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Maharaja Education Trust (R), Mysuru

Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore
Belawadi, Sriranga Pattana Taluk, Mandya – 571 477
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi,

Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi & Recognized by Government of Karnataka
Lecture Notes on
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS – I
(18MATDIP31)
Prepared by
Department of Mathematics
Maharaja Education Trust (R), Mysuru

Belawadi, Sriranga Pattana Taluk, Mandya – 571 477
Vision/ ಆಶಯ
“To be recognized as a premier technical and management institution promoting extensive education
fostering research, innovation and entrepreneurial attitude"
ಸಂಶೆ ೋಧನೆ, ಆವಿಷ್ಕಾರ ಹಕಗೂ ಉದ್ಯಮಶೋಲತೆಯನ್ನು ಉತೆತೋಜಿಸನವ ಅಗರಮಕನ್ಯ ತಕಂತ್ರರಕ ಮತ್ನತ ಆಡಳಿತ್ ವಿಜ್ಞಕನ್ ಶಕ್ಷಣ
ಕೆೋಂದ್ರವಕಗಿ ಗನರನತ್ರಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದ್ನ.
Mission/ ಧ್ಯೇಯ
 To empower students with indispensable knowledge through dedicated teaching and collaborative
learning.
ಸಮರ್ಪಣಕ ಮನೊೋಭಕವದ್ ಬೊೋಧನೆ ಹಕಗೂ ಸಹಭಕಗಿತ್ವದ್ ಕಲಿಕಕಕರಮಗಳಿಂದ್ ವಿದ್ಕಯರ್ಥಪಗಳ್ನ್ನು ಅತ್ಯತ್ೃಷ್ಟ
ಜ್ಞಕನ್ಸಂರ್ನ್ುರಕಗಿಸನವುದ್ನ.
 To advance extensive research in science, engineering and management disciplines.

ವೆೈಜ್ಞಕನಿಕ, ತಕಂತ್ರರಕ ಹಕಗೂ ಆಡಳಿತ್ ವಿಜ್ಞಕನ್ ವಿಭಕಗಗಳ್ಲಿಿ ವಿಸೃತ್ ಸಂಶೆ ೋಧನೆಗಳೆೊ ಡನೆ ಬೆಳ್ವಣಿಗೆ ಹೊಂದ್ನವುದ್ನ.
 To facilitate entrepreneurial skills through effective institute - industry collaboration and interaction
with alumni.
ಉದ್ಯಮ ಕ್ೆೋತ್ಗಳೆೊ ಡನೆ ಸಹಯೋಗ, ಸಂಸ್ೆೆಯ ಹಿರಿಯ ವಿದ್ಕಯರ್ಥಪಗಳೆೊ ಂದಿಗೆ ನಿರಂತ್ರ ಸಂವಹನ್ಗಳಿಂದ್ ವಿದ್ಕಯರ್ಥಪಗಳಿಗೆ
ಉದ್ಯಮಶೋಲತೆಯ ಕೌಶಲಯ ರ್ಡೆಯಲನ ನೆರವಕಗನವುದ್ನ.
 To instill the need to uphold ethics in every aspect.

ಜಿೋವನ್ದ್ಲಿಿ ನೆೈತ್ರಕ ಮೌಲಯಗಳ್ನ್ನು ಅಳ್ವಡಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದ್ರ ಮಹತ್ವದ್ ಕನರಿತ್ನ ಅರಿವು ಮೂಡಿಸನವುದ್ನ.
 To mould holistic individuals capable of contributing to the advancement of the society.

ಸಮಕಜದ್ ಬೆಳ್ವಣಿಗೆಗೆ ಗಣನಿೋಯ ಕೊಡನಗೆ ನಿೋಡಬಲಿ ರ್ರಿರ್ೂಣಪ ವಯಕ್ತತತ್ವವುಳ್ು ಸಮರ್ಪ ನಕಗರಿೋಕರನ್ನು
ರೂಪಿಸನವುದ್ನ.

Vision
To promote a comprehensive, innovative and dynamic learning and research environment.
Mission
 To encourage the students to develop reasoning ability, analytical skills and an

awareness of logic and also to inculcate research culture in them.
 To provide an exemplary Mathematics program to prepare students not only for

competence in their academics/professions but also for life long learning.

Program Outcomes
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with
an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader
in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Department Of Mathematics
Subject: ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS – I Subject Code: 18DIPMATAT31
Course Overview
To familiarize the important tools of complex trigonometry , Differential Calculus and Ordinary
differential equations ODE’s required to analyze the engineering problems and apply the
knowledge of interpolation/extrapolation and Integral Calculus technique whenever
analytical methods fail or very complicated, to offer solutions .
SEE Question paper pattern:

The SEE question paper will be set for 100 marks and the marks scored will be
proportionately reduced to 60.
 The question paper will have ten full questions carrying equal marks.
 Each full question carries 20 marks.
 There will be two full questions (with a maximum of four sub questions) from
each module.
Each full question will have sub questions covering all the topics under a
module.
 The students will have to answer five full questions, selecting one full question
from each module.
IA Question paper pattern:

 The question paper will have four questions.
 Each full Question consisting of 15 marks.
 There will be 2 full questions (with a maximum of three sub questions) from
each module.
 Each full question will have sub questions covering all the topics under a
module.
The students will have to answer any 2 full questions, selecting one full
question from each module
Course Objectives
 To provide basic concepts of complex trigonometry, vector algebra, differential and

integral calculus.
 To provide an insight into vector differentiation and first order ODE’s.

Department Of Mathematics
Course Outcomes
CO’s DESCRIPTION OF THE OUTCOMES

18DIPMAT31.1 Apply concepts of complex numbers and vector algebra to analyze the problems arising in
related area
18DIPMAT31.2 Use derivatives and partial derivatives to calculate rate of change of multivariate functions.
18DIPMAT31.3 Analyze position, velocity and acceleration in two and three dimensions of vector valued
functions.
18DIPMAT31.4 Learn techniques of integration including the evaluation of double and triple integrals.
18DIPMAT31.5 Identify and solve first order ordinary differential equations.
CO/PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
18DIPMAT31.1 3 -
18DIPMAT31.2 - 3
18DIPMAT31.3 3 -
18DIPMAT31.4 3
18DIPMAT31.5 3 -
Average 3 3
of CO’S
Faculty Signature
Dr. A H Srinivasa Nataraj K
Ajay Kumar M Indumathi R S Seema S
Sindhushree M V Ajay C K Purushothama S Vinayak Bhandari
Institute Level
Criteria 8 Main Coordinator Principal

NBA Convener

Syllabus
Module-1
Complex Trigonometry
Complex Numbers: Definitions and properties. Modulus and amplitude of a complex number,
Argand’s diagram, De-Moivre’s theorem (without proof).
Vector Algebra:
Scalar and vectors. Addition and subtraction and multiplication of vectors- Dot and Cross products,
problems.
Module-2
Differential Calculus:
Review of successive differentiation-illustrative examples. Maclaurin’s series expansions-Illustrative
examples. Partial Differentiation: Euler’s theorem-problems on first order derivatives only. Total
derivatives-differentiation of composite functions. Jacobians of order two-Problems.
Module-3
Vector Differentiation:
Differentiation of vector functions. Velocity and acceleration of a particle moving on a space curve.
Scalar and vector point functions. Gradient, Divergence, Curl-simple problems. Solenoidal and
irrotational vector fields-Problems.
Module-4
Integral Calculus
Review of elementary integral calculus. Reduction formulae for sinn, cosnx (with proof) and sinm x
cosnx (without proof) and evaluation of these with standard limits-Examples. Double and triple
integrals-Simple examples.
Module-5
Ordinary differential equations (ODE’s)
Introduction-solutions of first order and first-degree differential equations: exact, linear differential
equations. Equations reducible to exact and Bernoulli’s equation.

Syllabus
MODULE-1
Complex Trigonometry: Complex numbers: Definitions and properties.

Modulus and amplitude of a complex number, Argand’s diagram, De-
Moivre’s theorem(without proof).
Vector Algebra: Scalar and vectors. Addition , subtraction and
multiplication of vectors -Dot and cross products –problems.
INDEX
SL. No. Contents Page No.
1 Definitions and properties, Modulus and amplitude of a complex 2-4

number.
2 Argand’s diagram, De-Moivre’s theorem(without proof). 5 -8
3 Scalar and vectors. Addition , subtraction and multiplication of 9 -10

vectors.
4 Dot and cross products –problems. 11- 12
Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore Department of Mathematics
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Defination:-
A number of the form 𝐙 = 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 where x and y are real numbers and
𝐢 = √−𝟏 is called a Complex number.
Here x is called the Real part (R) of 𝐙 and y is called the Imaginary part (I) of 𝐙.
A pair of complex numbers 𝐙 = 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 and 𝐙̅ = 𝐱 − 𝐢𝐲 are said to be conjugate
of each other.
MODULUS AND AMPLITUDE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
The number 𝐫 = +√𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 is called Modulus of 𝐙 = 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 and

is written as 𝐦𝐨𝐝(𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲) 𝐨𝐫 |𝐙| = |𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲|
The angle 𝛉 is called the Amplitude or Argument of 𝐙 = 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲

and is written as 𝐚𝐦𝐩(𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲) 𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐫𝐠(𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲)
PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
1. If 𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐢𝐲𝟏 = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐢𝐲𝟐 then 𝐱 𝟏 − 𝐢𝐲𝟏 = 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐢𝐲𝟐

2. Two complex numbers 𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐢𝐲𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐢𝐲𝟐 are said to be equal when
𝐑(𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐢𝐲𝟏 ) = 𝐑(𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐢𝐲𝟐 ) 𝐢. 𝐞. 𝐱 𝟏 = 𝐱 𝟐
and
𝐈(𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐢𝐲𝟏 ) = 𝐈(𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐢𝐲𝟐 ) 𝐢. 𝐞. 𝐲𝟏 = 𝐲𝟐
3. Sum, difference, product and quotient of any two complex numbers is
itself a complex number.
If 𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐢𝐲𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐢𝐲𝟐 be two given complex numbers, then
(i)their sum = (𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐢𝐲𝟏 ) + (𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐢𝐲𝟐 ) = (𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐱 𝟐 ) + 𝐢(𝐲𝟏 + 𝐲𝟐 )
(ii)their difference = (𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐢𝐲𝟏 ) − (𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐢𝐲𝟐 ) = (𝐱 𝟏 − 𝐱 𝟐 ) + 𝐢(𝐲𝟏 − 𝐲𝟐 )
(iii) their product = (𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐢𝐲𝟏 )(𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐢𝐲𝟐 ) = 𝐱 𝟏 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐲𝟏 𝐲𝟐 + 𝐢(𝐱 𝟏 𝐲𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲𝟏 )
𝐱𝟏 +𝐢𝐲𝟏 (𝐱 +𝐢𝐲𝟏 )(𝐱𝟐 −𝐢𝐲𝟐 ) 𝐱𝟏 𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟏 𝐲𝟐 𝐱𝟏 𝐲𝟏 −𝐱𝟏 𝐲𝟐

(iv) their product = = (𝐱𝟏 =( ) + 𝐢( )
𝐱𝟐 +𝐢𝐲𝟐 𝟐 +𝐢𝐲𝟐 )(𝐱𝟐 −𝐢𝐲𝟐 ) 𝐱𝟐 𝟐 +𝐲𝟐 𝟐 𝐱𝟐 𝟐 +𝐲𝟐 𝟐
Subject Name: Additional Mathematics – I (18MATDIP31) Module No 1.

Module Name: Complex Trigonometry and Vector Algebra P a g e |2
4. Every complex number 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 can always be expressed in the form

𝐫(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉)
Put 𝐱 = 𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 and 𝐲 = 𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
Squaring and adding we get, 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝐫 𝟐
𝐢. 𝐞. 𝐫 = √𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐 (taking positive square root only)
𝐲 𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
Dividing we get, = = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉
𝐱 𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
𝐲
𝛉 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝐱
𝐲
Thus 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 = 𝐫(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉) 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐫 = √𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛉 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐱)
5. The conjugate of 𝐙 = 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 is 𝐙̅ = 𝐱 − 𝐢𝐲 then,
𝐙+𝐙̅ 𝐙−𝐙̅
(i) 𝐑(𝐳) = 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐈(𝐳) =
𝟐 𝟐
(ii) |𝐙| = √𝐑𝟐 (𝐳) + 𝐈𝟐 (𝐳) = |𝐙̅|
(iii) 𝐙𝐙̅ = |𝐙| 𝟐
(iv) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐙𝟏 + 𝐙𝟐 = ̅̅̅
𝐙𝟏 + ̅̅̅
𝐙𝟐
(v) ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐙𝟏 𝐙𝟐 = ̅̅̅
𝐙𝟏 ∙ ̅̅̅
𝐙𝟐
̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐙 ̅𝐙̅̅̅
(vi) (𝐙𝟏 ) = ̅𝐙̅̅𝟏̅ 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 ̅̅̅
𝐙𝟐 ≠ 𝟎
𝟐 𝟐

PROBLEMS:-
𝟐
(𝟑+√𝟐𝐢)
1. Find the modulus and amplitude of 𝟏+𝟐𝐢
𝟐
(𝟑+√𝟐𝐢) 𝟗−𝟐−𝟔√𝟐𝐢 𝟕−𝟏𝟐√𝟐−𝐢(𝟔√𝟐+𝟏𝟒)
Solution:- = (𝟏+𝟐𝐢)(𝟏−𝟐𝐢) =
𝟏+𝟐𝐢 𝟓
𝟐 𝟐
√(𝟕−𝟏𝟐√𝟐) +(𝟔√𝟐+𝟏𝟒) 𝟏𝟏√𝟓
Modulus= =
𝟓 𝟓
𝟔√𝟐+𝟏𝟒
Amplitude= 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟏𝟐√𝟐−𝟕)
2. Reduce 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂 to the modulus amplitude form

Solution:- Put 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂 = 𝐫𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂 = 𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
𝛂
𝐫 = (𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂)𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛂 = 𝟐 − 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂 = 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝟐)
𝛂
𝐢. 𝐞. 𝐫 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝟐
𝛂 𝛂
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧( )𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) 𝛂 𝛑 𝛂
𝟐 𝟐
and 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 = 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂 = 𝛂 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 (𝟐) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟐 − 𝟐)
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ( )
𝟐
𝛑−𝛂
∴𝛉=( )
𝟐
𝛂 𝛑−𝛂 𝛑−𝛂
Thus 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂 = 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟐) [𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )]
𝟐 𝟐
3. Find the real values of x, y so that – 𝟑 + 𝐢𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 + 𝟒𝐢 may represent

complex conjugate numbers.
Solution:- If 𝐙 =– 𝟑 + 𝐢𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 then 𝐙̅ = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 + 𝟒𝐢 so that
𝐙 = (𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲) − 𝟒𝐢
– 𝟑 + 𝐢𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 − 𝟒𝐢
Equating Real and Imaginary parts from both sides we get,
−𝟑 = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 = −𝟒
Eliminating 𝐱, (𝐲 + 𝟑)𝐲 = −𝟒
Or 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟑𝐲 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 𝐢. 𝐞. 𝐲 = 𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝐲 = −𝟒
When 𝐲 = 𝟏, 𝐱 𝟐 = −𝟑 − 𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝐱 = +𝟐𝐢 which is not feasible.
When 𝐲 = −𝟒, 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝐱 = ±𝟏

Hence 𝐱 = 𝟏, 𝐲 − 𝟒 𝐨𝐫 𝐱 = −𝟏, 𝐲 = −𝟒
4. Express 𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂 + 𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂 in the modulus-amplitude form.

