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Thermal Physics
 Thermal
Properties of Matter

.io#n. gne., emper., . (Boi9ingPointofHa0

scales Thermometric conversions
Most important temperature Important
* 2008
ÑF= 1.80C •
C
•

F k value at ←¥= Constant

=
1.8 DK temperature ,
-1
hp lp
-

vaiueata
0°C 32°F 273-15 " t
Freezing Point of Hao ↳
lower temperature
Valueata
o.o ,, a. ago , a ,→
go.p.ep.pni.fm .

qq.fi?j.c-=-,r-z-.p??;Fz-.pT--=P-i--.P-
100°C 212°F 373.15K
100°C -
0°C Piojc Pic
•
at which all states oftlzocoexfst
Temperature
:÷÷÷÷÷÷:=÷÷÷
.

Different Thermometers
f.
Mercury
Thermometer : 1-38.821-03564 jf.ca?g?-=300K-2--3k373K-273KT#=RT-R- gjc 0°C Rosie -

ROC
500°C
→ When
topped with Na ,
higher point Tby
slow ]
Thermal Expansion
2. Gas Thermometer :(Highly accurate ;
?¥;B=a?¥
✗ : 0
RT )
=

3. Resistance Thermometer :(Tconductort : µ,

4. Thermometric Thermometer :(Seebach effect] A

• ✗④ [ TILT ] -

Generally

taobao.candi.it?&iVminPmax6.Baythoscope:Toceanf1oor
5.
Pyrometers : Tsun , Tmoon /Stephan's law ] ✗ ① [-11^4] -

:[ Kelvin ]
"
•
Unit of d. f. 8
7.
Magnetic Thermometer : Measure -14K
Ai ( It PDT )
•
4- =L:( HXDT) ;Af=
* Thermal stress and strain
yg=vi(1+rDT) =p :( p -
8D -17*201512013
Y , ✗ , DT

Relationship blood Bando

Area ,A
• • *
Questions
comparison
,

'
*
solids
A.
Isotropic
:
• •
4,4

:D÷=✗DT
• •
1. Thermal strain da.la 8=32
* " " "° "

2. Thermal stress Ytnermalstrain) constant p=2✗

:
Dtbwrods remain
if solids
Anisotropic
:
of DT 2.
irrespective
:
Altnerma/ stress)
>
3. Thermal Tension :

2,4=2212 8=4 -1dg -122

• Bimetallic strip
Expansion of Annular Disc Buy ✗
netty
-

•
-

✗, > ✗ 2

(B) f=r2 / It ✗ DT) pendulum

of
>
* in -1
Change
""me
ra a

µ , (
↳ ✗ DT )
✗I ✗ µ ,g=r
2

¥ -21¥
-

Real and
Apparent Expansion
: •
* '

Real Expansion of Liquid:b V.

-

Kat)
iii. Hi -11211 -10in) =L -

Apparent Expansion of Liquid

'

Hi)B=v Ivf)☐=v
'

. .

]
[122B£][T
i; Hi )i=k "t ) - "i vi. v. (1+8130-1)
:: :DVf Dvi :( Vi Vi ) -14-112)
=

Dtloss / gain
- -

.
=

-
'
.
-

.
JB i 8L
 Thermal capacity ,R Calorimetry Water
Equivalent
-

i.

)
' "
⑤ =
Body (51--11) Aluminium ( Cs 4cal g- K
1.40g
-_

Heat ,Cs
* Important values :Hzo
2.
Specific capacity " "
→
QD-i.lk = 4014 ) = 160cal

( Ke) 0.5cal K
Cs =
Qpkg ID-1=11 ) 1. Cs -

9- → 160cal =
may .ca/lak) mtko -1609
-

-1
-1K
2. Cs (1-1,0) - •
calg ( cs=2ca19"K )
"
3. Molar Heat
Capacity .cm , 2.
Dog substance

Cm= Q1 mole / D-1=11 )

g. ↳ (steam, -

o.yycaig.iq 1012 ) 20cal

I
→
Q☐T=ik = =

4. Lf (1-120) 80cal g-
-

AA2Ol6 Muzo (1) 11k) Mtko -209

-

1 → 20cal =

Lv (1-120) -540cal
.

