pervasive and potent.
It shows itself even in
LESSON 1: HUMANITIES
● It is a broad field
It includes:
● Fine Arts (painting, sculpture, and
architecture)
● Performing Arts (music, dance, drama, and
opera)
● Literary Arts (prose and poetry)
● It encompasses all studies which make
student “human”
● It was derived from the Latin word
“humanus” meaning human, cultured or
refined
● It embraces the social sciences and
philosophy
To be HUMAN is to have or to show qualities like
rationality, kindness and tenderness.
To be CULTURED is to be educated and civilized.
To be REFINED to show behavior that is polished,
polite or courteous.
ART
● It is “human ingenuity in adapting natural
things to man’s use”.
● An artist uses his genius in transforming
God-made things into man-made things that
satisfy his needs.
● He converts wood into religious image, into
a house, into a piece of furniture.
● He transforms plants into cloth which will
later become his clothing or he turns them
into paper which will later become an item
of painting or sculpture.
WHAT IS ART?
● The arts are difficult to define and difficult
to gather into a conceptual net but we would
probably agree that the arts enhance daily
experience.
● Art has touched everyone. Art is all around
us being universal because it can be found
in all cultures.
Arts covers many meanings including ability,
process and product.
● As an ABILITY, art is the human capacity to
make things of beauty and things that stir
us; it is creativity.
● As a PROCESS, art encompasses acts
such as drawing, painting, sculpting,
designing buildings, singing, dancing and
using the camera to create images or
memorable works.
● As a PRODUCT, art is the completed work
of an etching, a sculpture, a structure, a
musical composition, choreography or a
tapestry.
Art is very important in our lives. It constitutes
one of the oldest and most important means of
expression developed by man.
Wherever men have lived together, art has sprung
up among them as a language charged with feeling
and significance. The desire to create this language
appears to be universal. As a cultured force, it is
primitive societies.
GENRES OF ART
❖ VISUAL ARTS are those forms perceived
by the eyes. They are also called spatial
arts because artworks produced under this
genre occupy space.
They are further divided into:
❖ GRAPHIC ARTS > These are visual arts
that have length and width. They are also
called two-dimensional arts.
❖ PLASTIC ARTS > These are visual arts that
have length, width, and volume. They are
also called three-dimensional arts.
AUDIO-VISUAL arts are those forms perceived by
both ears and eyes. They are called performing
arts in as much as the artists render a performance
in front of an audience.
LITERARY ARTS are those presented in the
written mode and intended to be read.
DIVISIONS OF ART STUDY
❖ Humanities or the study of the arts was
limited to aesthetics or art appreciation and
/or art history during the second half of the
20th century. With the onset of the new
millennium and the recent developments in
various disciplines, the study of humanities
has extended to art production and art
criticism. In short, humanities deals with the
four divisions of art study namely, art
appreciation, art history, art production
and art criticism.
AESTHETICS OR ART APPRECIATION
● The science of beauty is that division of art
study in which the student learns to admire
various artists, value highly different works
of art and appreciate the role of art in
society.
ART HISTORY
● The division of art study in which the
student acquires knowledge of the artists,
their backgrounds, their masterpieces and
their significant contributions in various
fields of art.
ART PRODUCTION
● The division of art study in which the
student learns to use his creativity and
apply his artistic knowledge and skills in
producing his own works of art.
ART CRITICISM
● The division of art study in which the
student learns to use his judgment in
evaluating different artworks based on the
criteria set.
BEAUTY
● Beauty is usually thought of in connection
with qualities that can be perceived by the
senses, specially when the enjoyment or
pleasure is involved with sense experience.
BEAUTY MAY BE FOUND IN THREE THINGS:
1. Matter, or what a thing is made of
2. Form, which is shape, general structure
3. Experience which is the act of living through
an event.
THERE ARE THREE CONDITIONS OF BEAUTY:
1. Integrity
2. Proportion
3. Brightness
THEORIES OF BEAUTY
1. SUBJECTIVE THEORY – beauty is
considered to be a subjective quality of the
mind.
2. OBJECTIVE THEORY – beauty is
considered a particular kind of relationship
between the mind and the object of
perception.
3. CULTURAL RELATIVITY – beauty is
considered an intrinsic property or quality of
things in and of themselves.
MODES OF BEAUTY (DEGREE)
1. SUBLIME – noble, inspiring admiration,
excellent
2. GRAND – distinguished, imposing in size,
beauty or extent.
