DATE : 5/24/2022

Write the non linear stiffness matrix of one dimensional two noded bar element. Use the above mentioned element
for the solution of this problem. An one dimensional bar of rectangular cross section is fixed at upper end and free at
lower end. The size of its rectangular cross section is 10 mm X 20 mm and its length is 650 mm. It is subjected to a
vertically downward concentrated force of 48 kN. Calculate the end deflection, strain and stress developed in it. The
material behaviour is shown in Figure 1. (a) Apply the load in two steps, 24 kN + 24 kN. Perform maximum two
iterations in each step. (b) Apply the load in three steps, 16 kN + 16 kN + 16 kN. Perform maximum two iterations in
each step.

Stress, σ

E3 = 100000 N/mm2

E2 = 150000 N/mm2

E1 = 200000 N/mm2
ε1 = ε2 = ε3 = 0.002 Strain, ε
0.0005 0.001

Here we are using 2 noded 1-D element.

Cross section of the bar = 10 mm X 20 mm

Area of cross section of the bar, A = 10*20

= 200 mm^2

Length of the bar, L = 650 mm

Yeild stress, fy = E1 X ε1 = 200000*0.0005

= 100 N/mm2
1
x=0
u1
2 noded
1-d
element
of length Length = L
L Cross sectional area = A

x=L
2
u2

P
1 -1
Stiffness of the element, S = EA/L
-1 1

Boundary condition:

u1 = 0
 DATE : 5/24/2022
(a)
Increment 1 of the analysis:

P0 = 0 at u10 = u20 = 0

u1 = upper end displacement

u2 = lower end displacement

Load increment at the first increment, ΔP1 = 24 kN

Iteration 1 of increment 1:
1 -1
Stiffness matrix, [S] = E 1A/L
-1 1
1 -1
= 200000*200/650
-1 1
1 -1
= 61538.46
-1 1

From equilibrium equation,

{P} = [S] {d}

{P} = load vector

[S] = stiffness matrix
{d} = nodal displacement vector

{P} = [S] {d}

R 1 -1 Δu1
=> = 61538.46 X
24000 -1 1 Δu2

Δu1 = 0

=> 24000 = 61538.46 Δu2

=> Δu2 = 24000/61538.46

= 0.390 mm

u21 = u20 + Δu2

= 0+0.390
= 0.390 mm

u21 = total displacement at first iteration

u20 = total displacement at zeroth iteration

Shape functions of 2 noded 1-d element:

x=0 x=L
1 2
ϕ1 = 1 - (x/L) ϕ2 = (x/L)
dϕ1/dx = - (1/L) dϕ2/dx = (1/L)
 DATE : 5/24/2022

B = [dϕ1/dx dϕ2/dx]
= [- (1/L) (1/L)]

{ε} = [B] {d}

In incremental form, the strain within the element,

Δu1
{Δε} = [- (1/L) (1/L)]
Δu2

{d} = change in displacement

Δu1 = 0

{Δε} = (1/L) *Δu2

= 0.390/650
= 0.0006

Total strain after first iteration, ε1 = ε0 + Δε

ε0 = 0 (Since u20 = 0)

ε1 = ε0 + Δε
= 0+0.0006
= 0.0006 > 0.0005

E = E2 = 150000

Change of stress, Δσ = EΔε

= 150000*0.0006
= 90 N/mm2

Total stress after first iteration, σ1 = σ0 + Δσ

σ0 = total stress after zeroth iteration

= 0 N/mm2 since ε0 = 0

σ1 = σ0 + Δσ
= 0+90
= 90 N/mm2

Equivalent nodal force after the end of first iteration, F 1 = ∫BTσ1Adx

{F1} = 0L∫BTσ1Adx
L
-(1/L)
= σ1Adx
(1/L)
0
 DATE : 5/24/2022

L
-(1/L)
= σ1A dx
(1/L)
0
-(1/L)
= σ1AL
(1/L)

-σ1A
=
σ1A

-90*200
=
90*200

-18000
=
18000

Residual force, {R) = {P} - {F1}

R -18000
= -
24000 18000

R + 18000
=
6000

Residual force = 6000 N

Convergence criteria:

Residual force/Applied force = (6000/24000)*100

= 25 %

Tollerable limit = 1%

Since 25 % > 1%

Go for next iteration.

