 50 %
Then, Asc= 19116 mm² Scc_cal = 0.237 N/mm²
Ac= 11425095 mm² Scbc_cal = 1.54 N/mm²
d_eff = 1524.47 mm
4
I= 2.126.E+12 mm
Z= 2.789.E+09 mm³ We have, Scc = 5 N/mm²
k= 440.08 mm Scbc = 6.667 N/mm²

Hence, [Scc_cal/Scc] + [Scbc_cal/Scbc] = 0.279 <1 OK

and the condition of tensile stress at the extreme fibre of concrete:

(Scbc_cal - Scc_cal) < 0.25*(Scc_cal + Scbc_cal) 1.305 > 0.445
Cracked section

(note: the following calculations to be ignored if the section is uncracked)

Check for the adequacy of the reinforcement for a cracked section
The critical neutral axis, x :
m*Ast(D - x - d' ) (e+ 0.5D - d' ) = 0.5*L*x² (e - 0.5D+ x/3) + (1.5m - 1) Asc(x-d' ) (e-0.5D+d' )

here, m= 10 Ast = 11781

D= 1589 Asc = 7540
d' = 65 e = D/2 = 794.736842
L= 7200

Solving the eqn. When x = 527.29 mm (by MS Excel Solver)

1.791E+11 - 1.791E+11 = 0
(LHS) (RHS) ok

Now the resultant stress:

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / abut_stem [8]

 Scb = P / 0.5*L*x + (1.5m - 1) Asc(x-d' )/x - m.Ast(D-d'-x)/x where P = Vertical loads
2773811 N
hence, Scb = 1.569 N/mm²

Stress in compression reinforcement: allowable values

Ssc = 1.5m*Scb*(x-d')/x = 20.633 N/mm² < 205 OK

Stress in tension reinforcement:

Ss = m*Scb*(D-d'-x)/x = 29.671 N/mm² < 240 OK

Check for shear Critical shear, V = 1164008 N

Effective area, A = 10976211 mm²

Tensile reinforcement area = 11781 mm²

Compression reinforcement area = 7540 mm²
Hence total reinforcement area = 19321 mm²
Percentage of steel provided = 0.169 %

Shear stress developed, tau= 0.106 N/mm²

Permissible shear stress with longitudinal reinforcement = 0.188 N/mm²
[IRC:21-2000, Table 12B] OK

Tensile reinforcement:
Dia = 25 mm 24 nos @ 313 mm c/c
Check for Maximum allowed spacing 300 is maximum allowed
Development / Lap length to be provided where necessary = 1150 mm

Compression reinforcement:
Dia = 20 mm 24 nos @ 313 mm c/c
Check for Maximum allowed spacing 300 is maximum allowed
Development / Lap length to be provided where necessary = 920 mm

Design of Ballast Wall

Total Static earth pressure = 0.5*  * H² * tan²(45° - /2)*L = 181.66 kN

(Including live load surcharge)
It's point of application will be at H*0.42, hence lever arm = 1.22 m
Hence moment due to static forces = 221.26 kN.m

Seismic earth pressure (0.5*  Ka_dyn*H² *L) =

(Including live load surcharge)
Horizontal component of this force = 21.24 kN
This force acts at 0.5*H, hence lever arm = 1.45 m
Hence moment due to seismic forces = 30.80 kN.m

Therefore total moment at the base of the ballast wall = 252.06 kN.m
Total base shear = 202.90 kN

Total thickness of ballast wall = 300 mm

Cover = 40 mm
Bar diameter :
Main (tension) bars 16 mm Unit area= 201.06 mm²
Distribution bars 10 mm Unit area= 78.54 mm²
Compression bars 12 mm Unit area= 113.10 mm²

Therefore available effective depth = 242 mm

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / abut_stem [9]

 Critical neutral axis, xc = Scbc*deff/((Sst/m)+Scbc) 52.6086957 mm
Lever arm , Z = deff-xc/3 224.46 mm

Required area of tensile steel (M/Z*Sst) = 4679 mm²

Hence required number of bars = 24

Spacing @ 310

Maximum spacing of bars allowed = 300 mm

Hence, lets provide the bars @ 300 mm c/c to match with the bars from the abutment
Distribution bars @ 300 mm c/c
Compression bars @ 300 mm c/c

Summary of the design (reinfrocement). The spacings adjusted to ease the works.

Abutment stem Diameter Total nos. Spacing Denotion

of bars (mm c/c)
(mm)
Upto the height of curtailment
2.00 m above the base of stem. Length of vert. bars from the base of stem = 2.920
Back face of the stem 25 49 150 AB2
Front face of the stem 20 49 150 AB1
Distribution (horizontal) bars (on each face) 12 18 160 AB3

Above the curtailment _

Back face of the stem 25 25 300 AB2a

Front face of the stem 20 25 300 AB1a
Distribution (horizontal) bars (on each face) 12 11 160 AB3
Clear cover = 40.5 mm

Ballast wall
Back face 16 25 300 AB8
Front face 12 25 300 AB7
Distribution (horizontal) bars (on each face) 10 7 300 AB9
Clear cover = 40 mm

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / abut_stem [10]

 Bar schedule
300 Dia Nos Length Unit Wt. Weight

AB1 5968 20 25 6.568 2.466 404.89

300

AB1a 4138 20 49 4.438 2.466 536.20

300

AB2a 4138 25 49 4.438 3.854 838.00

300

300

AB2
5968 25 25 6.568 3.854 632.78

300

7070

AB3 900 900 12 29 15.940 0.888 410.49

7070

250

AB7 2350 12 25 2.600 0.888 57.72

250

AB8
2550 16 25 2.800 1.579 110.53

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / abut_stem [11]

 7070
AB9
250 250 10 7 14.640 0.616 63.13

220 500 300

AB10 16 27 1.82 1.579 77.59
700
100

500
AB11
10 54 0.650 0.616 21.62
75 75

250
AB11a 10 27 0.400 0.616 6.65
75 75

AB12 7070 20 1 7.070 2.47 17.43

AB13 7070 16 2 7.070 1.579 22.33

Total in one abutment 3199.36

MT 3.199

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / abut_stem [12]

 A

Ø 12 @ 300 c/c AB7

Ø 10 @ 300 c/c AB9

2 layers of Ø 6 mm bar mesh AB6

Ø 16 @ 300 c/c AB8
Ø10 bars @ 200 mm c/c AB5

Ø8 bars @ 200 mm c/c

AB4

Ø 25 @ 300 c/c AB2a Ø 20 @ 300 c/c AB1a

Ø 12 @ 160 c/c AB3

Ø 25 @ 150 c/c M 20 Ø 20 @ 150 c/c

AB2+AB2a AB1+AB1a

Pile cap, M 20

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / abut_stem [13]

 Back Face (Heel Side) Front Face (Toe Side)

Ø 10 @ 300 c/c AB9 Ø 10 @ 300 c/c AB9

Ø 16 @ 300 c/c AB8 Ø 12 @ 300 c/c AB7

Ø 12 @ 160 c/c AB3 Ø 12 @ 160 c/c AB3

Ø 20 @ 300 c/c AB1a

Ø 25 @ 300 c/c AB2a

Ø 25 @ 150 c/c
AB2+AB2a Ø 20 @ 150 c/c
AB1+AB1a

Pile cap M 20

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / abut_stem [14]

 250 300

Ø 20 AB12
AB8

Ø 10 @ 300 c/c AB11

250

250 Ø 10 @ 300 c/c AB11a

AB7

Ø 16 AB13

Ø 16 @ 250 c/c AB10

Detail at A

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / abut_stem [15]

Design of Abutment Cap

Vertical loads on the abutment cap (from individual girder)

Number of main girders: 3 nos

Dead load of superstructure 413.3 kN
Live load (including impact) 283.3 kN
Total load= 696.6667 kN

Approximate bearing size : L= 400 mm

B= 300 mm

Depth of abutment cap, D= 500 mm

Allowable punching pressure, tau_p = ks(0.16*sqrt(fck))

Where, ks = the minimum of 1 and 0.5+bc = 1.00

bc = B/L = 0.75
hence, tau_p = 0.716 N/mm²

Total punching stress developed = tau_punch = V/Lo*D

Where
e e Lo
o = pe
perimeter
ete aaround
ou d tthe
e ccritical
t ca pplane
a e = 2*(2D+L+B)
( )= 3
3400
00 mm

Hence punching stress, tau_punch = 0.410 N/mm²

which is < 0.716 OK

Hence no additional reinforcement required. Provide nominal reinforcement.