3. BEAUTIFUL – quality of being very
pleasing
4. PRETTY – fair, refined taste.
5. GRACEFUL – beauty of form, movement,
expression.
WAITING
● “Fate or future comes naturally without any
toil. Destiny dictates it. All you have to do is
wait.”
● Fate comes surely like the rising of the sun
just as its setting. So there is no need to
race with anybody – just wait for your turn of
fortune.
● This may be true to some but certainly not
for most people. So you are still the master
of your destiny.
LESSON 1 PART 2 ART
HISTORY/MOVEMENT
PREHISTORIC ART
● A term that refers to Stone Age,
Paleolithic, and Neolithic art and
artifacts, literally referring to the time before
recorded history.
● As the first building blocks of art history,
prehistoric artifacts provide crucial insights
into the origin of image- and craft-making;
they take the form of tools and small
objects, as well as a select few architectural
ruins.
● Art from this period was a powerful form of
communicating information between tribes
and generations;
CLASSICAL PERIOD
● CLASSICAL ART encompasses the
cultures of Greece and Rome and endures
as the cornerstone of Western civilization.
● Including innovations in painting, sculpture,
decorative arts, and architecture, Classical
Art pursued ideals of beauty, harmony, and
proportion, even as those ideals shifted and
changed over the centuries.
● While often employed in propagandistic
ways, the human figure and the human
experience of space and their relationship
with the gods were central to Classical Art.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
● Medieval art in Europe grew out of the
artistic heritage of the Roman Empire and
the iconographic traditions of the early
Christian church.
ICON- the production or study of the religious
images, called "icons", in the Byzantine and
Orthodox Christian tradition.
● These sources were mixed with the
vigorous "barbarian" artistic culture of
Northern Europe to produce a remarkable
artistic legacy.
● The history of medieval art can be seen as
the history of the interplay between the
elements of classical, early Christian and
"barbarian" art.
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
● Produced during the 14th, 15th, and 16th
centuries in Europe under the combined
influences of an increased awareness of
nature, a revival of classical learning, and a
more individualistic view of man.
● Scholars no longer believe that the
Renaissance marked an abrupt break with
medieval values, as is suggested by the
French word renaissance, literally “rebirth.”
● Historical sources suggest that interest in
nature, humanistic learning, and
individualism were already present in the
late medieval period and became dominant
in 15th- and 16th-century Italy concurrently
with social and economic changes such as
the secularization of daily life, the rise of a
rational money-credit economy, and greatly
increased social mobility.
THE FINE ART PERIOD
● In European academic traditions, fine art is
art developed primarily for aesthetics or
beauty, distinguishing it from decorative art
or applied art, which also has to serve some
practical function, such as pottery or most
metalwork.
● In the aesthetic theories developed in the
Italian Renaissance, the highest art allowed
the full expression and display of the artist's
imagination, unrestricted by any of the
practical considerations involved in, for
instance, making and decorating a teapot.
● It was also considered important that
making the artwork did not involve dividing
the work between different individuals with
 specialized skills, as might be necessary
with a piece of furniture, for example.
● Even within the fine arts, there was a
hierarchy of genres based on the amount of
creative imagination required, with history
painting placed higher than still life.
THE FINE ART PERIOD BAROQUE PERIOD
(c.1600-1700)
● The Baroque style is described as
emotional, realistic, and dynamic.
● Baroque painters saw a canvas as a stage
where they painted dramatically.
● Standing in front of Family Group with its
large, dark canvas and stiffly posed figures
is like standing in front of a stage at the
opening of a performance.
● Baroque paintings are full of movement,
exuberant colors, and dramatic contrast of
light and dark.
● Artists worked hard to manipulate their
medium to achieve a realistic effect in their
art.
● Subjects were viewed as participants or
actors chosen by the artist on a stage that
extended beyond the canvas.
THE FINE ART PERIOD
ROCOCO PERIOD (c.1700-1776)
● Rococo was a decorative, elaborate art
most often seen in French architecture and
sculpture.
● Painting was often considered frivolous
looking and characterized by fluidity, curving
lines, and lustrous colors.
● Favorite subjects for Rococo artists were
the courtly lifestyles and playful love lives of
the aristocracy.
THE FINE ART PERIOD
NEO-CLASSICISM PERIOD (c. 1750-1850)
● Europeans in the 1700s were fascinated
with the ancient city of Pompeii frozen in
time by natural disaster.