𝟐−√𝟑𝒊
5. Express in the form 𝐙 = 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲
𝟏+𝒊
GEOMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

If (𝒓, 𝜽) be the polar co-ordinates then 𝒓 is the modulus of 𝒁 and 𝜽 is its amplitude.
The points whose Cartesian coordinates are (x, y)uniquely represents the complex
number 𝐙 = 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 on the complex plane Z. The diagram in which this representation is
carried out is called Argand diagram.
PROBLEMS:-
1. Find the square root and cube root of −√𝟑 + 𝐢
Solution:- Let −√𝟑 + 𝐢 = 𝐫 𝐜𝐢𝐬 𝛉 = 𝐙
Then 𝐫 = √𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐 = √𝟑 + 𝟏 = 𝟐
Since 𝐱 < 𝟎 and 𝐲 > 𝟎 we have
𝟏 𝛑 𝟓𝛑
𝛉 = 𝛑 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )=𝛑− =
√𝟑 𝟔 𝟔
𝟓𝛑
∴𝛉=
𝟔
𝟓𝛑 𝟓𝛑
∴ 𝐙 = −√𝟑 + 𝐢 = 𝟐 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )]
𝟔 𝟔
𝟓𝛑 𝟓𝛑
Replacing ( 𝟔 ) by 𝟐𝛑𝐤 + ( 𝟔 ) where 𝐤 ∈ 𝐳 we get,
𝟓𝛑 𝟓𝛑
𝐙 = −√𝟑 + 𝐢 = 𝟐 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟐𝛑𝐤 + ) + 𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟐𝛑𝐤 + )]
𝟔 𝟔
𝟓𝛑
𝐙 = −√𝟑 + 𝐢 = 𝟐𝐜𝐢𝐬 (𝟐𝛑𝐤 + )
𝟔
𝟏𝟐𝛑𝐤 + 𝟓𝛑
∴ 𝐙𝐊 = −√𝟑 + 𝐢 = 𝟐𝐜𝐢𝐬 ( )
𝟔 −−−−−−−−−−−(𝟏)
By taking the square root in (1) we have,

𝟏⁄
𝟏⁄
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏𝟐𝛑𝐤 + 𝟓𝛑 𝟐
𝐙𝐊 = (−√𝟑 + 𝐢) = 𝟐 ⁄𝟐 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 ( )]
𝟔
𝟏⁄ 𝟏⁄
𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝛑𝐤+𝟓𝛑
𝐙𝐊 = (−√𝟑 + 𝐢) =𝟐 𝟐 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 (
𝟏𝟐
)] where 𝐤 = 𝟎, 𝟏
𝟏⁄ 𝟓𝛑
When 𝐤 = 𝟎, we get 𝐙𝟎 = 𝟐 𝟐 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 ( ) ]
𝟏𝟐
𝟏⁄ 𝟏𝟕𝛑
When 𝐤 = 𝟏, we get 𝐙𝟏 = 𝟐 𝟐 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 ( )]
𝟏𝟐
𝟏⁄ 𝟓𝛑 𝟏⁄ 𝟏𝟕𝛑
∴ The square roots of −√𝟑 + 𝐢 are 𝟐 𝟐 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 ( ) ]
𝟏𝟐
and 𝟐 𝟐 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 (
𝟏𝟐
)]
By taking the cube root in (1) we have,

𝟏⁄
𝟏⁄
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏𝟐𝛑𝐤 + 𝟓𝛑 𝟑
𝐙𝐊 = (−√𝟑 + 𝐢) = 𝟐 ⁄𝟑 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 ( )]
𝟔
𝟏⁄ 𝟏⁄
𝟑 𝟏𝟐𝛑𝐤+𝟓𝛑
𝐙𝐊 = (−√𝟑 + 𝐢) =𝟐 𝟑 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 (
𝟏𝟖
)] where 𝐤 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐
𝟏⁄ 𝟓𝛑
When 𝐤 = 𝟎, we get 𝐙𝟎 = 𝟐 𝟑 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 ( ) ]
𝟏𝟖
𝟏⁄ 𝟏𝟕𝛑
When 𝐤 = 𝟏, we get 𝐙𝟏 = 𝟐 𝟑 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 ( )]
𝟏𝟖
𝟏⁄ 𝟐𝟗𝛑
When 𝐤 = 𝟐, we get 𝐙𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟑 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 ( )]
𝟏𝟖
𝟏⁄ 𝟓𝛑 𝟏⁄ 𝟏𝟕𝛑 𝟏⁄ 𝟐𝟗𝛑
∴ The cube roots of −√𝟑 + 𝐢 are 𝟐 𝟑 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 ( ) ]
𝟏𝟖
,𝟐 𝟑 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 (
𝟏𝟖
)] & 𝟐 𝟑 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 (
𝟏𝟖
)]
2. Find the cube root of 𝟏 + 𝐢√𝟑

Solution:- Let −√𝟑 + 𝐢 = 𝐫 𝐜𝐢𝐬 𝛉 = 𝐙
𝟐
Then 𝐫 = √𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐 = √𝟏 + (√𝟑) = √𝟏 + 𝟑 = 𝟐
𝐱 𝟏 𝐲 √𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 = = 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 = =
𝐫 𝟐 𝐫 𝟐
𝛑
∴𝛉=
𝟑
𝛑 𝛑
∴ 𝐙 = 𝟏 + 𝐢√𝟑 = 𝟐 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )]
𝟑 𝟑

𝛑 𝛑
Replacing (𝟑) by 𝟐𝛑𝐤 + (𝟑) where 𝐤 ∈ 𝐳 we get,
𝛑 𝛑
𝐙 = 𝟏 + 𝐢√𝟑 = 𝟐 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟐𝛑𝐤 + ) + 𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟐𝛑𝐤 + )]
𝟑 𝟑
𝛑
𝐙 = 𝟏 + 𝐢√𝟑 = 𝟐𝐜𝐢𝐬 (𝟐𝛑𝐤 + )
𝟑
𝟔𝛑𝐤 + 𝛑
∴ 𝐙𝐊 = 𝟏 + 𝐢√𝟑 = 𝟐𝐜𝐢𝐬 ( )
𝟑 −−−−−−−−−−−(𝟏)
By taking the cube root in (1) we have,

𝟏⁄
𝟏⁄
𝟑 𝟏 𝟔𝛑𝐤 + 𝛑 𝟑
𝐙𝐊 = (𝟏 + 𝐢√𝟑) = 𝟐 ⁄𝟑 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 ( )]
𝟗
𝟏⁄ 𝟏⁄
𝟑 𝟔𝛑𝐤+𝛑
𝐙𝐊 = (𝟏 + 𝐢√𝟑) =𝟐 𝟑 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 (
𝟗
)] where 𝐤 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐
𝟏⁄ 𝛑
When 𝐤 = 𝟎, we get 𝐙𝟎 = 𝟐 𝟑 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 ( ) ]
𝟗
𝟏⁄ 𝟕𝛑
When 𝐤 = 𝟏, we get 𝐙𝟏 = 𝟐 𝟑 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 ( ) ]
𝟗
𝟏⁄ 𝟏𝟑𝛑
When 𝐤 = 𝟐, we get 𝐙𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟑 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 ( )]
𝟗
𝟏⁄ 𝛑 𝟏⁄ 𝟕𝛑 𝟏⁄ 𝟏𝟑𝛑
∴ The cube roots of −√𝟑 + 𝐢 are 𝟐 𝟑 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 ( ) ]
𝟗
,𝟐 𝟑 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 ( ) ]
𝟗
& 𝟐 𝟑 [𝐜𝐢𝐬 (
𝟗
)]
DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM
If ′𝒏′ is any integer which is positive or negative then
(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)𝒏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝜽
NOTE:-
(i) 𝐜𝐢𝐬𝛉𝟏 ∙ 𝐜𝐢𝐬𝛉𝟐 ∙∙∙∙∙ 𝐜𝐢𝐬𝛉𝐧 = 𝐜𝐢𝐬(𝛉𝟏 + 𝛉𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝛉𝐧 )
(ii) (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 − 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉)𝐧 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐧𝛉 − 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐧𝛉 = (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 − 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉)−𝐧
(iii) (𝐜𝐢𝐬 𝐦𝛉)𝐧 = 𝐜𝐢𝐬 𝐦𝐧𝛉 = (𝐜𝐢𝐬 𝐧𝛉)𝐦
PROBLEMS:-

(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝛉+𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝛉)𝟒 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝛉−𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝛉)𝟓

1. Simplify
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝛉+𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝛉)𝟑 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝛉+𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝛉)−𝟒
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝛉+𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝛉)𝟒 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝛉−𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝛉)𝟓
Solution:- We have,
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝛉+𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝛉)𝟑 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝛉+𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝛉)−𝟒
𝟏𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬
(𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝛉 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉) 𝛉 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉)−𝟐𝟎
= =𝟏
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉)𝟏𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉)−𝟐𝟎
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝛉 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝛉)𝟒 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝛉 − 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝛉)𝟓
∴ =𝟏
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝛉 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝛉)𝟑 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝛉 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝛉)−𝟒
𝛉 𝐧𝛉
2. P.T. (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉)𝐧 + (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 − 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉)𝐧 = 𝟐𝐧+𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐧 ( ) ∙ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝟐 𝟐
Solution:- Put 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 = 𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 = 𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂
𝛉
∴ 𝐫 𝟐 = (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉)𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 = 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 = 𝟒𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 ( )
𝟐
𝛉
∴ 𝐫 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝟐
𝛉 𝛉
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧( )𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) 𝛉
𝟐 𝟐
And 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛂 = = 𝛉 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )
𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 ( ) 𝟐
𝟐
𝛉
∴𝛂=( )
𝟐
Consider LHS
= [𝐫(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛂 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂)]𝐧 + [𝐫(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛂 − 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂)]𝐧
= 𝐫 𝐧 [(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛂 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂)𝐧 + (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛂 − 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂)𝐧 ]
= 𝐫 𝐧 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐧𝛂 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐧𝛂 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐧𝛂 − 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐧𝛂]

= 𝐫 𝐧 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐧𝛂
𝛉 𝐧𝛉
= 𝟐𝐧+𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐧 (𝟐) ∙ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟐 )
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝛉−𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝛉)𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕𝛉+𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕𝛉)−𝟑
3. P.T.
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝛉−𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝛉)𝟗 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉+𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉)𝟓
=𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉+𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 𝟒

4. P.T. (
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉+𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟖𝛉 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟖𝛉
𝛑 𝛉 𝐧𝛑 𝐧𝛉
5. P.T. (𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 + 𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉)𝐧 + (𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 − 𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉)𝐧 = 𝟐𝐧+𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐧 (𝟒 − 𝟐) ∙ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟒 − 𝟐
)

VECTOR ALGEBRA
Definition: A quantity which is completely specified by its magnitude
and direction is called a vector.
A vector is represented by a line segment. Thus ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝑩represents a
vector whose magnitude is the length AB and the direction from A to
B.
Definition: A quantity which has only magnitude and no direction is
called scalar.
Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication of Vectors.
Vectors are added according to the triangle law of addition. Let
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is called sum of the
𝑷𝑸 represent a two vectors then 𝑶𝑸
vectors. i.e, 𝑶𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑷𝑸
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑶𝑸
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
The subtraction of a vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑷𝑸 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑷 is taken to be the addition
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ to𝑶𝑷
of -𝑷𝑸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . i.e, 𝑶𝑷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + (−𝑷𝑸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ).
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨. 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝑨 + 𝑨 = 𝟐𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 − 𝑨 + (−𝑨) = −𝟐𝑨
Let 𝑶𝑷
Where both 2A and −𝟐𝑨 denotes the vector of magnitude twice that
of A.
Direction cosines: Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑷 𝒎𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝜶, 𝜷, 𝜸 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝑶𝑿, 𝑶𝒀, 𝑶𝒁
Respectively, then 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶, 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷, 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜸 are called direction cosines of
the line whish are denoted by 𝒍, 𝒎, 𝒏. Also 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜸 =
𝟏.
Distance between two points.
If
𝑷(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 𝒛𝟏 )𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒛𝟐 )𝒊𝒔√(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 )𝟐

Problems:
1. Show that the points A(-4 , 9 ,6 ) , B(-1 , 6,6) and C(0 , 7 , 10 ) from a
right angled isosceles triangle. Find the direction cosines of AB.
Solution: we have,
𝐴𝐵 = √(−1 + 4)2 + (6 − 9)2 + (6 − 6)2 = 3√2
𝐵𝐶 = √(0 + 1)2 + (7 − 6)2 + (10 − 6)2 = 3√2
𝐶𝐴 = √(−4 − 0)2 + (9 − 7)2 + (6 − 10)2 = 6
Since 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐴2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶, 𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
is a right angled isosceles triangle.
The direction ratios of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑟𝑒 − 1 + 4, 6 − 9,6 − 6 .
1 1
Its direction cosines are ,− ,0.
√2 √2
2. S.T the points (0 ,4 , 1) (2 , 3 ,-1) ( 4, 5 ,0) and (2 , 6 , 2 ) are vertices of a

square.
3. S.T the position vectors of the vertices of a triangle 𝐴 = 3√3𝑖 − 3𝑗 ,

𝐵 = 6𝑗, 𝐶 = 3√3𝑖 + 3𝑗 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒.
4. If the lines makes an angles 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 with the axes, prove that

𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛾 = −1.

Module Name: Complex Trigonometry and Vector Algebra P a g e | 10
SCALAR OR DOT PRODCUT

Definition: The dot product of two vectors A and B is defined as the scalar
𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 is the angle between A and B.
Thus , A.B = 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃.
VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT

Definition: The cross product of vectors A and B is defined as a vector such that
its magnitude is 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝜃being the angle between A and B, its direction is
perpendicular to the plane A and B, and it forms with A and B a right handed
system.
Thus 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑁.
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
Also, 𝐴 × 𝐵 = |𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 |
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
Problems:
1. Find the sides and angles of the triangle whose vertices are i-
2j+2k, 2i+j-k and 3i-j+2k.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 2𝑘, 𝑂𝐵
Solution: let 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖 + 𝑗 = 𝑘, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶 3𝑖 − 𝑗 +
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 3𝑘 𝐶𝐴
2𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −2𝑖 − 𝑗 𝐴𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 3𝑘
∴ 𝐵𝐶 = √14 𝐶𝐴 = √5 𝐴𝐵 = √19
Now the direction cosines of AB and AC are,
1/√19 , 3/√19 , -3/√19 and 2/√5 , 1/√5 , 0 .
1 2 3 1 3 5
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = . + . + .0 = √ 𝐴 = cos −1 √5/19.
√19 √5 √19 √5 √19 19
the direction cosines of BC and BA are,
1/√14 , -2/√14 , 3/√14 and -1/√19 , -3/√19 , 3/√19 .

1 −1 −2 −3 3 3 14
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = . + . + . = √ 𝐵 = cos −1 √14/19.
√14 √19 √14 √19 √14 √19 19
the direction cosines of CA and CB are,
-2/√5 , -1/√5 , 0 and -1/√14 , 2/√14 , -3/√19 .

−2 −1 −1 2 −3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 = . + . + 0. = 0 𝐶 = 90° .
√5 √14 √5 √14 √14

2. If 𝐴 = 4𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 𝑘 , 𝐵 = 2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 2𝑘, find a unit vector N perpendicular

to vector A and B such that A,B,N form a right handed system. Also find
the angle between the vectors A and B .
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
Solution : 𝐴 × 𝐵 = |4 3 1| = 7𝑖 − 6𝑗 − 10𝑘.
2 −1 2
|𝐴 × 𝐵| = √185.
𝐴×𝐵 7𝑖−6𝑗−10𝑘
Unit vector N ⊥ to A and B = |𝐴×𝐵| = .
√185
Also 𝑎 = √42 + 32 + 12 = √26 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 3

√185
w.k.t. |𝐴 × 𝐵| = 𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = .
3√26
3. A line makes an angle 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝛿 with the diagonals of the cube, prove that
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛿 = 4/3.
4. P.T the area of the triangle whose vertices are A,B,C is
1
[𝐵 × 𝐶 + 𝐶 × 𝐴 + 𝐴 × 𝐵].
2
5. Calculate the area of the triangle whose vertices are A(1,0,-1) B( 2,1,5)
and C(0,1,2).
6. P.T sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵.
7. P.T cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵.
8. In any triangle ABC , prove that
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
(𝑖) = = .
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 + 𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵.
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴.


Syllabus
Module-2
Differential Calculus:
Review of successive differentiation-illustrative examples. Maclaurin’s series expansions-
Illustrative examples. Partial Differentiation: Euler’s theorem-problems on first order derivatives
only. Total derivatives-differentiation of composite functions. Jacobians of order two-Problems.
Index
1 Maclaurin’s series expansions-Illustrative examples 2-5
Partial Differentiation: Euler’s theorem-problems on first order derivatives

2 5-9
only
3 Total derivatives-differentiation of composite functions 10-11
4 Jacobians of order two-Problems 11-13
Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s Series expansion:
Consider a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) then the series expansion of a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at a point x=a is given by,
(𝒙−𝒂) (𝒙−𝒂)𝟐 (𝒙−𝒂)𝟑 (𝒙−𝒂)𝒏

𝒚(𝒙) = 𝒚(𝒂) + 𝒚𝟏 (𝒂) + 𝒚𝟐 (𝒂) + 𝒚𝟑 (𝒂)+…+ 𝒚𝒏 (𝒂)
𝟏! 𝟐! 𝟑! 𝒏!
This expansion is known as Taylor’s series expansion.
Put a=0 in the above equation we get

∞
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝒏
𝒚(𝒙) = 𝒚(𝟎) + 𝒚 𝟏 (𝟎 ) + 𝒚 𝟐 (𝟎 ) + 𝒚𝟑 (𝟎)+…∞ = ∑ 𝒚 𝒏 (𝟎 )
𝟏! 𝟐! 𝟑! 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏!
This expansion is known as Maclaurin’s series expansion.
PROBLEMS:
Using Maclaurin’s series, expand the following functions
1. ⅇ 𝑥
Sol: Let 𝑦(𝑥) = ⅇ 𝑥
Consider the Maclaurin’s series expansion,
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑦(0) + 𝑦1 (0) + 𝑦2 (0) + 𝑦3 (0)+…
1! 2! 3!
𝑦(𝑥) = ⅇ 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦(0) = ⅇ 0 = 1 , 𝑦1 (𝑥) = ⅇ 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦1 (0) = ⅇ 0 = 1 , 𝑦2 (𝑥) = ⅇ 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦2 (0) = ⅇ 0 = 1
𝑦3 (𝑥) = ⅇ 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦3 (0) = ⅇ 0 = 1
Therefore, the Maclaurin’s series expansion becomes,
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
𝒚(𝒙) = ⅇ 𝑥 = 𝟏 + 𝟏! + 𝟐! + 𝟑! +…
2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
Sol: Let , 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦(0) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0
𝒚𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 ⇒ 𝒚𝟏 (𝟎) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟎 = 𝟏
𝒚𝟐 (𝒙) = −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 ⇒ 𝒚𝟐 (𝟎) = −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟎 = 𝟎
Subject Name: Additional Mathematics –I Module No. 2
Module Name: Differential Calculus Page |2
𝒚𝟑 (𝒙) = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 ⇒ 𝒚𝟑 (𝟎) = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟎 = −𝟏 , 𝒚𝟒 (𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 ⇒ 𝒚𝟒 (𝟎) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟎 = 𝟎
𝒚𝟓 (𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 ⇒ 𝒚𝟓 (𝟎) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟎 = 𝟏
𝒙 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟓
𝒚(𝒙) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = − + +…
𝟏! 𝟑! 𝟓!
Again for 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦(0) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1
𝑦1 (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦1 (0) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0, 𝑦2 (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦2 (0) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1,
𝑦3 (𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦3 (0) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0, 𝑦4 (𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦4 (0) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = −1
𝑦5 (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦5 (0) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟒
𝒚(𝒙) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝟏 + 𝟐! − 𝟒! +…
3. 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒖𝒑𝒕𝒐 𝒙𝟒
Sol: Let, 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦(0) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 0
1
𝑦1 (𝑥) = ⇒ 𝑦1 (0) = 1
1+𝑥
1
𝑦2 (𝑥) = − ⇒ 𝑦2 (0) = −1
(1 + 𝑥)2
2 6
𝑦3 (𝑥) = (1+𝑥)3 ⇒ 𝑦3 (0) = 2, 𝑦4 (𝑥) = − (1+𝑥)4 ⇒ 𝑦4 (0) = −6
𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝟔𝒙𝟒
𝒚(𝒙) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥) = 𝒙 − 𝟐! + - +…
𝟑! 𝟒!
𝑥
4.Find the first four non-zero terms in the expansion 𝑦(𝑥) = ⅇ 𝑥−1 using Maclaurin’s series
𝑥
Sol: Consider 𝑦(𝑥) = ⇒ 𝑦(0) = 0
ⅇ 𝑥−1
𝑥
𝑦= = ⅇ(ⅇ 𝑥 𝑥)
ⅇ𝑥 ⋅ ⅇ −1
𝑦1 = ⅇ[ⅇ −𝑥 + 𝑥 ⋅ (−ⅇ −𝑥 )] ⇒ 𝑦1 (0) = ⅇ
𝑦2 = ⅇ{−ⅇ −𝑥 − [𝑥(−ⅇ −𝑥 ) + ⅇ 𝑥 ]} = ⅇ[−2ⅇ −𝑥 + 𝑥ⅇ −𝑥 ]

𝑦
since, 𝑦 = ⅇ(ⅇ −𝑥 𝑥) ⇒ ⅇ
= ⅇ −𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦1
Therefore, 𝑦2 = ⅇ[−2ⅇ −𝑥 + ⅇ ] ⇒ 𝑦2 (0) = −2ⅇ, 𝑦3 = ⅇ[2ⅇ −𝑥 + ⅇ
]⇒ 𝑦3 (0) = 3ⅇ
𝑦2
𝑦4 = ⅇ[−2ⅇ −𝑥 + ] ⇒ 𝑦4 (0) = −4ⅇ
ⅇ
𝑥 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟒
𝑦(𝑥) = ⅇ 𝑥−1 = 𝟏! (𝒆) + 𝟐! (−𝟐𝒆) + 𝟑! (𝟑𝒆)- 𝟒! (−𝟒𝒆)
Expand 5. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(ⅇ 𝑥 − 1) upto 𝑥 4
Sol: Let, 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(ⅇ 𝑥 − 1) ⇒ 𝑦(0) = 0
𝑦1 = ⅇ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(ⅇ 𝑥 − 1) ⇒ 𝑦1 (0) = 1 , 𝑦2 = 𝑦1 − ⅇ 2𝑥 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦2 (𝑥) = 1
𝑦3 = 𝑦2 − [ⅇ 2𝑥 𝑦1 + 2ⅇ 2𝑥 𝑦] ⇒ 𝑦3 (𝑥) = 0
𝑦4 = 𝑦3 − [ⅇ 2𝑥 𝑦2 + 2ⅇ 2𝑥 𝑦1 ] − 2[ⅇ 2𝑥 𝑦1 +2ⅇ 2𝑥 𝑦] ⇒ 𝑦4 (𝑥) = −3 − 2(1 + 0) = −5
Therefore, the Maclaurin’s series is,
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟒
𝒔𝒊𝒏(ⅇ 𝒙 − 𝟏) = + -5 +. ..
𝟏! 𝟐! 𝟒!
𝑬𝑿:1. Expand √1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 𝑥 4
2. Expand 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠ⅇ𝑐 𝑥) in ascending powers of x upto the first three non-vanishing terms.
3. Expand 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎⅇ 𝑡ⅇ𝑟𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 6 .
4. Expand 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎⅇ 𝑡ⅇ𝑟𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 4 .
Euler’s Theorem:-
Statement of Euler’s theorem:- If u is a homogenous function of x and y with degree n, then
u u
x y  nu
x y
Worked Examples
Verify Euler’s theorem for
 xy 
i). u    ii) u  ax 2  2hxy  by 2
x y
Solution:-
x 2  y x  y x 
  x  y   x1  y 
xy
(i) Consider u    x
x  y x1  y x  1 y x   x  x
u u
x y  nu ………(*)
x y
xy
This shows that u  is a homogenous function of degree1 (1=n). Hence, Euler’s
x y
theorem when applied to u becomes
u u
x y  (1)u ………….(1) (n=1)
x y
we verify the equation (*) by showing actually LHS=RHS
 xy  u y2 u x2
now as u    ,  & 
 x  y  x x  y  y  x  y 2
2
u u
 LHS of (*)  x y
x y
 y2   x2  xy x  y  xy
 x 
 y 
  x  y 2   x  y  =RHS
 x  y   x  y 
2 2
 
This verifies the result (1)
 
(ii) Consider u  ax 2  2hxy  by 2  x 2  a 2  2h y   b y 2 
2
 x  x  x 
 x 2  y  ,which means u is a homogenous function of

 x
degree 2. Hence, on applying Euler’s theorem to u, we get
u u
x y  2u ………….(1)
x y
u u
Now, as u  ax 2  2hxy  by 2 , we see that  2ax  hy  &  2ay  hx 
x y
u u
Consider, LHS of (1) x y
x y
 x2ax  hy   y2ay  hx
 2ax 2  2hxy  2hxy  2ay 2  2ax 2  2hxy  by 2 
 2u = RHS
This verifies the result (1)
 x2 y2  u u
(2) If sin u    , show that x  y  3 tan u
x y x y
 x2 y2 
Solution:- Consider sin u     f ,say We note that
 x  y 
2
x 4  y 
 x2 y2 
  
x
f    x 3  y  .Thus, `f` is a homogenous function of degree 3.
 x  y 
 x 1  y   x

 x 
Applying Euler’s theorem to f, we get
f f
x y  3 f As f  sin u ,we see that
x y

x sin u   y  sin u   3sin u 
x y
 u   u 
i.e. x cos u    y cos u    3 sin u
 x   y 
u u
or we get x y  3 tan u as desired
x y
 x3  y 3 
 
