Master Thesis - LS1925211

111Equation Chapter 1 Section 1
中图分类号：V475. 1
论文编号：10006LS1925211
硕士学位论文
SSS-1 飞行星的结构设计和分析
作者姓名博纳多
学科专业航空宇航科学与技术（空间技术应用)
指导教师陈珅艳
培养院系国际学院
Structural Design and Analysis of the SSS-1 Flight Model
A Dissertation Submitted for the Degree of Master
Candidate: Thales Bernardo Saque de Queiroz
Supervisor: Chen Shenyan
International School
Beihang University, Beijing, China
中图分类号：V475. 1
论文编号：10006LS1925211
硕士学位论文
SSS-1 飞行星的结构设计和分析
作者姓名博纳多申请学位级别工学硕士
指导教师姓名陈珅艳职称副教授
学科专业空间技术应用研究方向小卫星技术
学习时间自 2019 年 9月 02 日起至 2021 年 12 月 20 日止
论文提交日期 2022 年 05 月 17 日论文答辩日期 2022 年 05 月 31 日
学位授予单位北京航空航天大学学位授予日期年月日

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摘要
小卫星的兴起引起了社会各界的关注，包括政府和私营企业。这些卫星的星座，
预计未来全球将拥有 1000 多个，它们已经沉淀了一部分空间技术，并由于其多功能性、
风险承受能力强和低成本而变得非常有吸引力。在此背景下，亚太空间合作组织
（APSCO）提出了大学生小卫星（SSS）项目，其主要目标是提高亚太空间合作组织
成员国（孟加拉国、中国、伊朗、蒙古、巴基斯坦、秘鲁、泰国和土耳其）师生对空
间科学和技术的认识，以开发微小型卫星，其任务是盘压杆在轨展开技术验证、星间
通讯，遥感成像和对自动相关监视广播（ADS-B）接收器的在轨验证。
本工作旨在对 SSS-1 的结构子系统进行全面的研究。分析使用 Ansys
Workbench，该平台允许跨工程模拟集成数据，以更有效地创建准确的模型。分析过
程的第一步是结构简化，其中只分析箱板的主要承载结构。首先进行的分析是静力
分析，它验证了结构在与发射火箭相关的惯性加速度载荷下的行为。分析的第二部
分是找出结构的前 10 阶振型，同样使用静态结构数据作为输入。最后，利用模态和
静态分析数据进行频响分析。将上述分析结果与实验测试结果进行比较，表明 SSS-1
具有较好的刚度和强度。还可以观察到，提出的设计要求可以达到，如应避免的频
率以及在静力分析中的最大变形。分析结果表明，该结构第四层的刚度较低。因
此，我们进行了新的静态和模态分析，面板厚度从 2 mm 增加到 4 mm。结果是令人
满意的，因为在这个新的模拟中发现的变形明显小于修改前，以及新的固有频率更符
合频率要求。
综上所述，可以得出结论，SSS-1 卫星在整个分析过程中表现出了合理性，能够执
行任务。对第四层舱板厚度的修改得到了较好的数值结果，可为今后的工程设计提
供参考。最后，通过 Ansys 软件进行了静力、模态和频率响应分析，表明有限元法
是卫星结构设计的有效方法。
关键词：小卫星，结构分系统，结构分析，有限元建模，模态分析
Abstract
The rise of small satellites has drawn the attention of various sectors of society, both
government and private industry. The constellations of these satellites, which have been
proposed for a future with more than 1000 around the world, have sedimented a segment of
space technology that has become very attractive, due to its versatility, risk tolerance, and low
cost. In this context, the Asia Pacific Space Cooperation Organization ( APSCO) project, the
Student Small Satellite (SSS) was created with the main objective to promote awareness of
space science and technology among teachers and students from APSCO Member States
(Bangladesh, China, Iran, Mongolia, Pakistan, Peru, Thailand and Turkey), in order to
develop a microsatellite with the mission of doing on-orbit verification of Automatic
Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) receiver, on-orbit deployment verification of the
coilable mast system, and remote sensing imaging.
This work seeks to develop a complete study of the structural subsystem of the SSS-1.
The analyzes were performed using Ansys Workbench, a platform that allows integrating data
across engineering simulations to create more accurate models more efficiently. The first step
of the analysis process was the simplification of the structure, where only the Box-plate main
load bearing structure was analyzed. The first analysis performed was the static analysis
where it verified how the structure would behave with an inertial acceleration load related to
the launch rocket. The second part of the analysis was to find the first 10 mode shapes of the
structure, also using the static structural data as input. Finally, harmonic analysis was
performed, using data from modal and static analysis, to ensure greater reliability of the
results. The results of the previous analyzes were compared with the results of the
experimental test, demonstrating a good resistance of the SSS-1 to the applied mechanical
stresses. It was also observed that the project requirements presented could be reached, such
as the frequencies that should be avoided as well as the maximum deformation in the static
analysis. The analyzes showed a lower resistance to mechanical stress on the fourth deck of
the structure. Therefore, a new static and modal analysis was performed, with the change of
the thickness of this panel, from 2 mm to 4 mm. The results were satisfactory since the
deformations found in this new simulation were significantly smaller than those performed
previously, as well as the new natural frequencies more in accordance with the frequency
requirements imposed on the project.
For all the above, it is concluded that the SSS-1 satellite demonstrated reliability
throughout the analysis, and able to perform the mission. The modification in the thickness of
deck 4 showed a good numerical result, which can be considered for future projects. Finally,
static, modal and harmonic response analysis through Ansys indicate that finite element
method is eligible and useful way to ensure structural security of the satellite.
Keywords: Small Satellite, Structural Subsystem, Structural Analysis, Finite Element
modeling, Modal analysis.
Contents
1 Introduction........................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background...............................................................................................................1
1.2 Small Satellites in Numbers......................................................................................2
1.3 APSCO SSS project..................................................................................................4
1.4 Research Status..........................................................................................................5
1.4.1 The process of setting up a satellite...........................................................................................5
1.4.2 Structural Design Phases...........................................................................................................5
1.4.3 Modal analysis for Small Satellite System with Finite Element Method.................................6
1.5 Dissertations’ Structure.............................................................................................7

2 APSCO SSS-1 Satellite......................................................................................................9
2.1 Satellite overall specification....................................................................................9
2.2 SSS-1 Structure Subsystem.....................................................................................10
2.2.1 SSS-1 Requirements................................................................................................11
3 Basic Theory.....................................................................................................................15
3.1 Micro Satellite Subsystems.....................................................................................15
3.2 Structural Loads......................................................................................................17
3.3 Static Analysis.........................................................................................................17
3.4 Modal Analysis........................................................................................................18
3.4.1 Natural Frequency...................................................................................................................18
3.4.2 Vibration (Frequency) Isolation..............................................................................................19
3.5 Modal Analysis Theory...........................................................................................21

3.6 Harmonic Analysis..................................................................................................26
3.7 Random Vibration Analysis.....................................................................................28
3.8 Testing Background.................................................................................................30
4 FE Modeling of SSS-1 Satellite.......................................................................................31
4.1 Structure simplification...........................................................................................31
4.2 Mass Properties.......................................................................................................32
4.3 Mesh Validation.......................................................................................................35
4.3.1 Element Quality.......................................................................................................................36
4.3.2 Skewness.................................................................................................................................38
4.3.3 Orthogonal Quality..................................................................................................................39
4.4 Boundary Conditions...............................................................................................40

4.5 Static Structural Analysis........................................................................................41
4.6 Modal Analysis........................................................................................................42
4.7 Harmonic Response.................................................................................................43
5 Results and Analysis........................................................................................................47
5.1 Static Structural Results and Analysis........................................................................47
5.2 Modal Results and Analysis........................................................................................48
5.3 Experimental Results...............................................................................................52
5.4 Harmonic Response Results and Analysis..................................................................53
5.5 Analysis after Structural Design modifications..........................................................58
5.5.1 Static Structural Results after Deck 4 modifications..............................................................58
5.5.2 Modal Results after Deck 4 modifications..............................................................................59
6 Conclusion........................................................................................................................65
References................................................................................................................................67
Appendix...................................................................................................................................71
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Layout of the satellite understudy...............................................................................1