1. Latent Heat of Fusion 5. g-

4- =Qlkg(Solid Liquid) →
llvaplnigh : steam Burns are more

2. LatentHeatofllapourisation
*
Graphical knowledge severe

-1T
Gas)
lhiquid
a
Lv 1kg =
→
Q,=mCD-1--410.51151=10 cat
"

Qa=mLf=4( go)= 320cal

- -

* Solid & Hollow Sphere

120°C
- -

ji
- - - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -

Q,

100°C Qz=mCDT=4(1) ( 1001=400 Cal

[same material & Radius]
-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
i
. -

1*2021
013 Qy=mLf= 41540) = 2160cal
Q2
Dtsame Hsame >
QQ , = MCD-1=410.471120)

* 2020 Q' * 2012

✓ y .gg •

✗ same ;D-1 same Msolid > Mtlollow 4g / ce

ti
t' FIFI +11=+12
(radius)f → Same
DTH > DTs
Heat Transfer
Crf )µ¥(rf)s
Ñ¥_¥
* Conduction : 1-13=1-11+1-12
Problems * 2014
An
Mixing IT • • -12
A.
4gkelo.cl 4091-401804 BALOR
H=d
→ KA
=
→ 1. A. K ,
Q, -_
4180 ) 0,2=40111180) 2009
3200cal T, Tz l,A2iK2
320cal
=
=

(Resistance
)Rod=¥
, , →

104491-120 40g Hzocoz)

¥ IT TO
Hcomb = H, -11-12
-12
4491120102) →

↳ D -1=13200-320 ) e, la kcomblAi-ADDT-kiAIDT-kzA.AT
44 l l l
A A
Steam
2. 1g Ice 1g ki ka
r* " ""
Q2=m↳ DT, A-12
Q, D.Tcomb = + A , ,DT,l Aa ,DT,l
-_
Mlf ,
= 540cal

1-11=4+12
180)
1911201100.4 * 2013
)=¥÷+,ty¥
→
Hllilz
-80cal KIAID -1=4 KZAZDT
Kcom A
-

Qz=mcDT l
-

l
=p (1) 1100 ) pg Ki ,
All
100cal

H=d¥✗K
At
=
+
, Ka A. l
, ✗ DT
10°C) / gtfo IgHz0( 0°C) keomb ?

¥ -11-12*2017 lA2005
Ay
✗
Hcomb=H ,

10°C)2gHz0-→D -1=(640-80) kclzn-j.DT-K.CA/lDT)+KzlA)lDT)

2 Lll let
(e)
•T•
Aid •
°
"° "
.
K,
• 2K A. L
,

300k 1K 2K
→ 2k ,A , I 4K , A. L
"'
A A
• → .

31 l 2k
,Ail→ To Hz 100k
, *
H2
What is -10
? Ha
Series ?
what
isHµ÷ Parallel
.

1--11=1-12 300K
what is -10 ?
KIA/ 1300 To) 2K / To -10011A) ! R , -1122
Rs
1-12--41<1--0-1-1 2ky
-

= 1 =

31 l
H -11-12=1-13
,

2k Alto -100)
=2¥k+¥k = GKATO
KA /400 To) -
+ 2kA 1300 To) -

b.
=4¥k
=

e l l

*H=t¥pk)
2.

Bira diction :(Intensity) ✗ -114 Stephans Boltzmann's constant

Be Cloonnvveecctiioonn : Wm-2K -4
5.67×10-8

Depends Gravity
]
• on
Bodies 's Boltzmann's Law
•
✗ (surface Area) Behaviour of Stephan
• Particles of liquid flow Q
~ > and transmit B. (1) surface =
:& -14
:

:b-1%,
•

Rateoftleatflow ✓ Blackbody power :( 411-122/(01-4)

Qreflect -12 1*2017,2007
Solar constant
a=Qg÷r=¥t=
2 -4 )p =P
For Black Bodies :
.

• (a+r+t= a) p 141172)
sun 9=1

"µ÷g)
= OT
NBB=(Power)NBB
•
emmisivityof -
T

(e) (Power)BB -
T * 2012,2010
gary,

{
✗ 1- constant 12.8×10-3 mk)
Wein's Displacement Law : =

Solar constant :(I / earth f ↳

Temperature
Ofa Body
"
Energy isemmited
=

?¥÷ ,
=
0T ?
/%) maximum at this wavelength

Newton ,
,
yaw.gg, ,,ng , • pay,
,gµymn,µ , ,,
,m
, ,
, , , , , ,, way,

If -1 > To
✗
_d¥B_ody
Heat is given to

(Tdryp)t_
>
Ts)
mm
•
(Tav
•

✗
-

To the
surrounding
tTDTt
f- dTBydy_)
40°C
Tsurrounding
•
=

loicttg.at?k
,

60°C

(90-40) 21×(70-40)
2¥ ✗
ti
fk~hermodynamis-0.tt/pansin:
Properties ① : Lie Wbysystemct)
Wby surrounding f)
Won
system 1-1
of 1st Law
Thermodynamics surrounding "
won

Intrinsic Extensive Compression :

•
Doesn't depend
•
Depends on the
Qadd =DU+Wby system Wbysystemt'
amount of amount of the Wby surrounding 1+1
on
Add 9 Won
systemic

X
substance Substance -

Won
surrounding a
.