 3x4 y  u u
If u  e  
, show that x y  2u log u
x y
 x3  y 3 
 
 3x4 y   x3  y3 
Solution: - Consider u e  
 log u     f ,say
 3 x  4 y 
 3

x 3 1  y 3 
x y
    x 2  y  .Thus, f is a homogenous function of degree 2.
3 3
x
f   x
3x  4 y   y    
x 3  4 
  x 
Applying Euler's theorem to f, we get
f f
x y  2f
x y

i.e x log u   y  log u   2log u 
x y
 1 u   1 u 
or x   y   2 log u
 u x   u y 
u u
or x y  2u log u
x y
x y u u 1
4. If cos u  Prove that x y   cot u
x y x y 2
x1  y 
x y
1
Solution:- Let cos u    x
 x 2   y   f ,
x y    x
x 1  y 
 x 
Say Hence, f is a homogenous function of degree ½
On applying Euler's theorem to f, we get
f f 1
x y  f Since f  cos u
x y 2

x cos u   y  cos u   1 cos u
x y 2
 u   u  1 u u 1 cos u
or x sin u   y  sin u   cos u or x y 
 x   y  2 x y 2 sin u
u u 1
or x y   cot u
x y 2
 x3  y3 
5. If u  tan 1   , show that xux  yu y  sin 2u .Hence to evaluate
 x y 
x 2 u xx  2 xyuxy  y 2 u yy
 x3  y3 
Solution: - Consider u  tan  1

 x y 
x3  y3
 tan u   f , say
x y
 y3 
x 3 1  
x y x 3 
 
3 3
Now,  f   x 2  y  .So, f is a homogenous function of
x y  y  x
x 1  
 x
degree2. Applying Euler’s theorem to f we get
f f
x y  2 f As f  tan u , we see that
x y

x tan u   y  tan u   2 tan u
x y
 u   u 
x sec 2 u   y sec 2 u   2 tan u
 x   y 
u u 2 tan u
x y   2 sin u cos u
x y sec 2 u
u u
x y  sin 2u …………….(*),as required.
x y
To get the value of x 2 u xx  2 xyuxy  y 2 u yy we proceed as follows Differentiating (*) partially
w.r.t.x & y we get, respectively
 2 u u  2u u
x   y  2 cos 2u  …………..(1)
x 2
x xy x
 2u  2 u u u
x y 2   2 cos 2u  …………….(2)
yx y y y
Multiplying eq (1) by x, and eq(2) by y and adding thereafter
we get
 2u  2u  2u  u u 
x2  2 xy  y 2 2  2 cos 2u  1 x  y 
x xy y  x y 
 2 cos 2u  1sin 2u 
x 2 u xx  2 xyuxy  y 2 u yy  sin 4u  sin 2u
6. If u  x 2 tan 1  y   y 2 tan 1  x  , show that

 x  y
 2u  2u  2u
x2  2 xy  y 2 2  2u
x xy y
Solution:- We note that u  v  w where v  x 2 tan 1  y  & w  y 2 tan 1  x 

 x  y
So that v and w are homogenous functions of degree 2. Applying the corollary to the Euler’s
theorem to v and w, we obtain
 2v  2v  2v
x2  2 xy  y 2 2  22  1v  2v
x xy y
2w 2w 2  w
2
y 2
 2 xy y  22  1w  2w
x xy y 2
Taking the difference of these two expressions, we get
 2u  2u  2u
x2  2 xy  y 2 2  2u
x xy y
Problem set for practice
 x2 y2  u u
If u  sin 
1
 ,show that x  y  tan u
x y x y
 x2 y2  z z
If z  log   ,show that x  y 1
x y x y
x y z z 1
If u  cot 1 ,prove that x y   sin 2u
x y x y 4
 x3 y3  u u 3
If z  tan 1  3  ,prove that x  y
3 
 sin 2u
x y  x y 2
TOTAL DERIVATIVES:
If u=f(x,y) where x & y are functions of t i.e x=x(t) & y=y(t) then u is a composite function of a single
variable t.
ⅆ𝑢 𝛿𝑢 ⅆ𝑥 𝛿𝑢 ⅆ𝑦
ⅆ𝑡
= 𝜕𝑥 ⋅ ⅆ𝑡 + 𝛿𝑦 . ⅆ𝑡 is called total derivative of u w.r.t t.
ⅆ𝑢
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙ⅇ𝑠: 1. 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑤ℎⅇ𝑟ⅇ 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 , 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡 then find ⅆ𝑡
Sol: We know that, = ⋅ + .
ⅆ𝑡 𝜕𝑥 ⅆ𝑡 𝛿𝑦 ⅆ𝑡
𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑢
= 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 & = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=𝑎 & = 2𝑎
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
= (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑎 + (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦)2𝑎
𝑑𝑡
Put 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 , 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡
𝑑𝑢
= 18𝑎3 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑥
2.If 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑦) 𝑤ℎⅇ𝑟ⅇ 𝑥 = ⅇ 𝑡 & 𝑦 = 𝑡 2
Sol: We know that, = ⋅ + .
𝛿𝑢 𝑥 1 𝛿𝑢 𝑥 −𝑥
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )] ( ) = [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )] ( 2 )
𝛿𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝛿𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= ⅇ𝑡 & = 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
ⅆ𝑢 𝑥 1 𝑥 −𝑥
Therefore, = [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )] ( ) ⅇ 𝑡 + [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )] ( 2 ) 2𝑡
ⅆ𝑡 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Put 𝑥 = ⅇ 𝑡 & 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 we get,
𝑑𝑢 ⅇ𝑡 ⅇ𝑡 2
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 )] ⋅ 2 [1 − ]
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
If 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑤ℎⅇ𝑟ⅇ 𝑥 = ⅇ 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 & 𝑦 = ⅇ 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
Module Name: Differential Calculus P a g e | 10
Sol: = ⋅ + .
𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑢
= 2𝑥 & = 2𝑦
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= ⅇ 𝑡 (− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡) + ⅇ 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= ⅇ 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + ⅇ 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑥[ⅇ 𝑡 (cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡)] + 2𝑦[ⅇ 𝑡 (cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡)]
𝑑𝑡
Put 𝑥 = ⅇ 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 & 𝑦 = ⅇ 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
𝑑𝑢
= 2ⅇ 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
1
3.If 𝑢 = ⅇ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦𝑧) 𝑤ℎⅇ𝑟ⅇ 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 − 1, 𝑧 = 𝑡
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 1
ⅆ𝑢 𝛿𝑢 ⅆ𝑥 𝛿𝑢 ⅆ𝑦 𝛿𝑢 ⅆ𝑧
Sol: We know that ⅆ𝑡 = 𝜕𝑥 ⋅ ⅆ𝑡 + 𝛿𝑦 . ⅆ𝑡 + 𝛿𝑧 . ⅆ𝑡
𝛿𝑢 ⅆ𝑥
𝛿𝑥
= ⅇ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦𝑧) ⅆ𝑡
= 2𝑡
𝛿𝑢 ⅆ𝑦
𝛿𝑦
= ⅇ 𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑦𝑧)]𝑧 ⅆ𝑡
=1
𝛿𝑢 ⅆ𝑧 1
= ⅇ 𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑦𝑧)]𝑦 =−
𝛿𝑧 ⅆ𝑡 𝑡2
ⅆ𝑢 1
ⅆ𝑡
=[ⅇ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦𝑧) (2𝑡)] +ⅇ 𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑦𝑧)]𝑧 + [ⅇ 𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑦𝑧)]𝑦] − 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑢
= ⅇ 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 1
𝑑𝑡
EX: If 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑤ℎⅇ𝑟ⅇ 𝑥 = ⅇ 𝑡 , 𝑦 = ⅇ 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 & 𝑧 = ⅇ 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
Composite function containing two variables
If z=f(x,y) is a function of 2 variables x & y and x & y are functions of another variable u & v then z is a
composite function of u & v.
The partial derivative of z w.r.t u & v.
𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑦
= ⋅ + ⋅
𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑢
𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑦
= ⋅ + ⋅
𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑣
PROBLEMS:
1. If 𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) where 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒖 + 𝒆−𝒗 & 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒖 − 𝒆𝒗
𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧
then 𝛿𝑢
− 𝛿𝑣 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑦 ⋅ 𝛿𝑦
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
sol: 𝛿𝑢 = ⅇ 𝑢 & 𝛿𝑣
= −ⅇ −𝑣
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑦
= −ⅇ −𝑢 & = −ⅇ 𝑣
𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑣
Therefore,
𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧
= ⋅ (ⅇ 𝑢 ) + ⋅ (−ⅇ −𝑢 )
𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦
= ⋅ (−ⅇ −𝑣 ) + ⋅ (−ⅇ 𝑣 )
𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎⅇ 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣ⅇ ⅇ𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤ⅇ 𝑔ⅇ𝑡,
− = (ⅇ 𝑢 + ⅇ −𝑣 ) ( ) − (ⅇ −𝑢 − ⅇ 𝑣 ) ( )
𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦
− = 𝑥. − 𝑦.
𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑣
2. EX: If Z=f(x,y) where 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒗 & 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒗 then P.T
𝛿𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2 2𝑢
𝛿𝑧 2 𝛿𝑧 2
( ) + ( ) = ⅇ [( ) + ( ) ]
𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 𝜹𝒖 𝝂𝒖 𝜹𝒖
If 𝒖 = 𝒇 ( , , ) 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑷. 𝑻 𝒙 +𝒚 +𝒛 =𝟎
𝒚 𝒛 𝒙 𝜹𝒙 𝜹𝒚 𝜹𝒛
Sol: Here, u is a composite function of x,y & z.
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Given, 𝑢 = 𝑓 (𝑦 , 𝑧 , 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟)
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Where 𝑃 = 𝑦 , 𝑞 = 𝑧
,𝑟 = 𝑥
𝛿𝑝 1 𝛿𝑞 𝛿𝑟 −𝑧
= , =0 , =
𝛿𝑥 𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝑥 2
𝛿𝑝 𝑥 𝛿𝑞 1 𝛿𝑟
=− 2 , = , =0
𝛿𝑦 𝑦 𝛿𝑦 𝑧 𝛿𝑦
𝛿𝑝 𝛿𝑞 −𝑦 𝛿𝑟 1
= 0, = 2 , =
𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧 𝑧 𝛿𝑧 𝑥
𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑝 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑞 𝛿𝑢 𝜕𝑟 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑢 1 𝛿𝑢 −𝑧
𝛿𝑥
= 𝛿𝑝 𝛿𝑥 + 𝛿𝑞 𝛿𝑥 + 𝛿𝑟 𝛿𝑥 ⇒ 𝛿𝑥 = 𝛿𝑝 . 𝑦 + 0 + 𝛿𝑟 𝑥2
𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑝 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑞 𝛿𝑢 𝜕𝑟 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑢 −𝑥 𝛿𝑢 1
= + + ⇒ = . + . +0
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑝 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑞 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑟 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑝 𝑦 2 𝛿𝑞 𝑧
𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑝 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑞 𝛿𝑢 𝜕𝑟 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑢 −𝑦 𝛿𝑢 1
𝛿𝑧
= 𝛿𝑝 𝛿𝑧 + 𝛿𝑞 𝛿𝑧 + 𝛿𝑟 𝛿𝑧 ⇒ 𝛿𝑥 = 0 + 𝛿𝑞 . 𝑧2 + 𝛿𝑟 𝑥
𝛿𝑢 𝜈𝑢 𝛿𝑢
Therefore, 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 =0
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
3. If 𝑢 = 𝑓(2𝑥 − 3𝑦, 3𝑦 − 4𝑧, 4𝑧 − 2𝑥) then P.T 𝟐 𝒖𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒖𝒚 + 𝟒 𝒖𝒛 = 𝟎
Sol: Given, 𝑢 = 𝑓(2𝑥 − 3𝑦, 3𝑦 − 4𝑧, 4𝑧 − 2𝑥)
𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟) where
𝑝 = 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 𝑞 = 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 𝑟 = 4𝑧 − 2𝑥
𝛿𝑝 𝛿𝑞 𝛿𝑟
=2 =0 = −2
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
= −3 =3 =0
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑦
=0 = −4 =4
Here, u is a composite function of x, y & z.
𝜹𝒖 𝜹𝒖 𝜹𝒑 𝜹𝒖 𝜹𝒒 𝜹𝒖 𝝏𝒓 𝜹𝒖 𝜹𝒖 𝜹𝒖
= 𝜹𝒑 𝜹𝒙 + 𝜹𝒒 𝜹𝒙 + 𝜹𝒓 𝜹𝒙 ⇒ = 𝜹𝒑 . 𝟐 + 𝟎 + 𝜹𝒓 (-2)
𝜹𝒙 𝜹𝒙
= + + ⇒ = . (−𝟑) + .𝟑+𝟎
𝜹𝒚 𝜹𝒑 𝜹𝒚 𝜹𝒒 𝜹𝒚 𝜹𝒓 𝜹𝒚 𝜹𝒙 𝜹𝒑 𝜹𝒒
= 𝜹𝒑 𝜹𝒛 + 𝜹𝒒 𝜹𝒛 + 𝜹𝒓 𝜹𝒛 ⇒ 𝜹𝒙 = 𝟎 + 𝜹𝒒 . (−𝟒) + 𝜹𝒓 𝟒
𝜹𝒛
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Therefore, 𝟐 𝒖𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒖𝒚 + 𝟒 𝒖𝒛 = 𝟎
𝑦
EX:1. If 𝑢 = 𝑓 (𝑥𝑧, ) then S.T 𝑥𝑢𝑥 − 𝑦𝑢𝑦 − 𝑧𝑢𝑧 = 0
𝑧
If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑧, 𝑦 2 + 2𝑧𝑥) then P.T
(𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥)𝑢𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑢𝑦 + (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑢𝑧 = 0
JACOBIANS:
If u & v are functions of two independent variables x & y then the Jacobian of u & v w.r.t x
& y is denoted by J.
𝜹(𝒖,𝒗) 𝒖𝒙 𝒖𝒚
i.e 𝑱 = = |𝒗 𝒗𝒚 |
𝜹(𝒙,𝒚) 𝒙
𝒖𝒙 𝒖𝒚 𝒖𝒛
𝜹(𝒖,𝒗,𝝎)
Similarly, 𝑱 = = | 𝒗𝒙 𝒗𝒚 𝒗𝒛 |
𝜹(𝒙,𝒚,𝒛)
𝒘𝒙 𝒘𝒚 𝒘𝒛
Problems:
1. If 𝒖 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛, 𝒗 = 𝒚 + 𝒛, 𝒘 = 𝒛 then find its Jacobian.
𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑦 𝑢𝑧
𝛿(𝑢,𝑣,𝜔)
Sol:𝑊ⅇ 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡, 𝐽 = 𝛿(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
= | 𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑧 |
𝑤𝑥 𝑤𝑦 𝑤𝑧
1 1 1
𝐽 = | 0 1 1| ⇒ 𝐽 = 1
0 0 1
If 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑦𝑧 , 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑥𝑧 , 𝑤𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑡ℎⅇ𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐽.
𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑦 𝑢𝑧
𝛿(𝑢,𝑣,𝜔)
Sol: 𝑊ⅇ 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡, 𝐽 = 𝛿(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
= | 𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑧 |
𝑤𝑥 𝑤𝑦 𝑤𝑧
−𝒚𝒛 𝒛 𝒚
𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝒙
𝒛 −𝒙𝒛 𝒙
J=|| 𝒚 𝒚𝟐 𝒚 |
|
𝒚 𝒙 −𝒙𝒚
𝒛 𝒛 𝒛𝟐
On expanding we get, J=4
2. If 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙, 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙, 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 then find J.

