Srcu<tx 5: Coxcnc'r¡: S'rnuc:luRtis 5-123

. Recomlxended by the rnanufácturer of the tendons

or anchorages
\-* The steel stress at the strength and c'xtreme event
limit states shall not exceed the tensile strensth lirnit
specified in Table 5.4.4.1-1.

Table 5.9.2.2-{-Stress Limits for Prestressing Steel

Tendon T¡,pe
Plarn Low Deformed FIigli-
Condition High-Strength Bars Relaxation Strand Strength Bars
Pretensioning
Inrrnediately prior to transtbr (/i¡¡) 0.701;,, 0.7 sJ;,,,
At service limit state after all losses (/i") 0 80fp), 0.8Q1, 0
Post-Tensioning
Priot' to seating-short-tenr.,{,r,, rnay be
allou'e¡d 0.g0.lt,t 0.90.í. a e).l;,),
At anchorages and couplers immediately
after anchor set 0.J0.f,,, 0.70ÍP" 0.7 0J o,,
Elseu'here along length of member au.,a1'
fiom ¿urchorages and conplers inrrnediately
afler anchor set 0.10fp, 0.i 4fr,,, 0 "10./;,,,
At service limit state afler losses $;,,) 0.80r) 0.80/;, 0.80./P,

5.9.2.3-Stress l-imits for Concrete

5.9.2.3.1 -For Tent¡tartlr: Stre.s.e,s t"-lor" Lossn,/

5. 9. 2. 3. I a- C'.c¡ tnpres s ive,S/resse¡ C5.9.2.3.1ct

The compressive stres s limit lbr pretensioued and Previous research lHale ancl Russell. 2006) suggests
post-tensioned concrete components, inciuding thal the concrete stress limit tbr preslressed cr,ncret,..
segmentally constructed bridges, shall be r0¡5Y'.¡ cornponents can safely exceed 0.60.f ',i. Ilowever,
(ksi). concrete in the precompressed tensile zone subjected to
compressit,e stresses at release greater than 0.65./,,¡ can
experience microcracking, leading to unconservatir.e
predictions of the extellal load to cause cracking
(Birrcher and Bayrak. 2007; lleckmann and Bayrak.
2008: Schnittker and Bayrak. 2008: arrd Birrcher et al".
2010).

5. 9. 2. 3. 1 b-Tens il e SÍresses c5.9.2.3 th

The limits in Table 5.9.2"3"lb-l shall apply for Where bonded reinforcernent is provided to allorv
tensile stresses. use of the increased tensile limiting stress in areas
r.l ith
bonded reinforcemenr, the tensile force mlrst be
computed. The first step in computing the ter.rsile force.
f, is to determine the depth of the tensile zone using the
extrerne t-rber stresses at the location being considered-
1,, n,p dtld .f,¡ ut. An area is then defined oyer lvhich the
average tensile stress is assulned to act. The tensilc force
is cor-nputed as the product of the average tensile stress
and the cornputed area, as iilustrated below. The
required area of reiutbrcement. 1,. is coruputed b.v
dividing the lensile fbrce by the permitted stress in the
reinforcement.
5-124 AASIITO [,RFD B«¡o<;¿ DESIG\ Sr¿r:lprc.rn<frs. Nrsru E»lrroN,2020

! q",--l
l

fe nsio n

Compfession
f"¡

{
b,r.*
2

T
.f,

where./. : 0.5-Á.< 30.0 l<si

Figure C5.9.2.3.1b-l-Calculation of Tensile Force and

Required Area of Reinforccment
 Suc1.rt¡r 5: Coxctrrt SrR.rjcruREs 5-125

Table 5.9"2.3.1b-i-Temporar¡'Tensile Stress L,imits in Prestressed Concrete before Lt¡sses