Provide 10 mm bars 200 mm c/c along the lentgh of the cap

Provide
P id 8 mm b
bars 200 mm c/c
/ as stirrups
ti aroundd the
th cap

Provide 2 layers of 6 mm bar mesh beneath the bearings

Size of mesh : L_mesh = 750 mm
B_mesh = 675 mm

2 layers of Ø 6 mm bar mesh

AB6

Ø8 bars @ 200 mm c/c

AB4

Ø10 bars @ 200 mm c/c

AB5

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / abut_cap 1

Bar Schedule
Dia Nos Length Unit Wt. Weight
1170
AB4 435 8 36 3.310 0.395 47.53
2x50

AB5 7070 10 13 7.070 0.616 56.62

750
Pitch 75 mm
AB6 675 bothways, 6 3 17.78 0.222 11.84
2 layers

In abutment cap, total in one abutment 115.98

MT 0.116
0 6

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / abut_cap 2

Design review of Wing wall / Return wall

Width of the wingwall, W = 0.3 m 2.00

Effective Cover = 75 mm

Design for vertical load

0.60
Area CG, m Weight, kN
1.200 1.000 8.640
1.760 0.667 12.672
2.960 21.312 1.76

Resultant CG = 0.802 m

Dead load moment at the face of abutment= 17.088 kN.m

Accidental live load on the edge of the wingwall =

114 kN

Hence live load moment including impact = 342.00 kN.m

Total design moment at the face of abutment 359.088 kN.m

Area
ea o
of stee
steel required,
equ ed, Ast
st = M/j.d.Sst
/j d Sst = 728
8 mm²
Provide
4 nos of dia 20 bars ok
Then provided area = 1256.6 mm² OK (R1)

Design for earth pressure

Total depth of the wingwall = 2.36 m

Equivalent live load surcharge = 1.2 m
(IRC:78-2000, 710.6.9) Total H = 3.56 m

Total pressure exerted by the soil = 0.5*  * H² * tan²(45° - /2)*L= 76.04 kN

Moment by earth pressure including live load surcharge = 63.88 kN.m

Thickness of the wingwall = 300 mm

Effective Cover = 75 mm
Effective depth available = 225 mm

Area of steel required, Ast = M/j.d.Sst = 557 mm² per meter height of wingwall
Provide
16 mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c
Then provided area = 1005 mm² OK (R3)

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / wingwalls 1

 Dia Nos Length Unit wt. Wt. kg

R1 2225
1000 20 8 3.225 2.466 63.62

200
R2
525 16 8 3.390 1.579 42.82248

2665

2150
R3 150 16 8 4.450 1.579 56.21

Average 1525
R4 150
50 16
6 18
8 3.200
3 00 1.579
5 9 90.95
90 95

R5 Average 1480 10 18 3.078 0.616 34.13

118

R6 225 20 2 0.225 2.466 1.11

Total in 2 wingwalls in one abutment 288.85

in MT 0.289

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / wingwalls 2

 1 Nos. Ø 20 R6 Ø 20 mm 4 nos, R1
AB8

AB7

Ø 10 @ 250 c/c R5

Ø 16 mm 4 nos, R2

Ø 16 @ 200 c/c R3
R3, R4

Reinforcement details of wingwalls

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / wingwalls 3

 Design review / redesign of pile foundation for the abutments

Design data
Let,
Dimeter of the pile dia = 0.7 m
Total number of piles n= 16
Length (depth) of piles D= 13.5 m
Depth of fixity from maximum scour level 3.90 m

HFL 999.8 m

4.943 996.00 m
994.70

1.143
Maximum scour 994.857 m

12.36 3.898 13.5

Level of fixity 990.96 m

8.459

Founding level 982.50 m

Length of pilecap along the bridge axis Lcap = 7.6 m

Width of pilecap across the bridge axis Wcap = 7.6 m
Offset of pilecap from the outer surface of the outermost pile = 0.3 m
[IRC:78-2000, 709.5.1]
Number of piles along the bridge axis 4
Number of piles across the bridge axis 4 OK
Center to center distance of the piles: (IRC:78-2000,
Along the bridge axis (Xi) 2.20 m c/c
Across the bridge axis (Yi) 2.20 m c/c
[Center to center distance between piles restricted by IRC:78, 709.1.5.1] OK

Embedded length of pile = D_emb= 12.357 m

Let the thickness of pile cap be Th_pc = 1.3 m
Thickness of pile cap restricted by IRC:78, 709.5.1] ok

Width of pile group (outer surfaces of the piles) along the bridg 7.3 m
Length of pile group (outer surfaces of the piles) across the brid 7.3 m
Area enclosed by the perimeter of the pilegroup as above, Ag = 53.29 m²

Unit weight of concrete 24 kN/m³

Eccentric load of vehicle Load Eccentricity

850 0.25 212.5 kNm

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / piles 1

 Dead load of the pile cap 1802.11 kN

Summary of forces at the CG (in plan) of the pilecap at the bottom surface

Summary of load combinations

Forces Vertica Horizont Horizonta Moment Moment

l load al load l load along the axis across
along across (Mxx) the axis
the axis the axis (Myy)
(xx) (yy)
Dry (comb. I) Non-seismic 5429 1530 4360.58 213
Flooded (comb. I-a) Non-seismic 5190 1530 4360.58 213
Dry (comb. VI) Seismic 5137 1897 5677.28 106
Flooded (comb VI-a) Seismic 4898 1897 6022.50 106

Maximum Non seismic 5429 1530 4361 213

Seismic 5137 1897 6022 106

Maximum load on individual piles

The moments of inertia of the piles Xi²= 96.80 m²
denoted in terms of sum of squares of the distance  Y i ² = 96.80 m²
Maximum load will be obviously on the outermost piles
X max = 3.3 m
Y max = 3.3 m

V max = [V/n] + (Mxx*Xmax)/ Xi² + (Myy*Ymax)/ Yi²

V min = [V/n] - (Mxx*Xmax)/ Xi² - (Myy*Ymax)/ Yi²

For different cases:

Vmax Vmin
Dry (comb. I) Non-seismic 495.21 183.41
Flooded (comb. I-a) Non-seismic 480.25 168.45
Dry (comb. VI) Seismic 518.25 123.92
Flooded (comb VI-a) Seismic 515.05 97.19

The most critical values = 495.21 168.45 kN (non seismic)

518.25 123.92 kN (seismic)
Critical value for foundation = 518.25 123.92 kN (seismic)

Capacity of Bored Piles

Pile geometry:
Diameter 700 mm
Area of shaft per meter, (As) 2.199 m²
Area of base of pile, (Ab) 0.385 m²
Factor of Safety for shaft 2
Factor of Safety for base 3
Factor of Safety Overall 2.5

Pile Capacity in varying layers by relation to the SPT values

Shaft Capacity

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / piles 2

 In Cohesive soil, Qs = (a*Cu)*As
Where,
a = Adhesion factor (for medium clay) 0.45
Cu = Average Undrained shear Strength 6 * SPT kN/m²
As = Area of Shaft per meter
Qs not to exceed 55 kN/m²

In cohesionless s Qs = a' * kTan.d * As

Where,
a' = r' * H
r' = Submerged unit weight of soil 8 kN/m²
H = depth of the soil layer under consideration
kTan.d 0.3 for loose sand (SPT 4 to 10)
0.4 for medium sand (SPT 10 to 30)
0.5 for dense sand (SPT > 30)

Base Capacity

In Cohesive soil, Qb = (9*Cu) * Ab

Where,
Cu = Undisturbed shear strength at the pile base = 6*SPT
Ab = Base area of the pile

In cohesionless s Qb = (Nq -1) a'v * Ab

Where,
Nq = 20 for loose sand
30 for medium sand
40 for dense sand

Bored Pile Capacity based on soil property on Bore Hole No. 1

Depth Pile length Strata SPT a*Cu kTan.d a'v Nq Qs, kN Qs, kN Qb, kN
m m by layer Cumulative by layer
0 0 C
1.5 0 C 17 45.9 0.00 0.00 0.00 55.00
3 1.5 C 13 35.1 0.00 12.00 0.00 55.00 55.00 270.16
4.5 3 C 50 135 0.00 24.00 0.00 55.00 110.00 1039.08
6 4.5 C 10 27 0.00 36.00 0.00 55.00 165.00 207.82
7.5 6 C 36 97.2 0.00 48.00 0.00 55.00 220.00 748.14
9 7.5 C 21 56.7 0.00 60.00 0.00 55.00 275.00 436.41
10.5 9 C 22 59.4 0.00 72.00 0.00 55.00 330.00 457.20
12 10.5 C 19 51.3 0.00 84.00 0.00 55.00 385.00 394.85
13.5 12 NC 34 0 0.50 96.00 40.00 55.00 440.00 1440.86
15 13.5 NC 50 0 0.50 108.00 40.00 55.00 495.00 1620.97
16.5 15 NC 50 0 0.50 120.00 40.00 55.00 550.00 1801.08
18 16.5 NC 50 0 0.50 132.00 40.00 55.00 605.00 1981.18
19.5 18 NC 50 0 0.50 144.00 40.00 55.00 660.00 2161.29
20 18.5 NC 50 0 0.50 148.00 40.00 55.00 715.00 2221.33