Figure 2 3D model of the primary satellite structure.................................................................1
Figure 3 Small Satellites Highlights..........................................................................................3
Figure 4 Smallsats Launched by countries (2012 - 2021).........................................................3
Figure 5 Box-plate main load bearing structure......................................................................13
Figure 6 A typical satellite bus and payload subsystem...........................................................16
Figure 7 Transmissibility Chart...............................................................................................20
Figure 8 General satellite frequency separation.......................................................................21
Figure 9 (A) Example of a narrow-band random signal x(t)...................................................28
Figure 10 Ensemble of vibration responses (x1, x2, x3, x4)...................................................29
Figure 11 Random Vibration Test setup...................................................................................30
Figure 12 SSS-1 in SpaceClaim...............................................................................................31
Figure 13 SSS-1 Structure.......................................................................................................32
Figure 14 Explode View..........................................................................................................32
Figure 15 Mass Structure.........................................................................................................33
Figure 16 Point Masses............................................................................................................33
Figure 17 Mass distribution of SSS-1......................................................................................34
Figure 18 Coordinate System...................................................................................................35
Figure 19 Mesh element details...............................................................................................36
Figure 20 Element Quality Metric...........................................................................................36
Figure 21 Element Quality Graphic.........................................................................................37
Figure 22 Element Quality Values...........................................................................................37
Figure 23 Element Quality by color parameter........................................................................38
Figure 24 Skewness Quality Target.........................................................................................38
Figure 25 Skewness Graphic...................................................................................................38
Figure 26 Skewness Values......................................................................................................39
Figure 27 Orthogonal Quality Target.......................................................................................39
Figure 28 Orthogonal Quality Graphic....................................................................................39
Figure 29 Orthogonal Quality Values......................................................................................40
Figure 30 Location of nodes that were applied to boundary conditions - CAD Model...........41
Figure 31 Location of nodes that were applied to boundary conditions - CAD Model...........41
Figure 32 Fixed Support..........................................................................................................42
Figure 33 Ansys schematic for analysis...................................................................................42
Figure 34 Analysis Settings Parameters...................................................................................43
Figure 35 Harmonic Response Event Tree on Ansys...............................................................43
Figure 36 Harmonic Response Analysis Settings....................................................................44
Figure 37 Frequency Response (Deformation)........................................................................44
Figure 38 Phase Response.......................................................................................................44
Figure 39 Phase response settings............................................................................................45
Figure 40 Directional Deformation in Z direction...................................................................45
Figure 41 Directional Deformation Settings............................................................................45
Figure 42 Equivalent Stress.....................................................................................................46
Figure 43 Equivalent Stress Settings.......................................................................................46
Figure 44 Displacement Peaks.................................................................................................46
Figure 45 Displacement contour..............................................................................................47
Figure 46 Maximum Stress contour.........................................................................................47
Figure 47 FE Model and Constraint Equation.........................................................................48
Figure 48 Natural Frequencies.................................................................................................48
Figure 49 Mode Shape 1..........................................................................................................48
Figure 58 Mode Shape 10........................................................................................................51
Figure 59 Frequency Response Graph.....................................................................................53
Figure 60 Angular Phase Shift and Tabular Date.....................................................................54
Figure 61 Phase Response in 40 Hz.........................................................................................54
Figure 62 Directional Deformation in Z direction in 40 Hz....................................................54
Figure 63 Equivalent Stress in 40 Hz......................................................................................55
Figure 64 Phase Response in 105 Hz.......................................................................................55
Figure 65 Directional Deformation in Z direction in 105 Hz..................................................56
Figure 66 Equivalent Stress in 105 Hz....................................................................................56
Figure 67 Directional Deformation in Z direction in 159 Hz..................................................57
Figure 68 Equivalent Stress in 159 Hz....................................................................................57
Figure 69 Displacement contour (Deck 4 = Thickness 4 mm)................................................58
Figure 70 Natural Frequencies (Deck 4 - Thickness 4 mm)....................................................59
Figure 71 Mode Shape 1 (Deck 4 - Thickness 4 mm).............................................................60
Figure 80 Mode Shape 10 (Deck 4 - Thickness 4 mm)...........................................................63
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Smallsats Launched by countries (2012 - 2021)...........................................................3

Table 2 Payloads of SSS-1 Satellite...........................................................................................9
Table 3 Specifications of SSS-1 Platform................................................................................10
Table 4 Typical Aluminum Alloys...........................................................................................12
Table 5 Basic Requirement......................................................................................................12
Table 6 Frequency Requirement..............................................................................................12
Table 7 Lateral frequencies of a satellite.................................................................................21
Table 8 Mass Properties...........................................................................................................35
Table 9 Modes..........................................................................................................................52
Table 10 Test Results Z Axis....................................................................................................53
Table 11 Frequency and Phase Response, Directional Deformation and Equivalent Stress. . .57
Table 12 Modes (Primary Structure)........................................................................................59
Table 13 Modes (Deck 4 - Thickness = 4 mm)........................................................................60
LIST OF ACRONYMS
SSS Student Small Satellite

Al Aluminum
DOFs Degrees of freedom
DET Determinant
SCDM SpaceClaim Direct Modeler
SC SpaceClaim
CAD Computer-aided design
OBDH On-Board Data Handling
GPS Global Positioning System
LV Launch Vehicle
GS Ground Station
EM Engineering Model
FS Feasibility Study
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
ADCS Attitude Determination and Control System
ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast
TT&C Telemetry, Tracking and Command
VHF Very High Frequency
UHF Ultrahigh Frequency
UV Ultraviolet
C&DHS Command and data handling subsystem
CS Communications subsystem
EPS Electrical power subsystem
PS Propulsion subsystem
TCS Thermal control subsystem
ACS Attitude control subsystem
S&MS Structures and mechanics subsystem
LIST OF SYMBOLS
kg Kilogram
E Elastic Module
ρ Density
M Meters
cm Centimeters
gr Grams
[ M] Mass matrix
[K] Stiffness matrix
{Φ } Eigenvector or mode shape
ω Circular natural
t Time
A Square matrix
λ Eigenvalues
I Identity matrix
x Eigenvector
det Determinant of a matrix
f Natural frequency
{u } Physical displacement
Φ Mode shape
ξ Modal displacement
mj Generalized mass
j Stiffness
F Amplitude
ω Frequency
θ Phase angle
φ The phase angle of the solution
X Direction x of the external surfaces of the Satellite
Y Direction y of the external surfaces of the Satellite
Z Direction z of the external surfaces of the Satellite
−X Direction -x of the external surfaces of the Satellite
−Y Direction -y of the external surfaces of the Satellite
−Z Direction -z of the external surfaces of the Satellite
n Number of nodes
BUAA Academic Dissertation for Master’s Degree
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
Research on small satellites has grown gradually over the years. Deepening the theme,
the structures of small satellites play a fundamental role in the fulfillment of the mission.
Small Sat structure is developed in National Authority for Remote Sensing & Space Sciences
(NARSS) research project to satisfy the satellite mission which is imaging earth surface. The
satellite configuration is shown in Figs. 1, 2. [1].
Figure 1 Layout of the satellite understudy
1
1 Introduction
Figure 2 3D model of the primary satellite structure [2]
Small satellites are often preferred in applications with relatively short development and
fabrication times. The development and production time of a small satellite can be from 6 to
36 months. The term “nano/microsatellite” is used on numerous occasions, and this term
refers to satellites with a total mass between 1 and 50 kg. Nanosatellites have been defined by
their total mass, ranging between 1 and 10 kg, while microsatellites range from 11 kg to 100
kg. The cost is also a very important factor, as compared to large satellites, their production,
and their launchers, the activity with Microsatellites makes up for many space missions [3].
One of the accepted definitions of satellites is defined as “an artificial body placed in orbit
around the earth, moon, or another planet to collect information or for communication” [4]. A
Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) satellite database shows that 47% of all satellites
launched were large satellites or satellites over 1000 kg. These satellites have different
functions, as used for communication, navigation, and high throughput Earth observation.
Satellites for Navigation and earth observation are launched to different orbits. Medium-sized
satellites in the 500-1000 Kg range are usually a mix of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Medium
Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites with a variety of missions: communications, earth observation,
navigation, space science, and technology development. The small satellites, which include
the microsatellites, usually are placed in LEO, most of which fall into Sun-Synchronous and
Non-Polar Inclined orbits.
2
Microsatellites have been very important in the development of engineering programs,

both for governments, private companies, and universities. These activities bring enormous
practical learning and aim at the autonomy of space technology in each nation, which
mitigates costs and favors the development of new technologies for those who produce them
[5].
1.2 Small Satellites in Numbers
In 2021, 94% of spacecraft launched were Smallsats. Also, 43% of total spacecraft up
mass and 80 launches in 2021 carried Smallsats [6].
Figure 3 Small Satellites Highlights [6]
Smallsats in 2012 – 2021 Context and Operator/Mission Type Trends, by country.
3
1 Introduction
Figure 4 Smallsats Launched by countries (2012 - 2021) [6]
Table 1 Smallsats Launched by countries (2012 - 2021) [6]
USA 3,241 (1,944 Starlink)
UK 421 (394 OneWeb)
China 274
Japan 107
Russia 85
German 60
Canada 38
Argentina 28
France 23
Australia 24
Italy 23
South Korea 21
India 21
4
Spain 19
Finland 18
Israel 17
Switzerland 15
1.3 APSCO SSS project
One of the projects that can be considered successful is the APSCO project, the SSS-1
Project. APSCO Student (SSS) was initiated in early 2015 and officially started by the end of
2016. The main purpose was to promote the awareness of space science and technology
among the faculty members and students from the APSCO Member States (Bangladesh,
China, Iran, Mongolia, Pakistan, Peru, Thailand, and Turkey). To realize this long-term
objective, the program aims to train students and faculties from the Member States by
involving them in a real project where they can experience the whole life cycle of a space
mission. With this, the program also targets capacity building and human resource
development [7]. The SSS-1 requires that those involved in the project participate in at least
one of the stages of the process, from conception to the end of the production cycle, as well as
the launch.
The SSS-1 is a 30kg micro-satellite with a remote sensing camera as the main payload.
The system design is based on the general design concept of the micro-satellite. The structure
supports the payload and satellite subsystems with enough strength and stiffness to avoid any
failure (rupture, collapse, buckling, or detrimental deformation) that may keep them from
working successfully [8].
To ensure the integrity of the structure, numerical analysis is one of the tools that help in
this process, using FEM as the main method, as well as harmonic analysis of the mainframe
[9]. Some software proves to be very effective for this type of analysis, such as Patran/Nastran
5
1 Introduction
and Ansys Workbench. For this research, Ansys was used throughout the process. The
research then aims to analyze the entire structure, from the construction of the finite element
model to the deformations that may occur, as well as verify the results found with the
experimental results of another working group of SSS-1.
1.4 Research Status
A thorough understanding of the characteristics of satellites and structural analysis were

necessary to achieve the objectives of this work. Therefore, the study of other works and the
concepts that involve the theme is the basis for understanding the problem.
1.4.1 The process of setting up a satellite
The first stage in designing it is to specify (at least roughly) the orbit and the payload's
function, field of vision, needed power, mass, and size. Based on data obtained from past
missions, the satellite's overall mass and volume may be approximated from the payload's
attributes. This information helps us to choose a launch vehicle, which determines the stowed
satellite's physical envelope [10].
1.4.2 Structural Design Phases
It is important to understand the phases of structural design. Conceptual design,