Iteration 2 of increment 1:

u21 = 0.390
ε1 = 0.0006 > 0.0005 but < 0.001
σ1 = 90 N/mm2

E = E2 = 150000 N/mm2
 DATE : 5/24/2022

1 -1
Stiffness matrix, [S] = E 2A/L
-1 1
1 -1
= 150000*200/650
-1 1
1 -1
= 46153.85
-1 1

From equilibrium equation,

{P} = [S] {d}

{P} = load vector

[S] = stiffness matrix
{d} = nodal displacement vector

{P} = [S] {d}

R 1 -1 Δu1
=> = 46153.85 X
6000 -1 1 Δu2

Δu1 = 0

=> 6000 = 46153.85 Δu2

=> Δu2 = 6000/46153.85

= 0.130 mm

u22 = u21 + Δu2

= 0.390+0.130
= 0.520 mm

u21 = total displacement at first iteration

u22 = total displacement at second iteration

Shape functions of 2 noded 1-d element:

x=0 x=L
1 2
ϕ1 = 1 - (x/L) ϕ2 = (x/L)
dϕ1/dx = - (1/L) dϕ2/dx = (1/L)

B = [dϕ1/dx dϕ2/dx]
= [- (1/L) (1/L)]

{ε} = [B] {d}

 DATE : 5/24/2022

In incremental form, the strain within the element,

Δu1
{Δε} = [- (1/L) (1/L)]
Δu2

{d} = change in displacement

Δu1 = 0

{Δε} = (1/L) *Δu2

= 0.130/650
= 0.0002

Total strain after second iteration, ε2 = ε1 + Δε

ε1 = 0.0006

ε1 = ε0 + Δε
= 0.0006+0.0002
= 0.0008 < 0.001

E = E2 = 150000 N/mm2

Change of stress, Δσ = EΔε

= 150000*0.0002
= 30 N/mm2

Total stress after second iteration, σ2 = σ1 + Δσ

σ1 = total stress after first iteration

= 90 N/mm2

σ2 = σ1 + Δσ
= 90+30
= 120 N/mm2

Equivalent nodal force after the end of second iteration, F 2 = ∫BTσ2Adx

{F2} = 0L∫BTσ2Adx
L
-(1/L)
= σ2Adx
(1/L)
0
L
-(1/L)
= σ2A dx
(1/L)
0
-(1/L)
= σ2AL
(1/L)
 DATE : 5/24/2022

-σ2A
=
σ2A

-120*200
=
120*200

-24000
=
24000

Residual force, {R) = {P} - {F1}

R -24000
= -
24000 24000

R + 24000
=
0

Residual force = 0N

Convergence criteria:

Residual force/Applied force = (0/24000)*100

= 0%

Tollerable limit = 1%

Since 0% < 1%

Stop iteration.

Increment 2 of the analysis:

Change in load, ΔP2 = 24 kN = 24000 N

P1 = 24 kN = 24000 N
P2 = P1 + ΔP2 = 24000+24000
= 48000 N

u10 = 0 mm
u20 = 0.520 mm
ε0 = 0.0008 < 0.001 E = E2 = 150000 N/mm2
σ0 = 120.000 N/mm2

u1 = upper end displacement

u2 = lower end displacement

Load increment at the second increment, ΔP2 = 24 kN

 DATE : 5/24/2022

Iteration 1 of increment 2:
1 -1
Stiffness matrix, [S] = E 2A/L
-1 1
1 -1
= 150000*200/650
-1 1
1 -1
= 46153.85
-1 1

From equilibrium equation,

{P} = [S] {d}

{P} = load vector

[S] = stiffness matrix
{d} = nodal displacement vector

{P} = [S] {d}

R 1 -1 Δu1
=> = 46153.85 X
24000 -1 1 Δu2

Δu1 = 0

=> 24000 = 46153.85 Δu2

=> Δu2 = 24000/46153.85

= 0.520 mm

u21 = u20 + Δu2

= 0.520+0.520
= 1.040 mm

u21 = total displacement at first iteration

u20 = total displacement at zeroth iteration

Shape functions of 2 noded 1-d element:

x=0 x=L
1 2
ϕ1 = 1 - (x/L) ϕ2 = (x/L)
dϕ1/dx = - (1/L) dϕ2/dx = (1/L)