● Discoveries such as Pompeii revitalized
interest in the Classical art of Ancient
Greece and Rome, which could be used to
promote universal ideas such as courage
and patriotism.
● By the late 1700s, the Age of Enlightenment
spurred discovery, technology, and scientific
thought in a movement toward Classical
ideals. Neoclassicism changed art
techniques as well. Though they continued
contrasting light and dark colors in a way
similar to Baroque artists, Neoclassicists
stopped using vibrant color and busy
compositions. Instead, they focused on line
and symmetry, using formulas of set
proportions and exact perspective.
THE FINE PERIOD
ROMANTICISM PERIOD (c. 1780-1830)
● At the end of the 18th century and well into
the 19th, Romanticism quickly spread
throughout Europe and the United States to
challenge the rational ideal held so tightly
during the Enlightenment.
● The artists emphasized that sense and
emotions - not simply reason and order -
were equally important means of
understanding and experiencing the world.
● Romanticism celebrated the individual
imagination and intuition in the enduring
search for individual rights and liberty.
● Its ideals of the creative, subjective powers
of the artist fuelled avant-garde movements
well into the 20th century.
MODERNISM IN THE 19TH CENTURY
● Modernism is a philosophical movement
that, along with cultural trends and changes,
arose from enormous transformations in
Western society during the late 19th and
early 20th centuries.
● Among the factors that shaped modernism
were the development of modern industrial
societies and the rapid growth of cities,
followed by the horror of World War I.
● Modernism was essentially based on a
utopian vision of human life and society and
a belief in progress, or moving forward.
● It assumed that certain ultimate universal
principles or truths such as those formulated
by religion or science could be used to
understand or explain reality
MODERNISM IN THE 19TH CENTURY
IMPRESSIONISM (c. 1872-1892)
● Impressionism can be considered the first
distinctly modern movement in painting.
● Developing in Paris in the 1860s, its
influence spread throughout Europe and
eventually the United States.
● Its originators were artists who rejected the
official, government-sanctioned exhibitions,
or salons, and were consequently shunned
by powerful academic art institutions.
● In turning away from the fine finish and
detail to which most artists of their day
aspired, the Impressionists aimed to capture
the momentary, sensory effect of a scene -
the impression objects made on the eye in a
fleeting instant.
● To achieve this effect, many Impressionist
artists moved from the studio to the streets
and countryside, painting en plein air.
● MODERNISM IN THE 19TH CENTURY
POST-IMPRESSIONISM (c.1880-1914)
Post-Impressionism encompasses a wide
range of distinct artistic styles that all share
the common motivation of responding to the
optimality of the Impressionist movement.
● The movement ushered in an era during
which painting transcended its traditional
role as a window onto the world and instead
became a window into the artist's mind and
soul.
● The far-reaching aesthetic impact of the
Post-Impressionists influenced groups that
 arose during the turn of the 20th century,
like the Expressionists, as well as more
contemporary movements, like the
identityrelated Feminist Art.
MODERNISM IN THE 19TH CENTURY
NEO-IMPRESSIONISM (c.1984-1935)
● In the latter part of the 19th century,
NeoImpressionism foregrounded the
science of optics and color to forge a new
and methodical technique of painting that
eschewed the spontaneity and romanticism
that many Impressionists celebrated.
● Relying on the viewer's capacity to optically
blend the dots of color on the canvas, the
Neo-Impressionists strove to create more
luminous paintings that depicted modern
life.
● With urban centers growing and technology
advancing, the artists sought to capture
people's changing relationship with the city
and countryside.
● Many artists in the following years adopted
the Neo-Impressionist technique of
Pointillism, the application of tiny dots of
pigment, which opened the door to further
explorations of color and eventually abstract
art.
LESSON 2: ASSUMPTIONS AND
NATURE ARTS: CREATIVITY
AND IMAGINATION
Art
●
An expression of idea, experience or skill.
●
Came from the Latin word “artis/ars” which
means “to mad /to create”.
● A piece of you.
● A form of communication.
● An expression of creative imagination.
● An expression of BEAUTY.
● A combination of one’s creativity (doing
something that has value/purpose) and
imagination (being limitless)
NATURE OF ART
● A material that is considered to be
BEAUTIFUL / “OBRA MAESTRA” can be
bestselling.
● Can be ground breaking.
● Has a symbolic meaning.
● Is inherently beautiful.