𝑥𝑟 𝑥𝜃 𝑥𝜙
Sol: J=|𝑦𝑟 𝑦𝜃 𝑦𝜙 |
𝑧𝑟 𝑧𝜃 𝑧𝜙
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 − 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙

=| 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 |
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 0
On expanding we get, J= 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
3. If 𝑥 = 𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑣 2 − 𝑤 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑤 2 − 𝑢2 then find J
𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑣 𝑥𝑤 2𝑢 −2𝑣 0
Sol: J=|𝑦𝑢 𝑦𝑣 𝑦𝑤 |=| 0 2𝑣 −2𝑤|
𝑧𝑢 𝑧𝑣 𝑧𝜔 −2𝑢 0 2𝑤
On expanding we get, J=0
EX: If 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑣 = 𝑦𝑧 2 & 𝜔 = 𝑧𝑥 2 then find its Jacobian.

Syllabus
Subject:- Additional Mathematics - I Subject Code:- 18MATDIP31
Module-3
Vector Differentiation:
Differentiation of vector functions. Velocity and acceleration of a particle moving on a

space curve. Scalar and vector point functions. Gradient, Divergence, Curl-simple
problems. Solenoidal and irrotational vector fields-Problems.
Index
1 Basic definitions and problems 2-5
2 Gradient, divergence and curl 6-11
3 Solenoidal and Irrotational 12-14
VTU ConnectInstitute
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Mathematics
Vector Differentiaton
Vector is a quantity having both magnitude and direction
Derivative of a Vector Valued function

Let the Position vector of a point in p(x,y,z) space be 𝛾
⃗ = 𝑥ⅈ + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘.
If x,y,z are all functions of a single parameter r then 𝛾 ⃗ is said to be a vector function of t.
̂
NOTE: i. ⅈ̂.̂ⅈ = 1 = 𝑗̂ . 𝑗̂ = 𝑘. 𝑘̂
̂=𝑘
ii. ⅈ̂ ⋅ 𝑗̂ = 0 = 𝑗 ⋅ 𝑘 ̂ ⋅ 𝑗̂
iii. ⅈ̂ × 𝑗̂ = 0 = 𝑗 × 𝑘̂=𝑘 ̂ × 𝑗̂
Velocity and Acceleration: If 𝛾

⃗ = 𝑥ⅈ + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 represents the position vector of a point
⃗
ⅆ𝛾
moving along a curve then i. Velocity(𝑣) = is the velocity of the particle at any time t.
ⅆ𝑡
⃗
ⅆ𝑣 ⅆ2 𝑟
ii. Acceleration(𝑎) = ⅆ𝑡 = ⅆ𝑡 2 represents the rate of change of velocity(𝑣) and is the
acceleration of the particle at any time 𝑡.
⃗
𝐴⋅𝐵
Angle between two vectors is 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = |𝐴|⋅|𝐵⃗|
⃗
𝑛
Unit normal vector(𝑛̂) is given by (𝑛̂) = |𝑛⃗|
𝑇 ⃗
⃗ = ⅆ𝛾
Unit Tangent vector (𝑇̂) = |𝑇⃗| 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇 ⅆ𝑡
If 𝑎 = 𝑎1 ⅈ + 𝑎2 𝑗 + 𝑎3 𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |𝑎| = √𝑎12 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎32
PROBLEMS:
1. If 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 1, 𝑦 = 4𝑡 − 3, 𝑧 = 2𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 represents parametric equation of the curve
then determine i. the unit tangent vector at any point on t
ii. The angle between the tangents at t=1 and t=2
sol: Let ⃗𝛾 = 𝑥ⅈ + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 be the position vector at any time t
then 𝛾 = (𝑡 2 + 1)ⅈ + (4𝑡 − 3)𝑗 + (2𝑡 2 − 6𝑡)𝑘
⃗ = ⅆ𝛾⃗ = 2𝑡ⅈ + 4𝑗 + (4𝑡 − 6)𝑘 is the tangent vector
𝑇 ⅆ𝑡
⃗
𝑇 (2𝑡)ⅈ+4𝑗+(4𝑡−6)𝑘
Unit Tangent vector (𝑇̂) = |𝑇⃗|=
√(2𝑡)2 +42 +(4𝑡−6)2
2[𝑡ⅈ+2𝑗+(2𝑡−3)𝑘] [𝑡ⅈ+2𝑗+(2𝑡−3)𝑘]
𝑇̂ = √2𝑂𝑡 2 −48𝑡+52
= √5𝑡 2 −12𝑡+13
⃗ = 2𝑡ⅈ + 4𝑗 + (4𝑡 − 6)𝑘 is the tangent vector

ii. 𝑇
⃗)
When t=1, (𝑇 = 2ⅈ + 4𝑗 − 2𝑘 = 𝐴
𝑡=1
⃗)
When t=2, (𝑇 ⃗
= 4ⅈ + 4𝑗 + 2𝑘 = 𝐵
𝑡=2
⃗
𝐴⋅𝐵
Let 𝜃 be the angle between the tangents then we have 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = ⃗|
|𝐴|⋅|𝐵
Subject Name: Additional Mathematics –I Module No. 3.

Module Name: Vector Differentiation P ag e |2
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(2ⅈ+4𝑗−2𝑘)⋅(4ⅈ+4𝑗+2𝑘) (2)(4)+(4)(4)+(−2)(2) 5
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = = =
√22 +4 2 +(−2)2 √4 2 +4 2 +22 √24√36 3√ 6
5
Therefore 𝜃 = cos −1 (3 6) is the required angle.
√
2. Find the angle between the tangents to the curve

𝑡3 3
𝛾 = (𝑡 − 3 ) ⅈ + 𝑡 2 𝑗 + (𝑡 + 𝑡 ⁄3) 𝑘 at t=±3
Sol: We know that 𝑇 ⃗ = ⅆ𝛾⃗ = (1 − 𝑡 2 )ⅈ + 2𝑡𝑗 + (1 + 𝑡 2 )𝑘 is the tangent vector

ⅆ−𝐿
⃗)
When 𝑡 = 3 ⇒ (𝑇 = −8ⅈ + 6𝑗 + 10𝑘 = 𝐴
𝑡=3
⃗)
When 𝑡 = −3 ⇒ (𝑇 ⃗
= −8ⅈ − 6𝑗 + 10𝑘 = 𝐵
𝑡=−3
𝐴⋅𝐵⃗
Let 𝜃 be the angle between the tangents then we have 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = ⃗|
|𝐴|⋅|𝐵
(−8)(−8)+(6)(−6)+(10)(10) 16
= = 25
√(−8)2 +62 +(10)2̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(−8)2 +(−6)2 +(10)2
16
Therefore 𝜃 = cos −1 ( ) is the required angle.
25
3. Find the unit tangent to the curve

1
𝛾 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡)ⅈ + (𝑠ⅈ𝑛 2𝑡)𝑗 + 𝑡𝑘 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 =
√2
ⅆ𝛾
⃗ =
𝑇 = (−2 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 2𝑡)ⅈ + (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡)𝑗 + 𝐾
ⅆ𝑡
⃗ | = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
|𝑇 (−𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡)2 + ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡)2 + 1 = √5
⃗
𝑇 (−2 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 2𝑡)ⅈ+(2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)𝑗+𝑘
We know that, 𝑇̂ = ⅈ =
⃗̇ |
|𝑇 √5
1 𝛱
Given 𝑥 = ⇒𝑡=
√2 8
(−√2)ⅈ+(√2)𝑗+𝑘
Therefore 𝑇̂ = is the unit tangent vector.
√5
EXERCISE:
1. A particle moves along a curve whose parametric equations are

𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡, 𝑧 = 2 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 3𝑡 where t is the time. Find the velocity and acceleration at
any time t and also their magnitude at t=0.
2. Find the angle between the tangents to the curve 𝑟 = 𝑡 2 ⅈ + 2𝑡𝑗 − 𝑡 3 𝑘 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = ±1
3. Find the unit tangent vector at any time t 𝑟 = (3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)ⅈ + (3𝑠ⅈ𝑛𝑡)𝑗 + 4𝑡𝑘
Gradient, Divergence and Curl

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Scalar and Vector fields
Definition:
If every point p(x,y,z) of a region R in space there corresponds to a scalar φ(x,y,z) then φ is called
scalar point function.
Eg: ⅈ. 𝜙 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ⅈⅈ. 𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 3
If every point p(x,y,z) of a region R in space there corresponds to a vector 𝐴̇ (x,y,z) then 𝐴̇ is called
vector point function.
Eg: ⅈ. 𝐴 = 𝑥 2 ⅈ + 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘 ⅈⅈ. 𝐴 = (𝑥𝑦𝑧)ⅈ + (𝑦𝑧)𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘
NOTE: The Vector Differential operator 𝛻 is defined by
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
𝛻= ⅈ+ 𝑗+ 𝑘=𝛴 ⅈ
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑥
Gradient of a scalar field:
If 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a continuously differentiable scalar function then the gradient of 𝜙 is denoted by

𝛿𝜙 𝛿𝜙 𝛿𝜙 𝛿𝜙
grad 𝜙 and grad 𝜙 = 𝛻𝜙 = ⅈ + 𝑗 + 𝑘 =𝛴 ⅈ
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑥
Clearly, 𝛻𝜙 is a vector quantity.
Divergence of a vector field:
If 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a continuously differentiable vector function then divergence of 𝐴 is denoted by 𝛻. 𝐴

or div𝐴
If 𝐴 = 𝑎1 ⅈ + 𝑎2 𝑗 + 𝑎3 𝑘 where 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 are all functions of x,y,z then
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
div𝐴 = 𝛻. 𝐴=(𝛿𝑥 ⅈ + 𝛿𝑦 𝑗 + 𝛿𝑧 𝑘) (𝑎1 ⅈ + 𝑎2 𝑗 + 𝑎3 𝑘)
𝛿𝑎1 𝛿𝑎2 𝛿𝑎3

𝛻. 𝐴 = 𝛿𝑥
+ 𝛿𝑦
+ 𝛿𝑧
Clearly, 𝛻. 𝐴 is a scalar quantity
CURL of a vector field:
If 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a continuously differentiable vector function then curl of 𝐴 is denoted by 𝛻 × 𝐴 or

curl𝐴

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ⅈ 𝑗 𝑘
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
curl𝐴 = 𝛻 × 𝐴= | |
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
𝛿𝑎 𝜕𝑎2 𝛿𝑎 𝛿𝑎1 𝛿𝑎 𝛿𝑎1
𝛻 × 𝐴=ⅈ ( 𝛿𝑦3 − 𝛿𝑧
) − ( 𝛿𝑥3 − 𝜕𝑧
)+ 𝑘 ( 𝛿𝑥2 − 𝛿𝑦
)
Clearly, 𝛻 × 𝐴 is a vector quantity.
Directional Derivative:
ⅆ
If φ(x, y, z) is a scalar function and ⅆ is a given direction then 𝛻𝜙 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛̂ = is called as the
|ⅆ |
Directional Derivative of φ along 𝑛̂ .
NOTE: i. The angle between the two surfaces is defined to be equal to angle between their normal
𝛻𝜙 ⋅𝛻𝜙
If 𝜙1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐶1 and 𝜙2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐶2 be the equation of two surfaces then 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = |𝛻𝜙 1||𝛻𝜙2 |
1 2
where 𝜃 is the angle between the normal.
𝛱 𝜋
ii. If 𝜃 = 2
then cos 2 = 𝑂 ⅈ𝑚𝑝𝑙ⅈ𝑒𝑠 𝛻𝜙1 ⋅ 𝛻𝜙2 = 0 then the surfaces are said to intersect each
other orthogonally or at right angles.
PROBLEMS:
Find the unit vector normal to the following surfaces
i.𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 = 4 𝑎𝑡 (2, −2,3)
Sol: Let φ = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 − 4
𝛿𝜙 𝛿𝜙 𝛿𝜙
Grad 𝜙 = 𝛻𝜙 = 𝛿𝑥
ⅈ + 𝛿𝑦 𝑗 + 𝛿𝑧 𝑘
𝛻𝜙 = (2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑧)ⅈ + 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 2𝑥𝑘
(𝛻𝜙)(2,−2,3) = −2ⅈ + 4𝑗 + 4𝑘
𝛻𝜙
Therefore, the required unit vector normal is 𝑛̂ = |𝛻𝜙|
2(−ⅈ+2𝑗+2𝑘) −ⅈ+2𝑗+2𝑘
𝑛̂ = =
√22 (1+4+4) 3
ii. 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 2 = 4 𝑎𝑡 (−1, −1,2)