Hence the Ultimate and Allowable capacity of individual pile will be as follows:

Depth Pile length Qult, kN Qall, kN

(Qs+Qb)
0 0
1.5 0

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / piles 3

 3 1.5 325.16 130.065 ---
4.5 3 1149.08 459.633 ---
6 4.5 372.82 149.127 ---
7.5 6 968.14 387.256 ---
9 7.5 711.41 284.566 ---
10.5 9 787.20 314.878 ---
12 10.5 779.85 311.94 ---
13.5 12 1880.86 752.344 Ok
15 13.5 2115.97 846.387 Ok
16.5 15 2351.08 940.43 Ok
18 16.5 2586.18 1034.47 Ok
19.5 18 2821.29 1128.52 Ok
20 18.5 2936.33 1174.53 Ok

Bored Pile Capacity based on soil property on Bore Hole No. 2

Depth Pile length Strata SPT a*Cu kTan.d a'v Nq Qs, kN Qs, kN Qb, kN
m m by layer Cumulative by layer
0 0 C
1.5 0 C 17 45.9 0.00 0.00 0.00 55.00
3 1.5 C 13 35.1 0.00 12.00 0.00 55.00 55.00 270.16
4.5 3 C 50 135 0.00 24.00 0.00 55.00 110.00 1039.08
6 4.5 C 10 27 0.00 36.00 0.00 55.00 165.00 207.82
7.5 6 C 36 97.2 0.00 48.00 0.00 55.00 220.00 748.14
9 7.5 C 21 56.7 0.00 60.00 0.00 55.00 275.00 436.41
10.5 9 C 22 59.4 0.00 72.00 0.00 55.00 330.00 457.20
12 10.5 C 19 51.3 0.00 84.00 0.00 55.00 385.00 394.85
13.5 12 NC 34 0 0.50 96.00 40.00 55.00 440.00 1440.86
15 13.5 NC 50 0 0.50 108.00 40.00 55.00 495.00 1620.97
16.5 15 NC 50 0 0.50 120.00 40.00 55.00 550.00 1801.08
18 16.5 NC 50 0 0.50 132.00 40.00 55.00 605.00 1981.18
19.5 18 NC 50 0 0.50 144.00 40.00 55.00 660.00 2161.29
20 18.5 NC 50 0 0.50 148.00 40.00 55.00 715.00 2221.33

Hence the Ultimate and Allowable capacity of individual pile will be as follows:

Depth Pile length Qult, kN Qall, kN

(Qs+Qb)
0 0
1.5 0
3 1.5 325.16 130.065 ---
4.5 3 1149.08 459.633 ---
6 4.5 372.82 149.127 ---
7.5 6 968.14 387.256 ---
9 7.5 711.41 284.566 ---
10.5 9 787.20 314.878 ---
12 10.5 779.85 311.94 ---
13.5 12 1880.86 752.344 Ok
15 13.5 2115.97 846.387 Ok
16.5 15 2351.08 940.43 Ok
18 16.5 2586.18 1034.47 Ok
19.5 18 2821.29 1128.52 Ok
20 18.5 2936.33 1174.53 Ok

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / piles 4

 Let's take the depth of pile (including pilecap )= 13.5 m

Capacity of a single Pile non seismic case 752.3 kN > Vmax, ok

Capacity of a single Pile seismic case (increase 25%) 940.4 kN > Vmax, ok
Total Ultimate bearing capacity of the group, n*Qult = 12037.5 kN

Ultimate bearing capacity of the pile group as a single unit

[K.R. Arora, Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering, Chapter 25.20]

Qg(u) = c*Nc*Ag + a*c' *Pg*D

Where, D = Effective embedded depth of pile = D_emb D= 12.357 m

Pg = Perimeter of the group =2(B+L) Pg = 29.2 m
c' = Cohesion around the pilegroup c' = 35 kN/m²
c = Cohesion (shear strength) of soil at the pile base c= 35 kN/m²

Nc = Bearing capacity factor Nc = 9

Ag = Area of the pile group (B*L) Ag = 53.29 m²
a = Adhesion factor (alpha) for soft clay a= 0.45

Ultimate bearing capacity of the pile group Qg(u) = 22469 kN

The lower of the value between Qg(u) and n.Qu is taQu = 12038 kN

Hence, allowable bearing capacity =

Adopted group capacity / Factor of safety = Qall = 12038 kN
Which is > the vertical load, i.e. 5429 kN
OK

Adopted design: Number of piles 16

Pile depth 13.5 m including pilecap
Pile diameter 0.7 m
Size of pile cap L= 7.6 m along the bridge axis
B= 7.6 m across the bridge axis
h= 1.3 m

Structural Design of Piles

Fixity of Piles Pile stiffness factor, T= (Ep*Ip/nh)^0.2 for non cohesive soils
(Ep*Ip/nh)^0.25 for cohesive soils

Where, Ep = Modulus of elasticity of the pile = 2.10E+07 kN/m²

Ip = Moment of inertia of the pile (pi*d^4)/64 = 0.01179 m4
nh = Constant of modulus of subgrade reaction

nh for submerged soils can be taken as follows :

(Analysis & Design of Substructure, Swami Saran, Table 8.6)
Loose sand (SPT 4-10) 1500 kN/m³
Medium sand (SPT 10 to 30) 5200 kN/m³
Dense sand (SPT > 30) 12500 kN/m³
Organic soil 150 kN/m³

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / piles 5

 Considering the top layers of the soil, Lets take nh = 5200 kN/m³

Hence Pile stiffness factor, T = (Ep*Ip/nh)^0.2 = 2.165

Virtual depth of fixity of pile = 1.8*T + scour depth = 5.04 m

Design cosntants: Normal case Seismic case (Comb VI)

Concrete grade (fck) 25 25 N/mm²
Steel grade (fe) 500 500 N/mm²
Allowable stress of steel in tension and shear Sst = 240 360 N/mm²
(IRC:21-2000, 303.2.1, Table 10)
Allowable stress of steel in direct compression Ssc = 205 307.5 N/mm²
(IRC:21-2000, 303.2.1, Table 10)
Allowable compressive stress in concrete in flexure Scbc = 8.333 12.5 N/mm²
(IRC:21-2000, 303.1, Table 9)
Allowable comp. stress in concrete in direct compression Scc = 6.25 9.375 N/mm²
(IRC:21-2000, 303.1, Table 9)
Modular ratio (m) m= 10 10

Forces on individual piles Non seismic Seismic

Horizontal load H= 96 129 kN
Critical Vertical load P= 495 518 kN
Critical moment (for fixed base, constrained end) M= 241 326 kN

Gross cross section area of the pile = Ag 384845 mm²

Let the percentage of reinforcement be pt 0.80 %
(Minimum 0.4%)
Then total area of reinforcement = Asi 3078.8 mm²

Let the diameter of main bars, 16 mm

Then the number of bars = 201.1 15.3
Let's provide 16 nos

Hence provided area of main reinforcement = 3217 mm²

Let the clear cover be cover 65 mm

Let the diameter of the transverse reinf. 10 mm
Then the diameter up to the line of reinf. Dc = 542 mm
Spacing between the bars = 106 mm OK
Check the capacity of the section

Gross cross sectional area = Ag = 384845 mm²

Area of main steel = As = 3217 mm²
Net area of concrete = Ac = 381628 mm²

At = Ac+(1.5m-1)*As At = 426666 mm²

It = (PI*D^4/64) + (m-1)*As*Dc² / 8 It = 12849046811 mm4

Zt = 2*It/D Zt = 36711562 mm3

Non seismic Seismic

Sccal = P/At Sccal = 1.161 1.215 N/mm²
Scbcal = M/Zt Scbcal = 6.565 8.883 N/mm²

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / piles 6

 Interaction formula with enhanced capacity of the spirals
Enhancement factor =1.05 1.00

(Sccal/Scc + Scbcal/Scbc) = 0.9735 0.8402

Which is <1 <1 OK

Check for shear Non seismic Seismic

Resultant critical horizontal force: 95628 129390 N
Area of the section 384845 384845 mm²
Shear stress developed, tau = 0.248 0.336 N/mm²
Percentage of longitudinal steel (as provided)= 0.836 0.836 %
Allowable shear stress 0.374 0.374 N/mm²

Hence No additional shear reinforcement required. Provide nominal.

