This document summarizes key concepts in strength of materials including:
1. Normal stresses like tension and compression from longitudinal forces.
2. Shear stresses from forces applied parallel to a cross section.
3. Bearing stresses from concentrated perpendicular forces.
4. Strains and deformations from stresses, including Poisson's ratio relating transverse to longitudinal strains.
5. Moduli like shear modulus, bulk modulus, and thermal stresses from temperature changes.
This document summarizes key concepts in strength of materials including:
1. Normal stresses like tension and compression from longitudinal forces.
2. Shear stresses from forces applied parallel to a cross section.
3. Bearing stresses from concentrated perpendicular forces.
4. Strains and deformations from stresses, including Poisson's ratio relating transverse to longitudinal strains.
5. Moduli like shear modulus, bulk modulus, and thermal stresses from temperature changes.
This document summarizes key concepts in strength of materials including:
1. Normal stresses like tension and compression from longitudinal forces.
2. Shear stresses from forces applied parallel to a cross section.
3. Bearing stresses from concentrated perpendicular forces.
4. Strains and deformations from stresses, including Poisson's ratio relating transverse to longitudinal strains.
5. Moduli like shear modulus, bulk modulus, and thermal stresses from temperature changes.
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BY: NTDEGUMA STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BY: NTDEGUMA
SIMPLE STRESSES LONGITUDINAL STRESS L IV. SHEARING DEFORMATION
SHEAR MODULUS OF RIGIDITY (G) I. NORMAL STRESS VL L G= where: P s =A G s = G E P F s G= G = shear modulus of rigidity 2(1 + ) = Poisson's ratio where: E = modulus of elasticity P P V = shear force P Tension Compression L = length G = shear modulus of rigidity = P t D t BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OR MODULUS A OF VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION (K) where: V. POISSON'S RATIO V. PISSON'S RATIO P = force perpendicular to the section (N) L = D L = ( i - o )D z K= E = A = cross-sectional area (sq.mm) 4t 4t 3(1 - 2 ) V/V P P II. SHEAR STRESS where: x y = V = total applied pressure in MPa VOLUMETRIC STRAIN ( V / V) = internal pressure in MPa A i where: o = internal pressure in MPa
V = shearing force parallel to the section (N) D = diameter of cylinder (mm) =- y
=- z x V= = 3(1 - 2 ) A = area being sheared (sq.mm) t = thickness of the wall of cylinder (mm) V K E where:
III. BEARING STRESS x = strain in the x-direction
y; z = strain in perpendicular direction Ab STRAIN AND DEFORMATION ----- Negative sign indicates a decrease in transverse dimension when Pb x is positive Pb I. SIMPLE STRAIN ( ) THERMAL STRESS AND DEFORMATION Pb Pb L VI. BIAXIAL DEFORMATION THERMAL STRESS = Pb If an element is subjected simultaneously by tensile stresses = Ab L x and y in the X and Y directions, the strain in X direction is = E (Tf - Ti) = E T x and the strain in Y direction is E.y Simultaneously, the stress E A on the X-direction of the amount - or y - . The y resulting E IV. THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS strain in the X-direction will be.. THERMAL DEFORMATION ( )T TANGENTIAL STRESS T = x - y or ( x+ y )E x E E x = 2 II. AXIAL DEFORMATION ( ) 1- L T = L (Tf - Ti) = L T where: T = PL = deformation = y - x or = ( y+ x )E pressure AE L = length of the body y E E y 1- 2 D A = cross-sectional area If the wall yields a distance of x as shown, F t E = modulus of Elasticity
T VII. TRIAXIAL DEFORMATION
III. SHEARING STRAIN L s x = 1 [ x- ( y+ )]z x p E T = x + P L T = 1 [ z- ( x+ )]y L T= x + L/E D = ( i - o )D z T = t E 2t 2t where: y= 1 [ y- ( x+ )]z E s = shearing deformation s = L = length L = shearing strain
CECC-3 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 1/8 CECC-3 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2/8