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Sol: φ = 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 2 − 4
𝛻𝜙 = (𝑦 3 𝑧 2 )ⅈ + (3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 2 )𝑗 + (2𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧)𝑘
(𝛻𝜙) = −4ⅈ − 12𝑗 + 4𝑘 at (-1,-1,2)
𝛻𝜙
Therefore the required unit vector normal is 𝑛̂ = |𝛻𝜙|
4(−ⅈ − 3𝑗 + 𝑘) −ⅈ − 3𝑗 + 𝑘
𝑛̂ = =
√42 (1 + 9 + 1) √11
EX: 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦 2 𝑧 4 = 10 𝑎𝑡 (2,1, −1)
Find the Directional Derivative of the following:
i. 𝜙 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2 at (1,-2,-1) along 2i-j-2k

Sol: Given 𝜙 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2
𝛻𝜙 = (2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑧 2 )ⅈ + 𝑥 2 𝑧𝑗 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 8𝑥𝑧)𝑘
𝛻𝜙 = 8ⅈ − 𝑗 − 10𝑘 at (1,-2-1)
ⅆ
The unit vector normal along the direction 2i-j-2k is 𝑛̂ =
|ⅆ |
2ⅈ − 𝑗 − 2𝑘 2ⅈ − 𝑗 − 2𝑘
𝑛̂ = =
√4 + 1 + 4 3
2ⅈ−𝑗−2𝑘
Therefore the required directional derivative is, 𝛻𝜙 ⋅ 𝑛̂=(8ⅈ − 𝑗 − 10𝑘) ( 3
)
1 37
𝛻𝜙 ⋅ 𝑛̂ = (16 + 1 + 20) =
3 3
ii. 𝜙 = 4𝑥𝑧 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 at (2,-1,2) along 2i-3j+6k

Sol: Given 𝜙 = 4𝑥𝑧 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧
𝛻𝜙 = (4𝑧 3 − 6𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧)ⅈ − 6𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + (12𝑥𝑧 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑘

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𝛻𝜙 = 8ⅈ + 48𝑗 + 84𝑘 𝑎𝑡 (2, −1,2)
ⅆ
i. The unit vector normal along the direction 2i-3j+6k is 𝑛̂ =
|ⅆ |
2ⅈ − 3𝑗 + 6𝑘 2ⅈ − 3𝑗 + 6𝑘
𝑛̂ = =
√4 + 9 + 36 7
Therefore, the required directional derivative is,
2ⅈ−3𝑗+6𝑘 1
𝛻𝜙 ⋅ 𝑛̂ = (8ⅈ + 48𝑗 + 84𝑘) ( 7
) = 7 (16 − 144 + 504)
376
𝛻𝜙 ⋅ 𝑛̂ =
7
ii. 𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 at (1,2,3) along 3i+4j+5k
Sol: Given 𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥
𝛻𝜙 = (𝑦 + 𝑧)ⅈ + (𝑥 + 𝑧)𝑗 + (𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑘
𝛻𝜙 = 5ⅈ + 4𝑗 + 3𝑘 𝑎𝑡 (1,2,3)
ⅆ
The unit vector normal along the direction 3i+4j+5k is 𝑛̂ =
|ⅆ |
3ⅈ + 4𝑗 + 5𝑘 3ⅈ + 4𝑗 + 5𝑘
𝑛̂ = =
√9 + 16 + 25 5√2
3ⅈ+4𝑗+5𝑘
Therefore, the required directional derivative is, 𝛻𝜙 ⋅ 𝑛̂ = (5ⅈ + 4𝑗 + 3𝑘) ( 5√2
)
1
= (15 + 16 + 15)
5√2
46
𝛻𝜙 ⋅ 𝑛̂ =
5√2
EX: 𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 3 at (2,-1,1) along i+2j+2k
2. Find the angle between the surfaces 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9 and 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3 at (2,-1,2)
Sol: Angle between the surfaces is the angle between their normal
𝛻𝜙 is the vector normal to the surface and if 𝜃 is the angle between two normals then 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
𝛻𝜙1 ⋅𝛻𝜙2
|𝛻𝜙1 ||𝛻𝜙2 |

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We know that Grad 𝜙 = 𝛻𝜙 = ⅈ + 𝑗 + 𝑘
Let 𝜙1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 9 and 𝜙2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 − 3
𝛻𝜙1 = 2𝑥ⅈ + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘 and 𝛻𝜙2 = 2𝑥ⅈ + 2𝑦𝑗 − 𝑘
At the points (2,-1,2) 𝛻𝜙1 = 4ⅈ − 2𝑗 + 4𝑘 and 𝛻𝜙2 = 4ⅈ − 2𝑗 − 𝑘
(4ⅈ − 2𝑗 + 4𝑘)(4ⅈ − 2𝑗 − 𝑘) 16
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 2
=
√42 + (−2)2 + 4√42 + (−2)2 + (−1)2 6√21
8
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝜃 = cos −1 ( ) is the angle between the two surfaces.
3√21
3.Find the angle between the normal to the surface 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑧 2 at (4,1,2) & (3,3,-3)
Sol: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 2
We know that Grad 𝜙 = 𝛻𝜙 = 𝛿𝑥
𝛻𝜙=yi+xj-2zk and 𝛻𝜙 = ⅈ + 4𝑗 − 4𝑘 = 𝐴 𝑎𝑡 (4,1,2) & 𝛻𝜙 = 3ⅈ + 3𝑗 + 6𝑘 = ⃗⃗⃗

𝑩 𝑎𝑡 (3,3, −3)
⃗
𝐴⋅𝐵
⃗⃗⃗ then we have 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
If 𝜃 is the angle between the vectors 𝐴 & 𝑩 ⃗|
|𝐴||𝐵
(ⅈ + 4𝑗 − 4𝑘)(3ⅈ + 3𝑗 + 6𝑘)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
√12 + 42 + (−4)2 √32 + 32 + 62
−1 1
cos 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = cos −1 (− )
√22 √22
1
𝜃 = 𝛱 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
√22
EX: Show that the surfaces 4𝑥 2 + 𝑧 3 = 4 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑦𝑧 − 9𝑥 = 0 intersect each other
orthogonally at the point (1,-1,2)
PROBLEMS ON GRADIENT, DIVERGENCE AND CURL
1. Given 𝐴 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧ⅈ + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑥𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑥𝑦𝑘 then find div 𝐴 ,curl 𝐴 and 𝛻 2 𝐴

Sol: Given 𝐴 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧ⅈ + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑥𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑥𝑦𝑘= 𝑎1 ⅈ + 𝑎2 𝑗 + 𝑎3 𝑘
𝛿𝑎 𝛿𝑎 𝛿𝑎
i. div𝐴 = 𝛻.⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐴 = 𝛿𝑥1 + 𝛿𝑦2 + 𝛿𝑧3 =2xyz+2xyz+2xyz=6xyz
ⅈ 𝑗 𝑘
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
ii. curl𝐴 = 𝛻 × 𝐴= | 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧
|
2 2 2
𝑥 𝑦𝑧 𝑦 𝑧𝑥 𝑧 𝑥𝑦

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𝛿 𝛿 𝛿 𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
=ⅈ { (𝑧 2 𝑥𝑦) − (𝑦 2 𝑧𝑥)}-j{ (𝑧 2 𝑥𝑦) − (𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧)} + 𝑘 { (𝑦 2 𝑧𝑥) − (𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧)}
𝛿𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦
=ⅈ(𝑧 2 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑥) − 𝑗(𝑧 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦) + 𝑘(𝑦 2 𝑧 − 𝑥 2 𝑧)
curl𝐴= 𝑥(𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 )ⅈ − 𝑦(𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑗 + 𝑧(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑘
𝛿2𝐴 𝜎2𝐴 𝛿2𝐴

iii. 𝛻 2 𝐴 = 𝛿𝑥 2 + 𝛿𝑦2 + 𝛿𝑧2
𝛿 2 (𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧ⅈ + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑥𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑥𝑦𝑘) 𝜎 2 𝐴 𝛿 2 𝐴

= + 2+ 2
𝛿𝑥 2 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
= 𝛿𝑥(2𝑥𝑦𝑧ⅈ + 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑦𝑘)+ 𝛿𝑦 (𝑥 2 𝑧ⅈ + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑥𝑘) + 𝛿𝑧 (𝑥 2 𝑦ⅈ + 𝑦 2 𝑥𝑗 +
2𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑘)
=2yzi+2xzj+2xyk=2(yz+xz+xy)
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐹

2. Find the ⅆⅈ𝑣 𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝛻(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧)
Sol: Let 𝜙 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝛿𝜙 𝛿𝜙̇ 𝛿𝜙
𝐹 = 𝛻𝜙 = ⅈ+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝛿𝐼 𝛿𝑦 𝜎𝑧
𝐹 = (3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧)ⅈ + (3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧)𝑗 + (3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)𝑘
Implies 𝐹 = 𝑓1 ⅈ + 𝑓2 𝑗 + 𝑓3 𝑘
𝛿𝑓1 𝛿𝑓2 𝛿𝑓3
ⅆⅈ𝑣 𝐹 = 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹 ⋅= 𝛿𝑥
+ 𝛿𝑦
+ 𝛿𝑧
=6x+6y+6z=6(x+y+z)
ⅈ 𝑗 𝑘
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
curl𝐹 = 𝛻 × 𝐹 = | 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧
|
(3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧) (3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧) (3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
= ⅈ { 𝑦 (3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦) − (3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧)} − 𝑗 { 𝑦 (3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦) − (3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧)}
𝛿 𝛿𝑧 𝛿 𝛿𝑧
𝛿 𝛿
+ 𝑘 { 𝑥 (3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧) − (3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧)}
𝛿 𝛿𝑦
= ⅈ{−3𝑥 − (−3𝑥)} − 𝑗{−3𝑦 − (−3𝑦)} + 𝑘{−3𝑧 − (−3𝑧)}
curl𝐹 = 0
3. If 𝐹 = 𝛻(𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 2 ) then find div𝐹 and curl𝐹 at the point (1,-1,1)
Sol:𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 2 and
𝐹 = 𝛻𝜙 = 𝛿𝐼
ⅈ + 𝛿𝑦 𝑗 + 𝜎𝑧 𝑘
𝐹 = (𝑦 3 𝑧 2 )ⅈ + (3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 2 )𝑗 + (2𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧)𝐾 = 𝑓1 ⅈ + 𝑓2 𝑗 + 𝑓3 𝑘

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ⅆⅈ𝑣 𝐹 = 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹 ⋅= + +
ⅆⅈ𝑣 𝐹 = 0 + 6𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 = 2𝑥𝑦(3𝑧 2 + 𝑦 2 )
ⅆⅈ𝑣 𝐹 = −8 𝑎𝑡 (1, −1,1)
ⅈ 𝑗 𝑘
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
curl𝐹 = 𝛻 × 𝐹 = | 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧
|
3 2 2 2 3
𝑦 𝑧 3𝑥𝑦 𝑧 2𝑥𝑦 𝑧
=ⅈ(6𝑥𝑦 𝑧 − 6𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧) − 𝑗(2𝑦 3 𝑧 − 2𝑦 3 𝑧) + 𝑘(3𝑦 2 𝑧 2 − 3𝑦 2 𝑧 2 )
2
curl𝐹 = 0
4. If 𝐹 = (3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑧)ⅈ + (𝑥𝑧 3 + 𝑦 4 )𝑗 − 2𝑥 3 𝑧 2 𝑘 then find grad(div𝐹 ) at (2,-1,0)

Sol: ⅆⅈ𝑣 𝐹 = 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹 ⋅= 𝛿𝑥
+ 𝛿𝑦
+ 𝛿𝑧
ⅆⅈ𝑣 𝐹 = 6𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 3 − 4𝑥 3 𝑧 = 𝜙
grad(div𝐹 ) = 𝛻𝜙 = 𝛿𝑥
ⅈ + 𝛿𝑦 𝑗 + 𝜎𝑧 𝑘
grad(div𝐹 ) = ⟨6𝑦 − 12𝑥 2 𝑧⟩ⅈ + (6𝑥 + 12𝑦 2 ) − 4𝑥 3 𝑘
At the point (2,-1,0) we have grad(div𝐹 ) = −6ⅈ + 24𝑗 − 32𝑘
5. If 𝐹 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)ⅈ + 𝑗 − (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑘 then show that 𝐹 . 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 0
ⅈ 𝑗 𝑘
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
Sol:Curl𝐹 = 𝛻 × 𝐹 = | 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧
|=i(-1-0)-j(1-0)+k(0-1)
𝑥+𝑦+1 1 −𝑥 − 𝑦
Curl𝐹 = −ⅈ + 𝑗 − 𝑘
𝐹 .Curl𝐹 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)ⅈ + 𝑗 − (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑘 . (-i+j-k)=−𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 + 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
EX:1. Find curl(curl𝐴) given that 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦ⅈ + 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑦𝑘

2. Find grad(div𝐴) and div(curl𝐴) for Find 𝐴=𝑥 2 ⅈ + 3𝑦𝑗 + 𝑥 3 𝑘
3. If 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦 2 ⅈ + 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑗 − 3𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘 then find div𝐴 , curl𝐴 and div(curl𝐴) at (2,1,1)
SOLENOIDAL AND IRROTATIONAL VECTOR FIELDS

A vector field 𝐹 is said to be Solenoidal if div𝐹 =0 and Irrotational if curl𝐹 = 0
Irrotational field is also called as conservative field or Potential field
When 𝐹 is Irrotational there always exists a scalar point function 𝜙 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝛻𝜙 = 𝐹
𝜙 is called a scalar potential of 𝐹 .
PROBLEMS:
𝑥ⅈ+𝑦𝑗
1. Show that 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 +𝑦2 is both Solenoidal & Irrotational.