preliminary design, and detailed design are the three phases of this process. The importance of
all three phases cannot be overstated. A single omission during detail design can result in
costly redrawings, a test failure that necessitates a redesign, or even mission failure. How well
problems are avoided during detailed design and anticipated cost and program deadlines are
fulfilled will be determined by decisions made during preliminary design and how these
decisions may be documented. Everything that follows is highly influenced by conceptual
design. The requirements and ideas that are carried forward from conceptual design will have
a significantly greater impact on performance and cost than anything done afterward.
The design process begins with a conceptual stage that includes design parameters based
on mission objectives. In general, these parameters cover payload and subsystem
6
accommodation, launch requirements, environmental protection, thermal and electrical

pathways, and rigidity. Tight mass efficiency and high dependability requirements of the
structure are two of the most difficult structural design problems.
Aerospace structures are often made of lightweight materials. The basic purpose is to
maximize the design's strength per weight, or efficiency. Over the last four decades, satellite
structural design has progressed significantly. Efficiency has traditionally been achieved
through a combination of structural designs and materials [11].
1.4.3 Modal analysis for Small Satellite System with Finite Element
Method
The Modal analysis of the satellite system is the basic requirement for the satellite
structural design. The analysis results of this work could accommodate bases for structural
design and optimum design of the studied small satellite structure.
Asif Israr (2014) developed a design, modeling, and analysis of a satellite used for remote
sensing. A detailed study was conducted for the design and modeling of the satellite structure
focusing on the factors such as the selection of material, optimization of shape and geometry,
and accommodation of different subsystems and payload. The analysis was performed using
Ansys software. Static, modal, and harmonic analyzes were performed at the time of the
ground testing and launching phase. The Finite Element (FE) analysis results were also
validated and compared with the theoretical predictions [12]. Bai et all (2008) analyzed the
finite and element model of a small satellite, of which the monolithic structure is honeycomb
sandwich plate were established by using the finite element analysis software Patran/Nastran.
Furthermore, the equivalent model for the honeycomb sandwich plate was calculated. Based
on the finite element model, the modal analysis of the satellite with the finite element method
was made. The results indicated that the finite element method was a convenient and useful
tool for modal analysis, which could calculate normal frequency and predict modal shapes.
7
1 Introduction
Besides, the satellite structural vibratory weakness parts could be determined from the mode
shapes. The analysis results could accommodate bases for structural design and optimum
design of the small satellite structure. In addition, the numerical simulation results were
supplied for modal analysis at experiment testing.
1.5 Dissertations’ Structure
The dissertation follows a structure divided into chapters. The first chapter is the
introduction, where the knowledge about the subject is based and explains what the research
objectives are. All the background and meaning are discussed to highlight the importance of
this work. The Introduction and the Conclusion are entirely linked as the introduction presents
the case and the problem and the conclusion checks whether it has been resolved. The SSS-1
project is also presented.
The second chapter, APSCO SSS-1 Satellite, presents in detail what the SSS-1 Satellite is,
from its payload, through the mechanical requirements and all the parts that make up the
structure.
The third chapter, Basic Theory, presents finite element theory, it’s algebraic modeling,
and a brief introduction about satellites, satellite structures, requirements on structural design
of micro satellites, types of loads and concepts from static, modal, harmonic and vibration
analysis.
The fourth chapter, FE Modeling of SSS-1 Satellite, presents the steps that were
performed from the simplification of the structure to the analysis, passing through the method
of creation and validation of the mesh, mass properties, boundary conditions, static analysis,
modal analysis, harmonic analysis and random vibration of the structure.
In the fifth chapter, the results and the analysis of these analysis are presented and
discussed in detail, according to the simulations and literature survey. A comparison of some
numerical results with the results found experimentally is also presented.
And finally, in the last chapter, the conclusions obtained with the dissertation, if the
objectives were achieved, and suggestions for future research.
8
2 APSCO SSS-1 Satellite

The SSS-1, as mentioned before, is a 30 kg micro-satellite with four different missions,
which include on-orbit verification of ADS-B receiver, on-orbit deployment verification of the
coilable mast system, and remote sensing imaging. So, the SSS-1 satellite have 3 main
payloads, including the coilable mast system, ADS-B receiver, space camera and remote
sensing camera shown in Table 2. The system design is based on the general design concept
of the micro-satellite is the APSCO project, the SSS-1 Project.
Table 2 Payloads of SSS-1 Satellite
No. Payloads Missions

The coilable The main payload of the satellite which can be independently deployed on orbit
1
mast system to provide gravity gradient torque for the whole satellite.
The broadcast automatic correlation monitoring system is used to receive
ADS-B
2 1090MHz ADS-B messages sent by airborne equipment and send them to the
receiver
satellite ground station.
Remote
3 sensing Satellite remote sensing photography, resolution of 50m.
camera
2.1 Satellite overall specification
The parameters of the APSCO SSS-1 satellite platform are shown in Table 3. The general
characteristics of the satellite, including envelope size, mass, power consumption, and life,
were calculated based on the satellite mission requirements, equipment installation
requirements, and launch vehicle carrying capability. The EPS characteristics, including solar
array and battery technical requirements, were selected based on satellite orbit circumstances
and equipment on-board power consumption. The characteristics of Attitude Determination
and Control System (ADCS), including steady-state accuracy, stability, and mobility, were
defined by the camera payload requirements and the pointing precision of the antenna of the
satellite. The Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) parameters, including the operating
frequency range and communication rate, were selected based on the data size of telemetry
and remote control, as well as the capabilities of the ground station [13].
9
Table 3 Specifications of SSS-1 Platform [13]
No. Item Specification

1 Envelop Size ≤350mm×350mm×650mm
2 Mass (without adapter) ≤30kg
3 Power Consumption ≤50W
4 Life 1 year
5 Capability of data storage 1 Gb
Solar Array Single loop balance in long-term operation
7 EPS 3 hours in normal service mode
Battery
24 hours in minimum system mode
Orbit determination precision 500m(3σ)
Attitude determination accuracy：≤1˚(3σ)
Attitude requirements in sun Accuracy of pointing to the sun：≤3˚(3σ)
pointing mode Attitude Angle stability: three axis≤0.2˚/s(3σ)
8 ADCS Mobility：30 ˚/120 s
Control Mode：Triaxial stability to the earth
Attitude determination accuracy：≤1˚(3σ)
Attitude requirements in normal
Accuracy of pointing to the sun：≤3˚(3σ)
service mode
Attitude Angle stability: three axis≤0.2˚/s(3σ)
Mobility：30 ˚/120 s
Working frequency band：435~438MHz
VHF Code rate：1200bps
Error rate：
9 TT&C UHF Code rate：9600bps
Error rate：
S-Band Code rate：100kbps
Error rate：
2.2 SSS-1 Structure Subsystem
For the Structure Subsystem of the SSS-1, during the project design, some configurations
were considered to perform the mission requirements, as the following functions:
(1) Structures support the satellite’s key components in desirable locations, considering
thermal control, fields of view for antennas, and sensors. The stowed configuration must fit
10
within the launch vehicle’s payload envelope, yet the design must provide access for installing
and maintaining components.
(2) Structures protect the satellite components from dynamic environments during ground
operation, launch, deployment, and mission operations. They must deploy appendages and
provide enough stiffness to keep them steady. But they must also stay light enough for the
selected launch vehicle.
(3) Structural vibration must not interface with the launch vehicle’s control system, which
must be able to differentiate between motion caused by a misaligned thrust vector and
resulting from booster vibration.
(4) The materials used must survive ground, launch, and on-orbit environments (time-
varying applied forces, pressure, humidity, radiation, contamination, thermal cycling, and
atomic particles) without rupturing, collapsing, buckling, excessively distorting, or
contaminating critical components. The structural design is based on the BUAASAT with
necessary modifications to accommodate features to SSS-1. The main structure of SSS-1 is a
typical construction using plate-beam structure as the main force-bearing mode, originally
developed in the BUAASAT satellite program. [8, 13].
2.2.1 SSS-1 Requirements
Some requirements are important to validate the satellite structure. The three main
requirements for the validation of the structure are shown, being the material, frequencies and
mechanical requirements. These requirements are largely correlated.
Material Selection - Satellite structural designs use several different materials. Materials
are chosen based on their performance characteristics, complexity, and cost. There are two
typical materials used in space applications: metal alloys and advanced composite materials.
Aluminum (Al) alloys are the most used metallic materials in spacecraft manufacturing.
The advantages are high strength-to-weight ratios, high ductility, and ease of machining,
weldability, and availability at low cost. The stiffness to weight ratio is comparable to steel;
11
however, the strength to weight ratio is typically higher than steel. Poor hardness, a low
strength-to-volume ratio, and a high coefficient of thermal expansion are some of the
disadvantages. Typical aluminum alloys used in manufacturing and their mechanical
properties are shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Typical Aluminum Alloys
Alloy ρ (gr/cm3) Poisson’s ratio E (GPa) σu(MPa) σy(MPa)

Al 2024 T4 2.78 0.33 70.6 390 255
Al 6061-T6 2.70 0.33 68.3 290 241
Al 7075-T7 2.80 0.33 72.0 469 393
According to the availability of good quality Al 2024 T4 in China for space application,
this aluminum alloy is selected to build the main structure [8, 13].
Frequency Requirements - Frequency requirements are shown in the following table.
Table 5 Basic Requirement
Mass Specification ＜33kg

Envelop Specification ≤350mm×350mm×650mm
Table 6 Frequency Requirement
Transverse Frequency >50Hz