B = [dϕ1/dx dϕ2/dx]
= [- (1/L) (1/L)]

{ε} = [B] {d}

 DATE : 5/24/2022

In incremental form, the strain within the element,

Δu1
{Δε} = [- (1/L) (1/L)]
Δu2

{d} = change in displacement

Δu1 = 0

{Δε} = (1/L) *Δu2

= 0.520/650
= 0.0008

Total strain after first iteration, ε1 = ε0 + Δε

ε0 = 0.0008

ε1 = ε0 + Δε
= 0.0008+0.0008
= 0.0016 > 0.001

E = E3 = 100000 N/mm2

Change of stress, Δσ = EΔε

= 100000*0.0008
= 80 N/mm2

Total stress after first iteration, σ1 = σ0 + Δσ

σ0 = total stress after zeroth iteration

= 120.000 N/mm2

σ1 = σ0 + Δσ
= 120.000+80
= 200 N/mm2

Equivalent nodal force after the end of first iteration, F 1 = ∫BTσ1Adx

{F1} = 0L∫BTσ1Adx
L
-(1/L)
= σ1Adx
(1/L)
0
L
-(1/L)
= σ1A dx
(1/L)
0
-(1/L)
= σ1AL
(1/L)
 DATE : 5/24/2022

-σ1A
=
σ1A

-200*200
=
200*200

-40000
=
40000

Residual force, {R) = {P} - {F1}

R -40000
= -
48000 40000

R + 40000
=
8000.000

Residual force = 8000 N

Convergence criteria:

Residual force/Applied force = (8000/48000)*100

= 16.667 %

Tollerable limit = 1%

Since 16.667 % > 1%

Go for next iteration.

Iteration 2 of increment 2:

u21 = 1.040
ε1 = 0.0016 > 0.001 but < 0.002
σ1 = 200 N/mm2

E = E3 = 100000 N/mm2

1 -1
Stiffness matrix, [S] = E 3A/L
-1 1
1 -1
= 100000*200/650
-1 1
1 -1
= 30769.23
-1 1
 DATE : 5/24/2022

From equilibrium equation,

{P} = [S] {d}

{P} = load vector

[S] = stiffness matrix
{d} = nodal displacement vector

{P} = [S] {d}

R 1 -1 Δu1
=> = 30769.23 X
8000 -1 1 Δu2

Δu1 = 0

=> 8000 = 30769.23 Δu2

=> Δu2 = 8000/30769.23

= 0.260 mm

u22 = u21 + Δu2

= 1.040+0.260
= 1.300 mm

u21 = total displacement at first iteration

u22 = total displacement at second iteration

Shape functions of 2 noded 1-d element:

x=0 x=L
1 2
ϕ1 = 1 - (x/L) ϕ2 = (x/L)
dϕ1/dx = - (1/L) dϕ2/dx = (1/L)

B = [dϕ1/dx dϕ2/dx]
= [- (1/L) (1/L)]

{ε} = [B] {d}

In incremental form, the strain within the element,

Δu1
{Δε} = [- (1/L) (1/L)]
Δu2

{d} = change in displacement

Δu1 = 0

{Δε} = (1/L) *Δu2

= 0.260/650
= 0.0004

Total strain after second iteration, ε2 = ε1 + Δε

 DATE : 5/24/2022

ε1 = 0.0016

ε1 = ε0 + Δε
= 0.0016+0.0004
= 0.002 < 0.002

E = E3 = 100000

Change of stress, Δσ = EΔε

= 100000*0.0004
= 40.000 N/mm2

Total stress after second iteration, σ2 = σ1 + Δσ

σ1 = total stress after first iteration

= 200.000 N/mm2

σ2 = σ1 + Δσ
= 200.000+40.000
= 240 N/mm2

Equivalent nodal force after the end of second iteration, F 2 = ∫BTσ2Adx

{F2} = 0L∫BTσ2Adx

L
-(1/L)
= σ2Adx
(1/L)
0
L
-(1/L)
= σ2A dx
(1/L)
0
-(1/L)
= σ2AL
(1/L)