Lateral reinforcement
Provide nominal reinforcement as per IRC:78-2000, 709.4.4

Let's provide bars with diameter 8 mm @ 150 mm c/c upto 6.0 m from the top
8 mm @ 300 mm in the remaining 6.2 m

Number of rings in one pile 40 + 21 = 61

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / piles 7

 Design of Pile cap

Total length of pile cap along the bridge axis = 7.6 m

Total breadth of pile cap across the bridge axis = 7.6 m
Number of piles and spacing
Along the bridge axis 4 nos @ 2.20 m c/c
Across the bridge axis 4 nos @ 2.20 m c/c
Diamater of piles 0.7 m

Offset to the CL of outermost pile from the edge of pilecap 0.65 m

1.80

CG

2.90 1.12 2.90

1.3

2.20
0.65
3.98

Data for modelling in SAP2000 Non seismic Seismic

Thikness of pilecap 1.3 1.3 m
Total distance between c/c of extreme piles 6.6 6.6 m
C/C distance of the piles 2.20 2.20 m

Critical vertical force per meter length of pilecap 822.58 778.38 kN/m
Critical moment per meter length of pilecap 660.69 912.50 kNm/m

Results from SAP2000 analysis Non seismic Seismic

Critical moment 608 707 kNm
Critical shear 640 715 kN

Hence the design moment 608 707 kNm

Let the diameter of Longitudinal main bars (bottom) 25 mm

Longitudinal main bars (top) 16 mm
Distribution bars across axis (bottom) 16 mm
Distribution bars across axis (top) 16 mm

Clear cover at all sides 70 mm

Hence the effective decrease in overall depth 83 83 mm

Effective depth 1217.5 1217.5 mm

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / piles 8

 Design constants Non seismic Seismic
Concrete grade, fck = 20 20 N/mm²
Steel Grade, fe = 500 500 N/mm²
Allowable compressive stress in concrete, Scbc = 6.67 10 N/mm²
Allowable tensile stress in steel, Sst = 205 307.5 N/mm²
Modular ratio, m = 10 10

Let, Scbc/(Sst/m) = A = 0.325 0.325

Neutral axis factor, Xc = A*d/(1+A) = Xc = 0.245 0.245 d
Lever arm, Z = d-Xc/3 = d(1-Xc/3) = Z= 0.92 0.92 d
Moment of Resistance, Mr=B*Xc*(Scbc/2) * Z
Assuming B = 1 m, Mr = Mr = 751.1 1126.6 d²
Equating Mr = M, d (min) = 900 792 mm
Provided overall depth = 1300 1300 mm
Let the effective cover be, Top cover = 83 83 mm
Bottom cover= 83 83 mm
Hence the actual effective depth d_eff = 1217.5 1217.5 ok

Main bars at bottom

Area of steel required, Ast=M/(Z*d_eff*Sst) 2653 mm² / meter
Let's provide Bars with Ø 25 mm Hence provided Ast =
With Spacing @ 150 mm c/c 3436 mm² OK
Nos of bars per meter 7 nos/m 29.52 %
Development length =

Check for seismic case, area of steel required = 2056.69 mm² / meter
ok
Main bars at the top Ø 16 mm
300 mm c/c 804 mm²
4 nos/meter

Distribution bars
At the top 687 mm² / m Provide Ø 16 @ 290 mm c/c 290.00
At the bottom 161 mm² / m Provide Ø 16 @ 300 mm c/c 1250.00

Check for one way shear

Non seismic Seismic
Critical shear force 640000 715000 N/m
Shear stress 0.4923 0.5500 N/mm²
Total longitudinal reinforcement provided = 4240 0.326 0.326 %
Allowable shear stress without shear reinforcement = 0.244 0.367 N/mm²
(IRC:21-2000, 304.7.1.3) !!! !!!
Additional Shear Reinforcement is required!

Ignore the following calculations if no additional shear reinforcement is required:

Shear resisted by the longitudinal steel and concrete section = tc * B * d_eff =

297530 446296
Shear force to be resisted by shear reinforcement, (Vus) = 342470 268704
Providing
2 nos of 20 mm Ø bars per meter, the shear steel area, Asv: 628.3 mm² (along the axis)

Non seismic Seismic

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / piles 9

 Pitch of bars Sst * Asv *d_eff / Vus = 457.9 875.4

__

Dia 20 mm depth = 1087 mm

Spacing 500 mm 500 500

Pithch 455 mm
Total number of pitches 17 Hence total length of the bar = 25.127 m

Check for punching shear

Critical diameter for punching stress = Ø of pile + Thickness of pilecap = 2.00 m
Perimeter of critical circle Lo = 6.28 m
Punching stress developed = tau_p = P/(Lo*D) P= 495 kN
hence, tau_p = 0.061 N/mm²
Allowable Punching shear = 0.16*SQRT(fck) 0.716 N/mm² OK
IRC:21-2000, 307.2.5.5

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / piles 10

 APC4 Ø 16 @ 290 c/c
APC2 Ø 16 @ 300 c/c

APC5
Ø 20 @ 500 c/c

APC3 Ø 16 @ 290 c/c APC1

Ø 25 @ 150 c/c

Pilecap

1300

Groove 65
AP2
Ø 8 @ 150 c/c
for upto 6 m from top
AP1
16 nos, Ø 16

12200

AP2
Ø 8 @ 300 c/c
for remaining 6.2 m

700

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / piles 11

 Bar Schedule Dia Nos Length Unit Wt. Weight

APC1 400 7460 400 25 50 8.260 3.854 1591.7

APC2 400 7460 400 16 25 8.260 1.579 326.064

APC3 400 7460 400 16 26 8.260 1.579 339.11

7460
APC4 400 400 16 26 8.260 1.579 339.11

Pitch= 455

APC5 1087 20 15 25.127 2.466 929.45

Total in pile cap of one abutment 3525.43

MT 3.525

Bar Schedule of piles Dia Nos Length Unit Wt. Weight

200

AP1 13333 16 256 13.533 1.579 5470.36

for all piles

AP2 2x100 8 976 1.991 0.395 767.46

Dia= 570 for all piles

Total in piles in one abutment 6237.82

MT 6.24

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa / piles 12

Design review of Pier Cap (Hammer Head Type)

Span 20 m
Critical Loads from superstructure (moving load in one span, at the side of carriageway)
Load Impact Reaction (Ton - m) Total Load Total Load CG of
factor (absolute) (incl. Load wrt
(excl. impact) impact) center, m

Left Center Right

Distance from center --------> -2.5 0 2.5
Dead load 1 43.77 39 43.77 126.54 126.54 0.000
Class A-train (2 lanes) 1.173 14.53 53.04 19.12 86.69 101.69 0.132
Class 70R Bogie 1.173 5.878 36.48 10.28 52.638 61.75 0.209
Class 70R Track 1.1 10.46 47.9 16.87 75.23 82.75 0.213

Size of bearing pad Length = 400 mm Width = 300 mm

6.00
Loads in Ton 0.300

2.5 2.5 0.70 1.7

2.15

Ø 1.70 1.70
1.70

Design
g Constants:
Concrete grade (fck) 25 N/mm²
Steel grade (fe) 500 N/mm²
Allowable stress of steel in tension and shear Sst = 240 N/mm²
Allowable stress of steel in direct compression Ssc = 205 N/mm²
Allowable compressive stress in concrete in flexure Scbc = 8.333 N/mm²
Allowable comp. stress in concrete in direct compression Scc = 6.25 N/mm²
Modular ratio (m) m= 10
Impact factor = 05
0.5

Moment at the edge of the stem shaft

Due to dead load of the cap itself = 97.44 kNm

Due to dead load from superstructure = 1416.39 kNm
Due to live load excluding impact = 618.72 kNm
Due to Impact load = 309.36 kNm
Total 2441.91 kNm

Let, Scbc/(Sst/m) = A = 0.347

Neutral axis factor, Xc = A*d/(1+A) = Xc = 0.258 d
Lever arm, Z = d-Xc/3 = d(1-Xc/3) Z= 0.914 d

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa/piercap 1
Moment of Resistance, Mr=B*Xc*(Scbc/2) * Z
Assuming B = 1 m m, Mr = Mr = 1668.8
1668 8 d²
d
Equating Mr = M, d (min) = 1210 mm
Provided overall depth = 1700 mm
Let the clear cover be, Top cover = 65 mm
Let the diameter of main bars = dia = 32 mm
Hence the actual effective depth d_eff = 1619 mm

Distance of the bearing center from the face of support = 1.65 m

(IRC:78-2000, 710.9.1) Can be designed as cantilever

Area of steel required, Ast=M/(Z*d_eff*Sst) 6875 mm²

Lets provide the bars at a spacing of 150 mm c/c

Then total number of bars 12
Provided area of tensile reinforcement = 9651 mm² OK

