LOGIC

AN INTRODUCTION
Ex. All men are mortal
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION but Pedro is a man

 Derived from the Greek word ”logos” therefore Pedro is mortal

which means - study, reason or
discourse
MATERIAL LOGIC
LOGIC - is the science and art of correct
thinking - concerned with the aspect of subject
matter or
- it is a SCIENCE because it is a systematized
- content or truth of the argument
body of logical truths and principles
governing correct thinking Example: A ruler is 12-inch long
- as an ART, logic is a “techne” and it
teaches how to make a good argument Pres. GMA is a ruler
- often called the arts of arts because it therefore, Pres. GMA is 12-inch long
develops and perfects the intellect which
all artists need in their work KINDS

- Deductive Logic: from more to less

LOGIC AND CORRECT THINKING - Inductive Logic: implies a sense of
probability
 It is “correct” when it conforms to a
CONCEPTS AND TERMS
pattern or to rules
 Example: A ruler is 12-inch long The three essential operations of the intellect
Pres. GMA is a ruler Mental Products External
Therefore, Pres. GMA is 12- Operations Signs
inch long 1. SIMPLE CONCEPT ORAL AND
-THINKING is a mental process – involves APPREHENSI WRITTEN
ON TERMS
analysis, definition, classification, comparison 2. JUDGMENT MENTAL ORAL AND
PROPOSITIO WRITTEN
and contrasts, etc. N PROPOSITIO
- It guides or directs man to form correct ideas NS
3.REASONING MENTAL ORAL AND
AGREEMENT WRITTEN
BRANCHES OF LOGIC OR ARGUMENTS
DISAGREEM
FORMAL LOGIC EN
T
- concerned with the aspect of form which
has something to do with the correctness
or sequence or the following of rules
 INTRO TO PHILOSOPHY
 According to Socrates, Philosophy
started from a simple process called
“WONDERING”
 The curious nature of the ancient
people of Greece has helped them to
initiate studies and researches to feed
their doubting and perplexed minds
with philosophical ideas.
 With the growing intensity to
understand everything that they
encountered and experienced in life,
hey gradually became lovers of true
wisdom.
THALES
 Regarded by Aristotle to be the first to
make a philosophical articulation
regarding the basic stuff of the
universe.
 His idea of water or moist was the first
principle of life which inspired other
Greeks to find more answers and
formulated new concepts which were
solely based on the dictum popularized
by Socrates.
PHILOSOPHY
 Etymologically, it is derived from two
greek words “philos” which means
loving and “sophia” which means
wisdom.
 Thus, philosophy is the love of wisdom.
 A science of the ultimate awareness of
things with reference to their causes
and effects.
 It opens man’s intellectual cravings.
 It makes man know more about himself
and the rest of the world.
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
1. Epistemology – studies the nature of
human knowledge
2. Metaphysics – studies the nature of
being and beings
3. Ethics – studies the morality of human
act
4. Psychology – studies the human mind
and its condition
5. Cosmology – studies the nature of the
universe
6. Social Philosophy – studies man and his
society
7. Theodicy – studies the nature of God
and the defense of God’s goodness
8. Logic – study of the fundamental
principles which govern the true nature
of correct inferential thinking
LOGIC
- It demands that all activities corresponding
to man’s line of thinking must be correct.
But the correctness or incorrectness of
thinking is not the sole concern of logic but
also the rules and guidelines that go with it.
HISTORY OF LOGIC
ARISTOTLE
 Regarded as the Father of Logic.
 He became successful in separating logic
from the totality of philosophy.
 His six treatises which were collectively
known as Organon became the bible for
logical study duting the Medieval and up to
the modern times.
 Aristotle’s legacy extended all the way to
the writings of his student named
Theophrastus of Lesbos
THEOPHRASTUS OF LESBOS
He added a treatise entitled Hypothetical
Reasoning.
PORPHYR

 Was the Neoplatonist who wrote an
introduction to the Categories of
Aristotle which is sometimes referred to
as Isagoge.
BOETHIUS
 Translated the Organn of Aristotle from
Greek to Latin and as such has made a
profound influence on the medieval
study of logic.
Other proponents of Aristotelian logic worthy of
mentioning were Avicenna and Averroes who
both wrote some commentaries about the
nature of the traditional logic.
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
 Most influential figure in conncection to
the development of logic.
 He was named as the Angelic doctor of
the Church
 He introduced the logical ideas of
Aristotle to the
 Christian world.
FRANCIS BACON, JOHN STUART MILL
 Made some negative criticism regarding
the traditional logic of Aristotle.
 They both claimed that Aristotle’s logic
is outdated and is needed of a facelift.
 Novum Organum is a manifestation of
Bacon’s criticism to Aristotelian’s logic.
 Bacon introduced a new tool for
rational mind which is called Inductive
reasoning which he referred to as
Scientific Method.
Mill, through his work entitled System Logic
made an explanation by using the same kind of
reasoning and eventually provided the empirical
sciences with sets of formula and criteria to
serve their purpose.
PEDAGOGICAL NATURE OF LOGIC
 Logic as a branch of philosophy is
considered by many to be the
foundation of philosophy since is
function is to train the thinking mind
toward the formulation of arguments
necessary for the study of their
coherence, truthfulness, and validity.
 Logic guides the mind toward the
attainment of
 correct and valid inferences.
 Aristotle claims that logic prepares man
to a more comprehensive study of
other sciences.
OBJECTS OF LOGIC
1. Material Object – refers to the
content of the mind known as the
thought. Everything that the mind
grasps whether sensible or
intelligible is connected to the
material object of logic.
2. Formal Object – refers to the
correctness of the thought. The
mind in its desire to study the
correctness of the thought
ultimately will succumb to the
scrupulous study of logical analysis.
LOGIC AS THE ART OF ART
 Bachubber claims that Logic is the art of
art.
  Perpendicular to this principle is the
thought that art deals with basic skill, as
in making a chair or table, or I a much
more complex manner, erecting a
building or painting a scenery.
 If arts concerns skills, then logic is an art
since it deals with correct use of
inferential thinking by following the
rules and principles that go with it.

