PHARMACOLOGY SEM 01 | CYC 01

LECTURE AUF-CON

NCM 0106 MODULE 01 – INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY

○ Four Major Purposes of Therapeutics
OUTLINE ● Diagnosis
I Overview of the Different Routes of Medications ○ Kapag magpapa-x-ray ka, iinom ka ng
II Factors Affecting Body’s Response to Drugs gamot for better visualization (imaging
III Different Phases
A Pharmaceutic Phase purposes)
B Pharmacokinetic Phase ● Treatment/Cure
i Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion ○ Antipyretics for fever and antibiotics for
C Pharmacodynamic Phase
i Important Aspects
cough, colds or infection
ii Therapeutic Range vs Therapeutic Index ● Prevention of illness
IV Common Responses to Medications ○ Vaccines/Immunization
A Primary, Side, and Idiosyncratic Effects/Responses
● Support and Maintenance
B Hypersensitivity
C Toxic Effects ○ Keeps the body in balance
V Common Drug-to-Drug Interactions (homeostasis)
A Additive, Synergistic, Antagonistic, Displacement, ○ Hypoglycemic agents
Interference, Incompatibility
VI Subdivisions/Branches of Pharmacology
A Pharmacotherapeutics, Toxicology, and MODULE PROPER
Pharmacognosy
OVERVIEW OF THE DIFFERENT ROUTES OF
MEDICATION
DEFINITION OF TERMS
There are several ways on how one can administer
● Pharmacology different medications. The following are the common
○ The science of the study of drugs, including routes for medication administration:
their compositions, uses and effects
● Also studies their interactions with living ● Oral: swallowed by mouth as a pill, liquid, tablet,
systems capsule, or lozenge (nilulunok [vs sublingual])
○ Originated from the Greek words: “Pharmakon” ● Rectal: suppository inserted into the rectum
and “Logos” ● Intravenous: injection into vein with syringe or into
○ An experimental science which has for its intravenous (IV) line
purpose the study of changes brought about in ● Infusion: injected into vein with an IV line and slowly
living organisms by chemically acting dripped in over time
substances (with the exception of foods), ● Intramuscular: injected into muscles through skin
whether used for therapeutic purposes or not with a syringe
○ Drugs ● Subcutaneous: injected into the subcutaneous
● Any chemical substance that has an effect area under the skin
on the physiological processes of an ● Intradermal: injected into the dermal layer of the
organism skin just below the epidermis
● For nursing pharmacology, medications ● Topical: applied to skin (superficial level) such as
with therapeutic effects will only be focused lotions, moisturizers, creams, and ointments
● Clinical Pharmacology ● Enteric: delivery directly into the stomach with a
○ The science that focuses on the effects of drugs G-tube or J-tube
in the human body, which includes both ● Parenteral: all kinds of injection
patients and well individuals ● Nasal: sprays or pumps that deliver drug into the
● Therapeutics nose
○ A branch of medicine that deals specifically in ● Inhaled: inhaled through a tube or mask (e.g. lung
the treatment of diseases medications)
○ In the field of Pharmacology, it specifically ● Otic: drops into the ear
pertains to the use of drugs and their methods ● Ophthalmic: drops, gel, or ointment for the eyes
of administration in the treatment of the ● Sublingual: dissolved under the tongue
disease to achieve a desirable effect ○ Hinahayaan lang matunaw, hindi nilulunok (vs
oral)