Bridge Type
\_ Location Stress Limit
Other Than a h.r precolnpressed tensile zone without bonded N/A
Segmentally reinforcement
Constrlrcted Bri<1ges
a lriareas other than the precomptessed tensile zclne and 0.094g?,f'., I 0.2 (ksi)
without bonded reinforcement
a In areas with bonded reinforcement (reinforcing bars or 0.242"i1.r (ksi)
prestressing steel) sufficient to resist the tensile fbrce in the
concrete computed assurling an uncracked section. where
reinforcement is proportioned using a stress of 0.51, not to
exceed 30.0 ksi.
a For handling stresses in prestressed piles 0.15Eir,/.; (ksi)
Segmentallv Longitudinal Stresses thror_rgh Joints in the Precompressed
Constructed Bridges Tensile Zone

a .loints rvith rrinimnm bonded ar"rxiliary reinforcement 0.09,18)"i/',i (ksi)

through the joints. which is suflicient ro carry the calculated
tensile force at a stress of 0.51; with interlal tendons or
extemal tendons
a Joints u,ithout the rninil.num bc¡nded auxilian, reinfbrcement No tension
througl.r the -joints

Transverse Stresses

L a Fol any type ofjornt

Stresses in Other Areas
0.0948),f ',¡ (ksi)

. F'ol' areas u,ithout bonded nonpr-estressed reintbrcentent No tension

. In areas rvith bonded reinfbrcement (reinforcing bars or 0.19),f',; (ksi)
prestressing steel) sufficient to resist the tensile fbrce in the
concrete compuied assurning an uncracked section, where
reinforcetlent t's proportioned using a stress of 0.5.f,. not to
erceed 30.0 ksi.

5.9.2.3.2--For Sl¡zs'ses at Sen;ice Limit Srare crlicr

Los ses

5 "9.2 .3.2tt Compressive Slres.res C5.9.2.3.2a

Corupression shall be inr,estigated r.rsing the

Serlice Lirnit State Load Combination I specifre«i in
Table 3.4.1-1. The timits in Table 5.9.2.3.2a-1 shall
apply. These limits rnay be used for normal $.ei-eht
concrete with design compressive strengths up to
15.0 ksi.
The reduction factor, $,,, shall be takelt to be equal Unlike solid rectangular beams that were used in the
to 1.0 rvhen the web and flange slendemess ratios. der,elopment of concrete design codes. the unconfined
calculated according to Arlicle 5.6.4.1 .1. are not greater concrete of the compressjon sides of box gir.ders are
than 15, When either the web or flange slentlel¡ess r.atio expectc'd to creep to fhilure at a stress far iou,er than the
is gleater than 15, the reduction factot. $,,, shall be nolninal stlength ol' the concrete. This behavior is
calculated according to Article 5.6.4.1 .2. similar to the trehar¡ior of the concrete in thin-u,alled
columns. The reduction f-actor. Q,,, was originally
5-126 AASIITO LRFD Bmoc¡, Dnsrcx Srocrrca.rroNs, NrNrH Eorrrox,2020

developed to account tbr the reduction in the usable

strain of concrete in thin-rvalled columns at the strength
lin¡it state. The use of $,,, to reduce the stress limit in box
girders a1 the service lilnit state is not theoretically
correct. Holvever, due to the lach of information about
the behavior of the concrete at the service limit state. the
Llse of 0,,, provides a rational approach to account for the
behavior of thin components.
The appiication of Arlicle 5.6.4.7.2 to flanged,
strr-rtted, and variable thickness elements requires some
judgment" Consideration of appropriate lengths of wall-
t¡rpe element is illustrated in F-igure C5.9.2.3.2a-1. For
constant thickness lengths, the rvall thickness associated
rvith that length should be used. For i,ariable thickness
lengths, e.8., L+. an averase thickness could be used. For
multilength components. such as the top flange. the
highest ratio should be used. The beneficial effect of
support by struts shouid be considered. There are no
effective length fáctors shorvn. The free edge of the
cantilever overhang is assumed to be supporled by the
parapet in Figure C5.9.2.3.2a-1.

L6
L7

L3 l
L1

Figure C5.9.2.3.2a-l-Suggested Choices for Wall I-engths

to bc Considered

Table 5"9'2"3.2a-l-Compressive Stress Limits in Frestressed Concrete at Service Limit Statc after Losses

Location Stress Limit

o Due to the sum ofeffective prestress and perrnanent loads 0.45l',, (ksi)
o Due to the sum of efl-ective prestress. pemanent loads" aud transient loads as well as
during shipping and handling 0.60$,,1'. (ksi)