-σ2A
=
σ2A

-240*200
=
240*200

-48000
=
48000
 DATE : 5/24/2022

Residual force, {R) = {P} - {F1}

R -48000
= -
48000 48000

R + 48000
=
0

Residual force = 0N

Convergence criteria:

Residual force/Applied force = (0/48000)*100

= 0%

Tollerable limit = 1%

Since 0% < 1%

Stop iteration.

Total load applied = 48000 N = 48 kN

Total displacement = 1.300 mm at free end
Total strain = 0.002
Total stress = 240 N/mm2
 DATE : 5/24/2022
(b)
Increment 1 of the analysis:

P0 = 0 at u10 = u20 = 0

u1 = upper end displacement

u2 = lower end displacement

Load increment at the first increment, ΔP1 = 16 kN

Iteration 1 of increment 1:
1 -1
Stiffness matrix, [S] = E1A/L
-1 1
1 -1
= 200000*200/650
-1 1
1 -1
= 61538.46
-1 1

From equilibrium equation,

{P} = [S] {d}

{P} = load vector

[S] = stiffness matrix
{d} = nodal displacement vector

{P} = [S] {d}

R 1 -1 Δu1
=> = 61538.46 X
16000 -1 1 Δu2

Δu1 = 0

=> 16000 = 61538.46 Δu2

=> Δu2 = 16000/61538.46

= 0.260 mm

u21 = u20 + Δu2

= 0+0.260
= 0.260 mm

u21 = total displacement at first iteration

u20 = total displacement at zeroth iteration

Shape functions of 2 noded 1-d element:

x=0 x=L
1 2
ϕ1 = 1 - (x/L) ϕ2 = (x/L)
dϕ1/dx = - (1/L) dϕ2/dx = (1/L)
 DATE : 5/24/2022

B = [dϕ1/dx dϕ2/dx]
= [- (1/L) (1/L)]

{ε} = [B] {d}

In incremental form, the strain within the element,

Δu1
{Δε} = [- (1/L) (1/L)]
Δu2

{d} = change in displacement

Δu1 = 0

{Δε} = (1/L) *Δu2

= 0.260/650
= 0.0004

Total strain after first iteration, ε1 = ε0 + Δε

ε0 = 0 (Since u20 = 0)

ε1 = ε0 + Δε
= 0+0.0004
= 0.0004 < 0.0005

E = E1 = 200000

Change of stress, Δσ = EΔε

= 200000*0.0004
= 80 N/mm2

Total stress after first iteration, σ1 = σ0 + Δσ

σ0 = total stress after zeroth iteration

= 0 N/mm2 since ε0 = 0

σ1 = σ0 + Δσ
= 0+80
= 80 N/mm2

Equivalent nodal force after the end of first iteration, F1 = ∫BTσ1Adx

{F1} = 0L∫BTσ1Adx
L
-(1/L)
= σ1Adx
(1/L)
0
 DATE : 5/24/2022

L
-(1/L)
= σ1A dx
(1/L)
0
-(1/L)
= σ1AL
(1/L)

-σ1A
=
σ1A

-80*200
=
80*200

-16000
=
16000

Residual force, {R) = {P} - {F1}

R -16000
= -
16000 16000

R + 16000
=
0

Residual force = 0N

Convergence criteria:

Residual force/Applied force = (0/16000)*100

= 0%

Tollerable limit = 1%

Since 0% < 1%

Stop iteration.