LOGIC AS SCIENCE
If science is understood to be a systematized
body of knowledge then logic is the science of
science since it presents some principles which
are necessary for the attainment of correct and
valid inferences in a systematic way.
 SIMPLE APPREHENSION: Ideas and Terms
LESSON 2
the first operation of the mind, its thought-
Meaning of Idea and Term
product and its expression in language.
 While reasoning or inference is the
subject matter of Logic, other To illustrate:
operations of the mind must be taken
Simple apprehension – the mind grasps the
into account. Reasoning involves
general meaning of an object. What results is an
judgment, the act of affirming or
idea or concept.
denying ideas. Similarly, inference as a
Idea – a mental image of an object. Once man
language expression of reasoning, is
desires to communicate his ideas to other men,
composed of propositions.
he verbalizes the idea with a word, phrase or
Propositions, in turn, involves terms.
term.
 Our study of Logic will follow the
Term – the word or phrase by which we express
natural division in terms of the
our idea.
operation of the intellect corresponding
A term may be defined as a word or phrase
which serves as a conventional sign of an idea.

object idea term

SIMPLE APPREHENSION

IDEA – a mental image of an object.

TERM – a word or phrase by which the idea is
expressed
 Ideas and terms are correlated to one
another. One cannot talk of ideas
without using terms. Also, there are no
to their language expression as shown terms which did not exist first in the
here: mind in the form of ideas.

LOGICAL QUALITIES
The process of forming ideas of things
Two fundamental qualities or properties:
will help us learn and understand the nature of
1. Comprehension
2. Extension

1. Comprehension -

that property of a term (idea) which is the

sum of the characteristic notes of an idea
signified by the term.

 We understand the meaning,

signification, or thought-content of an
idea or term;
 It tells us what the idea or term implies;
  What essential attributes it contains in
itself, what information it has concerning
the thing it represents;
 It gives the content of a term.
2. Extension - that property of a term (idea)
which refers to the subjects or things to which
the term may be applied.
- Absolute
- Functional = universal, particular, singular
 Expresses the application of this content to
the individuals and groups in which it is
found.
 It refers to all things to which a term
applies; it shows us how and in how many
objects the idea is realized
According to comprehension
Univocal term – a term used for a number of
different things with exactly the same meaning.
 ‘Flower’ is univocal when it is applied to
2 or more things in the same way, i.e.
sampaguita, camia, rose, etc. ‘Grain’ is
univocal when applied to sugar, sand,
salt, rice, etc.
For example:
 A ring is a piece of jewelry, so is a
necklace.
 Some metals like gold, lead, silver, and
copper are mined in the Philippines.
Equivocal term – used for a number of things
with an entirely different meaning.
 ‘ruler’ is an equivocal term because it
may mean either as ‘a measure which is
12 inches long’ or ‘a head of state’.
For example:
 Nora deposits her money in a bank
located by the river bank.
 While the groom is putting the ring on
his bride’s finger, the church bells ring.
Analogous term – a term used for a number of
things with partly the same and partly different
meanings.
 ‘mother’ may be applied to a female
parent, to a nun, to a country, or to any
woman caring for a child without
necessarily being a parent.
For example:
 Marcia mothers an orphan.
 Jesus’ arms were nailed to the arms of
the cross.
 His father, who is the head of the
family, also heads the family business.
 Logic is a tool for reasoning; a hoe is a
tool for gardening.
 Our bishop shepherds his diocese, as a
herdsman shepherds his
 flock.
According to Extension
Universal term – stands for each or for all
individuals to which it may be applied.
 The standard quantifiers for universal
terms are: all, each, every, no…
anything, everybody, any and other
similar words mean ALL.
For example:
 Every forest has wild animals.
 All men are equal.
 No one is above the law.
Particular term – stands for an indefinite
individual or group.
 Quantifier: ‘some’… few, many, most,
majority…
For example:
  Some students are intelligent. A. Univocal
 Most immigrants in Cavite are from the B. equivocal
southern province. C. analogous.
Singular term – stands for a definitely
designated individual or group.
 All proper names, definite descriptions, The extension of a term is classified into two
demonstrative pronouns (this, that, types:
those, these), superlatives, collective A. Absolute
nouns, restrictive qualifications (the B. functional
inventor of the telephone). C. extension.
For example: Terms according to functional extension,are
 The author of “bamboo dancers” is A. either singular
NVM Gonzales. B. universal or particular.
 That politician is a Caviteño.
 These rooms are occupied.

SUMMARY

The formation of ideas in the mind consists of

different stages

A. Sensation
B. Imagination
C. Simple apprehension.

Through simple apprehension, the intellect gets

the meaning or the nature of objects and
produces an image in the mind which is called
an idea.
An idea - is the mental representation of
objects in reality.
A term - is the language expression of idea. It is
a word or phrase which serves as a
conventional sign of an idea.
A term has two properties:
1. comprehension
2. extension.

Comprehension - The sum-total of all the

intelligible notes of an idea signified by a term
Extension - The subjects to which the term is
applied
Terms are classified according to
comprehension as