Longitudinal Frequency >70Hz
Frequency to be avoided 40Hz ±5Hz
Mechanical Requirement - The usual method is to carry out static analysis to verify if the
structure is strong enough. The maximum displacement should be less than 2mm.
As indicated in the Figure 5, the main construction of the SSS-1 spacecraft is a frame box
plate structure. On the satellite's Y and X planes, there are two primary frames. As illustrated
in the picture, five mounting plates and four auxiliary L-shaped frames along the Z axis are
connected to create the satellite's primary bearing structure and support the exterior frame.
12
Figure 5 Box-plate main load bearing structure
One of the most significant aspects of configuration design is layout design. It is primarily
concerned with the layout of each subsystem in the satellite, including the installation
position, mass characteristics, form, size, and mechanical interaction of each subsystem
component, as well as deployment accessories. The primary sensors and equipment are as
follows: a sun sensor, a star sensor, a magnetometer, a magnetic torque converter, an on-board
computer, a power supply, an electric propulsion module, a space camera, a ground camera,
and so on. When determining the location of the equipment installation, the field of view
requirements of the ground camera and space camera are carefully considered; as are the
communication signal requirements of the ultraviolet (UV) antenna, S-band antenna, and
Global Positioning System (GPS) antenna; and the extension space requirements of some
extension deployment mechanisms, such as the disk compression rod assembly and UV
antenna deployment mechanism. Simultaneously, the satellite layout must be created in
conjunction with the overall quality features of the satellite, such as lateral eccentricity,
following assembly and testing, and the requirements of each component's size, quality, field
of vision, installation location, and so on.
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3 Basic Theory
In this chapter, the physical basis necessary to understand the analyzes and results is
presented. These concepts range from mesh validation by Ansys software, to static and
dynamic analysis of the structure. It also presents methodologies for the development of a
small satellite, such as design phases, payload and mass properties, which is concise with the
object of study of this work, the SSS-1 Satellite.
3.1 Micro Satellite Subsystems
Several subsystems make up a satellite, which can be divided into two classifications: The
payload, where the cameras, radars, communication apparatus, etc. are located. and the bus,
which is all electronics that support the proper functioning of the payload. These are the most
common subsystems:
Command and data handling subsystem (C&DHS) - Also referred to as “On Board
Computer”, (OBC), this can be said to be the brain and nervous system of spacecraft. The
function is to perform onboard processing and operations and internal communication [14].
Communications subsystem (CS) – It’s responsible for providing the satellite bus with
the communication functionality necessary to connect the users and ground segments to the
satellite subsystems.
Electrical power subsystem (EPS) – It’s responsible to provide the electrical power
generation and distribution for subsystems;
Propulsion subsystem (PS) - It consists of propulsion, tank, and fuel system;
Thermal control subsystem (TCS) – It’s responsible to provides active thermal control
from electrical heaters and actuators, according to the mission, to control temperature ranges
of equipment within specific ranges;
Attitude control subsystem (ACS) - It consists of reaction wheel thrust wheels,

gyroscopes, and/or other devices to keep the satellite stable during its orbit mission.
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3 Basic Theory
Structures and mechanics subsystem (S&MS) - provides the mechanical structure

necessary to withstand launch loads by the launch vehicle, during orbital maneuvers, as well
as the loads transmitted during entry into the Earth's atmosphere [15].
Figure 6 A typical satellite bus and payload subsystem [15]
It is important to point out that all these systems are important for the fulfillment of the
mission since the proper functioning of one guarantees the functioning of the whole.
For a microsatellite, full functionality during launch and in orbit is very important.
Therefore, for this to happen, the satellite structure must be designed very carefully. Must
withstand adverse environmental and launch conditions. Satellite design and development is
an engineering process that can be divided into definable phases. However, the satellite design
and development process usually take place in several stages, such as requirements definition,
conceptual design, preliminary design, and detailed (or critical) design.
16
3.2 Structural Loads
During the lifetime of the structure, it is necessary that all mechanical loads can be
identified. Loads can be different according to their nature, being static or dynamic. They can
also be defined in terms of their level and time corresponding to events during life. Some
important loads to consider are Ground and Test Loads.
Ground loads are those related to transport and storage, handling, assembly loads, and the
integration of the satellite still in the laboratory. Test loads are loads that verify the behavior
of the satellite during structural tests to validate the design and/or make necessary changes.
Another important load is the Launch Load, which are loads related to the launch system,
i.e. the rocket. When the rocket's engines are fired, for a few minutes, the satellite is exposed
to extremely high dynamic loads. The structural design of a satellite, as well as concerns
about the physical integrity of the structure, are often driven by these launch environment
loads.
During the launch, the satellite is some reactions:
• Low-frequency sinusoidal vibration, generated by aerodynamic forces acting on the

launch vehicle and transient events such as staging, fairing disposal and engine shutdown.
• High frequency random vibration produced by moving mechanical parts such as engine
turbopumps, fuel combustion and structural elements excited by acoustic noise.
• Acoustic noise, which reflects on the ground and platform installations on take-off and
the maximum aerodynamic load acting on the launch vehicle, i.e, the maximum pressure and
flexion at the launch vehicle due to aerodynamic conditions [16].
3.3 Static Analysis
The effects of steady loading conditions on a structure are calculated using a static
analysis, which ignores inertia and damping effects generated by time-varying loads. Static
17
3 Basic Theory
analyses can incorporate steady inertia loads (such gravity and rotational velocity) as well as
time-varying loads that can be approximated as equivalent static loads (such as static
equivalent wind). There are two types of static analyses: linear and nonlinear. Large
deformations, plasticity, creep, stress stiffening, contact elements, and other nonlinearities are
all permitted. The displacements, stresses, strains, and internal forces in structures or
components caused by loads that do not induce considerable inertia or damping effects are
determined using static analysis. Steady loading and response conditions are assumed, which
means that the loads and the structure's response will vary slowly over time. In a static
analysis, the following types of loading can be used [10]:
• Externally applied forces and pressures
• Inertial forces in a steady state (such as gravity or rotational velocity)
• Imposed (nonzero) displacements
• Temperatures (for thermal strain)
3.4 Modal Analysis
The process of determining a system's inherent dynamic characteristics, such as natural

frequencies, damping factors, and mode shapes, and using them to build a mathematical
model for its dynamic behavior is known as modal analysis. The information for the
characteristics is known as the modal data, and the formulated mathematical model is known
as the modal model of the system [17].
3.4.1 Natural Frequency
Natural Frequencies are frequencies at which a structure would vibrate if it was activated
by a transient load and then allowed to freely move. It's worth noting that a one-degree-of-
freedom system has one mode of vibration and one natural frequency, whereas a two-degree-
of-freedom system has two modes of vibration and two natural frequencies, and so on. A
continuous system, on the other hand, has an endless number of natural vibration modes [18].
18
The fundamental vibration mode shapes and frequencies are determined by detailed modal
analysis. When qualifying a complex mechanical device or a complicated structure exposed to
periodic wind loading, this can be relatively simple for basic components of a simple system,
but extremely complicated when qualifying a complex mechanical device or a complicated
structure exposed to periodic wind loading. These systems demand the use of techniques such
as Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to accurately determine natural frequencies and mode
shapes.
3.4.2 Vibration (Frequency) Isolation
The goal of vibration isolation is to keep unwanted vibration under control so that its
negative effects are kept to a minimum. Vibrations from machines or other sources are
transmitted to a structural support, such as a facility floor, resulting in a hazardous
environment and excessive vibration levels.
The objective of isolation is to reduce the vibration transmitted from the source to the
support structure if the equipment requiring isolation is the source of undesired vibration. If
the equipment that needs isolation is a receiver of undesirable vibration, isolation is used to
reduce the vibration transmitted from the support structure to this recipient.
Natural frequency and damping are the fundamental isolation qualities that define the
transmissibility of a system meant to offer vibration isolation. Resonance occurs when the
inherent frequency of a component corresponds with the frequency of the source vibration. To
reduce amplification at resonance, the ideal isolation would have as little damping as possible
in the isolation region and as much as possible at the natural frequency [19].
The ratio of vibration transmitted after isolation to disturbing vibration is known as

"transmissibility," and it can be expressed in the following way:
√
(1)
( )
2
2ξ Ω
TR= 1+ D max
ωn
where Ω is the disturbing frequency of vibration in rad/s, ω n is the undamped natural
frequency of the component which is connected to the main system and D max is the maximum
19
3 Basic Theory
dynamic amplification factor. When considering damping, the equation above is rewritten as
below, where ξ represents the damping ratio of the component.
√
(2)
( ω )
2
2ξΩ
1+
n
TR=
( (ω ) ) ( ω )
2 2 2
Ω 2ξ Ω
1− +
n n
When the ratio of the disturbing frequency to the natural frequency is nearly equal to 1
Ω
(i.e. =1), a component's maximum transmissibility occurs. At resonance, the
ωn
transmissibility is given by:
1 (3)
T=
2ξ
It's worth noting that the magnitude of a component's amplification at resonance is
determined by its damping.
For various damping ratios, the figure below graphically demonstrates the transmissibility
of a component as a function of the frequency ratio.
Figure 7 Transmissibility Chart [20]
20
The effect of damping in the attenuation and amplification regions is shown using various
percentages of critical damping, including the maximum amplification at resonance ( Ω