Increment 2 of the analysis:

Change in load, ΔP2 = 16 kN = 16000 N

P1 = 16 kN = 16000 N
P2 = P1 + ΔP2 = 16000+16000
= 32000 N
u10 = 0 mm
u = 2
0
0.260 mm
ε0 = 0.0004 < 0.0005 E = E1 = 200000 N/mm2
σ0 = 80.000 N/mm2
 DATE : 5/24/2022

u1 = upper end displacement

u2 = lower end displacement

Load increment at the second increment, ΔP2 = 16 kN

Iteration 1 of increment 2:
1 -1
Stiffness matrix, [S] = E1A/L
-1 1
1 -1
= 200000*200/650
-1 1
1 -1
= 61538.46
-1 1

From equilibrium equation,

{P} = [S] {d}

{P} = load vector

[S] = stiffness matrix
{d} = nodal displacement vector

{P} = [S] {d}

R 1 -1 Δu1
=> = 61538.46 X
16000 -1 1 Δu2

Δu1 = 0

=> 16000 = 61538.46 Δu2

=> Δu2 = 16000/61538.46

= 0.260 mm

u21 = u20 + Δu2

= 0.260+0.260
= 0.520 mm

u21 = total displacement at first iteration

u20 = total displacement at zeroth iteration

Shape functions of 2 noded 1-d element:

x=0 x=L
1 2
ϕ1 = 1 - (x/L) ϕ2 = (x/L)
dϕ1/dx = - (1/L) dϕ2/dx = (1/L)

B = [dϕ1/dx dϕ2/dx]
= [- (1/L) (1/L)]

{ε} = [B] {d}

 DATE : 5/24/2022

In incremental form, the strain within the element,

Δu1
{Δε} = [- (1/L) (1/L)]
Δu2

{d} = change in displacement

Δu1 = 0

{Δε} = (1/L) *Δu2

= 0.260/650
= 0.0004

Total strain after first iteration, ε1 = ε0 + Δε

ε0 = 0.0004

ε1 = ε0 + Δε
= 0.0004+0.0004
= 0.0008 > 0.0005

E = E2 = 150000 N/mm2

Change of stress, Δσ = EΔε

= 150000*0.0004
= 60 N/mm2

Total stress after first iteration, σ1 = σ0 + Δσ

σ0 = total stress after zeroth iteration

= 80.000 N/mm2

σ1 = σ0 + Δσ
= 80.000+60
= 140 N/mm2

Equivalent nodal force after the end of first iteration, F1 = ∫BTσ1Adx

{F1} = 0L∫BTσ1Adx
L
-(1/L)
= σ1Adx
(1/L)
0
L
-(1/L)
= σ1A dx
(1/L)
0
-(1/L)
= σ1AL
(1/L)
 DATE : 5/24/2022

-σ1A
=
σ1A

-140*200
=
140*200

-28000
=
28000

Residual force, {R) = {P} - {F1}

R -28000
= -
32000 28000

R + 28000
=
4000.000

Residual force = 4000 N

Convergence criteria:

Residual force/Applied force = (4000/32000)*100

= 12.500 %

Tollerable limit = 1%

Since 12.500 % > 1%

Go for next iteration.

Iteration 2 of increment 2:

u21 = 0.520
ε1 = 0.0008 > 0.0005 but < 0.001
σ1 = 140 N/mm2

E = E2 = 150000 N/mm2

1 -1
Stiffness matrix, [S] = E2A/L
-1 1
1 -1
= 150000*200/650
-1 1
1 -1
= 46153.85
-1 1
 DATE : 5/24/2022

From equilibrium equation,

{P} = [S] {d}

{P} = load vector

[S] = stiffness matrix
{d} = nodal displacement vector

{P} = [S] {d}

R 1 -1 Δu1
=> = 46153.85 X
4000 -1 1 Δu2

Δu1 = 0

=> 4000 = 46153.85 Δu2

=> Δu2 = 4000/46153.85

= 0.087 mm

u22 = u21 + Δu2

= 0.520+0.087
= 0.607 mm

u21 = total displacement at first iteration

u22 = total displacement at second iteration

Shape functions of 2 noded 1-d element:

x=0 x=L
1 2
ϕ1 = 1 - (x/L) ϕ2 = (x/L)
dϕ1/dx = - (1/L) dϕ2/dx = (1/L)

B = [dϕ1/dx dϕ2/dx]
= [- (1/L) (1/L)]