Reinforcement at the bottom (compression side)

Lets provide bars Ø 20 mm @ 200 mm c/c, hence 8 nos
Total area of compression side reinforcement 2513 mm²

Check for Shear

Shear force at the critical section
Due
ue to dead load of tthe
oad o e cap itself
tse = 105.26
05 6 kN
Due to dead load from superstructure = 858.42 kN
Due to live load excluding impact = 374.98 kN
Due to Impact load = 187.49 kN
Total V= 1526.15 kN

Shear Stress developed, tau = V/(B*D) 0.528 N/mm²

Allowable shear stress for the section (IRC:21-2000, Table 12A) = 1.90 Section ok for shear

Percentage of longitudinal steel (tension+compression), pt = 0.442 %

Allowable shear stress (IRC:21-2000, Table 12B) = tc = 0.291 < 0.528
Shear reinforcement is required

Shear resisted by the longitudinal steel and concrete section = tc * B * d_eff =

802101 N
Shear force to be resisted by shear reinforcement Vus = 724053 N
Providing 4 legs of 16 mm Ø bars
The shear steel area Asv = 804.25 mm²
Spacing of bars Sst * Asv *d_eff / Vus = 430 mm c/c

Check for shear at bearings

Check shear at a distance 1.45 m from the face of the stem
Total Depth of beam at the bearing line = 1026 mm
Effective Depth of beam at the bearing line = 945 mm
Shear forces:
Due to dead load of the cap itself = 51.04 kN
Due to dead load from superstructure = 858.42 kN
Due to live load excluding impact = 374.98 kN

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa/piercap 2
Due to Impact load = 187.49 kN
Total V= 1471.93
1471 93 kN

Shear Stress developed, tau = V/(B*D) 0.84 N/mm²

Allowable shear stress for the section (IRC:21-2000, Table 12A) = 1.90 Section ok for shear

Percentage of longitudinal steel (tension+compression), pt = 0.758 %

Allowable shear stress (IRC:21-2000, Table 12B) = 0.361 N/mm²

Shear resisted by the longitudinal steel and concrete section = tc * B * d_eff =
580017 N
Shear force to be resisted by shear reinforcement Vus = 891915 N
Providing 4 legs of 16 mm Ø bars
The shear steel area Asv = 804.25 mm²
Spacing of bars Sst * Asv *d_eff / Vus = 200 mm c/c

Check for punching shear

Average depth of section at bearing, i.e. at 1.65 m from the stem face= 933 mm

Allowable punching pressure, tau_p = ks(0.16*sqrt(fck))

Where, ks = the minimum of 1 and 0.5+bc = 1.0
bc = B/L = 0.75
hence, tau_p = 0.800

Total punching stress developed = tau_punch = V/Lo*D

Where Lo = perimeter around the critical plane = 2*(2D+L+B) = 5130 mm
Hence, tau_punch = 0.308 N/mm²
Which is < 0.800 OK

Skin reinforcement @ 0.1% of gross sectional area of the beam 2752 mm²
For each
F h side
id = 1376 mm²² each
h side
id
Providing 16 mm bars 200 mm c/c, hence, 8 nos each side
Provided area at each side = 1608 mm² each side

Summary of design
Particulars Diameter Spacing, c/c
Tensile reinforcement at the top: 32 150
Compression reinforcement at bottom 20 200
Shear reinforcement 4 legged 16 200
Side face reinforcement : 16 200

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa/piercap 3
Bar Schedule for one Pier cap
Dia Nos Length Unit Wt. Wt. kg

P1 400 5870 32 12 6.670 6.313 505.29

P2 400
20 8 7.120 2.466 140.46
1700 2310

1570 4 Legs
Height =
P3 570 16 22 7.420 1.579 257.76
1570
200 c/c

5870
P4 3850 300

1554
55 16
6 8 9.854
9 85 1.579
5 9 124.48
8
(2 x 4) each link
200 c/c

Average 2775 300

P5
1554 16 10 7.704 1.579 121.65
(2 x 5) each
h link
li k

P6 1570 32 2 1.57 6.313 19.82

Total (MT) 1.169

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa/piercap 4
Design review / redesign of Circular Pier Stem

Design Data:
R.L. of Deck surface 1003 m
Total depth of superstructure deck 1.7 m
Assumed thickness of bearing 0.05 m
Top level of pier cap 1001.25 m
HFL 999.8 m
Average ground level at pier locations 996.000 m
Maximum scour level for pier 992.016 m
Top of well / pile cap 996.000 m

Span 20 m
Critical Loads from superstructure (moving load in one span, at the side of carriageway)
Load Impact Reaction (kN - m) Total Total Load CG of
factor Load (incl. impact) Load wrt
(absolute) center, m
(excl.
impact)
Left Center Right
Distance from center --------> -2.5 0 2.5
Dead load 1 429.21 382.43 429.21 1240.85 1240.85 0.000
Class A-train 1.173 142.48 520.11 187.49 850.08 997.21 0.132
Class 70R Bogie 1.173 57.64 357.72 100.81 516.17 605.51 0.209
Class 70R Track 1.1 102.57 469.71 165.43 737.71 811.48 0.213

6.00

1.70 1001.250
1.7 0.70
999.550
2.15 2.15

5.25 HFL = 999.800

Ø 1.70 3.55

996.000
1.300
7.30 7.30 994.700

Height of deck surface from the pier cap= 1.75 m

Actual length of column L= 5.25 m

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa/Circular_pier_stem 1
(from the base to the top of pier cap)
Overall diameter of the column = D 1700 mm

Effective length (IRC:21-2000, 306.2.1) Le 6.3 m

Forces at the bottom of the stem (neglecting impact, IRC:6-2000, 211.7.c

X-X = across the traffic Y-Y = along the traffic
Load, kN Lever arm Moment, kN.m
X-X Y-Y
Dead loads
Dead load from superstructure 2481.70 0
Dead load from piercap 293.76 0
Dead load of pier stem 193.39 0
Total vertical dead load 2968.85 0 0 0

Effect of buyoncy
By volume of displaced water by the pier -8.63

Live load
Critical vertical load from live load 1700.16
Critical moment due to live load eccentricity 0.3 314.28 255.02
(Taking the maximum value from the table above, for along the traffic live load taken only on one span)

Braking force
20% of the weight of the design vehicle
And this force acts along the bridge at 1.2m above the road level
(IRC:6-2000, 214.2)
Total weight of the IRC Class A vehicle =
543.29
20% of the weight of the design vehicle 108.66 8.20 891.00

Frictional force due to resistance of bearings (temperature effect)

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete (C) = 0.000009
Length of main girders (L) 20000 mm
Width of girder (a) 400 mm
Assume width of elastomeric bearing (parallel to span) (b) 300 mm
Assume thickness of elastomeric bearing (T) 50 mm
Differential temperature in celcius (dt) 30 degree
Number of main girders = 3

Assume Shear modulus of elastomer (G) 1.20 N/mm² (range 0.6 to 1.2)
Elongation of the girder (D) = C*L*dt at each end 2.7 mm
Plan area of the bearing (A) = 120000 mm²
Longitudinal force transmitted to the pier
F = G*A*D / T = 7.776 kN per bearing
Total force from all bearings 23.328 kN
Lateral force due to frictional resistance of bearings,
23.33 5.25 122.47

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa/Circular_pier_stem 2
Force due to water current

Exposed height to water current 3.80

Area exposed 6.46
Maximum mean velocity m/sec 2.0
Maximum velocity, Sqrt(2)*V, (IRC:6-2000,213.3), V = 2.828
Shape factor for square end (IRC:6-2000, 213.2), K = 0.66
Pressure intensity =0.5KV² (IRC:6-2000, 213.2) = 2.64

Hence force due to water current = 11.37 28.80

Seismic forces
Horizontal seismic coefficient = 0.100
Vertical seismic coefficient = 0.050

Horizontal seismic forces:

Superstructure: 248.17 5.25 1302.89 1302.89
Pier cap 29.38 4.40 129.25 129.25
Pier stem 19.34 1.78 34.33 34.33
Total Horizontal seismic force 296.88 1466.47 1466.47
Vertical seismic forces:
Superstructure: 124.09
Pier cap 14.69
Pier stem 9.67
Total Vertical seismic force 148.44

Load Cases
Dry case, Non-seismic (combination I)

Particular Load Vertical Horizontal Horizontal Moment Moment

coefficient load, P load along load across along across traffic
* traffic(Y-Y) traffic (X-X) traffic (Y- (X-X)
Y)
Total Dead load 1 2968.85
Live load 1 1700.16 255.02 314.28
Tractive/Braking force 1 108.66 891.00
Frictional force 1 23.33 122.47