DEFINITION OF ART ACCORDING TO
PHILOSOPHERS:
● PLATO - Art is that which brings life in
harmony with the beauty of the world.
● RUSKIN – Art is a whole spirit of man.
● CHARLETON NOYES – Art is the medium
by which the artist communicates himself to
his fellows.
● COLLINS AND RILEY – Art is anything
made or done by man that affects or moves
us so that we see or feel beauty in it.
ASSUMPTIONS OF ART:
● ART IS UNIVERSAL - Art is a universal
phenomenon and is as old as a human
being. Every society has its art, which is
encouraged and molded by the patronage it
gets from its members. Artists as members
of society create such works of art by the
existing relations in society.
● ART IS CULTURAL - Art influences society
by changing opinions, instilling values, and
translating experiences across space and
time. Research has shown art affects the
fundamental sense of self. Painting,
sculpture, music, literature, and the other
arts are often considered to be the
repository of a society's collective memory.
● ART IS NOT NATURE- Art is not natural
because by common consent people are
not natural for many purposes. People are
100% nature and yet more unlike the rest of
nature than anything else on earth. So, the
things people make are considered not
natural in any context that smacks of
machine or tool assistance or knowledge in
the making.
● ART AS EXPERIENCE - The notion of "Art
as experience" implies that the creation of
art must be something of personal and
knowledgeable value. In this conception of
art, the creator must have intimate or a
subjective link with their creation for both to
have validity
● ART IS EXPRESSION - Art, at its root, is an
expression and the artist is an expresser,
translating to create meaning. Art expresses
and translates, art acknowledges and
reveals, art transfers and art intervenes. Art
is an expression—an expression of feeling,
belief, and character.
CATEGORIES/GENRE OF ART
1. Visual
2. Audio-Visual
3. Literary
4. Applied – the application of design and
decoration to everyday objects to make
them aesthetically appealing. (film making,
photography, fashion design)
DIFFERENT SUBJECTS OF ART
● Nature
● People
● Emotion
● Places
● Animals
● Events
● Saints
● Churches
● Child
● Fruits
● Toys
● Landscapes
● Seascapes
● Religions
THE ARTISTS TASK:
● Shows the relationship of man to the
environment.
● Create places for human purpose.
● Create extraordinary versions of ordinary
objects.
● Record and commemorate.
● Give tangible forms of the unknown.
CONCLUSION
● Art is TIMELESS
● Art is always an EXPERIENCE
MODULE 3:
FUNCTIONS AND PHILOSOPHICAL
PERSPECTIVES ON ART
● Aristotle claimed that every particular
substance in the world has an end, or telos
in Greek, which translates into“purpose.”
● Every substance, defined as formed matter,
moves according to a fixed path towards its
aim.
● This telos, according to Aristotle, is
intricately linked with function.
● For a thing to reach its purpose, it also has
to fulfill its function.
TWO KINDS OF ART
● FUNCTIONAL ARTS – Practically usage for
everyday uses.
● NON-FUNCTIONAL ARTS – It is not
practically used.
Art serves several functions which are corollary to
its purposes.
1. Personal or Individual Function
2. Social Function
3. Economic Function
4. Political Function
5. Historical Function
6. Cultural Function
7. Religious Function
8. Physical Function
9. Aesthetic Function
ART STYLE AND FACTORS AFFECTING STYLE
● Every artist has his way of presenting his
work. Such is called art style. Such style is
affected by the factors: -
○ Geographical
○ Historical
○ Social
○ Ideational
○ Psychological
○ Technical
●An inquiry on the function of art is an inquiry
on what art is for.
● When it comes to function, different art
forms come with distinctive functions.
● Some art forms are more functional than
others.
ARCHITECTURE AND APPLIED ARTS
● The value of the art in question lies in the
practical benefits one gains from it.
● Obviously made for a specific purpose.
PAINTING AND LITERATURE
● One can look at the value of the product of
art in and for itself.
DOES IT MEAN THAT PAINTINGS AND
LITERARY WORKS CAN NEVER HAVE ANY
FUNCTION?
● Dr. Jose Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo
● The novels accrued value and as a
consequence, function.
● They are functional in so far as they are
designed to accomplish some definite end.
PERSONAL FUNCTIONS OF ART
● The personal functions of art are varied and
highly subjective.
● Functions depend on the artist who created
the art.
● An artist may create an art out of self-
expression, entertainment, or therapeutic
purpose.
SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF ART
● Art is considered to have a social function if
and when it addresses a particular collective
interest as opposed to a personal interest.
● Art may convey a message of protest,
contestation, or whatever message the artist
intends his work to carry.
● Political art is a very common example of an
art with a social function.
● Art can also depict social conditions such as
photography (pictures of poverty)
● Performance art like plays or satires can
also rouse emotions and rally people toward
a particular end.
PHYSICAL FUNCTION OF ART
● The physical functions of art can be found in
artworks that are crafted in order to serve
some physical purpose.
● Architecture, jewelry-making, interior design
all serve physical functions.
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF ART
● Music was principally used for dance and
religion.
● The ancient world saw music as an
instrument to facilitate worship and
invocation to gods.
● Music was essential for the synchronization
of dancers.
● Music guarantees that warriors were
simultaneous.
● Today, music has expanded its functions
and coverage.
● There is a lot of music that has no
connection to dance or religion.
● Example: Serenade – People compose
hymns to express feelings and emotions.
● Music is also used as accompaniment to
stage plays and motion pictures
● Sculptures have been made by man most
particularly for religion.
● In the Roman Catholic world, the
employment of sculptures for religious
 purposes has remained vital, relevant, and
symbolic
● Rizal and Bonifacio’s monument and
commemorative coins (Pope Francis).
● Architecture may be the most prominent
functional art.
● Unlike other forms of art, buildings take so
much time to erect and destroy.
● One cannot dismiss taking into
consideration the function of a building
before construction.
● It is also in architecture where one can find
the intimate connection of function and
form.
ART AS AN IMITATION
● In Plato’s The Republic, paints a picture of
artists as imitators and art as mere imitation.
● In his description of the ideal republic, Plato
advises against the inclusion of art as a
subject in the curriculum and the banning of
artists in the Republic.
● In Plato’s metaphysics or view of reality, the
things in this world are only copies of the
original, the eternal, and the true entities
that can only be found in the World of
Forms.
● For example, the chair that one sits on is
not a real chair. It is an imperfect copy of the
perfect “chair” in the World of Forms.
● Plato was convinced that artists merely
reinforce the belief in copies and discourage
men to reach for the real entities in the
World of Forms.
ART AS AN IMITATION
● Plato was deeply suspicious of arts and
artists for two reasons:
1. They appeal to the emotion rather to the rational
faculty of men
2. They imitate rather than lead one to reality.
●Poetry rouses emotions and feelings and
thus clouds rationality of people.
● Art is just an imitation of imitation. A painting
is just an imitation of nature, which is also
just an imitation of reality in the World of
Forms.
● Art then is to be banished, alongside the
practitioners, so that the attitudes and
actions of the members of the Republic will
not be corrupted by the influence of the arts.
● For Plato, art is dangerous because it
provides a petty replacement for the real
entities that can only be attained through
reason.
ART AS A REPRESENTATION
● Aristotle agreed with Plato that art is a form
of imitation.
● However, Aristotle considered art as an aid
to philosophy in revealing the truth.
● The kind of imitation that art does is not
antithetical to the reaching of fundamental
truths in the world.
● Unlike Plato who thought that art is an
imitation of another imitation, Aristotle
conceived of art as representing possible
versions of reality.
● For Aristotle, all kinds of art do not aim to
represent reality as it is, it endeavors to
provide a version of what might be or the
myriad possibilities of reality.
In Aristotelian worldview, art serves two
particular purposes:
● Art allows for the experience of pleasure
(horrible experience can be made an object
of humor)
● Art also has an ability to be instructive and
teach its audience things about life
(cognitive)
ART AS A DISINTERESTED JUDGMENT
● Immanuel Kant, in his Critique of Judgment,
considered the judgment of beauty, the
cornerstone of art, as something that can be
universal despite its subjectivity.
● Kant recognized that judgment of beauty is
subjective.
● However, even subjective judgments are
based on some universal criterion for the
said judgment.
ART AS A COMMUNICATION OF EMOTION
● According to Leo Tolstoy, art plays a huge
role in communication to its audience’s
emotions that the artist previously
experienced.
● In the same way that language
communicates information to other people,
art communicates emotions.
● As a purveyor of man’s innermost feelings
and thoughts, art is given a unique
opportunity to serve as a mechanism for
social unity.
● Art is central to man’s existence because it
makes accessible the feelings and emotions
of people from the past and present.