ωn )
=1 .
Ω
It should be noted that for all damping values below a frequency ratio
ωn
of √ 2, the
response exceeds the input (TR>1). The response is less than the input for frequency ratios
above √ 2. This latter condition is known as vibration (frequency) isolation and is often a
design goal [20].
Then, for each module of the satellite, the natural frequency value must be at least a √ 2
times of the system on which the module is installed, as illustrated above.
To avoid dynamic coupling between the low-frequency launch vehicle and satellite
modes, the satellite should be built with structural stiffness that meets the requirements.
Figure 8 General satellite frequency separation [21]
Lateral frequencies — With an off-the-shelf adapter, the fundamental frequency in the

lateral axis of a satellite hard-mounted at the interface must be as shown in Table 7.
Longitudinal frequencies — The fundamental frequency in the longitudinal axis of a hard-

mounted satellite at the interface must be ≥31 Hz for a satellite mass and < 4500 kg (i.e.
covers small satellite).
Table 7 Lateral frequencies of a satellite
21
3 Basic Theory
Satellite Mass (kg) Launcher interface 1st fundamental Transverse inertia

diameter (mm) lateral frequency wrt. Separation
(Hz) plane (kg.m²)
< 4500, (covers < Ø 2600 ≥ 10 ≤ 50,000

small Ø 2600 ≥9
satellites)
3.5 Modal Analysis Theory
The dynamics of a structure are physically decomposed by frequency and position. The
analytical solution of partial differential equations of continuous systems such as beams and
strings demonstrates this. The vibration response of a linear time-invariant dynamic system
can be described as a linear combination of a set of simple harmonic motions called natural
modes of vibration, according to modal analysis.
A dynamic system's natural modes of vibration are determined entirely by its physical
properties (mass, stiffness, damping) and their spatial distributions. The natural frequency, the
modal damping factor, and the characteristic displacement pattern, namely mode shape, are all
modal parameters for each mode. The shape of the mode can be simple or complex. Each one
is associated with a natural frequency. The degree to which each natural mode participates in
the overall vibration is determined by the qualities of the excitation source(s) as well as the
system's mode shapes.
The arrangement of the movement condition for regular frequencies and typical modes
requires an exceptional diminished structure. Assuming there is no damping and no applied
loading, the condition in matrix structure lessens to [22]:
[ M ] { ü } + [ K ] {ü }=0 (4)
where [ M ] is the mass matrix and [ K ] is the stiffness matrix. This is known as the motion
equation for undamped free vibration. To solve Eq. (4), assume a harmonic solution of the
form
22
{ ü } ={ Φ } sin ⁡¿ωt ¿ (5)
where { Φ } is the eigenvector or mode shape and ω is the circular natural frequency.
This harmonic form has a physical significance in addition to providing the key to the
numerical solution of the problem. The harmonic form of the solution means that all the
degrees of freedom (DOFs) of the vibrating structure move in a synchronous manner. The
structural configuration does not change its basic shape during motion and only its amplitude
changes. If differentiation of the assumed harmonic solution is performed and substituted into
the motion equation, the following is obtained:
(6)
−ω 2 [ M ] {Φ } sin ⁡¿ ωt ¿+ [ K ] { Φ } sin ⁡¿ ωt ¿=0
which after being simplified becomes
(7)
( [ K ]−ω2 [ M ] ) { Φ }=0
This equation is known as the eigenequation, and it is a collection of homogeneous

algebraic equations for the eigenvector's components that serves as the foundation for the
eigenvalue issue. An eigenvalue issue is a type of equation that has a wide range of
applications in linear matrix algebra. The basic form of an eigenvalue problem is [22]:
[ A− λI ] x=0 (8)
A λ I x
where is the square matrix; is the eigenvalues; is the identity matrix and is the
eigenvector.
The stiffness and mass, in structural analysis, natural frequencies and mode shapes are the
representation in the eigenequation result in physical. Therefore, the eigenequation is written
in terms of k , ω and M as shown in Eq.(7) with ω ²=λ [22].
23
3 Basic Theory
There are two possible solution forms for Eq.(7):
If det ( [ k ] −ω 2 [ M ] ) ≠ 0 , the only possible solution is
{Φ} = 0 (9)
This is the trivial solution, which provides no useful information from a physical
standpoint because it represents the condition of no motion. (The term "det" refers to a
matrix's determinant.)
If det ([k ]−ω ²[ M ])=0, then a non-trivial solution ({Φ }≠ 0) is obtained for
([K ]−ω ² [M ]){Φ }=0 (10)
From the standpoint of structural engineering, the general mathematical eigenvalue issue
is reduced to one of solving the equation of the form
det ([k ]−ω ²[ M ])=0 (11)
or
det ([k ]−λ [ M ])=0 (12)
where λ=ω ².
The determinant is zero only at a set of discrete eigenvalues λ i or ω 2i . There is an
eigenvector ( Φ i ) which satisfies Eq.(10) and corresponds to each eigenvalue. Therefore, Eq.
(10) can be rewritten as [22]
(13)
[ K −ω2i M ] {Φ }=0 i=1,2,3 …
24
Each eigenvalue and eigenvector in the equation define a free vibration mode of the
structure analyzed. The i -th eigenvalue λ i is related to the i -th natural frequency as follows:
ωi (14)
f i=
2π
where f i is the i-th natural frequency.
The number of eigenvalues and eigenvectors is equal to the number of degrees of freedom
that have mass or the number of dynamic degrees of freedom. There are a number of
characteristics of natural frequencies and mode shapes that make them useful in various
dynamic analyses. First, when a linear elastic structure is vibrating in free or forced vibration,
its deflected shape at any given time is a linear combination of all of its normal modes:
{ ü } =∑ ( Φi ) ξ i (15)
i
where {u } is the vector of physical displacement, ( Φ i ) is the i -th mode shape and ξ i is the i
-th modal displacement.
Second, if [ K ] and [ M ] are symmetric and real (as is the case for all the common
structural finite elements), the following mathematical properties hold:
T (16)
{Φ i } [ M ] {Φ j }=0i ≠ j
T (17)
{Φ j } [ M ] {Φ j }=m j
T (18)
{Φ j } [ K ] {Φ j }=0 i ≠ j
T (19)
{Φ j } [ K ] {Φ j }=k j
25
3 Basic Theory
where m j is the j -th generalized mass and k j=ω m j is the j -th generalized stiffness.
Also, from Eq.(17) and Eq.(19) Rayleigh’s equation is obtained
T (20)
2{Φ j } [ K ] {Φ j }
ω=j T
{Φ j } [ M ] {Φ j }
The orthogonality property of normal modes is defined by Eq.(13) and Eq.(15), which
assures that each normal mode is different from all others. Physically, orthogonality of modes
means that each mode shape is distinct and that one mode form cannot be created by a linear
combination of any other mode shapes. A natural mode of the structure can also be described
by its generalized mass and generalized stiffness. According to the author, this is very useful
in formulating equivalent dynamic models and in component mode synthesis.
If a structure isn't wholly affected in space, it's doable for the structure to displace (move)
as a rigid body or as a partial or complete mechanism. for every doable element of rigid-body
motion or mechanism, there exists one natural frequency that's adequate zero. The zero-
frequency modes are referred to as rigid-body modes. Rigid-body motion of all or part of a
structure describes the structure's motion in a stress-free state. Stress-free rigid-body modes
are important for doing dynamic analyses on unconstrained structures like aircraft and
satellites. Also, rigid-body modes can be indicative of modelling errors, or an inadequate
constraint set.
There are nonzero results, for zero-damp structure with n numbers of DOFs, n numbers of
eigenvalues of the matrix are the square values of systemic natural frequencies. Each
ponderance of matching eigenvectors has a proportional link among n swing values. It seems
clear that the nature frequencies of a structural and the modal shapes are decided by oneself
inherent physic property (inertia and elasticity) system but are irrelative with outer loads [22].
26
3.6 Harmonic Analysis
Harmonic Analysis is used to determine the steady-state response of any structure

subjected to loads that vary sinusoidally with time. The harmonic analysis, unlike the transient
dynamic analysis, does not solve the structure's time-history response.
It treats the structure's dynamic behavior in the frequency domain instead of time domain.
Therefore, the interpretation of harmonic analysis results becomes very different from static
and transient analysis. In Harmonic Analysis we are interested in the resonance, where
excessive motion, stress, noise and vibration occur at a certain frequency. By harmonic
analysis, engineers can verify if the designs can successfully overcome resonance, fatigue,
and other harmful effects of the forced vibrations.
Harmonic Analysis provides a way to find the peak response of the structure efficiently.
Assumption:
All input loads are sinusoidal and have same frequency.
F i=( F i)max sin(ωt +θi ) (21)
where F = Amplitude, ω = frequency and θ = phase angle.
Writing the loads in sinusoidal format, the subscript i indicates different loads. Can be
notice that amplitude F max and phase angle θ can be different for different loads, whiles
frequency ω always remains the same.
Although harmonic analysis is a dynamic analysis, transient effects are not calculated. It
solves for the steady-state response of the structure after the harmonic loads have been acting
on the structure for a long period of time [23].
The general equation for all kinds of dynamic analysis is the Equation of Motion
[m]{ ü}+[C ]{u̇ }+[ K ]{u }={F } (22)
27
3 Basic Theory
For harmonic analysis, since the input loads are all sinusoidal, we assume that the output
solutions of the structure are also sinusoidal with the same frequency of the input loads. Then,
from Eq.(21),
ui=(ui )max sin(ωt + φi) (23)
φ is used to denote the phase angle of the solution so that to differentiate it from input
load phase angle Theta. The different input and output phase angles can be caused by out-of-
phase loads or damping added to the system. The difference between φ and θ is called as the
"Phase Shift", showing how much the input waveform is shifted compared with the response
waveform of the structure [23].
Although the solution of harmonic analysis is sinusoidal, it only applies for the direct
results, for example, directional displacement, normal stress/strain, and shear stress/strain.
For total deformation and other derived results, including principal stress/strains, Equivalent
Stress/strain, this is not the applicable [24].
3.7 Random Vibration Analysis
Random vibration is one whose instantaneous value cannot be predicted using the
provided information. Rocket engines, turbulent flows, earthquakes, and movements over
irregular surfaces, for example, all-cause vibration. While the instantaneous vibration level is
unpredictable, statistical terminology such as the probability distribution of the vibration
amplitude, the mean-square vibration level, and the average frequency spectrum can be used
to explain the vibration.
A spacecraft will be subjected to random mechanical and acoustic stresses during launch.
The random mechanical loads are the primary source of acceleration excitation at the launch
vehicle-spacecraft contact. The random loads are created by a variety of factors, including the
interaction of the launch vehicle structure and the engines, exhaust noise, and combustion
[25].
28
A random process can be classified as either stationary (steady-state) or nonstationary

