QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

DIFFUN CAMPUS
LABORATORY HIGHSCHOOL

SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE

IN

VISION MISSION
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and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
LABORATORY HIGHSCHOOL

Module 1 Lesson 1- Sources of Energy

Lesson 2-Active Ingredients of Cleaning Materials
Lesson 3-Use of the Other Ingredients in Cleaning Agents
Competencies After going through this module, you are expected to;

1. Describe how energy is harnessed from different sources: fossil fuels; biogas; geothermal;
hydrothermal; batteries; solar cells; biomass (S11/12PS-IIIi-29)
2. Identify the active ingredients of cleaning products at home (S11/12PS-IIIi-j-31)
3. Give the use of the other ingredients in cleaning agents (S11/12PS-IIIi-j-32)

Discussion Lesson 1 Source of Energy

Choose the answer that best matches the definitions below. Write the letter of your answer on the
column entitled “Match”.

Defining energy is both simple and complicated. The definition varies from one field of science to
another, but the most common definition it uses is the ability to do work. Energy can be found in
almost everything and everywhere. Can it be found on the places we used to go? Can we find it on
the things we possess? The answer to that is yes! For example, when we digest food, our body uses
(chemical) energy embodied in the food to move around. When we turn on the TV or gadgets,
electricity is used to create the picture on the screen and the sound it produces. Most of the
electricity that we use in our daily lives are produced from the chemical energy released in the
burning of coal, oil or gas.

Now, if energy can be found literally on everything, why do we hear so much about energy crisis?

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and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
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 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
LABORATORY HIGHSCHOOL

According to the First Law of thermodynamics, also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy,
energy can neither be created nor destroyed; energy can only be transferred or changed from one
form to another

If that is the case, then there is no need to worry about running out of energy? Well, that question
can be answered if we fully understood the concept of energy. As stated above, energy comes in
different forms and can be used in different ways through conversion. Given a scenario of leaving a
hot milk in an airconditioned room, what will happen to the milk? In a matter of time, the hot milk
will turn into a cold milk, thus, there is heat loss. Is there a way of turning back the milk into hot once
it has cooled down? Is there any way to collect the heat loss from the milk to the environment?

In any example that we consider, we will see that energy, in the usable form, is dissipated to the
surroundings in less usable forms. Hence, energy is consumed and would not replenish once it’s used
to do work. With this taken into consideration, the next thing to do is look for conventional and
renewable sources of energy. Conventional energy sources are the oldest sources of energy like coal
and petroleum. Conventional energy sources are limited. They will not last forever and will eventually
run out. Renewable energy, on the other hand, uses energy sources that are continually replenished
by nature—the sun, the wind, water, the Earth’s heat, and plants. With the use of renewable energy
technologies these fuels are turned into usable forms of energy—regularly electricity, but also heat,
chemicals, or mechanical power. To put it simply, this energy can be used again and again and will
never run out.

The following are the energy sources:

A. Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels comes from organic remains of prehistoric organisms, example of this are
hydrocarbons such as oil, coal, and natural gas. Coal is the world’s largest source of fossil fuel.It is
comparably affordable and is readily obtainable. Fossil fuels harnessed energy from the sun when
they were still alive through the process of photosynthesis. To put it simply, fossil fuels are captured
sunlight!

B. Biogas: This kind of energy can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste,
manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or food waste. Biogas is a renewable
energy source.

C. Geothermal: This energy optimizes the heat energy from the earth’s crust. This heat energy heats
up rocks affecting the nearby groundwater. Once the groundwater becomes so hot, it turns into an
underground steam, then this steam is used to drive turbines that generate electricity. It is said that
geothermal energy is the main source of energy in the Visayas region.

D. Hydro Power Plant: Hydrothermal energy is usually associated with dams since there is only few
waterfalls exist in the country. The kinetic energy and potential energy of a falling water is being
converted to produce electricity. This is the main source of electricity in Mindanao.

E. Batteries: It is a chemical source of energy that produces direct current, Some are rechargeable;

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LABORATORY HIGHSCHOOL

some are not.

F. Solar Cells: The energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation is directly
converted into electricity. This energy will continue to renew until the sun cease to exist. Solar cells
system mostly has these three main parts; 1. modules that convert sunlight into electricity; 2.
Inverters where electricity is being converted into alternating current so it can be used by most
household appliances; 3. battery that store the excess electricity produced by the system.

G. Biomass: It refers to the organic matters and waste from plants and animals such as compost,
crop remnants and garbage. Plants get the energy from the sun through the process of
photosynthesis and this energy is passed to animals upon consumption. Biomass is used to produce
alcohol and methane which are fuels useful in energy manufacture and running cars.

