1- Core 2- Core pipe

1- Bit 2- Core barrel 3- Coring operations 4- Corometery

5- Well cuttings or sample cuttings 6- lag time

7 - Joint systems= fracture systems 8 - Lithologic changes

9 - Fabric 1& Tenture 1 p Diagenetic processes 12- Porosity

13- Permeability
 A) DRAG CORE B I T
€3) ROTARY CUTTER CORE BIT

C ) DIAMOND C O R E BIT

;I- Coring tools

1- Junk 2- bridge 3- Dogl&p. 4- Bouncing
5 - core barrel 6- conventional core barrel
1- O u t e r barrel 2- Bottom h o k assembly
 OUTER B A R I I E L

CORE CITCHED
C O R E 81T

F1gure3- Conventional Core Barrel

1- Wobble z> Jarning

3 Swivel 4 - inner barrel 5- check valve 6 - circulation ports

@ core catcher 4- Rabbit

+ coring 2 - pup j o i n t s 3 - kelly
 -

1- Plugged bit 2- Jamned

3 - core catcher 4 - Safety j o i n t

1- Bottoms up 2- Spinning chain 3- Stands 4- Rat hole
5-- Slips 6- derrick 7- Catwall
-
1- wire line
Core b,wm 1
1- core catcher 2- Reamer 3-Reverse circulation 4- centralizers

5- Rubber sleeve core barrel

1- concentric 2 - outerbarrel 3- Intennediat barrel
4- Inner barrel 5- stripper tube
6 - Dart - shaocd n l l m 7 - 1-b-e. 0 --
re.----- - - .
.+ Ratchet spring

2- oriented core barrel

1- True dips 2 - Strikes 3- Stmtures
4- Multishot 5- Hole inclination 6- Tool face 7- orienting shoe

8- core catcher
1 - Synthetic stratapax core b i t

2 - Logging G e o l o g i s t 3- GEMDAS O p e r a t o r 4 - Forrnatlon B a l a n c e

5 - Swab Gradlen t
- ii-
1- Core v e c t o r b i t 2- crusher 3- B i t Face 4- Core crusher sub
 SECTION OF
:ORE C R U S H E R SUB

h i C O R E E J C C l O n 011
.r,
L

CA
'k
t
L9

h
O U N IN PO8ITION
SHOT FIRED CORE RETRIEVED
1- spontaneous potential (sp) 2- Mud cake

3- logging geologist 4 -wireline core slicer 5 - Tricore

1- core slices 2-Rugosity 3- Rotary sidewall corer

4- universal joints

5- swivel 6-core head 7- splined joint

3- slips
Figure ' 9, Wireline Core Slicer
 To obtain high quality reservoir data extract
information using sponge coring recommend DBS.

sponge conng service uullscs patented conng equipment and

A
techniques.
spec~alisedtechn~qucsto prowde an excep[ionally hlgh
quality core. T h ~ score yields sponge l ~ n cpetrophysical data
of an accuracy not awlable from other formahon evaluabon

Thc priman. advantage of sponge conng is h a [ h e core obtained is of

the tughest quality. T h ~ sallows corc analysis to provrde bcner, more
accurate reservoir data. The rcscmolr data obtunrd using sponge
curing includes:
I Oil saturation.
8 Wakr sarurauon.
8 Pcrmeab~lity.
I Relative pcrmeabiliry.
Weaabiliry.
Capillary pressure.
Gas saturarion.
1- penetration rate 2- wildcat wells 3- Bottomhole assembly design
d
4- Hardness g- Abrosiveness 6- Degree of consolidation

3- swelling clay 8- Geopressure

-

1- weight - on - B i t 2- strech 3- Tally book 4- K e l l y

 C c = C,(M) + CW (I-M)
(1

-- -

1- Reaming
1- The Field Geologist's Training Guide (Exlog,1985)
g Et7Z 5 0 = 9'0 *V ' O = I
(000/08 - OOOOLL )
:;ot7 i YO = = W
( 00086 - O O O / O L L )
Cm = 80,000 pprn
Cc=
 L I F T I N 0 SUB

B l PUMP-OUT

INNER I A R R E L

BARREL CLAUP

CORE I O N C S

C O R E SUPPORT P I N
 :a+;)\*&IY;O L.kf.lbyrlt-rp&yy*bt,i" )3+'9; &,

Box# 3- - Neartap , o i l BlDC From Horiz fracs.