{ε} = [B] {d}

In incremental form, the strain within the element,

Δu1
{Δε} = [- (1/L) (1/L)]
Δu2

{d} = change in displacement

Δu1 = 0

{Δε} = (1/L) *Δu2

= 0.087/650
= 0.0001333

Total strain after second iteration, ε2 = ε1 + Δε

 DATE : 5/24/2022

ε1 = 0.0008

ε1 = ε0 + Δε
= 0.0008+0.000133
= 0.0009 < 0.001

E = E2 = 150000

Change of stress, Δσ = EΔε

= 150000*0.000133
= 20.000 N/mm2

Total stress after second iteration, σ2 = σ1 + Δσ

σ1 = total stress after first iteration

= 140.000 N/mm2

σ2 = σ1 + Δσ
= 140.000+20.000
= 160 N/mm2

Equivalent nodal force after the end of second iteration, F2 = ∫BTσ2Adx

{F2} = 0L∫BTσ2Adx

L
-(1/L)
= σ2Adx
(1/L)
0
L
-(1/L)
= σ2A dx
(1/L)
0
-(1/L)
= σ2AL
(1/L)

-σ2A
=
σ2A

-160*200
=
160*200

-32000
=
32000
 DATE : 5/24/2022

Residual force, {R) = {P} - {F1}

R -32000
= -
32000 32000

R + 32000
=
0

Residual force = 0N

Convergence criteria:

Residual force/Applied force = (0/32000)*100

= 0%

Tollerable limit = 1%

Since 0% < 1%

Stop iteration.

Increment 3 of the analysis:

Change in load, ΔP3 = 16 kN = 16000 N

P2 = 32 kN = 32000 N
P3 = P2 + ΔP3 = 32000+16000
= 48000 N

u10 = 0 mm
u =
2
0
0.607 mm
ε0 = 0.0009 < 0.001 E = E2 = 150000 N/mm2
σ0 = 160.000 N/mm2

u1 = upper end displacement

u2 = lower end displacement

Load increment at the second increment, ΔP2 = 16 kN

Iteration 1 of increment 3:
1 -1
Stiffness matrix, [S] = E2A/L
-1 1
1 -1
= 150000*200/650
-1 1
1 -1
= 46153.85
-1 1

From equilibrium equation,

{P} = [S] {d}

 DATE : 5/24/2022

{P} = load vector

[S] = stiffness matrix
{d} = nodal displacement vector

{P} = [S] {d}

R 1 -1 Δu1
=> = 46153.85 X
16000 -1 1 Δu2

Δu1 = 0

=> 16000 = 46153.85 Δu2

=> Δu2 = 16000/46153.85

= 0.347 mm

u21 = u20 + Δu2

= 0.607+0.347
= 0.953 mm

u21 = total displacement at first iteration

u20 = total displacement at zeroth iteration

Shape functions of 2 noded 1-d element:

x=0 x=L
1 2
ϕ1 = 1 - (x/L) ϕ2 = (x/L)
dϕ1/dx = - (1/L) dϕ2/dx = (1/L)

B = [dϕ1/dx dϕ2/dx]
= [- (1/L) (1/L)]

{ε} = [B] {d}

In incremental form, the strain within the element,

Δu1
{Δε} = [- (1/L) (1/L)]
Δu2

{d} = change in displacement

Δu1 = 0

{Δε} = (1/L) *Δu2

= 0.347/650
= 0.0005333

Total strain after first iteration, ε1 = ε0 + Δε

ε0 = 0.0009
 DATE : 5/24/2022

ε1 = ε0 + Δε
= 0.0009+0.000533
= 0.0014667 < 0.002

E = E3 = 100000 N/mm2

Change of stress, Δσ = EΔε

= 100000*0.000533
= 53.33333 N/mm2

Total stress after first iteration, σ1 = σ0 + Δσ

σ0 = total stress after zeroth iteration

= 160.000 N/mm2

σ1 = σ0 + Δσ
= 160.000+53.33333
= 213.33 N/mm2

Equivalent nodal force after the end of first iteration, F1 = ∫BTσ1Adx

{F1} = 0L∫BTσ1Adx
L
-(1/L)
= σ1Adx
(1/L)
0
L
-(1/L)
= σ1A dx
(1/L)
0
-(1/L)
= σ1AL
(1/L)