Density ,
Color, •
Mass , Volume

MP and BP
Qa"dd ① removed Expansion
0th workisdone against
Law of Thermodynamics v .
the surrounding
,
n

TA Increase in Decrease.in
If ,Ta=TB;TA=% Internal Energy
Compression
Internal Energy
worpnisdonebythe
"

→
Then -113=1
* 2010 surrounding
,
,

Tc ↳ =P
TB
> CP -

Completely goes Intel llsochoric)DV=0

-
2009

Triatomic > .

Monoatomic Diatomic
converts 9nw( Isothermal )DT=O
Cv
3¥ ¥
312
Qadd
>
Completely
Cp ¥ 7¥
"R >
Partially increases U;
Partially :W( Isobaric)DP=O
Involved / A diabetic)Q=0
r
f- -5 ¥ > No Heat
* 2019

Isothermal Payne lsochoric Pat Isobaric vxt Adiabatic 101=01

Qadd Qadd Qaddlncpbtl Wbythe system

.im#i.-...............mWbythesystemTUofthesystemUTWby
TT VT
" * f

system Ut ,
-11

(nCvDT) (NRDT)
Q removed Qremoved Won the
=DU_ * 2018 system
{compression 11114 { Temperature !
•

f- Qadd * 2010 { v1 Pt

Won the system f. Uofthesystem UTTTT

DU =D-1=0
① removed
• •
W=⑥
y,
•

Expansion :

I +11T ( KY PND
Expansion ±
Wbysys
-

:
Qadd =DU
• __
•

Ut Won system 0-1

Wbysys
,
NCVDT
2.303hr
-11091¥ )
=

NRIT, -1-2)
__
=

8- I
Qrem =L )
AU
Expansion
-11091¥
• :
2.303hr
-

=nCvfDT) Compression :

Wby system = PDV

(13%174)
Compression :
=
npgy
Wonsys __

8- I

Wonsys 2.303hr-11091¥ )
-_

compression :
= NRI-12-1 )
8- I
* 2020
Wonsys 1- PDV)
2.303hr
-11091¥
-_

1- NRDT )
•
All sudden processes
areadiabetic
 /

{ |
lsochoric Isothermal A- diabetic Isobaric
☒ 2014
$2014 "
* "" " "" " " " " "" Pv! constant "" " ""
⑨ * 2013 F-
pm -µ°= constant
✗
P "
v1
"" "" " ""
"

"
"
↳ B
•

Expansion : •

Compression :

> T lwisothermal > Wadiabelic) ( Wisothermakwadiabelic) f-

>

* 2017 AR2016
Slope ✗ Fg :-
V2 V1
>
xp xp
:B> P,
A Slope ✗
¥
!;t
Pi i.
zfpfim.ro
- - - - - -
;
i
gq
I
xp 1PM more
, " P * 2012
i i
Pi
;A
- -

;
- - - - -
- - - - - -

I
- - - -

; , ,
Vi Vf v1 Ff Vi
y,
> 11 * 2012 > 11

PV Graphs 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

•
Known as indicator Mheatengineis • never

Graph . Heat Engine :

W
* 2018,2013

Area under it :W {
f ¥,=QHQti
• -
Qc TH To -

is > TH
QQ.FM
f
mm

• Internal Energy
a
Qc
state function coefficient of Efficiency
TH Te
[
* . .. T
.* . .
. .. . .

AP AP
•
, ¢ RefrigeratorW : I

{
f Yg
> Qe Qc To
,
v
um>
mm'

QH
É÷É=Qµ-Qc= -1+1 -

To
v

v ↳ * 2016

Wby System won

To TH
Coefficient of Performance
I system
I
Qadd
Qremored Carnot Engine
np
* 2012
DU2
'' P
1. Isothermal Expansion
• DU , =
Qadd
"
2. Adiabetic Expansion
go
4^1%+2
•
w, > Wa

z
• b Qi > Qa 3. Isothermal Compression
>✓
Is 4. Adiabetic
Q removed
> 11
compression
 Kinetic
Theory of Gases Kinetic
Various Laws Theory of Gas
Tconstant ( P✗%) Postulates
1.
Boyle 's Law :

2. Charles Law : Pconstant ( Vtt ) 1. Vvcontainer >> llkombined of Gas molecules

Random Motion
2. Gas molecules :

Lussac's Law : Vconstant (PDT )

3.
Gay 3. Force b/w Gas molecules -_ 0

Questions Elastic ;NokE1oss

Graphical :
4. Collisions Completely
-

• 2013
Equations
v1 P
xp "
^
✓
v1 p, * 2021
* 2013

.VrmÉ= ( KE)
V2 B IT
Ta t 1311=31 .mg 3- t
> 1- f-
> Pressure combined ktofa" * 2021
>✓
V2 >Vp P2 PI>
T, > Try of the Gas gas molecules