H. Thermal Power Plant: Heat energy is being produced and converted into electricity by burning
large amount of fossil fuels are burnt in power stations.

I. Wind Power: The energy from the wind is being harnessed by the wind turbines, converting the
wind energy into mechanical energy. This kind of energy is renewable since the wind on the
surroundings is unlimited.

Lesson 2 Active Ingredients of Cleaning Products

Cleaning is one of the very common household chores on our daily lives. We do cleaning in our
houses, offices and schools. Cleaning can be done easier and quicker if cleaning products are to be
used. These cleaning products come in different forms such as liquid, powder, sprays or granules and
are formulated to be used in the removal of dirt, dust, stain, and bad smells on various areas. The
following are examples of cleaning agents:

A. Water is the simplest and most common example of cleaning agent. It is extremely easy to use,
a good solvent and has stability. Water is readily available and is also inexpensive.

B. Detergents are agents which helps for the betterment of cleaning. It supplies the things that
water alone can’t do. One of its function is reducing surface tension of water, emulsifying (break-
up) soil and lifting it from surface, suspending soil in the cleaning solution. It is comparatively
more operative in hard water and mostly harmless.

C. Abrasives are very punitive cleaning agents. It is very hard and rough to use since they are made
up of mineral particles. Some of the commonly used abrasives are pumice, sand, steel wool and
calcite. Also, abrasives may contain alkalis (for removal of grease), chlorine (for disinfection) and
organic solvents (for dissolving grease). Abrasives may be categorized as creams, liquids, pastes
and powder, based on their texture.

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The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
LABORATORY HIGHSCHOOL

D. Degreasers dissolve proteins using strong alkalis. They are very corrosive that usually damage
the surface. Most of the time degreasers are composed of sodium metasilicate or caustic soda.
Sodium hydroxide and sodium metasilicate are examples of strong alkalis which play a primary
role in removing solid grease. Sodium carbonate not only provide a moderately high pH but also
provides buffering to maintain pH levels upon product dilution. Alkalis ensure that pH is
maintained at a suitably high-level during cleaning. Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) offers
alkalinity at a slightly lower pH making it useful for buffering formulations and other uses that
requires mild pH. Silicates perform additional useful functions. They offer corrosion protection,
mainly on "white" metals like aluminum. Their other functions are for suspension of fine
particles and reduction of the redeposition of soil that has been removed from surfaces.
Ammonia is commonly used as an alkali in floor wax removers.

E. Acids is a compound that contains Hydrogen that can be replaced by a metal. It usually has a
sour taste, capable of neutralizing alkalis and it would turn a blue litmus paper into red when
tested. Phosphoric acid, a strong acid, is used for dissolving calcium and metal salts. It is also
useful in tub, tile, sink and toilet bowl cleaners while Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid used in
some toilet bowl cleaners.

F. Organic Solvents Solvents are specifically used to remove grease and clean without leaving a
residue, particularly, window cleaners and removal of finger marks on walls. The main ingredient
of these solvents is water making it remove grease easily and is compatible with water.

G. Disinfectants or antimicrobial agents are used to destroy bacteria and viruses by interfering with
their metabolism or destroying their cell walls. Various chemicals make it possible to disinfect by
alternating its structures, including alcohol, sodium hypochlorite, iodine, pine oil, phenolics and
quaternary ammonium compounds.

Active Ingredients Found in Cleaning Chemicals

A. Ammonia is a naturally occurring, colorless and soluble alkali gas. It is commonly referred as
“household ammonia” in cleaning compounds. It is regularly found in window and glass cleaners, but
mostly produced to be a fertilizer. It is an irritant to the skin and eyes, and it may be dangerous when
consumed.

B. Bleach or sodium hypochlorite is another alkali disinfectant. Bleach oxidizes or breaks down the
molecular bonds of stains and germs. Bleach is commonly packages in the bottle as a 5 percent
solution. When bleach is mixed with acids it forms toxic chlorine gas such as bowl cleaners.

C. D-Limonene extracted from citrus rind is a neutral compound. The straight d-limonene are used
as a solvent while d-limonene combined with a surfactant can be 8 used as a rinse able cleaning
solution. Surfactants are compounds that lowers the surface tension of water, making the molecules

VISION MISSION
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and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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DIFFUN CAMPUS
LABORATORY HIGHSCHOOL

less likely to stick with each other and interact more with oil and grease.