SCULPTURE
● It is the art of carving or otherwise forming a
three dimensional work of art.
● Sculpture is derived from the Latin word
sculpere meaning to carve.
PROCESS OR WAYS OF MAKING SCULPTURE:
a.) Carving - It is a subtracting process.
-Remove the unnecessary portion.
b.)Casting - It is the process involved in producing
bronze sculptures.
- An object made by pouring molten metal or other
material in a mold.
-It is the process from negative mold to positive
mold.
c.) Modeling / Molding
-Is the process involved when claylike substances
are used as mediums.
-The process of producing sculptured form with
some plastic material, such as clay.
-It's an additive process.
d.) Assemblage / Fabrication or Constructing
- Is an artistic form or medium usually created on a
defined substrate that consists of three dimensional
elements projecting out of or from the substrate.
- It is similar to collage.
- Putting-together (welding/assemble)
KINDS OF SCULPTURE
1. Round Sculpture / Free-standing - Also
called a free-standing sculpture. Sculpture
in the round stands on its own and is
capable of being viewed at all sides.
2. Relief Sculpture - A relief sculpture does not
stand on its own because it is attached. It is
either a high relief or a low relief.
Kinds of Relief:
High Relief - Relief in which forms and figures
stand out from the background to half or more than
half of their natural depth.
● Also called alto-relievo
Low Relief - Relief that barely stands out from the
background, almost like it's carved just around the
edges.
● Also called bas relief
3. Kinetic / Mobile / Static – Sculpture moving ,
hanging, motor or suspended by the air. like
transportation, fountains, necklace or
bracelet and dangling earring, electric fan,
chimes etc.
MODULE 4: SUBJECT AND
CONTENT OF ARTS
SUBJECT
● Main focus in the artwork
● Most recognizable thing in the entire work of
art, regardless of its size.
TYPES OF SUBJECT ON AN ART
● Representational
● With subject
● Represents objective images of people or
objects and also visualize on as a
resemblance on the real-world
● Recognizable subject of an art
Types of Subject on an Art
Non-Representational
● Without a subject
● It does not depend on reality.
● Creates purely aesthetic reasons
● Highly subjective and difficult to
define
SOURCES OF SUBJECT OF ARTS PRIMARY
SOURCES
● Strictest definition, first-hand evidence such
as personal letters, diaries, records or other
documents created during the period under
study.
● First-hand accounts about events, practices,
or conditions for studies and researching.
● Records that were created and made by
first witnesses or first recorders.
SECONDARY SOURCES
● refers to the evidence written about the
past. It was interpreted through the written
documents by the lens of the time period an
event happened.
● On strict definition, secondary sources are
considered as document addresses for the
primary sources.
MAIN SOURCES OF SUBJECT OF ARTS
● Nature
● History
● Greek and Roman Mythology
● Judeo- Christian tradition
● Sacred oriental texts Other works of art
MODULE 5: FORMS OF ART
FORM
● the language and the criteria of art
● refers to the whole arrangement and
organization of elements used by an artist to
create an artwork.
● The whole composition of the artwork.
● To produce an awe-inspiring artwork, an
artist must know first the elements of the
specific arts and different principles of arts
he is engaged in. Knowledge of the art
principles and the elements of the visual
arts is helpful in the art production.
ELEMENTS OF ART
● basic components of art-making;
● to make a good criticism according to the
used of elements;
● parts of a work of art that can be isolated
and defined.
ELEMENTS OF ART
● LINE
○ Path of a moving point
○ Define the edges of shapes and
forms
● SHAPE
○ Two-dimensional (2D)
○ When a line connects to itself, flat.
● PERSPECTIVE
● with point of view; angle of vision;
frame of reference.
● FORM
● Three-dimensional (3D)
● Actual or implied
● Having height, depth and width.
● VOLUME
● amount of space occupied by an
object in three dimensions.
● COLOR
 ● Hue of an object when light is
reflected off of it ● distribution of visual weight of objects in an
artwork.
● VALUE ● Use of colors, sizes and texture.
○ lightness and darkness of colors Emphasis
used in artwork ● main idea, focus. In short, what caught your
eyes first to see.
EXAMPLE: George Henry, River Landscape
by Moonlight (1887)
Harmony
● using similar elements that brings each part
of the artwork together; or achieved when
all elements of a thing are put together to
come up with a coherent whole.