5. 9. 2 " 3. 2 b-Tensile Stresses c5.9.2.3.2b

For longitudinal serr,ice load comtrinations that Sevele corrosive conditions include exposure to
involve traftic loading tension stresses in members with deicing salt, water. or airbome sea salt and airborne
bonded or unbonded prestressing tendons should be chernicals in heavy industrial areas.
investigated using load combütation Service ITI See Figure C5"9.2.3.1b-l for calculation of required
specified in Table 3.4.1-1- Load combination Service I area of bonded reinforcement.
should be investigated for load combinations that
involve traffic loadings in transverse analyses of box
girder bridges.
The limits in Table 5.9.2.3.2b-l shallapply.
Snc'uoN 5: Coxcnrr¡ Srruclunss s-127

Table -5"9.2.3.2b-l-Tensile Stress Limits in Prestressed Concrete at Service Limit State after Losses

Bridge Type Location Stress Limit

Other Than Segmentally
Constructed Bridges
These limits may be used
for normal rveight
concrete with concrete
compressive strengths for
use in design LW to
15.0 ksi and lightrveight
concrete up to 10.0 kst.
Tension in the Precompressed Tensile Zone, Assuming
Uncracked Sections
a For components r.l,ith bonded prestressin-e tendons or 0.197,rr/', I 0.6 (ksi)
reinforcernent that are subjected to not lvorse than
moderate corrosion conditions
a For components with bonded prestressing tendons or
reinfblcement that are subjected to severe colrosir.e
0.0948),!/',. I 0.3 (ksi)
conditions
a For components with unbonded prestressing tendons No tension

Segmentally Constrncted Longiludinal Stresses through Joints in the Precompressed

Bridges Tensile Zone

These lirnits may be used
for normal weight
concrete with concrete
con'rpressive strengths for
use in desi-en up to
15.0 ksi and lightweight
concrete up to 10.0 ksi.
a .Ioints r,i,ith minimurn bonded auxiliary reinfol'cement
tlrrough the joints sr.rft-rcient to carry the calculated 0.0948)"ü'" t 0.3 (ksi)
longitudinal tensile force at a stress of 0.5/.., internal
tendons or external tendons
a .Ioints u'ithout tire minirnum bonded auxiliary
No tension
rein forcement through loints
Transverse Stresses

a Tension in the transverse direction in precompre'ssed 0.0948).ril"" I 0.3 (ksi)

tensile zone
Stresses in Other Areas

o For areas without bonded reinforcernent No tension

a In areas with bonded reinforcement sufficient to resist 0.19).\/',,, (l§i)
the tensile force in the concrete computed assnming an
tuncracked section, where reinforcerrent is
proportioned using a stress of 0.5/. not to exceed
30.0 ksi

5.9. 2 3.3- Pt"intipal Tensile.slres.scs ín Web,s c5.9.2.3.3

The provisions specified herein shall apply to all
types of post-tensioned superstructures tvith intemal
and/or external tendons. The provisions specified herein
shall also apply to pretensioned girders rvith a
compressive strength of concrete for use in design
greater that .f,'" : 10.0 ksi. As maximnm príncipal
tensiclns lxay not occur at the neutral axis. r.arious
locations along the height ofthe rveb should be checked.
At sections rvhere internal tendons cross near the
clepth at which the maximum principal tension is being
checked, the provisions of Article 5.1 .2.1 shal1 apply.
The principal tensile srresses in webs shall not
exceed 0.110).i/'" when the sLlperstructure element is
subjected to tlie loadings of Service III iimit state of
Article 3.4.1, both before and after all losses
redistribution of fbrces.
The principal tensile stresses shall be determined
using the combination of axial and shear stress which
The principal stress check is introduced to limit wel¡
cracking at the serlice limit state fbr all types of post-
tensioned supeístructures r,,'ith internal and/or external
tendons and pretensioned girders vr.ith a cornpressive
strength of concrete fbr use in design greater than
f , -- 1A.0 ksi. Erperience has shorvn that the cracking in
the webs of conventional pretensioned girders u,i1h a
compressive strength of concrete fo¡ use in design up to
10.0 ksi has not been a problem and the check may be
omitted.
Since this inr,estigation is nrade at the service lirnit
state Eqs. 5.9.2.3.3-2 and 5.9.2.3.3-3 for shear stress are
Iinear combinations ol the shear slresses from shear and
torsion. No lelief tiom redistribution of stresses is
and assunred as might be appropriate from the stlength or
extreme event lir¡it states. Likewise. no ad-justment fbr
the area or perirneter of hollolv sections resulting from
spalling of cover has been assumed.