D. Enzymes and bacteria are used commonly for removal of degreasers and stains and cleaning of
drains. These live organisms consume organic materials, for the purpose of blockage, stain or odor
removal.

E. Hydrogen peroxide being an acidic disinfectant, is commonly used in a 3 percent solution as a

skin antiseptic. It also works as an oxidizer. It can also be used for whitening of paper pulp and
treating drinking water. Most of the time it is combined with other disinfectants for greater efficacy.

F. Phenol is a manufactured substance used in disinfectants and resins; it has many forms and goes
in many names. For example, Nonyl phenol ethoxylate is regularly found in detergents. Skin
exposure to large amounts of phenol can cause damage in liver, diarrhea, dark urine and hemolytic
anemia.

Hazardous Ingredients in Household Cleaning Agents

A. Carcinogens cause cancer and/or promote cancer’s growth.

B. Endocrine disruptors Endocrine disruptors mimic human hormones, confusing the body with false
signals. Exposure to endocrine disruptors can lead to several health concerns including reproductive,
developmental, growth and behavior complications. It has been linked to reduced fertility,
premature puberty, miscarriage, menstrual problems, challenged immune systems, abnormal
prostate size, ADHD, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and certain cancers.

C. Neurotoxins alter neurons, affecting brain activity, causing a range of problems from headaches to
loss of intellect.

Chemicals to Avoid
A. Pesticides Pesticides are fat-soluble, making them difficult to eliminate from the body once
ingested. It often contains carcinogens and endocrine disruptors.

B. APEs are surfactants, meaning they lower the surface tension of liquids and help cleaning
solutions spread more easily over the surface to be cleaned and penetrate solids. APEs are endocrine
disruptors.

C. Formaldehyde is commonly known as preservative. It is also a germicide, bactericide and

fungicide. It can be found in household cleaners and disinfectants. Formaldehyde is a carcinogen.

D. Organochlorine results from the combination of hydrogen and carbon. DDT is one of the most
lethal type of organochlorines. OCs are present in pesticides, detergents, degreasers and bleaches. It
is a carcinogen and endocrine disruptor.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
LABORATORY HIGHSCHOOL

E. Styrene is a naturally occurring substance derived from the styrax tree. It is commonly used in the
manufacture of numerous plastics including plastic food wrap, insulated cups ad PVC piping. It is also
found in floor waxes and polishes and metal cleaners. Styrene is a known carcinogen as well as
endocrine disruptor. It may cause damage to the central nervous system, liver and reproductive
system when exposed.
F. Phthalates are most commonly used in the manufactures of plastics. It can also be found in
household cleaners and detergents. These chemicals are classified as inert and as such no product-
labeling requirements exist for phthalates. They are endocrine disruptor and suspected carcinogen.
Phthalates are known to cause hormonal abnormalities, thyroid disorders, birth defects and
reproductive problems.

Role of Other Ingredients

Commercial cleaning products contain other substances. These substances contribute to the
effectiveness of the cleaning agent and provide special functions. Some of them are:

A. Antimicrobial agents also called disinfectants or sanitizers are chemicals that kill microorganisms
or prevent their growth. They clean the materials to prevent of diseases brought by bacteria, viruses,
and fungi; and reduce the odor-causing microorganism.

B. Bleach activators These are substances needed for low temperature washes and achieve the full
activity of bleaching in the wash liquor.

C. Bulking agent This substance is added to increase the volume of a product through dilution, so
that it can be applied at the correct concentration. Bulking agents are also used for food applications
such as beverages, they can add texture without making a change on the properties of the final
product.

D. Colorant This substance contains a blue dye or pigment that provides bluing effect when added
to laundry products. It is a substance that is added or applied in order to change the color of material
or surface. Most of the time, colorants are used in industries like paints, clothes, plastics, prints and
photographs.

E. Enzymes can also be used in food industry to enhance flavor, help digestion and improve the
nutritional values of the food. In textile industry, enzymes are used for treating fibers and textiles. In
cosmetics, enzymes are used to improve the quality of the personal care products. It is also used in
paper refining bleaching making the paper sheet produced stronger, thicker and softer. Hence,
enzymes are biocatalyst that can be used in many applications, making the processes cheaper and
more environmental-friendly.
F. Flavors and Sweeteners Substances that make commercial cleaning products appealing to the
consumers. These substances provide sweet taste but has no calories of carbohydrates. It is
commonly used as sugar-substitute. Most toothpaste have flavors and sweet tastes.

VISION MISSION
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and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
LABORATORY HIGHSCHOOL

G. Fragrances These are substances used to mask the odor of ingredients and packaging of the
cleaning agent. They provide pleasant odor to fabrics and skin and gives special identify to a product.