Module Name: Vector Differentiation P a g e | 10
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𝑥 𝑦
Sol: Given 𝐹 = ⅈ + 𝑗
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝐹 = 𝑓1 ⅈ + 𝑓2 𝑗
𝛿𝑓1 𝛿𝑓 𝛿 𝑥 𝛿 𝑦
ⅆⅈ𝑣 𝐹 = 𝛿𝑥
+ 𝛿𝑦2 =𝛿𝑥 (𝑥 2 +𝑦2 ) + 𝛿𝑦 (𝑥 2 +𝑦2 )
𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
= (𝑥 2 +𝑦2 )2 + (𝑥 2 +𝑦2 )2 =0
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 ⅆⅈ𝑣 𝐹 = 0 ⇒ 𝐹 is Solenoidal
ⅈ 𝑗 𝑘
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
𝜎 𝑦
Curl𝐹 = 𝛻 × 𝐹 = || 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧|| = ⅈ(0 − 0) − 𝑗(0 − 0) + 𝑘 {𝛿𝑥 (𝑥 2 +𝑦2)} −
𝑥 𝑦
0
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝜎 𝑥
(
𝛿𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
)
−2𝑥𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
Curl𝐹 = {(𝑥 2 +𝑦2 )2 + (𝑥 2 }𝑘=0
+𝑦 2 )2
Therefore Curl𝐹 = 0 implies 𝐹 is Irrotational.
2. Show that 𝐹 = (𝑦 + 𝑧)ⅈ + (𝑧 + 𝑥)𝑗 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑘 is Irrotational. Also find a scalar point
function 𝜙 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝛻𝜙 = 𝐹 .
Sol: First we have to show that Curl𝐹 = 0
ⅈ 𝑗 𝑘
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
Curl𝐹 = 𝛻 × 𝐹 = | |
𝑦+𝑧 𝑧+𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
= ⅈ(1 − 1) − 𝑗(1 − 1) + 𝑘(1 − 1) = 0 implies 𝐹 is Irrotational
Consider, 𝛻𝜙 = 𝐹
ⅈ+ 𝑗+ 𝑘 = (𝑦 + 𝑧)ⅈ + (𝑧 + 𝑥)𝑗 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑘
𝛿𝑥
= 𝑦+𝑧 𝛿𝑦
= 𝑧+𝑥 𝛿𝑧
= 𝑥+𝑦
Integrate w.r.t x integrate w.r.t y integrate w.r.t z
𝜙 = ∫ (𝑦 + 𝑧) ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜙 = ∫ (𝑧 + 𝑥) ⅆ𝑦 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑧) 𝜙 = ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦) ⅆ𝑧 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜙 = 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑧) 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑦𝑧 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑧 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦
𝜙 = 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦) , Therefore 𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧
EX:SHOW THAT 𝐹 = (2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧)ⅈ + (2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧 2 )𝑗 + (2𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑘 is a conservative force
field and also find its scalar potential.
3. Find the value of the constant ‘a’ such that 𝐹 = (𝑎𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 3 )ⅈ + (𝑎 − 2)𝑥 2 𝑗 +
(1 − 𝑎)𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘 is Irrotational and hence find a scalar function.
Sol: We need to find a such that Curl𝐹 = 0

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ⅈ 𝑗 𝑘
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
Curl𝐹 = 𝛻 × 𝐹 = | 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧
|=0
3
(𝑎 − 2)𝑥 (1 − 𝑎)𝑥𝑧 2 2
𝑎𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧
=ⅈ(0 − 0) − 𝐽{̇ (1 − 𝑎)𝑧 − (−3𝑧 )} + 𝑘{2𝑥(𝑎 − 2) − 𝑎𝑥} = 0
2 2
= −𝑗(𝑧 2 − 𝑎𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 2 ) + 𝑘(2𝑎𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥) = 0
= (𝑎 − 4)𝑧 2 𝑗 + (𝑎 − 4)𝑥𝑘 = 0
Implies a=4
𝐹 = (4𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 3 )ⅈ + 2𝑥 2 𝑗 − 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘
ⅈ+ 𝑗+ 𝑘 = (4𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 3 )ⅈ + 2𝑥 2 𝑗 − 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘
𝛿𝑥
= (4𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 3 ) 𝛿𝑦
= 2𝑥 2 𝛿𝑧
= −3𝑥𝑧 2 Integrate w.r.t x
integrate w.r.t y integrate w.r.t z
𝜙 = ∫ (4𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 3 ) ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜙 = ∫ 2𝑥 2 ⅆ𝑦 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑧) 𝜙 = ∫ − 3𝑥𝑧 2 ⅆ𝑧 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜙 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 3 + 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜙 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑧) 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧) = 0 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑧) = −𝑥𝑧 3 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜙 = −𝑥𝑧 3 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦)
Therefore 𝜙 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 3
4. Find the constants ‘a’ and ‘b’ such that 𝐹 = (𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )ⅈ + (3𝑥 2 − 𝑧)𝑗 + (𝑏𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦)𝑘 is
irrotational and also find its scalar function.
Sol: We need to find ‘a’ and ‘b’ such that Curl𝐹 = 0
ⅈ 𝑗 𝑘
𝛿 𝛿 𝛿
Curl𝐹 = 𝛻 × 𝐹 = | 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧
|=0
3 2 2
𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3𝑥 − 𝑧 𝑏𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦
ⅈ(−1 + 1) − 𝑗(𝑏𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 2 ) + 𝑘(6𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥) = 0

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑙ⅈ𝑒𝑠 𝑏 = 3 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝑎 = 6
𝐹 = (6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )ⅈ + (3𝑥 2 − 𝑧)𝑗 + (3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦)𝑘
ⅈ+ 𝑗+ 𝑘 = (6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )ⅈ + (3𝑥 2 − 𝑧)𝑗 + (3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦)𝑘
𝛿𝑥
= (6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 ) 𝛿𝑦
= (3𝑥 2 − 𝑧) 𝛿𝑧
= (3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦)
Integrate w.r.t x integrate w.r.t y integrate w.r.t z

Maharaja Downloadof
Mathematics
𝜙 = ∫ (6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 ) ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜙 = ∫ (3𝑥 2 − 𝑧) ⅆ𝑦 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑧) 𝜙 = (3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦) ⅆ𝑧 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜙 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 3 + 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜙 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑧) 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧) = −𝑦𝑧 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑧 3 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜙 = 𝑥𝑧 3 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦)
Therefore 𝜙 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 3 − 𝑦𝑧
EX:1. Find the constants a,b and c such that 𝐹 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧)ⅈ + (𝑏𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑗 +
(𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 + 2𝑧)𝑘 is irrotational and also find its scalar potential
2. Find the value of constant ‘a’ such that 𝐹 = 𝑦(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑧)ⅈ + 𝑥(𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 )𝑗 +
2𝑥𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘 is solenoidal.


Syllabus
Module-4
Integral Calculus
Review of elementary integral calculus. Reduction formulae for sinn, cosnx (with proof) and
sinm x cosnx (without proof) and evaluation of these with standard limits-Examples. Double
and triple integrals-Simple examples.
Index
1 Reduction formulae for sinnx , cosn x and sinnx cosn x. 2 -3
2 Evaluation of these with standard limits-Examples 4 -5
3 Double and Triple integrals- simple examples. 6-8
Reduction Formulae.
𝜋/2
Obtain the reduction formula for ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and hence deduce ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution : ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − ∫(𝑛 − 1)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑛−1

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑛
+ 𝑛
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−2 𝑑𝑥…….(1)
Let 𝜋/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝜋/2
𝑛−1 𝜋/2
𝐼𝑛 =∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥=[ ] + ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 0 𝑛 0
𝑛−1
𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛
Case (1) when n is odd

𝑛−3 𝑛−5 4 2
𝐼𝑛−2 = 𝑛−2 𝐼𝑛−4 , 𝐼𝑛−4 = 𝑛−4 𝐼𝑛−6 , … … . 𝐼5 = 5 𝐼3 , 𝐼3 = 3 𝐼1
𝜋/2
And 𝐼1 = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
Case (2) when n is even

𝑛−3 𝑛−5 3 1
𝐼𝑛−2 = 𝑛−2 𝐼𝑛−4 𝐼𝑛−4 = 𝑛−4 𝐼𝑛−6 , … … . 𝐼4 = 4 𝐼2 , 𝐼2 = 2 𝐼0 ,
𝜋/2
And 𝐼0 = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋/2
(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 3)(𝑛 − 5) … 3.1 𝜋

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑛 = .
𝑛(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 4) … .4.2 2
Subject Name: Additional Mathematics –I Module No 4
Module Name: Integral Calculus Page |2
𝜋/2
Obtain the reduction formula for ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and hence deduce ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution : ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − ∫(𝑛 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑥(− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑛
+ 𝑛
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑑𝑥…….(1)
Let 𝜋/2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝜋/2
𝑛−1 𝜋/2
𝐼𝑛 =∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥=[ ] + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 0 𝑛 0
𝑛−1
𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛
Case (1) when n is odd

𝑛−3 𝑛−5 4 2
𝐼𝑛−2 = 𝑛−2 𝐼𝑛−4 , 𝐼𝑛−4 = 𝑛−4 𝐼𝑛−6 , … … . 𝐼5 = 5 𝐼3 , 𝐼3 = 3 𝐼1
𝜋/2
And 𝐼1 = ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
Case (2) when n is even

𝑛−3 𝑛−5 3 1
𝐼𝑛−2 = 𝑛−2 𝐼𝑛−4 𝐼𝑛−4 = 𝑛−4 𝐼𝑛−6 , … … . 𝐼4 = 4 𝐼2 , 𝐼2 = 2 𝐼0 ,
𝜋/2
And 𝐼0 = ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋/2
(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 3)(𝑛 − 5) … 3.1 𝜋

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑛 = .
𝑛(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 4) … .4.2 2
Note:
π⁄ (m−1)(m−3)(m−5)….×(n−1)(n−3)(n−5)….
2 sinm x cosn x dx = ×k
∫0 (m+n)(m+n−2)(m+n−4)…..
π⁄ ,if both m and n are even

where k = 2
1 ,other wise.
Problems: Evaluate the following:

𝜋/2
1. ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution : Given n =6 even

𝜋/2
5.3.1. 𝜋 5𝜋
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = =
0 6.4.2.2 16
𝑎 𝑥7
2. ∫0 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
Solution:𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 → 0𝑡𝑜 𝑎 , 𝜃 → 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜋/2

𝑎 𝑥7 𝜋/2 𝑎7 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝜃
∫0 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜋/2 6.4.2 16
= ∫0 𝑎7 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎7 = 35 𝑎7
7.5.3.1
𝜋/6
3. ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 3𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 6𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
Solution : 𝑝𝑢𝑡 3𝜃 = 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑑𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝜃 → 0 𝑡𝑜 6 , 𝑥 → 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜋/2
𝜋/6 𝜋/6
∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 3𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 6𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 3𝜃( 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃)3 𝑑𝜃
𝜋/6
= 8 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 3𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 3𝜃 𝑑𝜃
8 𝜋/2
= ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
8 2.6.4.2 1
= =
3 10.8.6.4.2 15
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
Evaluate the following:
𝜋/2
1. ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 9 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝜋/6
2. ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 3𝜃 𝑑𝜃.
𝜋/2
3. ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛15 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
1 𝑥9
4. ∫0 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
4 3
5. ∫0 𝑥 √4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
DOUBLE AND TRIPLE INTERGALS