Total 4669.01 131.99 0.00 1268.49 314.28

Resultant forces: Vertical Load, P = 4669.01 kN

Horizontal Load, H = 131.99 kN
Moment, M = 1306.85 kN.m

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa/Circular_pier_stem 3
Flooded case, Non-seismic (combination I-a)

Particular Load Vertical Horizontal Horizontal Moment Moment

coefficient load, P load along load across along across traffic
* traffic(Y-Y) traffic (X-X) traffic (Y- (X-X)
Y)
Total Dead load 1 2968.85
Live load 1 1700.16 255.02 314.28
Tractive/Braking force 1 108.66 891.00
Frictional force 1 23.33 122.47
Buyoncy 1 -8.63
Water Current 1 11.37 28.80
Total 4660.39 131.99 11.37 1268.49 343.09

Resultant forces: Vertical Load, P = 4660.39 kN

Horizontal Load, H = 132.47 kN
Moment, M = 1314.07 kN.m

Dry case, Seismic (combination VI)

Particular Load Vertical Horizontal Horizontal Moment Moment

coefficient load, P load along load across along across traffic
* traffic(Y-Y) traffic (X-X) traffic (Y- (X-X)
Y)
Total Dead load 1 2968.85
Live load 0.5 850.08 127.51 157.14
Tractive/Braking force 0.5 54.33 445.50
Frictional force 0.5 11.66 61.24
Subtotal non seismic forces: 3818.93 65.99 0.00 634.25 157.14

Seismic forces 1 148.44 296.88 296.88 1466.47 1466.47

Total 3967.37 362.88 296.88 2100.72 1623.62

Resultant forces: Vertical Load, P = 3967.37 kN

Horizontal Load, H = 362.88 kN Seismic force taken only the maximum
Moment, M = 2119.90 kN.m among the two axis

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa/Circular_pier_stem 4
Flooded case, Seismic (combination VI-a)

Particular Load Vertical Horizontal Horizontal Moment Moment

coefficient load, P load along load across along across traffic
* traffic(Y-Y) traffic (X-X) traffic (Y- (X-X)
Y)
Total Dead load 1 2968.85
Live load 0.5 850.08 127.51 157.14
Tractive/Braking force 0.5 54.33 445.50
Frictional force 0.5 11.66 61.24
Buyoncy 1 -8.625243
Water Current 1 11.3696 28.8029867
Subtotal non seismic forces: 3810.31 65.99 11.37 634.25 185.94

Seismic forces 1 148.44 296.88 296.88 1466.47 1466.47

Total 3958.75 362.88 308.25 2100.72 1652.42

Resultant forces: Vertical Load, P = 3958.75 kN

Horizontal Load, H = 363.85 kN Seismic force taken only the maximum
Moment, M = 2127.42 kN.m among the two axis

Summary of load combinations

Resultant forces Non seismic cases Seismic cases Critical value

Comb I Comb I-a Comb VI Comb VI-a Non seismic Seismic
Dry Flood Dry Flood

Vertical Load, P = 4669.01 4660.39 3967.37 3958.75 4669.01 3967.37 kN

Horizontal Load, H = 131.99 132.47 362.88 363.85 132.47 363.85 kN
Moment, M = 1306.85 1314.07 2119.90 2127.42 1314.07 2127.42 kN.m

Design constants: Non seismic Seismic

Concrete grade (fck) 25 25 N/mm²
Steel grade (fe) 500 500 N/mm²
Allowable stress of steel in tension and shear Sst = 240 360 N/mm²
Allowable stress of steel in direct compression Ssc = 205 307.5 N/mm²
Allowable compressive stress in concrete in flexure Scbc = 8.33 12.5 N/mm²
Allowable comp. stress in concrete in direct compression Scc = 6.25 9.375 N/mm²
Modular ratio (m) m= 10
(The allowable stresses are increased by coefficients as per IRC:21-2000, 303.5 & IRC:6-2000, 202.3)

Non seismic Seismic

Critical Moment at the base M= 1314.07 2127.42 kN.m
Critical load at the base P= 4669.01 3967.37 kN
Critical shear at the base V= 132.47 363.85 kN

Gross cross-sectional area, Ag 2269801 mm²

Let the percentage of main reinforcement pt 1.2 %
Then total area of reinforcement, Asi Asi 27238 mm²

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa/Circular_pier_stem 5
Let the diameter of main bars, 32 mm
Then the number of bars = 33.9
Let's provide 34 nos

Hence provided area of main reinforcement = As 27344 mm²

Let the clear cover be cover 40 mm

Let the diameter of the transverse reinf. 10 mm
Then the diameter up to the line of reinf. Dc = 1584 mm
Spacing between the bars = 146.36 mm OK
Check the capacity of the section

Gross cross sectional area = Ag = 2269801 mm²

Area of main steel = As = 27344 mm²
Net area of concrete = Ac = 2242456 mm²

At = Ac+(1.5m-1)*As At = 2625278 mm²

It = (PI*D^4/64) + (m-1)*As*Dc² / 8 It = 4.8717E+11 mm4

Zt = 2*It/D Zt = 573138263 mm³

Non seismic Seismic

Scc = P/At Scc = 1.778 1.511 N/mm²
Scb = M/Zt Scb = 2.293 3.712 N/mm²

Interaction formula with enhanced capacity of the spirals

Enhancement factor =1.05 1

(Scc/Sacc + Scb/Sacb) = 0.5597 0.4581

Which is <1 <1 OK

Assuming the section is cracked, its capacity is checked from Trial and error
The section and reinforcement are checked with SAP2000 (Please see the design graphs)

Check the section for shear

Resultant critical horizontal force: 132475 N

Area of the section 2269801 mm²
Shear stress developed, tau = 0.058 N/mm²
Percentage of longitudinal steel (as provided)= 1.205 %
Allowable shear stress tc = 0.433 N/mm² ok
Hence, No additional shear reinforcement required. Provide nominal.

Note: The following calculation is to be ignored if no additional shear reinforcement is required.

Effective diameter of the section = 1568 mm

Effective area = 1930999 mm²

Shear resisted by the longitudinal bars & concrete = tc*effective area

835645 N

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa/Circular_pier_stem 6
Residual shear Vus = -703171 N
Provide 4 nos links 10 mm Ø, bothways at right angle
The shear steel area Asv = 314.16 mm²
Spacing of the links, Sst * Asv *d_eff / Vus = -168 mm c/c
Not applicable

Bar Schedule for one Pier Stem Dia Nos Length Unit Wt. Wt. kg

P5 5850 32 34 6.25 6.313 1341.51

400 146 c/c

P6 1620 12 24 5.289 0.888 112.73

Spacing
300 at mid part
150 near the joints
Total for one Pier 1.454
MT

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa/Circular_pier_stem 7
 Design reiew / redesign of pile foundation for the piers

Design data
Let,
Dimeter of the pile dia = 0.7 m
Total number of piles n= 16
Length (depth) of piles D= 15 m
Depth of fixity from maximum scour level 5.00 m (as calculated below)

HFL 999.8 m

7.784 996 m
BL 994.7 m

2.684
Maximum scour 992.016 m

12.32 4.9977 15

Level of fixity 987.02 m

7.3183

Founding level 979.7 m

Length of pilecap along the bridge axis (Input 0 to use the default value) 0m
Width of pilecap across the bridge axis (Input 0 to use the default value) 0m

Length of pilecap along the bridge axis Lcap = 7.3 m Default value
Width of pilecap across the bridge axis Wcap = 7.3 m Default value
Offset of pilecap from the outer surface of the outermost pile = 0.15 m
[IRC:78-2000, 709.5.1]
Number of piles along the bridge axis 4
Number of piles across the bridge axis 4 OK
Center to center distance of the piles: (IRC:78-2000,
Along the bridge axis (Xi) 2.10 m c/c ok
Across the bridge axis (Yi) 2.10 m c/c ok
[C/C distance between piles restricted by IRC:78, 709.1.5.1]

Embedded length of pile = D_emb= 12.316 m

Let the thickness of pile cap be Th_ppc = 1.3 m
Thickness of pile cap restricted by IRC:78, 709.5.1] ok

Width of pile group (outer surfaces of the piles) along the bridge axis, B = 7m
Length of pile group (outer surfaces of the piles) across the bridge axis, L = 7m
Area enclosed by the perimeter of the pilegroup as above, Ag = 49 m²

Unit weight of concrete 24 kN/m³

Dead load of the pile cap 1662.65 kN

Additional horizonal seismic force by pile cap 166.26 kN

Additional vertical seismic force by pile cap 83.13 kN

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa pier_piles2 / 1

 Buyoncy
Volume of pilecap 69.28
Volume of piles (ignored, since is deadload is not considered)
Total upward force due to buyoncy -692.8