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 MODULE 01 — INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
● Buccal: held inside the cheek
● Transdermal: a patch on the epidermal layer
where the medication is being absorbed by the skin
FACTORS AFFECTING BODY’S RESPONSE TO
DRUGS
● Three main factors that affects how the body
responds to different chemicals or drugs exposed
to it
○ DOSAGE: amount of medication administered
○ TIMING: frequency, intervals or timing of drug
administration
○ ROUTE: route of medication administration
● Not following the prescribed DTR can lead to
toxicity, resistance, and superinfections
● Nursing Responsibility: provide and reiterate
health teachings about the appropriate use and
intake of medications which includes the DTR
DIFFERENT PHASES
● These are necessary for drugs to have a
therapeutic effect
PHARMACEUTIC PHASE
● The first phase for orally-administered drugs
○ Necessary for it to take effect
○ Oral medications are needed to be converted
to a soluble liquid form to pass the
semipermeable layer
● Since it is needed to be absorbed by the GIT
system
● Manual breaking down of medications into smaller
pieces
○ Describes how solid forms of drugs disintegrate,
becomes soluble and get absorbed into the
bloodstream
● 💡 KEY IDEA: dinudurog at tinutunaw ang gamot
para magka-effect sa katawan
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PROCESSES
● A. Disintegration
○ Manual breakdown of tablets into smaller
pieces
○ Paano nadudurog
● B. Dissolution
○ The process of dissolving smaller particles in
the GIT before absorption
○ Liquefaction
● Since solid particles cannot be absorbed by
the body (GIT), it needs to be liquified
○ Paano natutunaw
○ INJECTED MEDICATIONS
● ‘Yung mga tinutusok sa swero, since diretso
na sila sa circulation, there is no need for
dissolution process
IMPORTANT TERMS
Rate Limiting (RL) — ↓RATE LIMITING ↑ABSORPTION
●
○ The time it takes a drug to disintegrate and
dissolve to become available for the body to
absorb
○ Shorter rate limiting = faster absorption
● Excipients
○ Fillers and inert substances that take a
particular size and shape which enhances the
dissolution phase (SHORTER RATE LIMITING)
○ Binders and additives added into a drug to
have a shape and to liquify and dissolve rapidly
for faster absorption of the body
● Same drug, different size/shape
● Enteric Coated Medication
○ Medications that are intended to be dissolved
in the small intestine (an area that is less acidic
compared to the stomach)
● Some medications possess a property that
causes them to be destroyed once exposed
to an area of high acidity (i.e. stomach)
○ Enteric coatings allow them to pass
through the gastric region and be
dissolved/absorbed in the small
intestine
● Not all tablets can be crushed, not all
capsules can be popped open
 MODULE 01 — INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
● Nursing Responsibility: not to crush or
open any enteric coated medication as it
defeats the purpose of protective coating
PHARMACOKINETIC PHASE
● The second phase which determines what the
body does to the drug
● Determines how much of the administered dose
gets to its site of action
○ 📌 KINETIC: how the drug moves inside the
body
● Involves four different processes of drug movement
to achieve the drug action (ADME)
● 💡 KEY IDEA: ano’ng ginagawa ng katawan mo sa
gamot kapag na-absorb na siya
1. ABSORPTION
● Movement of drug from the site of administration to
the bloodstream
FACTORS AFFECTING DRUG ABSORPTION
● Rate of Dissolution — ↓ RL = ↑ LIQ [RD] = ↑ AB
○ Prior to absorption, a drug must be dissolved
first
○ Faster liquefaction, faster absorption
● Surface Area — ↑ SA = ↑ AB
○ The larger the surface area, the faster the
absorption
○ Intestinal villi (small intestine) and gastric
rugae (stomach) help with the faster
absorption of medications (ciliated projections
increases surface area)
● Blood Flow — ↑ BF = ↑ AB
○ Drugs are absorbed more rapidly in sites where
blood flow is high
● RBCs and protein carry the medication
○ Subcutaneous vs Muscular
● Mas mabilis ma-absorb sa muscular kasi
mas marami ‘yung blood supply ro’n
● Lipid Solubility — LIPID-SOLUBLE = ↑ AB
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○ Highly lipid-soluble drugs are absorbed more