1- Core Top
 CLEARVIEW + I

RED LINE TO

BOTTOM B L A C K LtHE
OF C O R E TO THE RlOHT
BOX + 1

~1,pre-(3 f Labeling of C o r e O r i e n t a t ~ o n , F i t and Rubble

1- Top zone 2- oil leed din^
Fidure-15 $ core Description Log
1- Hypodermic
5,3\C.-? j\S&4e; >lJi
03\3 + Wy I,
Jld ( Backflush disabled )
l - g ~ c t C d~ 0 r e . s 2- Chronological sample taker
 S H O R T FASTENER LONG F A S T E N E R

~ i ~ u r e - 1 6 : Selection of C o r r e c t Bullet Fasteners

for In-Gauge H o l e and Overgauge Hole
 SIDEWALL
CORES

1- Sidewall core slices

 CORE
SLICES

ilpure-2& C o r e Slices on the Formation E r a l u a r i a Lop

1- Rotary sidewall cores

FORMATION EVALUATION LOG
1- F r a c t u r e s t u d y 2- O r i e n t e d c o r e 3- S p a t i a l p o s i t i o n 4-Dip

5- S t r i k e o f bedding p l a n e 6- S t r i k e o f f r a c t u r e s u r f a c e s

7- S t r u c t u r a l Data 8- FMS= F o r m a t i o n Microscanner

fL.22 Ihfiicbn or the panmeten u r d to describe c o r r ~
I- Qualitative core Evaluation

1- Ruska porometer 2- pycnometer

Qe= -
Vpe (1-3)
vc
1- Absolute porosity
 GRAIN VOLUME
O F CORE PLUG

FLUID FLUID PLUS

CRUSHED CORE PLUG

1- Rock grain Volume 2- Glass volumcial

 -
.-
L

C,~Y{jfri
1 - Organic porosity 2- Pulverrsed 3-Intergranular poresitv - Myi/
 figure 27, flushing o f a P e r m e a b l e Formation while Coring

1- h d loggin unit with gas chromolograph

1- Joint - like 2- Stress relief
3- Pressurised core A$- well- indurated rocks $- strickland eta1
6- Micro cracks
 y FLOWMETERS

Figure 28. Kuska ~e'rmeameter

1- Ruska p e r r a e a d r
 - -

1- ~icrocraks 2- Strickland 3- Induced porosity

figure29, Permeability V a t i a t i m within a C a r e Sample
1- Lon permeability 2- Swelling clay 3- Natural inhomogeneity
 ~ l ~ t ~ r - :Cornparison
3 ~ of T h e o r e t ~ c a al n d A c t u a l Flow Conditions

1- Linear steady- state flow 2- saturation 3- saturation still

CONDENSERS

CALIBRATED
COLLECTING TUBES
 ~ i ~ u r e g 2 F =luid R e c o v e r y , Water-Rased
D r i l l ~ n gF l u ~ r fw i t h o u t F ltrch~nfi

1- Exsolution 2- Expansion 3- Mud Filtrate 4- Water loss

5- F i l t e r cake
 11.11 I0"I

Figure 33 ,Fluid Recovery, Water-Rased D r i l l i n g F l u i d w i t h Flushing

 'JBJ G3>

I- Viscosity 2- ~ o m ~ r e s s i b i l i t ~ 3- pressure potential

4- Condensate 5- Low gravity viscous oil Reservoirs
6.- Barrier 7- Top Foot
8- Retrograde Condensation
Fig. 35r Orientation of core with
Fig.36s schematic diagram
of coremeter (core-metering
borcliole strata oricnter (coroscope) device)
a t the hole bottom
 1- Short course of Geological prospect iong and Exploration, A .~a)(l'm~y

~ . ~ i b s e r d i n aN.Eremin,
, 1 9 7 1 Mlr Publishers, Moscow.

2- Coring and core Analysis Handbook, G ene Anderson,.Pennwell Books,

T u l s a , oklahoma, 1975.

3- Coring Operations

Procedures for sampling and Analysis o f Bottomhloe and sidewall

cores, Exlog, D.Reide1 publishing company, 1985 , Boston, MA.

4- The Reservoir englneerlng a s p c t s of fractured formations,

Louis H-Relss, 1900.

Gulf pbl ishing company.

5- Properties of reservoir rocks, core analysis R.P.Monlcard,

Gulf publishing company, 1980. Par 1s.