H. Optical Brighteners These are fluorescent dyes. They absorb ultraviolet rays in sunlight and
transmit them as blue light. This blue light masks the yellowish color of the clothes and increases the
amount of visible light reaching the eye, giving the white garment a whiter appearance.

I. Preservatives Substances that prevent product spoilage during storage. They are required in
laundry liquids. The surfactants and enzymes in detergents and other cleaning agents are
biodegradable and can be attacked by bacteria, which causes the product spoilage.

Enrichment Think about all the products you use every morning when you wake up. How many of them do you
Activities think involve chemistry? Identify from the product labels the active ingredients of these cleaning
agents and write the uses of the listed active ingredients.

Comprehensio Multiple Choice:

n Check Write the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following is a nonrenewable energy resource?

A. Coal
B. Hydroelectric
C. Methane
D. Solar

2. What energy resources are derived from natural organic materials?

A. Biomass
B. Fossil Fuels
C. Geothermal sources
D. All of these

3. What type of renewable energy comes from tapping heat generated inside the Earth?
A. Biomass
B. Geothermal energy
C. Hydrothermal energy

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
LABORATORY HIGHSCHOOL

D. Solar energy

4. What type of renewable energy comes from capturing the power of the sun's rays?
A. Geothermal energy
B. Hydrothermal energy
C. Solar energy
D. wind energy

5. Why does the world face an energy crisis?

A. World demand for energy will increase
B. World oil production will peak and begin to decline
C.Shortages and the resulting escalation of prices can shock the economic and political order
D.All of the above

6. Why do we discuss about energy crisis when energy can neither be created nor destroyed?
A. Energy transform into different form continuously.
B. Usable form of energy is dissipated to the surroundings in less usable forms.
C.Energy is consumed and cannot be used again.
D.All of these

7. Which is the ultimate source of energy?

A. Fossil fuels
B. Sun
B. Uranium
D. Water

8. What is a detergent?
A. A cleaning agent that is soluble in water and combines with dirt to make it soluble in water too.
B. Any cleaning agent that is soluble in water
C. Any cleaning agent that is insoluble in water
D. A cleaning agent that is insoluble in water and combines with dirt to make it insoluble in water
too

9. Which of the following household chemicals is the main ingredient in bleach or bleach products?
A. Ammonia
B. Sodium bicarbonate
C. Sodium hypochlorite
D. Sodium lauryl sulfate

10.Which of the following is NOT a chemical?

A. Ammonia
B. Ammonium lauryl sulfate
C. Hydrogen gas

VISION MISSION
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and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
LABORATORY HIGHSCHOOL

D. Water

11.Which of the following is NOT a carcinogen?

A. APEs
B. Formaldehyde
C. Pesticide
D. Styrene

12.What active ingredient kills microorganism?

A. Anti-microbial Agent
B. Bulking Agent
C. Enzymes
D. Preservatives

13.Which among the choices is true about the bulking agent?

A. It gives color to the product.
B. It enhances the flavor of the product.
C. It adds volume to the product without altering the quality.
D. It prevents bacteria and viruses in sticking to your clothes.

14.How does the optical brighter make white garment a whiter appearance?
A. By enhancing the odor of the garment.
B. By reflecting white lights from the sun.
C. By absorbing ultraviolet rays in sunlight and transmit them as blue light.
D. None of the above, it’s bleach that makes the garment whiter.

15.What substance promote full activity of bleaching process?

A. Bleach Activator
B. Bulking agent
C. Detergent
D. Water

References Bayo-ang, Roly B, Maria Lourdes G Coronacion, Annamae T Jorda, and Anna Jamille Restubog. “How
Chemistry Contributes to the Understanding of Household and Personal Care Products.” Essay in
Physical Science for Senior High School, edited by Maria Noemi M Moncada, 82–89. Quezon City:
Educational Resources Corporation, 2016.

“Bulking Agents Product Benefits & Applications.” GLGLifeTec. Accessed July 9, 2020.
https://www.glglifetech.com/bulking-agents/.

“Chemistry Everyday Life.” 2010. Scribd. Scribd. 2010.

https://www.scribd.com/document/234440460/Chemistry-Everyday-Life. Cheron, Jean Baptiste.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
LABORATORY HIGHSCHOOL

“Natural Sweetener.” Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry,

2019.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978008100596521620X?via %3Dihub.
“DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program: Overview and Highlights.” 2006, January.
https://doi.org/10.2172/883023.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”