rapidly than drugs that have low lipid solubility
○ Lipids and water do not mix
● Requires an emulsifying agent
○ Fat-Soluble vs Water-Soluble
● The GIT is lined with a phospholipid bilayer.
Hence, water-soluble medications do not
pass through the membrane easily,
affecting absorption
● Fat-soluble are absorbed faster than
water-soluble as they easily pass through
the bilayer
● pH Partitioning — NON-IONIZED = ↑ AB
○ Ionization has an important role in absorption
● Kapag naiiba ‘yung drug (stand out), hindi
siya na-a-absorb nang mabilis
○ Non-ionized drugs are absorbed faster than
ionized drugs
● Since same sila sa environment, mas
mabilis ‘yung absorption
● Acidic medication + acidic environment =
faster absorption
DIFFERENT MODES OF DRUG ABSORPTION
● Passive Absorption
○ Drug movement across the membrane that
does not require energy (e.g. diffusion)
● Seen in lipid-soluble and non-ionized drugs
○ Effortless movement
○ Depends on gradient differences
● Active Absorption
○ Drug movement that requires effort or a carrier
(e.g. enzymes and different protein carriers) to
move the drug against a concentration
gradient
● Involves gated channels
○ Pinocytosis
● Cells carries the drug across membrane
barriers by phagocytizing/engulfing the
drug
● Bioavailability
○ A subcategory of absorption described as the
percentage of the administered drug dose that
reaches the systemic circulation (the
proportion of the drug that reaches its site of
action)
○ Drugs taken orally often have less than 100%
bioavailability while medications inserted
intravenously/parentally have 100%
● Marami ‘yung pwedeng masira during the
pharmaceutic phase (orally-taken
medications) before siya makaabot sa
systemic circulation
 MODULE 01 — INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
2. DISTRIBUTION
● The transport of a drug in the body by the
bloodstream to its site of action for it to take effect
● Process where drug becomes available to body
fluids and body tissues
FACTORS AFFECTING DRUG DISTRIBUTION
● Blood Flow
○ ↑ BF = ↑ DIS
○ Hypovolemia = ↓ BF
● Affinity to Body Tissues (Body Tissue Availability)
○ Some medications are non-specific, while
others are selective and specific (lock and key)
○ With the increased availability of body tissues,
receptor sites, and recipients of medication, the
faster the distribution of the medication will be
● Protein Binding Effect
○ Protein is needed for us to transport different
drugs within the body
○ Albumins (most dominant protein in the body)
and globulins help circulate drugs
○ Different drugs = different protein-binding
ability
○ If the drug being transported is bound with
protein, it lacks therapeutic effect (it does not
attach to tissues)
● Matagal siyang nagsi-circulate sa body
kaya wala kaagad therapeutic effect
○ Usually prescribed seldomly
● <30%: low/minimal protein bound
○ Kapag mas mababa ‘yung protein
binding ability, mas mabilis mag-let go
sa protein = faster circulation = faster
therapeutic effect
● 30–60%: moderately protein bound
● 61–89%: moderately high protein bound
● >90%: highly protein bound
○ Matagal nakakapit sa protein
○ Usually medications that require only a
minute amount in the bloodstream for
it to take effect
● 📌 REMEMBER: Proteins choose the drug with
a higher protein binding percentage
(displacement)
○ Untimely release of these drugs can
lead to overdose and toxicity
○ Only those medications that are not bound to
proteins (free drug) have a therapeutic effect
● Ready na silang mag-bind sa receptor
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● 📌REMEMBER: Protein binding effect is
responsible for keeping the drug serum
concentration at bay
○ Without protein binding effects, there
will be too many free drugs, leading to
toxicity
○ Reason why the same dosage of
medication is not prescribed between
infants and adults
○ INFANTS AND PATIENTS WITH
HYPOALBUMINEMIA
● Lower amount of medication is prescribed
since their protein levels are significantly
lower (free drug kaagad)
3. METABOLISM
● Process which involves the biologic transformation
of a drug into an inactive metabolite in order for it
to not be toxic (body inactivates or biotransforms
drugs)
○ ACTIVE → INACTIVE
○ Decreased drug metabolism rate leads to
accumulation of excess drugs resulting in
toxicity
● Liver: primary organ responsible for most