Figure 4-8. Core A n a l y s ~ s Procedures
 CORING AND CORE ANALYSIS HANDBOOK
-

- - C
-
Figure 6-1 Flow sheet of routine core analysts from RP40 'Recommended Pracltce
for Core Analys~sProcedure." Amer~canPetroleum Instttute
 Appendix

Miocont opah

1- Loconr epoch
.j

/ Mis~issippmnp r i o d

Flgurls 6-1 Geo!ogic time table

IGLJRE C.2

Genenl
condtlmns;
lypsd
lpcifk c b
wmnmcrnr
I F l u r d lacurlrim-
e o l ~ nr o r r o n m n l

Allurul p h n r
s w a m channels.
hkcs.rwImpr. &A
a cllcn%ivcw n d
uion.
. *
TECTONO EN'JIHOhMENTAL CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS'"

Tnnra~oanal

Itllonl)
.. .
- .-..
Lnvl,"n-nl
~nurral.lqmru(.

Allurral plainr.
l y m n s . nvnhcs
or %v.mpr. barncr
bcuhcs. dcluic
condrtms.
tmncntc
cnnrmmcnl

Shdlow w a r e a n d
rurrcnt a y l u c d
marme warrrs.
own clrculal~os

,
i
-.

lnrrancn~~c
tnvor~lmtnl

Wxcr dephs
rrcccd 120 k t :
-

r c ~ w c l yqwel OK
%harezorwr
Epncriltc b w s l m m ~ l
cnwmomnt

Shdlow c k u r r I 3 r l .
open c&rcul.lion lhllk
or no Irnd-dcnrcd
u d m c n l . Conlrolltng

Corals. Lwyoztuns.
d p c . oyucn. spccul-
i u J bnchlopolls and
lam, Ioramimfcr..
c n ~ t d s clc.
.
I BalhyJ.ab)lrrl
rnrtronmrm

Walcr daplhl clcccd

600 k c l . l h e u condl-
l a m s may locally k
lulfilkd

m l c n dutoms.
plrropodr. elc.
In npirlly t u b
I
/
j
Rcr~nc~c
Lap&
hvmd
d

H m l y w n l c Jlplh%.
volume m y h cob
>Unl. b u l c ~ r r u h ~ b n
mslnctcd by barnen.

sporcr. dtrc. pn-

4
I -

M i n l y rpmcobc
depths. c r a m r a a
c x r r c L 8 n h Cm
Llm rcslnctrd bl

dolonulrr.
nodular l o Ihi&%&
E r a p m l ~ rm y nw
from wbordmalr l o
domrzunl Fsuru
.bcrr.nl. &PDuPcnU
-

T h n II a typical cn- I n shrlf occunmncrs. I n Ihclf occurrcncrs

vironmenl d strblc l o this envoronmcnl m y lhir mvimnrncnt m y
mildly unsiabk shelves. form w d e s p m d M u k form wkkspmd
~n wtdcspmad shallow shales behind barrier cv.porill seqlmncrs
was. Thc biostronul beacks o r fringing dominated by ~ y p ~ i f u -
area may occur bcrlly mch. The scq~ence our s u e ud thin
or o r r e a . These cnrtmnmcnlal m y grade inlo cow cvrporitc hds. g n b
SponJoc hiohcrml condtumns J w b ~ l u l l y l t w n l d sands m d ing. landward l o IY@
common. Limcnoms presenl on shclfucar: h k s o n one or more d b c d conlinnld and
mcludcs lasstlifrrous. may occur bcally in sdcr. Withon theen. Innsilional vqurnccs
Iragmcntd. recloid. inlr.cnlonic basin,, v i r o n ~ n sandslonr
l Limcslones lhin ud
c d l ~ ~ iac .d chalks. Typical but rare a. and I ~ r n c s ~ o n e s , ~ ~rubordinale wlhin
Subordinalc clay shalrs currcncc in cu~msyn. ram. sequence.
mads. and thin quanz- d i ~~ sl w c i l l i o n21.
o a d s: I a limes of rap.: .-"iiJ.
mulion. cncc a d slow dcpow
'
t~on.No d s t o m 1
Undcr basin w gcayn- known: shsler very Thick vqurnccr 01 Thiit vqucnccs Of
clmal condilions. bto- sdkcws splintcry; dark shsks. blur& l y p a d craPorilr a*
womcs may nrely primary cherl beds or nws. waay. mainly roculion% gyprum.
a c u r i n k a l optdmum d u l c s : limslenc clay t y p o . S a n d s ~ ~ u swhydnlc. dl.lhm
areas. Sipnificml is t k dark. dcnsc. very nrc, fine-Hwd. limestoner. a d dd*
g m w h d biohermal *ilueous. L~mcsloncs wbwdi- miles: briahl.colorrd
zoncr alone lcclonic n m . dark. b ~ l u m m w r shaks. commonly
hmle lines a1 edges 01 ~sr~cltc~. clayey md gyprdcrw~
~ntrncnton,~ hams. Cyclical craponlcs
Hcre r d o d . b a r - . common.