𝑥 𝑦
Double integrals: ∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 = ∫𝑥 2 ∫𝑦 2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥.
1 1
x y z
Triple integrals: ∭R f(x, y, z)dV = ∫x 2 ∫y 2 ∫z 2 f(x, y, z)dz dy dx.
1 1 1
Problems
1 √𝑥 1 𝑦2 √𝑥 1 1
1. ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥. = ∫0 𝑥 [ ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 2
1
1 𝑥3 𝑥4 1
= [( ) − ( )] = .
2 3 4 0 24
𝜋⁄ 𝜋 𝜋⁄ 𝜋
2
2. ∫0 ∫0 sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥. = ∫0 2[−cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)]0 𝑑𝑦
𝜋⁄ 𝜋
= 2 ∫0 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦]0 ⁄2 = 2.
Assignment Problems:
2 2−𝑦
1. ∫0 ∫0 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
𝑦
4 𝑥2
2. ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥. 𝑥
𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
3. ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
𝜋 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
4. ∫0 ∫2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃.
𝑏 𝜋⁄
5. ∫𝑏⁄ ∫0 2𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟.
2
2 3 2
1. ∫0 ∫1 ∫1 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 3 2
=∫
0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 × ∫1 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 × ∫1 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 26.
𝑐 𝑏 𝑎
2. ∫−𝑐 ∫−𝑏 ∫−𝑎(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥.
𝑎
𝒄 𝒃 𝑧3
= ∫−𝑐 ∫−𝒃 𝑥2 [𝑧]𝑎−𝑎 + 𝑦2 [𝑧]𝑎−𝑎 + [ ] 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥.
3 −𝑎
𝒄 𝒃 𝑎3
= ∫−𝒄 ∫−𝒃 𝟐𝒂 𝑥2 + 2𝑎𝑦2 + 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥.
3
3
𝒄 4𝑎𝑏 4𝑎3 𝑏
= ∫−𝒄 𝟒𝒂𝒃𝑥2 + + 𝑑𝑥
3 3
𝟖𝒂𝒃𝒄
= [𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ]
𝟑
log 2 x x+log y x+y+z

3. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 e dz dy dx.
log 2 𝑥 𝑥+log 𝑦
= ∫0 ∫0 [ex+y+z ]0 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦.
log 2 𝑥 2𝑥+𝑦
= ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
log 2
= ∫0 [𝑦𝑒 2𝑥+𝑦 − 𝑒 2𝑥+𝑦 ]0𝑥 − [𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 ]0𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑙𝑜𝑔2
= ∫0 (𝑥 − 1)𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 19
= 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − .
9
log 2 x x+log y x+y+z

4. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 e dz dy dx.
log 2 𝑥 𝑥+log 𝑦
= ∫0 ∫0 [ex+y+z ]0 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦.
log 2 𝑥
= ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 2𝑥+𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
log 2
= ∫0 [𝑦𝑒 2𝑥+𝑦 − 𝑒 2𝑥+𝑦 ]0𝑥 − [𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 ]0𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑙𝑜𝑔2
= ∫0 (𝑥 − 1)𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 19
= 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − .
9
1 1−𝑥 1−𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (1+𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)3
1 1−𝑥 −1 1−𝑥−𝑦
= ∫0 ∫0 [2(1+𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)2 ] 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0
1 1−𝑥 −1 1 1
= ∫0 ∫0 [4 − (1+𝑥+𝑦)2 ] 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2
−1 11 −1 1−𝑥
= 2
∫0 4 [𝑦]1−𝑥
0 − [(1+𝑥+𝑦)] 𝑑𝑥
0
−1 13 𝑥 1
= ∫0 4 − 4 − 1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1
1 3 1 𝑥2
= − 2 [4 [𝑥]10 − 4 [ 2 ] − [log(1 + 𝑥)]10 ]
0
1 5
= − 2 [8 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2]
1 1 1−𝑥
6. ∫0 ∫𝑦 2 ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1 1
= ∫0 ∫𝑦 2 𝑥 [𝑧]1−𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1 1
= ∫0 ∫𝑦 2 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1 1
1 𝑥2 𝑥3 11 𝑦4 𝑦6 4
= ∫0 [ 2 ] −[3] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 6 − + 𝑑𝑦 = 35
𝑦 2 𝑦2 2 3
Assignment Problems:
1 𝑧 𝑥+𝑧
1. ∫−1 ∫0 ∫𝑥−𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑎 𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
2. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 √1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
3. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 √1−𝑥 2 0 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫0 ∫0 ∫√𝑥 2 +𝑦2 √𝑥 2 +𝑦2 +𝑧 2
∞ ∞ ∞
5. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦+𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

Syllabus
Subject:- Additional Mathematics - I Subject Code:- 18MATDIP31
Module-5
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (ODE’S)
Introduction-solutions of first order and first degree differential equations: exact, linear
differential equations. Equations reducible to exact and Bernoulli’s equation .
Index
SL.
Contents Page No.
No.
1 Introduction-solutions of first order and first degree differential 1

equations: exact, linear differential equations.
2 Equations reducible to exact 2
3 Bernoulli’s equation 4
Introduction
Many problems in all branches of science and engineering when analysed for putting in a
mathematical form assumes the form of a differential equation. An engineer or an applied
mathematician will be mostly interested in obtaing a solution for the associated equation without
bothering much on the rigorous aspects like the proof, validilty , condition , region of existence
etc. Accordingly the study of differential equations at various levels is focussed on the methods
of solving the equations.
EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Statement: The necessary and the sufficient condition for the DE
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 to be an exact equation is
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Further the solution of the exact solution is given by
∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑁(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
Where in the first term we integrate 𝑀 wrt x keeping y fixed and 𝑁(𝑦) indicate the terms in N
without x
Example1 : Solve (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Solution: Let 𝑀 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 and 𝑁 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 1 and =1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 𝜕𝑥 , the given equation is exact
𝜕𝑦
The solution is
∫ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 = 𝑐 is the required solution
Example 2: Solve (𝒚𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 − (𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Subject Name: Additional Mathematics – I Module No. 5
Module Name: Ordinary Differential Equations (Ode’s) Page |2
Solution: Let 𝑀 = 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 and 𝑁 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 and = −3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= , the given equation is exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
The solution is
∫(𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 0 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥𝑦 3 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 = 𝑐 is the required solutiom
(3) Solve (𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒚 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚+𝒚
(4) Solve𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙+𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚+𝒙
Equation Reducible to the Exact Form

Sometimes the given DE which is not an exact equation can be transformed into an exact
equation by multiplying with some function known as Integrating Factor (IF)
Worked Problems
1. Solve (𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Solution: 𝑀 = 4𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑁 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 and = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 The equation is not exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Consider − 𝜕𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑁
𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 2
Now, 𝑁 ( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑥
Hence, 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is an integrating factor
2
𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2
Multiplying the given equation by 𝑥 2 we now have,
𝑀 = 4𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑁 = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 4𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 and = 4𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Solution of the exact equation is
∫(4𝑥 3 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 0 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥4
𝑥4𝑦 + 𝑥3𝑦2 − = 𝑐 is the required solution
4
(2) Solve 𝒚(𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟑)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Solution: Let 𝑀 = 𝑦(2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1) and 𝑁 = 𝑥(3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 3)
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 1 and = 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 3 The equation is not exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Consider − 𝜕𝑥 = −4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2 = −2(2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1) 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑀
𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 2
Now, 𝑀 ( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = − 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑦)
Hence, 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 is an integrating factor
2
∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 − ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑦2
𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑦 3 − 𝑦 4 + 3𝑦 3 and 𝑁 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2
∫(2𝑥𝑦 3 − 𝑦 4 + 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 0 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
Thus, 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑥𝑦 3 = 𝑐 is the required solution
(3) Solve (𝟖𝒙𝒚 − 𝟗𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Solution: Let 𝑀 = 8𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑦 2 and 𝑁 = 2(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 8𝑥 − 18𝑦 and = 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 The equation is not exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Consider − 𝜕𝑥 = 4(𝑥 − 3𝑦) 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑁
𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 2
Now, 𝑁 ( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Hence, 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is an integrating factor
2
𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2
𝑀 = 8𝑥 3 𝑦 − 9𝑥 2 𝑦 2 and 𝑁 = 2𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 8𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2 𝑦 and = 8𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
∫ 8𝑥 3 𝑦 − 9𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 0 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
2𝑥 4 𝑦 − 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 is the required solution
(4) Solve [𝒚𝟒 + 𝟐𝒚 ]𝒅𝒙 + [𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝟐𝒚𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙]𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
(5) Solve (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Bernoulli’s Differential Equation

𝑑𝑦
The DE of the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄𝑦 𝑛 where 𝑃 and 𝑄 𝑎𝑟𝑒 functions of 𝑥 is called as
Bernoulli’s Differential Equation in y.
Worked Problems
𝒅𝒚 𝒚
(1) Solve 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐 𝒙
Solution: This is Bernoulli’s equation. Dividing the given equation by 𝑦 2 we have
1 𝑑𝑦 1
+ = 𝑥 − − − −(1)
𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑥
1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
Put =𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
−𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡 𝑡
Hence, (1) becomes + 𝑥 = 𝑥 or 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
This equation is a linear equation of the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑄, where
1
𝑃 = − 𝑥 and 𝑄 = −𝑥
1 1
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 − ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥
The solution is 𝑡𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
1 1
𝑡 = ∫ −𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
1
Thus 𝑥𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑐 is the required solution
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑𝒚𝟑
(2) Solve 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒚 + =𝟎
𝒙
Solution: This is Bernoulli’s equation. Dividing the given equation by 𝑦 3 we have
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 −3
3
− (1 + ) 2 = − − − −(1)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
1 −2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑡
Put =𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥 or 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 1 −3
Hence, (1) becomes − 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥) =
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 1 6
+ (1 + ) 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑡
This equation is a linear equation of the form𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑄, where
1 6
𝑃 = 1 + 𝑥 and 𝑄 = 𝑥
1
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 1+𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥
The solution is 𝑡𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
6
𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
𝑒 𝑥𝑥
Thus = 6𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 is the required solution
𝑦2
𝒅𝒓
(3) Solve 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = 𝒓𝟐
𝑑𝑟
Solution: we have 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −𝑟 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝑟 1
Dividing by 𝑟 2 we get − 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −1 − − − − − (1)
𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃
1
Put 𝑟 = 𝑦 and differentiate w.r.t 𝜃
−1 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑑𝜃 and hence (1) becomes
𝑟2 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃=-1 or + 𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑡
This equation is a linear equation of the form𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑄, where
𝑃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 and 𝑄 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
The solution is 𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑄𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑐
𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑐
𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐 is the required solution
𝑟
𝒅𝒚
(4) Solve 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙
(5) Solve 𝒚(𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒆𝒙 )𝒅𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒚
(6) Solve 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = −𝒚𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

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Maharaja Education Trust (R), Mysuru

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi,

Maharaja Education Trust (R), Mysuru

 To advance extensive research in science, engineering and management disciplines.

ಉದ್ಯಮಶೋಲತೆಯ ಕೌಶಲಯ ರ್ಡೆಯಲನ ನೆರವಕಗನವುದ್ನ.

 To instill the need to uphold ethics in every aspect.

 To mould holistic individuals capable of contributing to the advancement of the society.

Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore

To promote a comprehensive, innovative and dynamic learning and research environment.

 To encourage the students to develop reasoning ability, analytical skills and an

 To provide an exemplary Mathematics program to prepare students not only for

Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore

Subject: ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS – I Subject Code: 18DIPMATAT31

SEE Question paper pattern:

IA Question paper pattern:

 To provide basic concepts of complex trigonometry, vector algebra, differential and

Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore

Subject: ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS – I Subject Code: 18DIPMATAT31

CO’s DESCRIPTION OF THE OUTCOMES

18DIPMAT31.5 Identify and solve first order ordinary differential equations.

Criteria 8 Main Coordinator Principal

Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore

Subject: ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS – I Subject Code: 18DIPMATAT31

Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore

Subject: ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS – I Subject Code: 18DIPMATAT31

Complex Trigonometry: Complex numbers: Definitions and properties.

SL. No. Contents Page No.

1 Definitions and properties, Modulus and amplitude of a complex 2-4

3 Scalar and vectors. Addition , subtraction and multiplication of 9 -10

Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore Department of Mathematics

MODULUS AND AMPLITUDE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

The number 𝐫 = +√𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 is called Modulus of 𝐙 = 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 and

The angle 𝛉 is called the Amplitude or Argument of 𝐙 = 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲

PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

1. If 𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐢𝐲𝟏 = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐢𝐲𝟐 then 𝐱 𝟏 − 𝐢𝐲𝟏 = 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐢𝐲𝟐

(ii)their difference = (𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐢𝐲𝟏 ) − (𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐢𝐲𝟐 ) = (𝐱 𝟏 − 𝐱 𝟐 ) + 𝐢(𝐲𝟏 − 𝐲𝟐 )

(iii) their product = (𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐢𝐲𝟏 )(𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐢𝐲𝟐 ) = 𝐱 𝟏 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐲𝟏 𝐲𝟐 + 𝐢(𝐱 𝟏 𝐲𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲𝟏 )

𝐱𝟏 +𝐢𝐲𝟏 (𝐱 +𝐢𝐲𝟏 )(𝐱𝟐 −𝐢𝐲𝟐 ) 𝐱𝟏 𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟏 𝐲𝟐 𝐱𝟏 𝐲𝟏 −𝐱𝟏 𝐲𝟐

Subject Name: Additional Mathematics – I (18MATDIP31) Module No 1.

Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore Department of Mathematics

4. Every complex number 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 can always be expressed in the form

5. The conjugate of 𝐙 = 𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲 is 𝐙̅ = 𝐱 − 𝐢𝐲 then,

(ii) |𝐙| = √𝐑𝟐 (𝐳) + 𝐈𝟐 (𝐳) = |𝐙̅|

(iii) 𝐙𝐙̅ = |𝐙| 𝟐

Subject Name: Additional Mathematics – I (18MATDIP31) Module No 1.

Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore Department of Mathematics

2. Reduce 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂 to the modulus amplitude form

3. Find the real values of x, y so that – 𝟑 + 𝐢𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 + 𝟒𝐢 may represent

Subject Name: Additional Mathematics – I (18MATDIP31) Module No 1.

Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore Department of Mathematics

4. Express 𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂 + 𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂 in the modulus-amplitude form.

GEOMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

By taking the square root in (1) we have,

Subject Name: Additional Mathematics – I (18MATDIP31) Module No 1.

Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore Department of Mathematics

By taking the cube root in (1) we have,

2. Find the cube root of 𝟏 + 𝐢√𝟑

Subject Name: Additional Mathematics – I (18MATDIP31) Module No 1.