(transient) (transient). The properties of a stationary random process do not alter over time.
Random vibration is considered stationary for practical purposes if the mean square amplitude
and frequency spectrum remain constant over a specific time period. The frequency content of
a random vibration can be broad-band or narrow-band. Figure 9 presents typical acceleration-
time records produced from a system that includes a mass that is resiliently placed on a base
and subjected to a constant, turbulent flow. The broad-band vibration has a Gaussian (or
normal) amplitude distribution.
Figure 9 (A) Example of a narrow-band random signal x(t)

(B) Example of a broad-band random signal y(t)
(C) Resiliently mounted mass m with stiffness k and viscous damper c
The mass vibrates in a narrow band (centered at the mounted system's inherent
frequency), but with a Gaussian amplitude distribution. The Rayleigh distribution describes
the distribution of narrow-band vibration peaks. Technically, a random process' statistical
metrics must be averaged over an assembly of representative samples. For an arbitrary
random vibration this means averaging over a set of independent realizations of the event.
This is shown in Figure 10, which shows four vibration-time records from a position on an
internal combustion engine block that are synchronized with cylinder firing. The vibration is
not deterministically reproducible due to unpredictable system variations. The amplitude of
the mean-square is also nonstationary.
29
3 Basic Theory
Figure 10 Ensemble of vibration responses (x1, x2, x3, x4) [19]
As a result, the statistical parameters of vibration are time-dependent and must be

calculated from an ensemble of samples from each record at a specific time. If each time
record is representative of the complete random process, it may be possible to generate similar
ensemble averages by sampling across time for a stationary random process. Such a random
process is called ergodic. Not all stationary random processes, however, are ergodic. Consider
the case of determining the statistical parameters of an airplane fuselage's vibration levels
during representative in-flight conditions. The vibration levels on a single flight may be
sufficiently stationary to get useful temporal averages. One flight, on the other hand, is
unlikely to encompass all of the expected variations in weather and other factors that affect
vibration levels. In this situation, the time averages must be combined with an ensemble
average calculated over a number of different flying conditions that represent the whole range
of possible conditions.
3.8 Testing Background
Since the 1960s, the core testing methodology has not altered considerably. The
underlying testing method entails placing the test item on a shaker and shaking it in each of
the three standard directions (X, Y, and Z) in accordance with the supplied testing standards;
30
this notion has been the norm for fifty years. This process has never changed significantly for
a variety of reasons, including the fact that single axis shakers are more typically encountered
in testing facilities [26].
Figure 11 Random Vibration Test setup [27]
31
4 FE Modeling of SSS-1 Satellite

It is presented in this chapter, the entire process of how the geometry and FE model were
generated and analyzed, detailing each step of the process. The software used for the entire
analysis was Ansys Workbench Mechanical.
4.1 Structure simplification
The first step to carry out the FE Model is the simplification of the SSS-1, leaving only
the structural part that will be useful for the analysis. Ansys has an environment called
SpaceClaim Direct Modeler (SCDM), or only SpaceClaim (SC), where geometry in various
shapes and formats can be imported. It is an industry-leading direct modeling tool for rapid
concept design and geometry manipulation and is focused on repairing, preparing, and
optimizing models’ analysis. In this search, the geometry was developed by the SSS-1 team
and imported to Ansys in .stp format, as can be seen in Figure 12.
Figure 12 SSS-1 in SpaceClaim
Generally, when importing a ready-made geometry into a computer-aided design (CAD)

software, some errors can occur, such as thickness equal to zero, lack of contact between the
faces, etc. SC would then be ideal for fixing any import errors.
After importing the geometry, corrections have been made and then you can simplify the
entire satellite setup to just the structural elements, 13 parts, which can be seen in Figure 13.
33
Figure 13 SSS-1 Structure
An exploded view can also be seen in Figure 14below:
Figure 14 Explode View
4.2 Mass Properties
An important concept to keep in mind during the design process is the concept of total
mass and mass-related properties of the micro satellite.
34
It is important to show that, by the design of the SSS-1, the total mass is around 30 kg.
However, the mass of the structural elements is only 14.9 kg approximately, after applying the
chosen material to the structure. This data can be seen below:
Figure 15 Mass Structure
Therefore, for the simulation more faithful to reality, it is necessary to apply mass points
to the structure where these points demonstrate where the Payloads (non-structural mass
distributions) are located and the mass corresponding to each component. Each mass point
identifies the location of a component specifically with respect to the coordinates of the
original structure. This arrangement can be seen in the Figure 16. The total Payload weighs
almost 16 kg and with this modeling, simulation responses now more accurately reflect the
behavior of the entire structure.
Figure 16 Point Masses
35
It can be seen that the SSS-1 structure makes up approximately 49% of the total mass of
the structure, by taking the most important role in the total mass as shown in Figure 17.
Figure 17 Mass distribution of SSS-1
There are two other important properties at design time related to the mass of the satellite,
which is the center of mass and the moment of inertia. Small satellites are preferred to be
symmetric because they reduce aerodynamic drag and solar radiation pressure, resulting in a
net torque. To reduce torque, the Small Sat's center of mass should be as close to its center of
pressure as possible, which is the centroid of the satellite's projected area. This is also
provided by constructing a symmetrical front area, which will employ solar arrays
symmetrical about the satellite's center of mass. Symmetry, like a compact shape, reduces
gravity-gradient torques [10].
Considering the above statement, changing the position of some non-structural element
can alter the satellite's symmetry, altering the center of pressure and mass, and consequently
may affect the performance of maneuvers as well as the increase in aerodynamic drag and
solar radiation pressure. The coordinate system as a reference can be seen in Figure 18.
36
Figure 18 Coordinate System
In the current configuration, it shows a payload that is well divided and symmetrical to the
center of mass of the entire system. The coordinates of the center of mass, the data of the total
inertia about the center of mass and the main inertias according to the coordinate system can
be seen below:
Table 8 Mass Properties
4.3 Mesh Validation
The mesh represents the division of the elements in the object of study, through equations,
which guarantee the survey of several points. Thus, the accuracy of the mesh quality will
37
depend on modeling, mesh generation, and other resources adopted in the simulation. Then,
the quality of the mesh plays a significant role in the accuracy and stability of the numerical
computation. For the structure of the SSS-1, only triangular and quadrilateral elements were
used. Triangular elements can be found more in regions where there are holes, while
quadrilaterals, in uniform regions. This ensures a good distribution of elements, and the mesh
tends to converge to a good quality. The quality parameters will be presented below. Some
details of the structure's mesh can be seen below, where the quadrilateral and triangular
elements can be seen.
Figure 19 Mesh element details
Some finite element software has tools that help to validate the mesh quality through
mesh metrics. The most important metrics for this analysis are as follows: Element Quality,
Skewness and Orthogonal Quality.
4.3.1 Element Quality
The Element Quality method is a mesh quality parameter, by definition, its principle is
the ratio between the volume divided by the length of an edge of the element. So, it will be a
value between 0 and 1, the value 1 refers to a perfect square or cube and the value 0 indicates
a bad element like negative volume or zero.
Figure 20 Element Quality Metric
38
The element quality graph of the SSS-1 can be seen below:
Figure 21 Element Quality Graphic
Figure 22 Element Quality Values
It is observed that from the graph in Figure 21, most of the elements are very close to the
value 1. In Figure 222, the metrics are shown numerically, the average of the values of this
metric is at 0,96581, confirming for now, a great quality. Another way to visualize it is
through the elements of the mesh in the structure itself, where the elements of good quality
are closer to blue while those of lesser quality are closer to red.
39
Figure 23 Element Quality by color parameter
4.3.2 Skewness
Skewness is defined as the difference between the shape of the cell and the shape of an
equilateral cell of equivalent volume. Highly skewed cells can decrease accuracy and
destabilize the solution. The Skewness metric can be seen below:
Figure 24 Skewness Quality Target
Figure 25 Skewness Graphic
40
Figure 26 Skewness Values
It can be observed that the value of the skewness metric is very close to zero, both by the
graph and by the values, in Figure 2626, thus ensuring a good quality of the mesh for this
metric.
4.3.3 Orthogonal Quality
Orthogonal quality is computed with vector mechanics. Calculations are done by using
the face normal vector, the vector from the cell centroid to the centroid of each of the adjacent
cells, and the vector from the cell centroid to each of the faces. Orthogonal Quality is, 0 is
worst and 1 is the best [28]. As with the Element Quality metric, Orthogonal Quality follows
the same scale, with 1 being perfect and 0 being worst.
Figure 27 Orthogonal Quality Target
41
Figure 28 Orthogonal Quality Graphic
Figure 29 Orthogonal Quality Values
It can be observed that the value of the Orthogonal Quality metric is very close to 1, both
by the graph in Figure 288 and by the values in Figure 2929, thus ensuring a good quality of
the whole mesh. It is observed that in the studied structure, there was no need for any Virtual
Topology, which is generally used when there are curves that might interfere with the mesh
generation.
4.4 Boundary Conditions
After the meshing process and application of the material to the structure, the next step
was to define the boundary conditions to carry the analysis. Boundary conditions consisted of
nodes on the first deck of the Separation System, and it was selected the nodes corresponding
to the position where the bottom plate in the Z direction is connected to the star arrow adapter
and constrain the six degrees of freedom of the node. These constraints are applied at 4
equally plate around the Separation System, corresponding to the actual bolted connections to
the launch vehicle. The exact locations can be seen from the figures below.
42
Figure 30 Location of nodes that were applied to boundary conditions - CAD Model
Figure 31 Location of nodes that were applied to boundary conditions - CAD Model
4.5 Static Structural Analysis
In this section, a static structural analysis will be prepared to perform for SSS-1
structure. A static structural analysis identifies the displacements, stresses, strains, and forces
in structures or components induced by loads with little inertia and damping. Steady loading
and response conditions are assumed; that is, the loads and the structure’s response are
assumed to vary slowly with respect to time [29].
43
The entire finite-element model of the satellite is used during the static analysis process.
The main purpose of this analysis is to ensure that the satellite structure can withstand all
static loads encountered during its lifecycle without excessive deformation. An inertial
m
acceleration was set as = [19,619,6 98]( ) and carry out the static analysis. This inertial
s²
acceleration is related to the mission's launcher, the CZ-2D-Y53. Also known as the Long
March 2D, the rocket is a two-stage liquid-propellant rocket, developed based on the first and
second stages of the Long March 4 (LM-4) rocket, and is used to launch various low-orbit
satellite missions.
The typical low-orbit launch capacity of the LM-2D rocket is 3,700 kg [30].
A Fixed support has also been added on deck 5, and this will also be used for modal and
harmonic response analyses. The Fixed support can be seen in the Figure 3232.
Figure 32 Fixed Support
4.6 Modal Analysis
For modal analysis, for a better accuracy of the analyses, the static analysis results will
be used for the modal analysis, as can be seen by the Ansys schematic in Figure 333.
44
Figure 33 Ansys schematic for analysis
For modal Analysis, it is first necessary to adjust some initial parameters. It was defined
in Ansys that the maximum number of Mode Shapes would be 10. The other parameters were
left as default.
Figure 34 Analysis Settings Parameters
After this process, the solution is started by the software and the data can then be extracted for
future analysis. Through the frequencies found, the mode shapes of the structure are then
extracted.
4.7 Harmonic Response
In the Harmonic Response analysis, the main objective is to predict maximum response
for Location, Frequency, Phase Angle and Stresses, and it was used from the same Modal
Analysis event tree as before, as seen below:
Figure 35 Harmonic Response Event Tree on Ansys
45
Through the modal response, a harmonic force in Z direction was applied to the structure to
carry out the simulation.
Step 1 - In the analysis settings, the frequency range was set between 0 and 200 Hz, which are
the frequencies of interest to the problem. 50 frequency intervals were chosen, sufficient for
this analysis. The remaining analysis settings have been left in default mode.
Figure 36 Harmonic Response Analysis Settings
The first step was to find where in the structure is the largest response occurring and what
frequency and phase angle. For that, the Frequency Response (Deformation) in Z direction
was added to the results.
Figure 37 Frequency Response (Deformation)
Step 2 - Next, a Phase Response for same Z displacement component was added.
46
Figure 38 Phase Response
It was defined the frequency as 40 Hz, according to the frequency response results, as can be
seen in Figure 3939.
Figure 39 Phase response settings
Step 3 - Later, we tried to determine where on the physical structure the peak response is
occurring. To do this, it was inserted displacement in Z direction and define frequency of 40
Hz and Sweep Phase of 180 degrees, as Figure 4141 shows.
Figure 40 Directional Deformation in Z direction
47
Figure 41 Directional Deformation Settings
Step 4 - Once it is established the frequency and phase angle of greatest interest, critical
derived quantities like equivalent stress was analysed.
Figure 42 Equivalent Stress
Figure 43 Equivalent Stress Settings
This process was repeated from steps 2 to 4, for the other two natural frequencies, 105 Hz and
159 Hz.
48
Figure 44 Displacement Peaks
49
5 Results and Analysis