EXAMPLE: George Henry, Noon
(1885)

PRIMARY COLOR Proportion

● BLUE
● YELLOW ● is the comparative relationship of the
● RED different parts in relation to the whole; using
SECONDARY COLOR different sizes of something.
● GREEN EXAMPLE: PROPORTION BY:
● ORANGE LEONARDO DA’ VINCI’S VIRTUVIAN MAN
● VIOLET Techniques or methods of presenting a subject
of an art
TEXTURE
● way something feels or the way it looks like Methods of Presenting the Subjects
to feel 1. Realism
SPACE ● The method of presenting subjects
● area around a subject in an artwork, shown as they appear in real life
with size, overlap, and proportion. 2. Abstractionism
CONTRAST ● “drawing away from realism”
● using different elements in an artwork; ● An abstractionist selects from any of
darkness and lightness, roughness and the following methods:
smoothness, curved lines and straightness. ● Distortion (caricature)
PRINCIPLES OF ART ○ Presenting the subject in a
● the way the artist uses the elements of an misshaped form
art to make an effect and to depict and ● Mangling (collage / mosaic)
deliver clearly the idea or feeling of the ○ The subject with parts which are cut,
artist. lacerated, mutilated or hacked with
● To come up with attractive artworks, artists repeated blows
must be governed by the five conventions of ● Elongation
artistic compositions. ○ Presenting the subject in an
RHYTHM /PATTERNS elongated form (portrait or
● Repetitive patterns of a succession of landscape)
similar identical items; repetition of lines, ● Cubism
shapes, and colors used in artwork. ○ Presenting the subject with the use
RHYTHM (MOVEMENT) of cubes and other geometric figures
● a visual element that makes an effect of ● Abstract expressionism
action or motions.
Balance
 ○ Presenting the subject with the use
of strong color, uneven brush
strokes and rough texture.
3. Surrealism
● “beyond realism”; presenting the
subject as if the subject does not
form part of the real world
4. Symbolism
● Presenting the subject symbolically,
that is, the artist shows his subject
as it appears in real life
5. Fauvism
● This is optimistic realism
6. Dadaism
● This is shocking realism
7. Expressionism
● This is emotional realism
8. Impressionism
● This is realism based on the artist’s
impression
9. Futurism
● This is realism in the future
REALISM
● began in France in the 1850s.
● which refers to producing an “objectively
real” visual.
● Depicting what eyes can see, ears can hear,
what senses receive
ABSTRACTION
●Total opposite of realism
●Latin word “abstractus” means draw away
or to Latin past participle “abstraher; ab(s)
“away” and trahere “draw”.
● It presents the artist's ideas or feelings with
exaggeration of emotions. It portrays the
artist's moods or feelings.
SYMBOLISM
● visible sign of something invisible like ideas
or qualities;
● uses symbol to intensify the meaning, and
making the artwork more subjective and
conventional;
● the subject symbolically and the artist
shows his subject as it appears in real life.
FAUVISM
● French word “les fauves” means wild
beasts
● uses bright colors and emphasizes
spontaneous idea
● Henri Matisse was first labelled as Fauve
because of using this method.
DADAISM
● came from the word “dada” which means
hobby-horse
● a technique of presenting an art subject in a
nonsensical way.
FUTURISM
● uses a modernist movement with the era of
future and technology.
● It was first seen on the manifesto published
by Flippo Marinetti, wherein he summed up
the principles of Futurist; the artist who uses
Futurism in art.
SURREALISM
● known as super realism
● Focuses on the real things manifesting on
imaginations and fantasies of people, real
things that can be found on unconscious
minds or dreamlike objects.
IMPRESSIONISM
● known as optical realism for its interest in
actual viewing experience, using the effect
of color, light and movement on the subject
depicted on an artwork
● It focuses on describing the visual
sensations derived from nature.
● Impressionism movement; means human
eye is a marvelous instrument
Expressionism
● is emotional realism.
● It presents real-life subjects with the
intention to express emotions, pathos,
chaos, fear, violence, morbidity, regret and
tragedy.
ART CRITICISM
● Involves one’s own interpretation.
● A way to help an individual to understand a
particular work of art by using the one’s
knowledge about art theory
● A way to establish where an artwork
belongs to depending on its depicted
different artistic styles and movements base
on the art history
GOODLUCK MGA
KA-ITIK
ANG MAGPASA NG
REVIEWER EVICT
NA SA PAMILYANG
ITIK