metabolism of drugs
○ Hepatic enzymes convert drugs into water
soluble components (FAT-SOLUBLE →
WATER-SOLUBLE)
○ Problems with liver could lead to toxicity as it is
unable to metabolize or excrete medications
THERAPEUTIC CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG
METABOLISM
A. DRUG INACTIVATION
● First Pass Effect/Metabolism — ↑ FPE = ↑ MET = ↓
EFFECT
○ A drug metabolism related phenomenon when
the concentration of drug, specifically for
medications that are administered orally, is
greatly reduced prior to reaching the systemic
circulation (bioavailability)
● Drug route affects first pass effect (drugs
taken orally instead of sublingually have
high first pass effect)
○ The fraction of drug lost during the process of
absorption which is greatly related to the liver
and the gut wall
● Blood and lymph carry drugs to different
parts of the body
 MODULE 01 — INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
○ Before it is distributed throughout the
body, it is screened in the liver and can
be metabolized there
○ Metabolism: napapawalang-bisa ang
gamot na ininom mo; being converted
from an active to inactive particle
○ EX.: Nitroglycerin has a high first pass
effect, which means that it is
immediately converted into its inactive
form
● 📌 REMEMBER: Drugs with high first pass
effect should not be taken orally
○ 💡 KEY IDEA: High first pass effect → faster
metabolism → lesser time for absorption in
circulation (bioavailability) → lesser effect
(useless)
● Half-life (t 1/2)
○ The time it takes for half of the drug
concentration to be eliminated
○ This will determine the frequency of drug
administration for you will be able to determine
or compute the time it takes to reach a steady
state serum concentration of the drug
MATHEMATICAL APPROACH [SOLUTION]
1. Determine how many half-lives are there.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Solve using NUMBER OF HALF LIFE =
𝑡 1/2
2. Use this formula:
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑔
AMOUNT OF DRUG LEFT =
𝑥
2 after 6 hours, 250 mg will be left; after 9 hours,
x = half lives (2x is constant)
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Drug A was administered to a client complaining of
fever. According to the manufacturer, the drug has a
T ½ = 2 hours. What will be the percentage of drug left
after 4 hours?
A: 25%
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2. Drug A, 500 mg, was administered to a client
complaining of fever. According to the manufacturer,
the drug has a T ½ = 2 hours. How much drug is left
after 4 hours?
A: 125 mg (500 mg * 0.25 [25% converted to decimal];
get 25% of the drug)
3. A medication will be administered (1000 mg) to the
patient. How much drug will remain in your system
after 9 hours if the half-life of the medication is 3
hours?
A: 125 mg (~12% of 1000; 1000/23 [8])
4. A medication will be administered (1000 mg) to the
patient. How much drug will remain in your system
after 8 hours if the half-life of the medication is 2
hours?
A: 62.5 mg (8 hours total time ta’s half life is 2 hours
so 4 ang X then 1000/2 raised to 4 = 62.5)
5. A medication will be administered (1000 mg) to the
patient. How much drug will remain in your system
after 5 hours if the half-life of the medication is 2
hours?
A: 187.5 mg
Sol.:
● After 2 hours, 500 mg of medication will be left;
after 4 hours, 250 mg will be left; after 6 hours,
125 mg will be left
● Between the 4th hour and the 6th hour, 125 mg
was reduced
● To get how much drug is reduced per hour
[after 4th hour is 5th hour], you will divide 125 by
2 = 62.5 and subtract it from 250 (4th hour)
● → [250 - 62.5 = 187.5])
6. A medication will be administered (1000 mg) to the
patient. How much drug will remain in your system
after 7 hours if the half-life of the medication is 3
hours?
A: 208.33 mg
Sol.:
● After 3 hours, 500 mg of medication will be left;
125 mg will be left
● Between the 6th hour and the 9th hour, 125 mg
was reduced
● To get how much drug is reduced per hour
[after 6th hour is 7th hour], you will divide 125 by
3 = 41.67 (may 3 hours between the 6th and 9th;
so per hour after the 6th 41.67 ‘yung
nababawas) and subtract it from 250 (6th
hour)
● → [250 - 41.67 = 208.33])
 MODULE 01 — INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY

● Aside from urine, drug metabolites can also be

B. ACCELERATED RENAL DRUG EXCRETION excreted through bile, sweat, defecation, saliva,
breast milk, and expired air
● Ionized and water-soluble are excreted faster
C. INCREASED THERAPEUTIC ACTION FOR SOME DRUGS

● Prodrugs
○ Compounds that are pharmacologically
inactive when administered (no therapeutic
effect), however, it undergoes conversion to its
active form (increased therapeutic effect) via
metabolism

D. DECREASED DRUG TOXICITY

● Except for prodrugs, most drugs are inactivated

upon metabolism. As a result, toxicity decreases
since the concentration of the drug is controlled.

4. EXCRETION

● Process of removal of drug components in the

body
● Kidney: major organ responsible for excretion
through urination
○ Cannot excrete non-water soluble materials
○ Problems with the kidney affects excretion,
therefore causing toxicity
● Important for patients to have a liver profile
for suspected liver damage
● Creatinine and creatinine clearance for
patients with kidney disease (gives HCP an
idea whether the patient can metabolize
and excrete the drug)
○ Urine pH highly influences the ability of the body
to excrete substances
● If you want to excrete medications that are
acidic in nature, you must alkalinize the
urine (e.g., administration of sodium
bicarbonate [alkalizing agent]). The
opposite happens if you want to excrete
alkaline/basic medications faster (giving
cranberry juice to acidify urine).
○ Acidifying urine also decreases the
possibility of UTI
○ Glomerular Filtration Rate
● Greatly affects excretion process
● Determines the frequency and the amount
of medications that pass through the
nephrons
● Low blood flow = weakened GFR = problems
with excretion
Summary of the Pharmacokinetic Phase
PHARMACODYNAMIC PHASE
● Science dealing with interactions between the
chemical components of living systems and the
foreign chemicals, including drugs that enter those
systems
● Study of biochemical and physiologic effects of
drugs and the molecular mechanisms by which
those effects are produced
○ Dynamos meaning “power”
● Study of “what the drug does to the body”
● Drugs work in different ways, and drugs more often
have multiple actions
● The following pertains to how drugs usually work:
○ To replace or act as substitutes for missing
chemicals
● Oral hypoglycemic agents for insulin
○ To increase or stimulate certain cellular
activities
● Vaccines to stimulate immune system
○ To depress or slow cellular activities
● Hyperactive thyroid = medications to
control activity
○ To interfere with the functioning of foreign cells,
such as invading microorganisms or neoplasm
● Antibiotics
● Cancer px took a chemotherapeutic agent

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 MODULE 01 — INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY

○ It will inhibit cell functioning, therefore

decreasing nutrient supply and other
substances necessary for tumor cells to
thrive, and in the long run, the cell will
die.
IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF PHARMACODYNAMICS
ONSET OF ACTION
● Time it takes to achieve the minimum effective
concentration
○ Minimum Effective Concentration
● Drug serum concentration in the body na
dapat present para magka-effect
○ Dami ng gamot na kailangang nasa
dugo mo para maging effective ‘yung
gamot
● Any concentration below the MEC renders
the drug ineffective
● Initial time na magkaka-effect sa katawan ‘yung
ininom na gamot
○ For orally-taken medications, the time it takes
to achieve the MEC is longer since the
medication does not reach the circulation
immediately as compared to the intravenous
route
📌REMEMBER: All the aforementioned factors
determine the frequency or DTR of medications in
order to maintain a plateau phase or steady state
(consistent therapeutic level; usually attained during
the 3rd and 4th half life).
EX.: Rescue doses are usually given during antibiotic
treatment to ensure that the drug kills the
microorganism before it reaches its ineffective
concentration. Rescue doses are given to maintain
the drug serum concentration.
THERAPEUTIC RANGE VS THERAPEUTIC INDEX
THERAPEUTIC RANGE
● Range of drug levels in the blood of a patient in
which the drug has desired effects upon the body
● Area between minimum effective concentration
and maximum therapeutic/minimum toxic
concentration
● Kung mababa ang therapeutic range ng isang
medication, madali siyang maging toxic
○ Konting pagbabago lang sa serum
concentration ay p’wede nang maging toxic