I
.-
~ a r gray.
k brown 11 is doub~fulwhether
yrcennh rrlly r h l c r . lrue r*aPOralC* bml
uneven texlurcs. Some occur ln l m ~ f f i l i d
fine p n y w a c k ~ o r w b condilions. J l b u l h
p y w r c k e s wnd- l o o 1 shccll of e * l P
s~oncs.Limstones nrc onl* bcdl
or abunl. gyprirenwl rhalcr M)
h. a r s u a d wllh
de11.1~ pans d crc-
synclinal scdmunw

Slmp16d lor ease d rclcrcncc. A&plrd from W C. Krumbcm. L L. S h l . and E C. DaW(cr-

Sed8mnlary Tccton,cs and Enrxonmntr. Bull. AAPC, v d . 11. m. I I. pp. 11761877. 1949 Al'&'C-
vultunr m r . . mlsucws: cak.. taka-: carb. rarbonucous: I m L l i m s l a . ss.. u n d U m .
6Fmm (i. B. Mod*.Pelrokum G p l o n l m Handbark. Appendix A. Tab* A.1. Copynlhl 1961.

flgur. C-2 T e c l o n o - e n v ~ r o n m e n t a lc l a s s ~ f ~ c a t ~o ol ns s d ~ m e n t a yr o c k s "

 TABLE 2-1 ENEVGY INDEX CLASSIFICATION OF LIMESTONES
- -- -
. -- . - -. -.. - - . - .. .- ..-..
Foa>rl
Llmcstonc lypc Limestone abundance ( . h w d c ~ c n > ~f ut >
~\ ~ l > ,
according tu subts~ and fu*>i! ~,,‘~.c,~l;unr
cncrgy ~ n d e x (l'lales 7- 1 1 I lif~ncrdwy Size Sonrng oundness complcv:':, ~L>> prcserbd~~or~
>II
-- .-- - - - .- - - - -- -- -.-
II ( alcitc Microcrystall~ncc a r hialrix -good Banen lo C n r r o d % . cchrnord~.
Quict I Cldy(15 to bonatc (<0.06mmi or Fossils-poor O r ;inal fos>il mcdcr~tsly b r y u r o ~ n fTr.rgdc
\
Deposition in J 3%) any size fossil frag- sh:,?cs: angular losrrl~fcrou~. brdnch~n; cypcsl.
quiet waler Iletrilal quanz mcnls in a microcr~s. fr?:mcnlr i f simple a>- sdildry ~ ~ r o a l r .
1 -5%) talline carbonate brr.wn. scmbldgcs o s i r ~ i u d c s .thtn.
matrix (matrix c5OM) st~cllcdbr~shlupod5.
pclcsypud,, 2nd g ~ s .
tropoda; For~rnrndcr.
bpongc rprculc\. luhu-
Idr. encru,tlng. r n J
aed~mcnt-b~nding
~16.1~. ( C L ~p! ~ l l ~ of
t,
but~ornsLdvengcr\.
Common fos,ll ~ ~ ~ ~ r
atrun\ ;tr: cnnold.
I? ratcite (prc- Matrix-good Moderately lo hr) ozo.1 ;~wnihl.rgc\
domenant) Fossils- mod- abundantly hrv.rl\e shell ds,enl-
Clay (<15%) crate l o good fossiliferuu~. bl.i;ss. For~min~fcrd
f)etrital quanz simple as3ern. e > s ~ m b l ~ g (prcdom.
cs
1 :5%) blagcs f c o q u i n ~ ~ i di n ~ n l l yplanhtonrc).
13 Any size fossil Trap- limestone) Many forbil5 ;tre
ments i n mrcrocryslal u h d c 2nd unbrokcn
line matrix (matrix 2nd arc not meih.~ni-
<SO%) cally ~brddcd.Any
ir.qpmtdion d f o $ d
m;lreri;*l probably is
due l o Jisar~i~ulation
upon d w l h , to prcu--
tory (bonng. opening.
and breaking) acl~vity
end scuvcnger aclrvity
or l o solutron.
--- -.---- - -
Fo\s~l
abundance Chanctensttc fosr~lr.
Limestone type Limestone
anJ fossll assoaal~ons
according to sub-!yp
Mineralogy Size Soning Roundness complerrly f o w l prcxrvalron
energy index t Plates 7- t I)