The results and analyzes will be presented together in this chapter, in order to facilitate
reader understanding.
5.1 Static Structural Results and Analysis
The stress–strain state of the structure modules is determined because of the static
analysis. The diagrams of equivalent Von Mises stress distribution and displacement
distribution (mm) of structure are shown below. The maximum displacement is 1,7348 mm as
shown in Figure 455, which locates on deck 4. This value is in accordance with the design
requirement, in which the maximum value was 2 mm.
Figure 45 Displacement contour
The maximum strength of the structure was also found in deck 4, according to the Figure
466, and the corresponding value was 87,781 MPa.
51
Figure 46 Maximum Stress contour
5.2 Modal Results and Analysis
The Finite Element Model and Constraint Equation of the entire satellite can be seen in
Figure 477:
Figure 47 FE Model and Constraint Equation
Below, the 10 natural frequencies of the structure that were detected by the solution can be
seen:
52
Figure 48 Natural Frequencies
From these frequencies, the Mode Shapes of the structure are found, which are presented in
the following images:
Figure 49 Mode Shape 1
53
54
55
In order to simplify the visualization of the results, the Table 9 is presented with the Mode
Shape of each mode, the frequency and the deformation:
Table 9 Modes
Mode Mode Shape Frequency [Hz] Max. Deformation [mm]
1 Bend in Z direction 40,447 2,74e1
– Deck 4
2 Twisted in X axis - 52,842 1,24e1
Deck 4
56
3 Twisted in X axis - 77,575 3,81e1
Deck 4
4 Twisted in X axis – 82,531 3,06e1
Deck 4
5 Bend in Y direction 105,26 8,08e1
– Deck 2
6 Bending 106,88 2,56e1
7 Bending 124,49 2,06e1
8 Bending 137,51 3,10e1
9 Bending 145,92 2,85e1
10 Bend in Z direction 159,25 8,83e1
– Deck 2
It can be seen from the results of the modal analysis that the first 4 modes occur on deck
4, showing that this part of the structure may be the least resistant.
5.3 Experimental Results
Below is some of the results found by the SSS-1 vibration test. The complete results can
be verified in the Appendix of this work. These results refer to the random vibration test on
the Z axis. In this direction, according to the numerical analyzes previously performed, it is
where the greatest displacements may occur.
Table 10 Test Results Z Axis
Channel Acceleration (G) Velocity (m/s) Displacement (mm)

−5
Ch7 0,01615 1,260e 2,006e−6
Ch8 0,01319 1,029e−5 1,638e−6
Ch11 0,01804 1,408e−5 2,240e−6
Ch13 0,07241 5,651e−5 8,994e−6
Ch19 0,1181 9,220e−5 1,467e−6
Ch23 0,0164 1,279e−5 2,036e−6
Ch27 0,03779 2,949e−5 4,694e−6
Ch28 0,02557 1,996e−5 3,176e−6
57
When comparing the results of Table 9 with the results of Table 10, it is observed that the
displacements found experimentally are smaller than those found by the numerical analysis.
Therefore, even if the satellite reaches, during its mission, vibrations and consequently
frequencies that approach the experimental values, the structure will safely withstand these
effects.
5.4 Harmonic Response Results and Analysis
In the Harmonic Response results, the frequency response graph is displayed as well as
the graph where the phase changes are observed:
Figure 59 Frequency Response Graph
Figure 60 Angular Phase Shift and Tabular Date
It is observed from Figure 60 that the first peak displacement occurs at the first natural
frequency of 40 Hz, second peak in fifth natural frequency of 105 Hz and last one in tenth
natural frequency of 159 Hz.
Analysis in 40 Hz - In the Phase Response graph, can be observed in Figure 61 that the
58
Maximum Z displacement will occur at 180 degrees.
Figure 61 Phase Response in 40 Hz
With this value, after including the Directional Deformation, we obtained the following
results, which can be seen in Figure 6262.
Figure 62 Directional Deformation in Z direction in 40 Hz
This corresponds closely with the first mode shape, which can be found in Figure 499
and in the Table 9, and corresponding first natural frequency from modal analysis. Also, the
maximum value reported in the Frequency Response graph corresponds to the peak value on
the Amplitude vs Frequency plot.
Finally, the results of Equivalent Stress, in Figure 63
59
Figure 63 Equivalent Stress in 40 Hz
This location represents the point of maximum bending of the structure.
Analysis in 105 Hz - As noted earlier, in the Phase Response graph, can be observed in
Figure 64 that the Maximum Z displacement will also occur at 180 degrees
Figure 64 Phase Response in 105 Hz
Directional Deformation, we obtained the following results, which can be seen in Figure 62.
60
This corresponds closely with the fifth mode shape, which can be found in Figure 533 and in
the Table 9, and corresponding first natural frequency from modal analysis. Also, the
And now, the results of Equivalent Stress.
This location represents the point of maximum bending of the structure.
Analysis in 159 Hz – Finally, Analysis in 159.

In the Phase Response graph, can be observed that the Maximum Z displacement will also
occur at 180 degrees, as it was for 40 Hz and 105 Hz.
For Directional Deformation, we obtained the following results, which can be seen in Figure
677:
61
This corresponds closely with the tenth mode shape, which can be found in Figure 588 and in
the Table 9, and corresponding first natural frequency from modal analysis. Also, the
Then the results of Equivalent Stress in 159 Hz.
Table 11 Frequency and Phase Response, Directional Deformation and Equivalent Stress
Frequency Response Phase Response Directional Deformation Equivalent Stress