* 2019 * 2020

( RT )
xp I am ,
P
My
KE=
3- (NRT ) KE=}- KE=
3- IKBT )

Mi Mi t v
✓

Gas
n' moles of
'

my my KE of kEof1 mole of Gas kEof1 molecule of Gas

at temperature -1 at temperature -1 at temperature -1
IM R F
> T > I >V
Velocities
IY ✗ mass
IY ✗ mass
PV

T
✗ mass
Different
* 2018,2016
( m , ma)> ( Mi > Ma) ( Ma> Mil
a-prep
VRMS Vav Vmp
•

•
•
Tconstant
Questions
✓
Proportionality :
vconstant = 312T
M
= SRT

TIM
= 212T
M

* 2021
Leaking of the
Gas Problems :
= 310 = 810 = 2P

Apply Chartes Law To egas Fpgas egas

Concept :
,
*
*

take Vf=
Vitvescape .

n.vi-ns.ve MY + nah

lnitna) (Nitra)
Ti -300K ✓
escape ?
? 1-
"j¥
-
•
=

7- = 400k 300 ✓ Internal E- and

specific Heats
calculate Ulmolecule
step -1 ;
→ Monoatomic
" V -10.9W

11A
d.
300
=

Tf
Step M : Ut molecule Ulmole
-
→
Uimolecule =3
Krg
llinitial
•
:

Ti -300k-
2 . DT -
Hf -300 ) step -111 ; Uimoie Cv -1 = .

→ Diatomic / no vibration)
step -111 ; Cp Cut R =

Uimolecule =3 KBT +2 KBT

For what
DT.90.to/-gasescapes ? step M ; r=C¥
-
a a

→ Diatomic /vibration) * 2019

Gas Equation

=
Ideal •
(RET) , molecule =3 KBT
Ulmolecule =3
( All Gases] 2 KY +2
KBGT + KBT

* 2015

PM =p RT (KER) molecule Triatomic / no vibration)

PV=n_ RT 2008
•

other

fdiatom.sc#
→

monoatomic
-

no -

of moles molar mass

Ulmolecule =3 KBT
+3K¥
2 KBT
3 KBT 2
• KBT

Pll =
IIKBT Pm
-
=
PKB -1*2016 2 2 2
→ Triatomic (vibration)
mass of a
no
of molecules (IKE ) , molecule
molecule / KBT) Ulmolecule =3
KY +3k¥
KBT
.
+
•
,
= n
 Ulmolecule Ulmole Unmoles
of Freedom
Degree
Monoatomic Monoatomic Monoatomic
→ → (f) →

Ulmolecule =3 KBT
Uimolecule =3 RT ⑧ Ulmolecule =3 NRT
2

.ci/=f.Rz
2 2
:

→ Diatomic /no vibration Diatomic /no vibration → Diatomic /no vibration

NRT
Ul molecule = 5 KBT
Uimolecule = 5 RT Ax2021 Ulmolecule = 5
2 2
2
* 2013

→ Diatomic /vibration → Diatomic (vibration → Diatomic /vibration)

NRT
Ulmolecule 7 Ul molecule 9- RT Ulmolecule = 9-
k¥
= =
2
z

Triatomic / no vibration) Triatomic / no vibration → Triatomic / no vibration

→

↳ molecule 66 NRT
Ulmolecule 8 Ulmolecule RT =
= KBT = 8
2
2 2

→ Triatomic /vibration → Triatomic /vibration

→ Triatomic /vibration)

Ulmolecule 8 NRT
Ul molecule 8 KBT 8 =
=
↳ molecule = RT
2
2 z

Polyatomic Gasno.ofvpbrationalm.de#UofaMixtureof- Gases2017 *

AM .lt/mo1ecu1e=3KBT-3KBT-Ei..iKBT
+ Umix = U, + Up -1 Uz
2 2 =
Nicu , -1 -1
n2Cv2TtNzCvzT
Ulmolecule = ( 6 -12m) KBT
2
>
Degree of Freedom Maxwell's Distributor curve
2. Ulmole 16+2412-7 = Cut
Duetott :vT:Nmpt,
=

2 an Nn
- - - -
-

: TT
- - -
.
" .
.

:( ✓ = (6 -12h)R .
mm > . . . . . . . - - - - -
- - - -
-

:
"
<

↳+ R
3. Cp =

(G) mix = nicv , + nacva >

:
>
("mph Hmp) Hmp)z
Cp=(
8 -12h)R (n , -1ha) v ,
µ
2
MCP , Nacpz
(G) mix =
+

Mean Free Path : _=

•

(nitna) J-211-n.DZ
8=C÷=(
KA 8 -12N)
✓
.

→
(6 -12h) (G) mix * 201492020 Diameter of
ymg×= number density a molecule
(G) mix of molecules