Ill Micmcryrtalline Mauix-good C k t i c carbo* Banen to moder- Chrractensw lossllr

Intermittently
mamx (>50%) Clastic malerial- arc material sub- a t e foss~lifer and fossd assoctaucns
agitated I1
Micrognined to poor to good angular l o ous. moderately a r Type I
are s ~ m ~ l to
Deposition al-
medium-grained rounded. Round. slmplc usem- I~mestones.Foss~l
ternately in wi-
clastic carbonate and ncss o f tenisen- blages matenah arc more
rated water and
rcmgenous material our clastics i r fragmental than those
i n quiet water
principally a In Type Ihmcslones
Microcrystalline function o f size. and also may be more
II 2 Calcite ( p w -
dominant. matrix (>SO%) Odites m a y be or less rounded by
Clay (425%) C a n e to very present wave actson Scanercd
Dctrital quanz cane-gnined clasl~c f n p c n t s of fosstls
carbonate and tern- from rougher water
(~50%)
genous material envtronrncnts may be
present

lnrcrbedded m i c m S w i n g good EUrrcn to m d -

crysulline cubonate w ~ t h ~individ-
n entely foswlifer-
and any size elastic. u d lamina ous. modcntely
Llicmuzlc rbythmic cornplcx usem
bedding blagcs

Slightly 1111 Sficmgnincd clarl~c h h n x - g o o d CLstic matefial h m n lo Echrnoderm. bry*

a g i u l d 1{1 ( c0.06 mm) Claslic material
m u l e n t e to good
- rubrounded to
well rounded
spmely fouillf-
emus. rimplc
r a n . and bivalve
shcll dcbns. Fonmi-
Depositjar in pmiomcnales
Fincgnincd ssvmMyes nifcn. encrusllng J-
slighl)y W . a ~ e d
gac. Common fors~l
water 1112 Cakitc cpre. Very-fine-gnind Malnx-pbor mlitcs m y k
daninant) clastic c u b o c u ~ e Clisric w t c r i a l - pmtnt brim to m d - assocntrons are
Dctritiquanz 10.06to0.12Smm~ modentctogood entely foswhfer- Foclmin~fcm-abndcd
(up l o SO'iCI prdomirutcl a s . simple u- brvdve shell in(-
urn- men( uscmMatcr
Fosvl m r l c r i d ~
com-
Fine-gn~c dh t i c &rm to mrnutd from larger
carbomle to. 125 10 ~bundantlyfm. fossil slructurcr
0.25 mm) prcdomi- silifemus. simple well abnded by r a v e
mtcr l o makntely and current action.
complex a s u r n
bbgc~
 htalcntcly IVI htcdium-gr~~ncd
agibtcd I V clastic cartunaic
Dcpowtlon In 10.25 to O 5mm) p r c
modenrely ~ g i - Jommucs
catcd warcr
/ V CJ~IIC
dom~nanrl
D c t n u l quanz
cup to 50'7)

Vcry coanc.gn~ncd
clarlic carhnatc 1 I . I
to ?.O mmr prc-
Jomma~cs

Strongly agl- VI Gnvcl-size clartic -

Matrix poor Cldrlic matcrbl F p a r d y to mod- Cnnods. cch~no~"
tared V carbonate track Clastic material- subrounded to cmtely lorr~ltfcr- cncrusung bryozl
Deposition and fngments and fossil poor to modcnlc well rounded. o w . complex 3s- threk ~hcllcdhn4
yowfh i n matcrirl 2.0 mml prc- Pirolile* may bc scmblaycs pods vclccy~ods
strongly -1- domi~lcs prcscnt pstropods. color
rated warcr c o d lngments:
V1 Calclre lprr- Gnvcl-size songlom- Matrix-poor Clastic matcnal Barrcn uo ~trorndtoporo~d P
domtnanl) ecatic or brccciatcd Claslic m a t e d angular l o wcll spamcly loss~l- mcnls lSllunan J
Clay I < 5%) carbonate (2.0mml poor rwndcd ~ l c r w rcompltx Dcvonnn prcdor
DLs4ita1 quanz Tcctc";. brcccias c x - Jsscrnbl3gcr ndnlly). c d o n ~ ral
1<2J%l eluded Ingmcnts nrdr~trb
fnpmcno (CRLI.
p d o m ~ n m t l I.
y
d uxxutmns r
r Type 1
r u n ~ l r to
F a d m r ~ ~ n rJl s
gcnedly Wen,
*.