PEAK OF ACTION

● Time it takes for the drug concentration to reach its

highest blood or plasma concentration
● Naaabot ng gamot ‘yung maximum capability niya
○ Minimum Toxic/Maximum Therapeutic
Concentration
● Highest possible serum level of a
medication that yields a therapeutic effect THERAPEUTIC INDEX
● Kapag lumampas sa MTC, nasa toxic range
na siya
● A quantitative measurement on the relative safety
● Determines when the nurse will ask for a blood
of the drug being administered
sample
○ Relationship between therapeutic level as well
● Drug serum concentration tests are being
as the toxic dose among 50% of the population
conducted during this time
● A comparison of the amount of drug that causes
○ Especially important for drugs with a small
therapeutic effect to the amount that causes
therapeutic range (agad nagiging toxic)
toxicity
● The ratio of the dose of drug that causes adverse
DURATION OF ACTION
effects at an incidence/severity not compatible
Length of time of the pharmacologic response with the targeted indication (e.g. toxic dose in 50%
●
Oras kung saan may epekto ‘yung gamot (under of subjects, TD50) to the dose that leads to the
●
therapeutic range) desired pharmacological effect (e.g. efficacious
dose in 50% of subjects, ED50)

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 MODULE 01 — INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY

FORMULA: TI = TD50/ ED50 or ED50/ TD50 ● POTENCY: amount of drug needed for the
📌 REMEMBER: The closer the TI value is to 1, the higher medication to take effect
the chances of causing toxicity (narrow therapeutic
index/small margin of error; always monitor drug LOADING DOSE
serum concentration)
● A large or significantly higher initial dose of the drug
given to achieve a rapid minimum effective
concentration (onset of action) in the serum
concentration
● Used when immediate drug response is desired;
para maging potent kaagad

MAXIMAL EFFICIENCY

● Maximum response achievable from an applied or

dosed agent
● Ex.: Once a drug reaches its maximal efficiency, it
can no longer resolve the problem. Kahit
VARIABLE FACTORS INFLUENCING DRUG ACTION dagdagan mo ‘yung dosage, hindi na niya
mare-relieve ‘yung pain.
Body weight
Extremes of age
(overweight—high
(lower albumin levels =
dosage; PRIMARY/DESIRED EFFECT
lower dosage)
underweight—lower)
Metabolic Rate ● When the therapeutic goal of the medication is
Illness
(Hypermetabolic = achieved (the drug does what it is supposed to do)
(Alter the response of the
higher dose/higher ○ Reason why you administered the drug in the
body; e.g. blood flow)
maximal efficiency) first place
● Ex.: taking an anti-pyretic decreases the body
Psychological Aspects
Tolerance temperature during an event of fever
(expectancy of the
(consistently
person about the drug;
exposed/experienced
placebo [positive SIDE/SECONDARY EFFECT
amount of drug will have
outcome] and nocebo
lesser effect)
[negative])
● Any effect caused by the drug other than the
Dependence intended therapeutic (primary) effect, which can
(when you pull out the
drug, withdrawal either be beneficial or not
Cumulative effect ● Ex.: burning sensation felt in the gastric region
symptoms may be
experienced; open the during intake of aspirin (prevents blood
possibility of support coagulation); drowsiness during intake of Benadryl
systems) (diphenhydramine—antihistamine); whitening with
Addiction intake of glutathione (acts as a liver protectant)
(desire for an excessive amount of a medication) ● Adverse Effect (non-desired effect)
○ Pertains to more severe symptoms or
COMMON RESPONSES TO MEDICATIONS problems that arise related to medication
administration
● No single drug will only have one effect
○ Ex.: gastric bleeding from an ulcer formation
due to chronic aspirin use
DOSE RESPONSE