-σ1A
=
σ1A

-213.33*200
=
213.33*200

-42666.67
=
42666.667

Residual force, {R) = {P} - {F1}

R -42666.67
= -
48000 42666.667
 DATE : 5/24/2022

R + 42666.67
=
5333.333

Residual force = 5333.333 N

Convergence criteria:

Residual force/Applied force = (5333.333/48000)*100

= 11.111 %

Tollerable limit = 1%

Since 11.111 % > 1%

Go for next iteration.

Iteration 2 of increment 2:

u21 = 0.953
ε1 = 0.0014667 > 0.001 but < 0.002
σ1 = 213.33333 N/mm2

E = E3 = 100000 N/mm2

1 -1
Stiffness matrix, [S] = E3A/L
-1 1
1 -1
= 100000*200/650
-1 1
1 -1
= 30769.23
-1 1

From equilibrium equation,

{P} = [S] {d}

{P} = load vector

[S] = stiffness matrix
{d} = nodal displacement vector

{P} = [S] {d}

R 1 -1 Δu1
=> = 30769.23 X
5333.33 -1 1 Δu2

Δu1 = 0

=> 5333.3333 = 30769.23 Δu2

 DATE : 5/24/2022

=> Δu2 = 5333.333/30769.23

= 0.173 mm

u22 = u21 + Δu2

= 0.953+0.173
= 1.127 mm

u21 = total displacement at first iteration

u22 = total displacement at second iteration

Shape functions of 2 noded 1-d element:

x=0 x=L
1 2
ϕ1 = 1 - (x/L) ϕ2 = (x/L)
dϕ1/dx = - (1/L) dϕ2/dx = (1/L)

B = [dϕ1/dx dϕ2/dx]
= [- (1/L) (1/L)]

{ε} = [B] {d}

In incremental form, the strain within the element,

Δu1
{Δε} = [- (1/L) (1/L)]
Δu2

{d} = change in displacement

Δu1 = 0

{Δε} = (1/L) *Δu2

= 0.173/650
= 0.0002667

Total strain after second iteration, ε2 = ε1 + Δε

ε1 = 0.0014667

ε1 = ε0 + Δε
= 0.001467+0.000267
= 0.0017 < 0.002

E = E3 = 100000

Change of stress, Δσ = EΔε

= 100000*0.000267
= 26.66667 N/mm2

Total stress after second iteration, σ2 = σ1 + Δσ

 DATE : 5/24/2022

σ1 = total stress after first iteration

= 213.33333 N/mm2

σ2 = σ1 + Δσ
= 213.3333+26.66667
= 240 N/mm2

Equivalent nodal force after the end of second iteration, F2 = ∫BTσ2Adx

{F2} = 0L∫BTσ2Adx

L
-(1/L)
= σ2Adx
(1/L)
0
L
-(1/L)
= σ2A dx
(1/L)
0
-(1/L)
= σ2AL
(1/L)

-σ2A
=
σ2A

-240*200
=
240*200

-48000
=
48000

Residual force, {R) = {P} - {F1}

R -48000
= -
48000 48000

R + 48000
=
0

Residual force = 0N

Convergence criteria:

Residual force/Applied force = (0/48000)*100

= 0%
 DATE : 5/24/2022

Tollerable limit = 1%

Since 0% < 1%

Stop iteration.

Total load applied = 48000 N = 48 kN

Total displacement = 1.127 mm at free end
Total strain = 0.00173
Total stress = 240 N/mm2
 DATE: 5/24/2022
Non linear load displacement plot for 1-d problem:

LOAD (KN) DISPLACEMENT (MM) - 2 increments

0 0
24 0.52
48 1.3

LOAD (KN) DISPLACEMENT (MM) - 3 increments

0 0
16 0.26
32 0.6067
48 1.1267

Non linear load displacement plot for 1-d problem

60

50

40
LOAD (KN)

30 2 increments
3 increments
20

10

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
DISPLACEMENT (MM)