40 Hz 180° 2,60E+01 [mm] 108,84 MPa on Deck 4
105 Hz 180° 5,80E+01 [mm] 1784,8 MPa on Deck 2
159 Hz 180° 2,90E+01 [mm] 1138,3 MPa on Deck 2
5.5 Analysis after Structural Design modifications
After the structural analysis of the SSS-1, a region more susceptible to stresses and
weaknesses was observed, this being Deck 4. Therefore, new analyzes were performed, in
order to verify the behavior of the structure and the new natural frequencies, changing the
thickness from 2 mm to 4 mm. The analyzes were static structural and modal.
62
5.5.1 Static Structural Results after Deck 4 modifications
Figure 69 Displacement contour (Deck 4 = Thickness 4 mm)
By changing the thickness of Deck 4 from 2 mm to 4 mm, the displacement contour in

direction Z has decreased. The table below compares the two values.
Displacement
Deck 4 – Thickness 2 mm 1,7348 mm
Deck 4 – Thickness 4 mm 0,4037 mm
This increase in deck 4 thickness, as well as the simulation result, shows that the structure
better resists the inertial loading of the launcher, ensuring greater structural reliability of the
SSS-1.
5.5.2 Modal Results after Deck 4 modifications
Extending the structural analysis to modal shapes , Figure 70 shows the new natural
frequencies.
63
Figure 70 Natural Frequencies (Deck 4 - Thickness 4 mm)
The natural frequencies are higher than in the primary structure analysis while the
maximum deformation are smaller. The tables below compares the values of natural
frequencies and new displacements found.
Table 12 Modes (Primary Structure)
Mode Frequency [Hz] Max. Deformation [mm]
1 40,447 2,74e1
2 52,842 1,24e1
3 77,575 3,81e1
4 82,531 3,06e1
5 105,26 8,08e1
6 106,88 2,56e1
7 124,49 2,06e1
8 137,51 3,10e1
9 145,92 2,85e1
10 159,25 8,83e1
Table 13 Modes (Deck 4 - Thickness = 4 mm)
Mode Frequency [Hz] Max. Deformation [mm]
1 84,762 7,84e2
2 105,16 2,56e3
64
3 107,2 8,14e2
4 124,81 6,46e2
5 129,23 4,75e2
6 137,68 1,00e3
7 146,17 8,78e2
8 159,25 2,79e3
9 169,61 1,02e3
10 182,68 1,13e3
It is observed that the maximum deformations decreased with the change in the thickness
of deck 4, which favors the reliability of the structure to the loads that may occur.
Figure 71 Mode Shape 1 (Deck 4 - Thickness 4 mm)
65
66
67
68
The displacement values found, both before and after the alteration, are within the range
of acceptable values after the experimental test.
It is inferred then that the change in the thickness of deck 4 favors the structure. Through
the following figures, it is noted that the first modes do not occur on deck 4, as in the analysis
of the primary structure.
69
6 Conclusion
One of the biggest challenges of the mechanical design of any project that involves
satellites is the limitation of volume, since these dimensions are also limited by the mission
launcher. After these dimensions were decided, the SSS-1 team could begin to design the
satellite. Following the completion of production, satellites are subjected to a variety of load
conditions. Their structures must be tested to ensure that they will withstand these conditions
and allow the satellite to complete its mission. Most of these load conditions are vibration
loads experienced during launch and transportation. As a result, structural analyses are
frequently based on these types of load sources. These analyses were performed using either a
computer or environmental testing. Finite element analysis is used in computer analyses. A
finite element model of the satellite is created, and appropriate studies are run using finite
element software (Ansys Workbench) to determine if the design is adequate.
Static and Modal analysis is the basic requirements for the satellite structural design.
During this research, the theory of normal modes and harmonic response was analyzed, and
the finite element model of the SSS-1 in was established by using the finite element analysis
in Ansys Workbench software. Furthermore, the equivalent model for the structure was
calculated and based on the finite element model, the modal analysis of the SSS-1 with finite
element method was presented.
Through the static, modal and harmonic response simulation analysis through Ansys, their
indicates that finite element method is eligible and useful way, which can calculate normal
frequency and predict modal shape. For the SSS-1, the structural natural frequencies and
modal shapes were obtained, which were useful to predict in which location of the structure
the greatest efforts and deformations would occur, this being deck 4. The structural vibratory
weakness parts of the satellite were determined from the mode shapes and based on these
results, a new analysis was performed, altering the thickness of this more fragile region, deck
4, showing a greater mechanical resistance of the structure to loads and moving away the
frequency zone of the design requirements. The results of the experimental test also
71
6 Conclusion
corroborate the reliability of the structure, when analyzed with the results found through
numerical analysis.
As is known, at this moment, the SSS-1 has already been released and so far, its structure
has reached all the proposed objectives of the project.
For future work, some optimizations may be done. For this research, the structure was
simplified in such a way that personal computers could solve the numerical simulations.
However, such simplifications may not be as faithful to the actual results, even though these
results can still be considered good, since the structure of the real is much more complex as
well as the applied loads. For even more accurate results, the use of more powerful
computers, more reliable boundary conditions, as well as a finer mesh. Also considering
future projects, if the launch vehicle is different from the current one, some adaptations will
have to be made, since the requirements regarding the frequencies will have to change.
In conclusion, even though the SSS-1 has already been launched and most of it analyzes
have been validated, this research serves as a basis for future works that seek similar results,
in order to validate the project in question. The results found here demonstrate significant
accuracy with reality, even with the simplifications performed.
72
References
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[13] SSS-1 Project Team. SSS Project Feasibility Study/The Contract for APSCO Student
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Handling System Based on the RAD750 Processor [C]. 28th AIAA International
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Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis [G]. 2020.
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[19] D. S. Steinberg. Vibration Analyses for Electronic Equipment [G]. John Wiley, Ed. 3rd,
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Springer Dordrecht, 1996.
[21] T. Mosher. Spacecraft Structures and Testing [D], Utah, USA, 2004.
[22] Z. Bai, Y. Zhao, W. Ma e H. Tian. Modal Analysis for Small Satellite System with
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Guildford, 2019.
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https://mechanicalbase.com/orthogonal-quality-in-ansys-meshing/.
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75
Appendix
SSS-1 Test report
77
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
My sincerest thanks go to my supervisor, Professor Chen Shenyan, for her willingness,
dedication and commitment to allow this work to be completed on time and successfully.
Amidst the chaos that the pandemic caused in everyone's lives, she was always available to
my contacts and made every effort to keep me from giving up. Her technical and professional
knowledge was crucial for the development of this research, and I feel honored to have been
part of her guidance.
I also want to thank Beihang University, along with its faculty, especially the International
School, for all their support during my periods at the university, as well as today, outside of it.
It was decisive throughout this process that matures me as an engineer and a human being.
I must also thank my colleagues who were part of my journey, from several countries I
knew little about, but especially my Brazilian colleagues and friends who gave me all the
support in China, especially when for me everything was different and sometimes
complicated. These are André, Letícia, Márcia and Ana Paula. Special thanks to Letícia Ploeg,
who since the beginning of this journey was my companion in everything, which we shared
from smiles to tears.
Finally, to all my family who supported me throughout the process, especially my

grandmother, my brother and uncles. Without them none of this would be possible here. In
particular, to my grandfather who died during this work. And also, in memory of my parents,
sister and aunt, who have not been materially present with us for a long time, but I always
carry the affection they left me.

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111Equation Chapter 1 Section 1

A Dissertation Submitted for the Degree of Master

Candidate: Thales Bernardo Saque de Queiroz

Supervisor: Chen Shenyan

作者姓名 博纳多 申请学位级别 工学硕士

指导教师姓名 陈珅艳 职称 副教授

学科专业 空间技术应用 研究方向 小卫星技术

学习时间自 2019 年 9月 02 日 起至 2021 年 12 月 20 日止

论文提交日期 2022 年 05 月 17 日 论文答辩日期 2022 年 05 月 31 日

学位授予单位 北京航空航天大学 学位授予日期 年 月 日

学位论文作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日

1.4.2 Structural Design Phases...........................................................................................................5

1.5 Dissertations’ Structure.............................................................................................7

3.4.2 Vibration (Frequency) Isolation..............................................................................................19

3.5 Modal Analysis Theory...........................................................................................21

4.3.3 Orthogonal Quality..................................................................................................................39

4.4 Boundary Conditions...............................................................................................40

5.5.2 Modal Results after Deck 4 modifications..............................................................................59

Figure 1 Layout of the satellite understudy...............................................................................1

Table 1 Smallsats Launched by countries (2012 - 2021)...........................................................3

SSS Student Small Satellite

[K] Stiffness matrix

{Φ } Eigenvector or mode shape

det Determinant of a matrix

φ The phase angle of the solution

X Direction x of the external surfaces of the Satellite

Y Direction y of the external surfaces of the Satellite

Z Direction z of the external surfaces of the Satellite

−X Direction -x of the external surfaces of the Satellite

−Y Direction -y of the external surfaces of the Satellite

−Z Direction -z of the external surfaces of the Satellite

Figure 1 Layout of the satellite understudy

Figure 2 3D model of the primary satellite structure [2]

Microsatellites have been very important in the development of engineering programs,

1.2 Small Satellites in Numbers

Figure 3 Small Satellites Highlights [6]

Smallsats in 2012 – 2021 Context and Operator/Mission Type Trends, by country.

Figure 4 Smallsats Launched by countries (2012 - 2021) [6]

Table 1 Smallsats Launched by countries (2012 - 2021) [6]

USA 3,241 (1,944 Starlink)

UK 421 (394 OneWeb)

1.3 APSCO SSS project

1.4 Research Status

A thorough understanding of the characteristics of satellites and structural analysis were

1.4.1 The process of setting up a satellite

1.4.2 Structural Design Phases

It is important to understand the phases of structural design. Conceptual design,

accommodation, launch requirements, environmental protection, thermal and electrical

1.5 Dissertations’ Structure

2 APSCO SSS-1 Satellite

Table 2 Payloads of SSS-1 Satellite

No. Payloads Missions

2.1 Satellite overall specification

Table 3 Specifications of SSS-1 Platform [13]

No. Item Specification

2.2 SSS-1 Structure Subsystem

2.2.1 SSS-1 Requirements

Table 4 Typical Aluminum Alloys

Alloy ρ (gr/cm3) Poisson’s ratio E (GPa) σu(MPa) σy(MPa)

Frequency Requirements - Frequency requirements are shown in the following table.

Table 5 Basic Requirement

Mass Specification ＜33kg

Table 6 Frequency Requirement

作者姓名博纳多申请学位级别工学硕士

指导教师姓名陈珅艳职称副教授

学科专业空间技术应用研究方向小卫星技术

学习时间自 2019 年 9月 02 日起至 2021 年 12 月 20 日止

论文提交日期 2022 年 05 月 17 日论文答辩日期 2022 年 05 月 31 日

学位授予单位北京航空航天大学学位授予日期年月日

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