POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

LOPEZ, QUEZON BRANCH

College of Engineering - Electrical Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering (BSEE)

MEEN 20042
Basic Thermodynamics
Prepared by:

JR THADEUS L. ARCHE, REE

Subject Instructor
Basic Principles,
Concepts, and
Definitions
 Introduction

Thermodynamics is that branch of

the physical sciences that treats of
various phenomena of energy and
the related properties of matter,
especially of the laws of
transformation of heat into other
forrns of energy and vice versa.
 Systems of Units

Newton's law states that “the acceleration of a

particular body is directly proportional to the
resultant force acting on it and inversely
proportional to its mass.”

𝒌𝑭 𝒎𝒂 𝒎𝒂
𝒂= ,𝑭= , 𝒌=
𝒎 𝒌 𝑭

k is a proportional constant
 Systems of Units

Systems of units where k is unity but not

dimensionless:
▪ cgs system: 1 dyne force accelerates 1 g mass
at 1 𝒄𝒎Τ𝒔𝟐
▪ mks system: 1 newton force accelerates 1 kg
mass at 1 𝒎Τ𝒔𝟐
▪ fps system: 1 lb force accelerates 1 slug mass
𝒇𝒕
at l ൗ𝒔𝟐
 Systems of Units

𝒈𝒎 . 𝒄𝒎 𝒌𝒈𝒎 . 𝒎 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈 . 𝒇𝒕
𝒌=𝟏 𝟐 ,𝒌 = 𝟏 𝟐 ,𝒌 = 𝟏
𝒅𝒚𝒏𝒆 . 𝒔 𝒏𝒆𝒘𝒕𝒐𝒏 . 𝒔 𝒍𝒃𝒇 . 𝒔𝟐
 Systems of Units

Systems of units where k is not unity:

✓ If the same word is used for both mass and
force in a given system, k is neither unity nor
dimensionless.

1 lb force accelerates a 1 lb mass at 32.174 𝒇𝒕ൗ𝒔𝟐

1 g force accelerates a 1 g mass at 980.66 𝒄𝒎Τ𝒔𝟐
1 kg force accelerates a 1 kg mass at 9.8066 𝒎Τ𝒔𝟐
 Systems of Units

𝒍𝒃𝒎 . 𝒇𝒕
𝒌 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟒
𝒍𝒃𝒇 . 𝒔𝟐
𝒈𝒎 . 𝒄𝒎
𝒌 = 𝟗𝟖𝟎. 𝟔𝟔
𝒈𝒇 . 𝒔𝟐
𝒌𝒈𝒎 . 𝒎
𝒌 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟔
𝒌𝒈𝒇 . 𝒔𝟐
 Systems of Units

Relation between kilogram force (𝒌𝒈𝒇 ) and

Newton (N)

𝒌𝒈𝒎 . 𝒎 𝒌𝒈𝒎 . 𝒎
𝒌=𝟏 𝟐 , 𝒌 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟔
𝑵 .𝒔 𝒌𝒈𝒇 . 𝒔𝟐
𝒌𝒈𝒎 .𝒎 𝒌𝒈𝒎 .𝒎
Therefore, 𝟏 𝑵 .𝒔𝟐 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒈 .𝒔𝟐
𝒇
𝟏 𝒌𝒈𝒇 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟔 𝑵
 Systems of Units

Relation between p𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬(𝒍𝒃𝒎 ) and slug

𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈 . 𝒇𝒕 𝒍𝒃𝒎 . 𝒇𝒕
𝒌=𝟏 𝟐 , 𝒌 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟒
𝒍𝒃𝒇 . 𝒔 𝒍𝒃𝒇 . 𝒔𝟐
𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈 .𝒇𝒕 𝒍𝒃𝒎 .𝒇𝒕
Therefore, 𝟏 𝒍𝒃 .𝒔𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟒 𝒍𝒃 .𝒔𝟐
𝒇 𝒇
𝟏 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟒 𝒍𝒃𝒎
 Acceleration

A unit of force is one that produces unit acceleration

in a body of unit mass.

𝒎
𝑭= 𝒂
𝒌
1 poundal = 𝟏 𝒍𝒃𝒎 𝟏 𝒇𝒕ൗ𝒔𝟐
F is force in poundals
𝒎Τ is mass in pounds
𝒌
a is acceleration in 𝒇𝒕ൗ𝒔𝟐
 Acceleration

𝒎
𝑭= 𝒂
𝒌
𝒇𝒕 𝟏 𝒍𝒃𝒇 .𝒔𝟐
1 pound = 𝟏 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈 𝟏 ൗ𝒔𝟐 ; 𝟏 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈 = 𝒇𝒕
F is force in pounds
𝒎Τ is mass in slugs
𝒌
a is acceleration in 𝒇𝒕ൗ𝒔𝟐
 Mass and Weight

• The mass of a body is the absolute quantity of

matter in it.
• The weight of a body means the force of gravity
𝑭𝒈 on the body.

𝒎 𝑭 𝑭𝒈
= =
𝒌 𝒂 𝒈
where g = acceleration produced by force 𝑭𝒈
a = acceleration produced by another force F
At or near the surface of the earth, k and g are
numerically equal, so are m and 𝑭𝒈
 Problems

1. What is the weight of a 66-𝒌𝒈𝒎 man at

standard condition?
 Problems

2. The weight of an object is 50 lb. What is its

mass at standard condition?
 Problems

3. Five masses in a region where the acceleration

𝒇𝒕
due to gravity is 30.5 ൗ𝒔𝟐 are as follows: 𝒎𝟏 is
500 g of mass; 𝒎𝟐 weighs 800 𝒈𝒇 ; 𝒎𝟑 weighs
15 poundals; 𝒎𝟒 weighs 3 𝒍𝒃𝒇 ; 𝒎𝟓 is 0.10 slug
of mass. What is the total mass expressed
a) in grams
b) in pounds
c) in slugs
 Specific Volume, Density and Specific Weight

The density 𝝆 of any substance is its mass (not

weight) per unit volume.
𝒎
𝝆=
𝑽
The specific volume v is the volume of a unit
mass.
𝑽 𝟏
𝒗= =
𝒎 𝝆
 Specific Volume, Density and Specific

The specific weight 𝜸 of any substance is the force of

gravity on unit volume.
𝑭𝒈
𝜸=
𝑽
Since the specific weight is the local acceleration of
gravity as the density is to the standard acceleration,
𝜸
Τ𝒈 = 𝝆Τ𝒌, conversion is easily made;
𝜸𝒌 𝝆𝒈
𝝆= 𝒐𝒓 𝜸 =
𝒈 𝒌
At or near the surface of the earth, k and g are
numerically equal, so are 𝝆 and 𝜸.
 Problems

1. What is the specific weight of water at

standard condition?
 Problems

2. Two liquids of different densities (𝝆𝟏 =1500

𝒌𝒈Τ𝒎𝟑 , 𝝆𝟐 =500 𝒌𝒈Τ𝒎𝟑 ) are poured together
into a 100-L tank, filling it. If the resulting
density of the mixture is 800 𝒌𝒈Τ𝒎𝟑 , find the
respective quantities of liquids used. Also,
find the weight of the mixture; local g = 9.675
𝒎𝒑𝒔𝟐 .