Lecture 19: Fluid Kinematics -

Linear Momentum I
The momentum equation is another way of
stating Newton’s 2nd Law:

� 𝑭𝑭 = 𝑚𝑚𝒂𝒂

𝑑𝑑𝑽𝑽 𝑑𝑑(𝑚𝑚𝑽𝑽)
� 𝑭𝑭 = 𝑚𝑚 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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 Fluid Kinematics - Linear
Momentum I
For our fluid system, Newton’s 2nd Law can be written as follows:
𝜕𝜕
� 𝑽𝑽𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + � 𝑽𝑽𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝜌𝜌𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − � 𝑽𝑽𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝜌𝜌𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = � 𝑭𝑭
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 cv
CV

For steady flow we have that:

� 𝑽𝑽𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝜌𝜌𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − � 𝑽𝑽𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝜌𝜌𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = � 𝑭𝑭
CV
This equation is known as the linear momentum equation!

This equation has dimensions of force

The vectors Vout and Vin have magnitude and direction
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 Linear Momentum
The linear momentum equation assumes :
– Steady flow conditions
– Control volume is fixed and nondeforming
– Control volume has uniform properties across
the inlets and outlets
– The velocity is normal to the inlet and outlet
areas

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 Linear Momentum
The linear momentum equation can be separated into its 3
components as follows (this is the scalar form of the equation):
� 𝑢𝑢𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜌𝜌𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − � 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜌𝜌𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = � 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥

� 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜌𝜌𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − � 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜌𝜌𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = � 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦

� 𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜌𝜌𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − � 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜌𝜌𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = � 𝐹𝐹𝑧𝑧

Recall that
𝑽𝑽 = 𝑢𝑢𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝑣𝑣 𝒋𝒋+̂ 𝑤𝑤 𝒌𝒌�
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑧𝑧 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑢𝑢𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 , 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 , 𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑧𝑧 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
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General steps to apply the linear
momentum equation:

• Identify unknown(s)
• Identify control volume
• Identify relevant forces acting on the control
volume: ∑CV 𝑭𝑭
• Separate (write) linear momentum equation
into its 3 components (x, y and z)
• Pay attention to sign convention!