Summary of forces at the CG (in plan) of the pilecap at the bottom surface

Summary of load combinations

Forces Vertica Horizont Horizonta Moment Moment

l load al load l load along the axis across
along across (Mxx) the axis
the axis the axis (Myy)
(xx) (yy)
Dry (comb. I) Non-seismic 6332 132 0 1268 314
Flooded (comb. I-a) Non-seismic 5630 132 11 1268 343
Dry (comb. VI) Seismic 5713 529 463 2101 1624
Flooded (comb VI-a) Seismic 5012 529 475 2101 1652

Maximum Non seismic 6332 132 11 1268 343

Seismic 5713 529 475 2101 1652

Maximum load on individual piles

The moments of inertia of the piles Xi²= 88.20 m²
denoted in terms of sum of squares of the distance Yi²= 88.20 m²
Maximum load will be obviously on the outermost piles
X max = 3.15 m
Y max = 3.15 m

V max = [V/n] + (Mxx*Xmax)/ Xi² + (Myy*Ymax)/ Yi²

V min = [V/n] - (Mxx*Xmax)/ Xi² - (Myy*Ymax)/ Yi²

For different cases:

Vmax Vmin
Dry (comb. I) Non-seismic 452.26 339.20
Flooded (comb. I-a) Non-seismic 409.45 294.34
Dry (comb. VI) Seismic 490.08 224.06
Flooded (comb VI-a) Seismic 447.28 179.19

The most critical values (kN) = 452.26 294.34 Non seismic ok

490.08 179.19 Seismic ok
Critical values 490.08 179.19 kN

Capacity of Bored Piles

Pile geometry:
Diameter 700 mm
Area of shaft per meter, (As) 2.199 m²
Area of base of pile, (Ab) 0.385 m²
Factor of Safety for shaft 2

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa pier_piles2 / 2

 Factor of Safety for base 3
Factor of Safety Overall 2.5

Pile Capacity in varying layers by relation to the SPT values

Shaft Capacity
In Cohesive soil, Qs = (a*Cu)*As
Where,
a = Adhesion factor (for medium clay) 0.45
Cu = Average Undrained shear Strength 6 * SPT kN/m²
As = Area of Shaft per meter
Qs not to exceed 55 kN/m²

In cohesionless s Qs = a' * kTan.d * As

Where,
a' = r' * H
r' = Submerged unit weight of soil 8 kN/m²
H = depth of the soil layer under consideration
kTan.d 0.3 for loose sand (SPT 4 to 10)
0.4 for medium sand (SPT 10 to 30)
0.5 for dense sand (SPT > 30)

Base Capacity

In Cohesive soil, Qb = (9*Cu) * Ab

Where,
Cu = Undisturbed shear strength at the pile base = 6*SPT
Ab = Base area of the pile

In cohesionless s Qb = (Nq -1) a'v * Ab

Where,
Nq = 20 for loose sand
30 for medium sand
40 for dense sand

Bored Pile Capacity based on soil property on Bore Hole River center

Depth Pile length Strata SPT a*Cu kTan.d a'v Nq Qs, kN Qs, kN Qb, kN
m m by layer Cumulative by layer
0 0 C
1.5 0 C 12 32.4 0.00 0.00 0.00 55.00
3 1.5 C 6 16.2 0.00 12.00 0.00 35.63 35.63 124.69
4.5 3 C 9 24.3 0.00 24.00 0.00 53.44 89.06 187.03
6 4.5 C 8 21.6 0.00 36.00 0.00 47.50 136.57 166.25
7.5 6 NC 20 0 0.40 48.00 30.00 42.22 178.79 535.70
9 7.5 C 26 70.2 0.00 60.00 0.00 55.00 233.79 540.32
10.5 9 C 29 78.3 0.00 72.00 0.00 55.00 288.79 602.67
12 10.5 C 27 72.9 0.00 84.00 0.00 55.00 343.79 561.10
13.5 12 C 25 67.5 0.00 96.00 0.00 55.00 398.79 519.54
15 13.5 C 48 129.6 0.00 108.00 0.00 55.00 453.79 997.52
16.5 15 C 49 132.3 0.00 120.00 0.00 55.00 508.79 1018.30
18 16.5 C 43 116.1 0.00 132.00 0.00 55.00 563.79 893.61
19.5 18 C 50 135 0.00 144.00 0.00 55.00 618.79 1039.08
20 18.5 C 50 135 0.00 148.00 0.00 55.00 673.79 1039.08

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa pier_piles2 / 3

 Hence the Ultimate and Allowable capacity of individual pile will be as follows:

Depth Pile length Qult, kN Qall, kN

(Qs+Qb)
0 0
1.5 0
3 1.5 160.32 64.1262 ---
4.5 3 276.10 110.44 ---
6 4.5 302.82 121.127 ---
7.5 6 714.49 285.797 ---
9 7.5 774.11 309.644 ---
10.5 9 891.46 356.582 ---
12 10.5 904.89 361.957 ---
13.5 12 918.33 367.332 ---
15 13.5 1451.31 580.523 Ok
16.5 15 1527.09 610.835 Ok
18 16.5 1457.40 582.959 Ok
19.5 18 1657.87 663.148 Ok
20 18.5 1712.87 685.148 Ok

Let's take the depth of pile = 15 m

Capacity of pile according to different borelogs 580.52 580.52

Capacity of a single Pile for non seismic case 580.52 kN, > 452.26 ok
Capacity of a single Pile for seismic case 725.65 kN, > 490.08 ok

Total Ultimate bearing capacity of the group, n*Qult = 9288.36 kN

Ultimate bearing capacity of the pile group as a single unit

[K.R. Arora, Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering, Chapter 25.20]

Qg(u) = c*Nc*Ag + a*c' *Pg*D

Where, D = Effective embedded depth of pile = D_emb D= 12.316 m

Pg = Perimeter of the group =2(B+L) Pg = 28 m
c' = Cohesion around the pilegroup c' = 35 kN/m²
c = Cohesion (shear strength) of soil at the pile base c= 35 kN/m²

Nc = Bearing capacity factor Nc = 9

Ag = Area of the pile group (B*L) Ag = 49 m²
a = Adhesion factor (alpha) for soft clay a= 0.45

Ultimate bearing capacity of the pile group Qg(u) = 20866 kN

Dividing by factor of safety Qg(al) = 8347

The lower of the value between Qg(u) and n.Qu is taken,

Qu = 8347 kN

Hence, allowable bearing capacity =

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa pier_piles2 / 4

 Qall = 8347 kN
Which is > the vertical load, i.e. 6332 kN
OK

Adopted design: Number of piles 16

Pile depth 15 m from pilecap top
Pile diameter 0.7 m
Size of pile cap L= 7.3 m along the bridge axis
B= 7.3 m across the bridge axis
h= 1.3 m

Structural Design of Piles

Fixity of Piles Pile stiffness factor, T= (Ep*Ip/nh)^0.2 for non cohesive soils
(Ep*Ip/nh)^0.25 for cohesive soils

Where, Ep = Modulus of elasticity of the pile = 2.10E+07 kN/m²

Ip = Moment of inertia of the pile (pi*d^4)/64 = 0.01179 m4
nh = Constant of modulus of subgrade reaction

nh for submerged soils can be taken as follows :

(Analysis & Design of Substructure, Swami Saran, Table 8.6)
Loose sand (SPT 4-10) 1500 kN/m³
Medium sand (SPT 10 to 30) 5200 kN/m³
Dense sand (SPT > 30) 12500 kN/m³
Organic soil 150 kN/m³

Considering the top layers of the soil, Lets take nh = 1500 kN/m³

Hence Pile stiffness factor, T = (Ep*Ip/nh)^0.2 = 2.777

Virtual depth of fixity of pile = 1.8*T + scour depth = 7.68 m

Design cosntants:
Normal case Seismic case (Comb VI)
Concrete grade (fck) 20 20 N/mm²
Steel grade (fe) 500 500 N/mm²
Allowable stress of steel in tension and shear Sst = 240 360 N/mm²
(IRC:21-2000, 303.2.1, Table 10)
Allowable stress of steel in direct compression Ssc = 205 307.5 N/mm²
(IRC:21-2000, 303.2.1, Table 10)
Allowable compressive stress in concrete in flexure Scbc = 6.667 10 N/mm²
(IRC:21-2000, 303.1, Table 9)
Allowable comp. stress in concrete in direct compression Scc = 5 7.5 N/mm²
(IRC:21-2000, 303.1, Table 9)
Modular ratio (m) m= 10 10

Forces on individual piles Non seismic Seismic

Horizontal load H= 8.25 33.07 kN
Critical Vertical load P= 452.26 490.08 kN
Critical moment (for fixed base, constrained end) M= 31.68 127.02 kNm