● Relationship between the minimal versus the 📌REMEMBER: All adverse effects are secondary, but
maximal amount of drug dose needed to produce not all secondary effects are adverse.
the desired drug response
● Physiologic response to changes in drug IDIOSYNCRATIC RESPONSES
concentration
● Unexpected responses

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 MODULE 01 — INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY

● Ex.: proceeding administration of tranquilizer, ● A highly-protein bound drug, in the presence of a

instead of tranquility, the patient became more drug with a higher percentage of protein binding
agitated and restless effects, is bumped off from the protein it is initially
bound to
CARCINOGENICITY
INTERFERENCE
● Ability of the drug to mutate and become cancer
● The first drug inhibits the metabolism of the other
HYPERSENSITIVITY/ALLERGIC REACTIONS drug
● Vital for penicillin-derivative antibiotics
● An antibody-antigen reaction brought about by ○ In order for penicillin to not be destroyed,
drug administration beta-lactamase inhibitors must be present to
● Several reactions may manifest such as hives, prevent penicillin from being digested
rashes, pruritus or skin swelling
● Anaphylactic Shock/ Reactions
INCOMPATIBILITY
○ Unresolved allergic responses that are usually
life-threatening and may usually result to ● Deterioration on the drug potency if both drugs are
cardiac arrest or respiratory collapse given at the same time (both drugs will destroy
○ Severe adverse effect that might lead to death each other)
○ Check medications first for any allergic
responses prior to administering it to the SUBDIVISIONS/BRANCHES OF PHARMACOLOGY
patient
● Pharmacotherapeutics
TOXIC EFFECT ○ Study how drugs may be used in the treatment
of disease that is which among the drugs would
● Predictable adverse drug effect where the serum be most effective or appropriate for a specific
plasma concentration exceeds the upper limit of disorder or what dose would be required
therapeutic range ○ Pharmacy: study of techniques involved in the
preparation, compounding, dispensing,
COMMON DRUG-TO-DRUG INTERACTIONS preservation and storage of the drugs for
medical use
ADDITIVE EFFECT ○ Pharmacist: person qualified and licensed to
prepare and dispense drugs
● Two drugs with similar action are taken for a double
○ Pharmacogenetics: study of genetically
effect
determined reactions of drugs in the human
● Drug A and Drug B have same effect; both will just
body
be combined even if taken at different time (e.g. 2
● Influences of heredity on the
[A] + 2 [B] = 4)
pharmacokinetics of drugs and
pharmacodynamic response to them
SYNERGISTIC EFFECT
● Toxicology
● Combined effect of the two drugs is greater than ○ Study of poisonous effects of drugs and the
the sum effect if given alone symptoms, mechanism, treatment, and
● One drug is potentiated (e.g. in additive effect 2 [A] detection of poisoning
+ 2 [B] = 4, but with synergistic effect [A]+[B] = 10) ● Pharmacognosy
○ Study of physical and chemical properties of
substances derived from natural sources
ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT
(plants and animals) or synthetic sources in
● One drug contradicts/interferes with the effect of order to develop drugs
the other
REFERENCES
DISPLACEMENT Synchronous Lecture: 23 Aug 22 (CI: Sir Jonas Solis)
Module: NCM 0106 LEC - Module 01
● Displacement of one drug from the protein binding
sites

NCM 0106 | Banaag, Cato, Diala, Mallari, Malonzo, Navarro, Paras|9