~hundancc Chanc~cn~ loss

~~c
Limestone type LimcslonC .ind l o r \ ~Jrsocrallonr
l
according to rub-lypc complcx~ty iocs~lprcrcrwtlon
t Plates 7- 1 I ) Minerdog) Size Sonmy Roundne\\
enernv index
hot appl~c~bls L o t ~ p p l ~ c ~ h l c 4bund~ntlyfos- Culond c o n k
\3 Calc~te Nut rppllc~ble stromatworo~ds.
wl~fcrour.r~mplc
~sumhldgcst lor- colon~aldpae Ipn..
-11 solonul growth c~pnllythe R h o d w
In p l ~ e ~ . phylh or rcd ~ l g a c
and wmc gcncn
thc Cynoph+la 1
hluc.qccn ~ l g . 1 ~ )

From AAPG Slemoir 1 Clclsxfi-crtbn of Crrrhnurr Ruck: W . J . Plumlc?. G . .-\.R i s k y . R. W Cir:l%r.,. Jr.. and \ I . E. Kcrley. Encrsy 11
for Limes,- lntrrpretation and Classification. p. 88-89. Rcprodocrd with permission from the American Association o i P e ~ r o l e u mGeolot
Figure 1-5 V a r ~ a t ~ oIn
n waler p e r m e a b ~ l ~ lwy ~ t hc h a n y ~ n gs a l ~ n ~ tand
y clay content
From The Funrlarn~nlalsof Core Analys~s Core Laboratorres Inc D 4 6
 AJHING A\D C O R E ~ A N A L Y S I SHANDBOOK CORING. RECEIVING. SAMPLING. AND PRESERVATION 91

TABLE 5-1 TYPES OF CORE BARRELS (Cowlesy of Inlernal~onalA s s o c ~ a t ~ o n

?'Il x I 'I, Slim Iiolc

4'1, X 2'1, 250 P Scric\
4'1, x 2'1. Marinc Scries
41' , x 2% 250 P Scrics
PI, x 3'1, 250 P Scrics
6'1, 4 250 P Scrics
6'1, X 3 hlarine Scrics
6% x 4 250 P Scrics
8 x 5'1, 2.50 P Scrier

WIl.L.IAh1S DIAhIONI) HITS

Bit sizo,O.D. h.
The Auid capacity in the above rube is based on maximum fluid vclocity o i 2 5 ips in rhc an
nulus bctwccn the outer and inner tubes.

Flgure 5-1 Recommended operational range for diamond drill, bits. CourtOSy of
International Assoc of Drilhng Contractors
184 CORING AND CORE ANALYSIS HANDBOOK APPENDIX D

FIGURE 0-5 OIL-GRAVITY

CONVERSION
- -- .
..

'hlll Sp. gr. l.hlcu n

-.-
n 1.0 14 61.4
10 1 .W 62.5
IZ 0.986 61.6
14 0.973 60.R
16 0.959 60.0
IR 0.946 59.1
20 0.934 58.4
2! 0.9 2 2 57 6
?4 0.910 56.9
2 (I 0.898 56.1
LW 0.RR7 55.4
30 0.876 54.7
32 0.865 54.1
34 0.1155 53.4
36 0.845 ' 32.8
3R 0.835 52.2
40 0.825 51.6
42 0.8 15 5 1.O
44 0.806 50.4
46 0.797 49.8
4R 0.788 49.3
0 0.780 48.7
52 0.77 1 48.2
54 0.763 47.7
56 0.755 47.2
28 0.747 46.7
60 0.739 46.2

(i = Specific Gravity @ 60160" F.

-- - - --
-.

Figure 0 - 3 Pressure convers~oh. Flgure D-4 Concentration conversion.

 CORING AND CORE ANALYSIS HANDB )OK
APPENDIX D
FIGURE D-6 CONVERSION TABLE FOR MUD'
QRADIENT FIGURE 0-8 (Continued)
. ,

Density
Sp. gr.
- - wcu n SP. W.
323 1.00
440 I .O?
450 I-0+
460 1.06
470 I.09
4 no 1.1 I
490 1.13
5 (K) I I5
S I0 I18
520 1.10
5 30 1.22
540 1.25
550 1 .?7
5 60 I .?V
570 1.32
580 1.34
$90 1.36
600 I . 19
610 1.41
620 142
h :.0 I45
640 1.4R
650 1 .50
660 1.52
670 1.55
680 1.57
69 0 1 .SV
700 1.62
710 1.64
7 20 1.66
720 1.69
740 1.71
750 1.73
760 1.76
770 1.78
780 1.80
790 1.82
ROO 1.85
610 1.87
820 1.89
8 30 1.92
R40 1.94
850 1.96
 CORING AND CORE ANALYSIS HANDBOOK APPENDIX D
FIOURE D-7 USEFUL CONVERSION CONSTANTS FIGURE D-8 USEFUL FORMULAS
.