Gross cross section area of the pile = Ag 384845 mm²

Let the percentage of reinforcement be pt 0.70 %

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa pier_piles2 / 5

 (Minimum 0.4%)
Then total area of reinforcement = Asi 2693.9 mm²

Let the diameter of main bars, 16 mm

Then the number of bars = 201.1 13.4
Let's provide 14 nos

Hence provided area of main reinforcement = 2815 mm²

Let the clear cover be cover 70 mm

Let the diameter of the transverse reinf. 10 mm
Then the diameter up to the line of reinf. Dc = 532 mm
Spacing between the bars = 119 mm OK
Check the capacity of the section

Gross cross sectional area = Ag = 384845 mm²

Area of main steel = As = 2815 mm²
Net area of concrete = Ac = 382030 mm²

At = Ac+(1.5m-1)*As At = 421438 mm²

It = (PI*D^4/64) + (m-1)*As*Dc² / 8 It = 12682140478 mm4

Zt = 2*It/D Zt = 36234687 mm3

Non seismic Seismic

Sccal = P/At Sccal = 1.073 1.163 N/mm²
Scbcal = M/Zt Scbcal = 0.874 3.506 N/mm²

Interaction formula with enhanced capacity of the spirals

Enhancement factor =1.05 1.00

(Sccal/Scc + Scbcal/Scbc) = 0.3458 0.5056

Which is <1 <1 OK

Check for shear Non seismic Seismic

Resultant critical horizontal force: 8249 33071 N
Area of the section 384845 384845 mm²
Shear stress developed, tau = 0.021 0.086 N/mm²
Percentage of longitudinal steel (as provided)= 0.731 0.731 %
Allowable shear stress (increased for seismic case by 50%) 0.346 0.346 N/mm²

Hence No additional shear reinforcement required. Provide nominal.

Lateral reinforcement
Provide nominal reinforcement as per IRC:78-2000, 709.4.4

Let's provide bars with diameter 10 mm @ 150 mm c/c upto 8.00 m from the top
Provide 10 mm @ 300 mm c/c in the remaining 5.7 m

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa pier_piles2 / 6

 Design of Pile cap

Total length of pile cap along the bridge axis = 7.3 m

Total breadth of pile cap across the bridge axis = 7.3 m
Number of piles and spacing
Along the bridge axis 4 nos @ 2.10 m c/c
Across the bridge axis 4 nos @ 2.10 m c/c
Diamater of piles 0.7 m

Offset to the CL of outermost pile from the edge of pilecap 0.5 m

Along the Bridge Axis

1.70

CG

2.80 1.70 2.80

1.30

2.10
0.5
3.15

Across the Bridge Axis

1.70

CG

2.80 1.70 2.80

1.30

2.10
0.5
3.15

For modeling in SAP2000 Non seismic Seismic

Along axis Across axis Along axis Across axis

Critical vertical load at pilecap CL in 1 meter strip 1005 1005 907 907 kN/m

Design Review_abutment_Pier_piles_Dhanewa pier_piles2 / 7

 Critical moment at pilecap CL in 1 meter strip 201 54 333 262 kNm/m

Thickness of the pile cap 1.30

Number of piles along the bridge axis 4 4
C/C distance of the piles along the bridge axis 2.10 2.10
Length of pilecap between centers of extreme piles 6.3 6.3

Results obtained from SAP2000

Non seismic case Seismic case
Along axis Across axis Along axis Across axis
Critical moment 486 412 514 479 kNm
Critical shear 586 523 592 562 kN

Bottom Re-bars diameter (mm) 25 25

Top Re-bars diameter (mm) 20 20
Clear cover (w.r.t. the bar position & dia) 70 95 70 95 mm

Hence effective depth 1230 1205 1230 1205 mm

Non seismic Seismic

Concrete grade, fck = 20 20 N/mm²
Steel Grade, fe = 500 500 N/mm²
Allowable compressive stress in concrete, Scbc = 6.67 10 N/mm²
Allowable tensile stress in steel, Sst = 205 307.5 N/mm²
Modular ratio, m = 10 10

Let, Scbc/(Sst/m) = A = 0.325 0.325 Non seismic Seismic

Neutral axis factor, Xc = A*d/(1+A) = Xc = 0.245 0.245 d
Lever arm, Z = d-Xc/3 = d(1-Xc/3) = Z= 0.92 0.92 d
Moment of Resistance, Mr=B*Xc*(Scbc/2) * Z
Assuming B = 1 m, Mr = Mr = 751 1127 d²

Non Seismic case Seismic case

Along axis Across axis Along axis Across axis
Equating Mr = M, d (min) = 804 741 675 652 mm
Provided overall depth = 1300 1300 1300 1300 mm
Diameter of the main bars 25 25 25 25 mm

The effective cover Top cover = 108 82.5 mm

Bottom cover= 83 107.5 83 107.5 mm
Hence the actual effective depth d_eff = 1217.5 1192.5 1217.5 1192.5 mm
ok ok ok ok
Main bars at bottom
Non seismic case Seismic case
Along axis Across axis Along axis Across axis
Area of steel required, Ast=M/(Z*d_eff*Sst) 2121 1835 1495 1423 mm²/meter
Let's provide Bars with Ø 25 25 mm
With Spacing @ 200 200 mm c/c
Nos of bars per meter 5 5 nos/m

Actual provided steel area at bottom = 2454 2454 2454 2454 mm²/meter
15.7% 33.7% 64.1% 72.5%
ok ok ok ok

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 Along axis Across axis
Main bars at the top 20 20 mm
300 300 mm c/c
4 4 nos/m

Actual provided steel area at top = 1257 1257 mm²

Non seismic case Seismic case

Check for one way shear Along axis Across axis Along axis Across axis
Critical shear force 586000 523000 592000 562000 N/m
Shear stress per meter 0.4508 0.4023 0.4554 0.4323 N/mm²
Total longitudinal reinforcement provided = 0.285 0.285 0.285 0.285 %
Allowable shear stress without shear reinforcement = 0.231 0.231 0.231 0.231 N/mm²
(IRC:21-2000, 304.7.1.3) !!! !!! !!! !!!

Additional Shear Reinforcement along the axis is required!

Additional Shear Reinforcement across the axis is required!

Shear resisted by the longitudinal steel and concrete section = tc * B * d_eff =

281666 275882 281666 275882.3
Shear force to be resisted by shear reinforcement, (Vus) =
304334 247118 310334 286118
Providing
2 nos of 20 mm Ø bars per meter, the shear steel area, Asv: 628.3 mm² (along the axis)

Non seismic case Seismic case

Pitch of bars Sst * Asv *d_eff / Vus = 515 758
622 805

Dia 20 mm depth = 1070 mm

Spacing 500 mm 500 500

Pithch 515 mm
Total number of pitches 14 Hence total length of the bar = 21.12 m

Check for shear across the axis

Required area of shear steel (Asv) with the provided spacing along the axis:
Non seismic case Seismic case
Asv = Pitch*Vus/Sst*d_eff 103.10 132.29
Provided nos. of bars per meter 1.94
Provided area of shear bars 610.02 ok ok

Check for punching shear

Critical diameter for punching stress = Ø of pile + Thickness of pilecap = 2 m
Perimeter of critical circle Lo = 6.28 m
Punching stress developed = tau_p = P/(Lo*D) P= 452 kN
hence, tau_p = 0.055 N/mm²
Allowable Punching shear = 0.16*SQRT(fck) 0.716 N/mm² OK
IRC:21-2000, 307.2.5.5

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 Bridge axis

APC4 Ø 20 @ 300 c/c

APC2 Ø 20 @ 300 c/c

APC5
Ø 20 @ 500 c/c

7300
APC3 Ø 25 @ 200 c/c APC1
Ø 25 @ 200 c/c

Pilecap

1300
M 20

Groove 70 mm
AP2
Ø 10 @ 150 c/c
up to 8 m from the top
AP1
14 nos, Ø 16

13700

M 20
AP2
Ø 10 @ 300 c/c
in the remaining 5.7 m

Ø 700

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 Bar Schedule Dia Nos Length Unit Wt. Weight

APC1 400 7160 400 25 36 7.960 3.854 1104.4

APC2 400 7160 400 20 24 7.960 2.466 471.105

APC3 400 7160 400 25 36 7.960 3.854 1104.40

7160
APC4 400 400 20 24 7.960 2.466 471.10

Pitch= 515

APC5 1070 20 15 21.120 2.466 781.23

Total in pile cap of one abutment 3932.24

MT 3.932

Bar Schedule of piles Dia Nos Length Unit Wt. Weight

250

AP1 14820 16 224 15.07 1.579 5330.20

for all piles

AP2 2x100 10 1168 1.959 0.616 1409.69

Dia= 560 for all piles

Total in piles in one abutment 6739.89

MT 6.74

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