Multiply uY a i d Obtain

Bnrrcls 5.6146 Cu rt Formula for Stuck Pipe

Barrels 9.702.03 Cu in. (W) (L)
Barrcls 42.0 Gal. (US) SPL - 735 x (10)"
Cu Fr 1.728 Cii in Fl - F,)
Cu Ft .0!70!7 ('u yiirtl where
CU FI 7.481155 <;;<I SPL - stuck pipe locallon
Cu FI .I781 llhl (42 g:tl) W - plpe weight (nominal in drilling mud)
Cu nlrnin
CU nlrnin
Cu fl wntcr
.I781
10.686
62.422
tlhllmin
Bbllhr
I'ound!
--
L - length o l s l r e k h (~nches)
F, force (Ib) when pipe is stretched.
F , lorce (Ib) o l pipe I n tension.
Cu in. .0005787 <:u fl
Cu in. .004??9 Gd
Cu in .0001031 Ut)I Annular Veloclty Formula
Cu yard 27.0 Cii TI
Cu yard 101.914 <in1 Annular velocity -= -- 7-- Pump output (bbllmin)
(Hole capactly, bb11100 It) - (Displacement 8 capaciv
G a l wntcr R.33 i't~undt
01 drill plpe bb11100 (I)
6d .I3268 cu rt
Spccific pr:tvily 62.4 1.hlcti fi
SpcciHc gravity 8.33 I.h/pnl
Fccl ,3048 I
Reynolds Number Calculatlon (For Newtonian Fluids)
Meters
Feel 3.048 I Reynolds number 01 2.000 or less indicates laminar flow. A number of 4.000 or more in.
Fccl 30.48I dicates Iurbulent flow. Between Ihe two is a zone of transilion.
Inch 2.54
928 OVW
Inch 25.4 R"- --y----
hf ilcs 5.280
Milcslhr 1.4666 where- D - diameter (inches) - hole
Sq in. ,006944 diameter minus drill pipe
n
sq
Pounds wntcr
Pounds walcr
144
.I 1984
.01602
- 0.0. (inches)
V velocity (ftlsec) . . . average

Horscpcww
Ilorscpou c r
3 3 .000
559
--flow velocity (see next equation)
W mud weigh1 (lblgal)
II yiscosity (cps)
-- .- . - --- - - --
R. = Reynolds number
1 Armosphctc - 14.7 p s i
"Fitrcnhc~t= ( I .X)("CcntipraJc + 32)
"Ccnrigradc -= 5/Y("Farcnhcit - 12)
Crltlcal Veloclty (Non-Newtonian Flulds)
I acm-loot = 7,758 bbl = 43.560 cu f\
set/VP
V..-;W

where
--
V,. = cr~ticalvelocity i n annulus (ftlsec)
YP yield point (lb1100 It')
W mudwelghl (Iblgal)

When the average flow velocity i s greater than the crltlcal velocity the annular flow Is
turbulent; if it is I'ess. the flow Is laminar
 CORING AND CORE ANALYSIS HANDBOOK APPENDIX D 191
Average Flow Velocity (Non-Newtonian Fluids) Bottomhole hydrostatlc pressure reduction from gas-cut mud
0 Weight of the gas cu_ttm* = x p .- n 2.3 Log P
v = --
2.448 (D,.' - D,') Weight of uncut mud
where: --
V average flow velocily (Itlsec) where p - pressure reduction from gas-cut mud (atmospheres)
,,- -5-
-
Q flow rate (gprn)
D,, hole diameter (Inches)
Dl = drill-pipe diameter (inches)
1-x'
R atio of gas l o mud

P = hydrostatic pressure in atmospheres

(nmospheres -~ 5 )
Particle cuttings sllp velocity
2G D2(Ps- Pm)
v=
92 6
where. -
V drlll cultmgs slip velocity (ftlsec) .
G = gravity. . 32.2 ftlseclsec
Ps =specific gravity of cuttings x 62.4 Ibllt3 CALCULATlONS -GAS-PRODUCING WELL
Pm = mud welght in Ibllla .- .. -- -- - - - - -- 1

= mud weight in lblgal x 7.48 Product

-- - - -
D = diametor of round part~clesor greatest
Transmissibility

I
P =
diameter of flat cuttings in feet
(cps viscos1ty)(O.0672)
loo

Annular pressure loss (Laminar Flow)

Theoretical flow
capacity

Avera~e
efTectivc
--

K -
Khlh
K, = Khlh,
II
permeability
p = - LYP + LPV(V) - -. -. -- - - -

where: P =pressure drop (psi)

225 D 1500 D;
I Indicated now
capacity
-..- -- - - - -
(Kh), =
-
3.XH) Q, pZT Lw(0.472blrlJ
P,' - P,'
md-R

L = drilling depth (it)

YP =yield point (lbl100 ftJ)

-
PV -: platic viscosity (cps)
D hole diameter minus drillpipe diameter (inches)
I Damage ratio
. ..-.
lndicatcd
.--
DR

:
- T h ? ! ~ l ! ~ r l ! -,K!,,(K,,

.
Indicated flow cap
,-
.
.
Max.
--- -

V = mud velocity (ftlsec) P.: - PI.

I rate

Bottom-hole circulating pressure (PSI) - .. - ----

BHCP - hydrostatic pressure 4 annular pressure loss Thcorctlcnl
potential
OF, = OF,DR ' Max.

OF, = OF,DR Min.

fate . - - - - . -- --- -
Equivalent circulating density (at the bit)(lb/gal)
Approx.
BHCP radius of
ECD =
Depth(ft) x 0.052 inve~ligation
- - .-- --
Potcntiometric
.-- . - - - . .
surface*
-' .L
 1192 CORING AND CORE ANALYSIS HANDBO IK APPENDIX D 193

-
0. = Menwred ga* production rate
R Corrected recovery
r, = Radius of well b w c
Mcfd
bbl
R
minutes
t = Flow time
1. = Total flow rime minuter
T = Temperature. Rankine 'R
' lnd~catedflow Kh = Khplp
Z = Compressibility factor
p = Viscosity gas or liquid
Log = Common logarithms
..

Potcntiomc~ricwrfnce reference to rntnry tahle When elevation not given, fresh water
corrected to 100°F.
pcrmcabhty
-
Damage ratio (Courtcqy of Halliburton Co.)
-- - - - - -- -
Theoretical
potcntd w ~ t h
damage removed
--
- <Ki-
- - ---

7-Approximate
n d ~ u scff
invesUga11on
h

b, vKJ
or dKSt

or ~n~

I (Councsy of tiallibunon Co.)

CALCULATIONS SYMBOLS
b = Approximate radius of investigation ft
b, = Approximate radius of investigation (Net Pay zone h,) ft
D.R. = Damage ratio -
El = Elevation it
G D = B.T. gauge depth (From surface ref.) ft
h = Interval tested n
h, = Net pay thickness n
K = Permeability md
K,= Permeability (from nct pay zone. h , ) md
m = Slope cxtmpolntcd prcssurc plot (psi'lcycle gas) psilcycle

-
O F l = Maximum indicated flow n t e
O F , Minimum indicated flow ratc
O F , = Theoretical open-flow potential with damage remov4 maximum
Mcfd
Mcid
Mcfd

--
O F , = Theoretical open flow potcntial with damage rcmoved minimum
P, Extrapolated static pressure
P, Final flow prcssurc
Mc fd
psi6
psis
Pot = Potcnliomclric surface (fresh water*) ft
Q = Average adjusted production rate during test h/d
Q, = Theoretical production wldamagcd removed bid
 TABLE 1-1 POROSITIES AND PERMEABlLlTlES OF VAIIIOUS OIL F ~ E S E I ~ V O I F I ~ , ~
- .- - - ..- . -

Alntjid-i-Sulairnan
crilfield. I ran.
Atmari limestone

Rangclyficld.
( ' t k m d v . Wchcr \:~nd-
<lone t Pennsylvania Nl
Ea51 Texas pool. Tcxns.
Woodbine sand (Upper
Cre~aceous)
Ten Sec1ions. Kern Co..
California. S~evcns 15-30
u n d (Upper Miocene)
- - .- - - .

TABLE 1-2 TYPICAL SATURATIONS IN A CORING OPERATION

I I d percenl;tpc\ u f ctwr In lhc

hwrcl ;tt thc h o t t ~ ~ nI rI IIIC
~ hole. 0. I (I 0.W4 (1.0