FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

ELEKTRIK DAN ELEKTRONIK

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

TECHNICAL PHYSICS

BEEE 1013 SEMESTER 1 SESI 2022/2023

LAB 5: OHM’S LAW

NO. STUDENTS' NAME MATRIC. NO.

1. NURDINA SOFEA BINTI YUSOF B082210105

2. NUR HIDAYAH BINTI FAIZAL B082210443

3.

PROGRAMME BEET

SECTION /
GROUP 9
GROUP

DATE

1. PN. NAJMIAH RADIAH BINTI MOHAMAD

NAME OF
INSTRUCTOR(S)
2.

EXAMINER’S COMMENT(S) TOTAL MARKS

1
Rev. Date Author(s) Description
No.

1.0 30 Jan 1. Update to new UTeM logo

1. Khairul Anuar Bin A
2019 2. Update faculty's name
Rahman
3. Change "course" to
"programme".
4. Remove verification stamp.

2.0 2 Sep 1. Revise procedure.

1. Dr. Fara Ashikin Binti
2019 Ali
2. Gloria Raymond
Tanny

1. Revise equipment
3.0 27 Jul 1. Ts. Fakhrullah bin
2020 Idris
2. Win Adiyansyah

4.0 13 Oct 1. Farees Ezwan Bin 1. Revise contents.

2020 Mohd Sani @ Ariffin

5.0 29 Oct 1. Najmiah Radiah binti 1. Revise procedure.

2022 Mohamad

2
1. OBJECTIVES
1) To investigate the relationship between voltage, current intensity and resistance.
2) To determine the resistance of unknown resistor arrangement.

2. EQUIPMENT
1) PC

3. SYNOPSIS & THEORY

OHM’S LAW

One of the most basic and important laws of electric circuits is Ohm’s law. Ohm’s law states
that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it,
provided all physical conditions and temperature remain constant.

Mathematically, this current-voltage relationship can be shown in (1):

V = IR (1)

where,
V = voltage
I = current
R = resistance

In (1), the constant of proportionality, R is a resistance and has units of ohms, with symbol
of Ω. The same formula can be rewritten in order to calculate the current and resistance
respectively as shown in (2) and (3):

I = V/R (2)

R = V/I (3)

Ohm’s law only holds true if the provided temperature and the other physical factors remain
constant. In certain components, increasing the current raises the temperature. An example
of this is the filament of a light bulb, in which the temperature rises as the current is increased.
In this case, Ohm’s law cannot be applied. The lightbulb filament violates the Ohm’s Law.

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4. PROCEDURES

Part A

1) Open the falstad website at below link.

http://falstad.com/circuit/circuitjs.html
2) You will see a page as shown in Figure 1 once you open the link.

Figure 1 Falstad webpage

3) Delete the existing circuit as shown in Figure 1.

4) Draw circuit as shown in Figure 2.
5) Set Rx as 100 Ω.
6) Set Input voltage as setting in Figure 3.
7) Click SW to close the switch.
8) Click Run/Stop to run the simulation.
9) Record the current intensity value from the Ammeter measurement result.
10) Rise the input voltage from 3 V up to 12 V as in Table 1 and record the measured
current intensity in Table 1.
11) Next, set the input voltage to 10 V.
12) Change the resistance values as in Table 2 and measure the current intensity.
13) Record all the measured current intensity in Table 2.

Figure 2 Circuit diagram 1

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 Figure 3 Input voltage setting

Part B

1) Set up the circuit as shown in Figure 4. X is the resistor arrangement shown in

Figure 5.
2) Set the voltage to 12 V.
3) Close the switch and record the current intensity, I.
4) Do the same procedure 1 and 2 to find the resistance values of all X in Figure 5.
5) Measure and record the current intensity, I, for each combination.

Figure 4 Circuit diagram 2

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No. Resistor arrangement
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Figure 5 Resistor arrangement

(Resistance for each resistor is 100 Ω)

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5. EXPERIMENT DATA AND RESULT

Part A

Table 1
Resistance, R [Ω] Voltage, V [V] Current Intensity, I [mA]

100 3

30mA

100 6

60mA

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100 9

90mA

100 12

120mA

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 Table 2
Voltage, V [V] Resistance, R [Ω] Current Intensity, I [mA]

10 68

147.059mA

10 100

100mA

10 1000

10mA

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10 4700

2.128mA

10 10000

1mA

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 Part B

Table 3
FORMULA
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 … RN

Resistance X, R
No. Resistor arrangement, X Current Intensity,I [mA]
[Ω]

Total Resistance
= 100 Ω

1.

85.714 mA

Total Resistance
: 100 Ω + 100 Ω
=200 Ω

2.

50 mA

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 Total
Resistance : 50
Ω +100 Ω =150
3. Ω

Parallel =
1/100Ω +
1/100Ω
=50 Ω

63.158 mA

Total
Resistance :
100 Ω + 100 Ω
+ 50 Ω =250 Ω
4.
Parallel =
1/100Ω +
1/100Ω
=50 Ω

41.379 mA

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 Total Resistance :
100 Ω + 100 Ω +
100 Ω = 300 Ω
5.

35.294 mA

Total Resistance :
100 Ω + 100 Ω +
100 Ω + 100 Ω
6. =400 Ω

27.273 mA

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6. QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

1) What is the relationship between voltage, V, and current intensity, I, and, resistance,
R, and current intensity, I?

The term current refers to the flow of electricity via a wire or other item (I). If
the current is very small, it is represented in milli-amps (mA), where 1000 mA equals
1A. It is measured in amps (A). Voltage is the driving force (electrical pressure) that
causes a current to flow, and it is measured in volts (V) (Voltage may also be referred
to as the potential difference, or electromotive force). The term "resistance" (R) refers
to a material's ability to restrict current flow; the ohm () unit of resistance. Impedance
is a better term to describe resistance to alternating current, however in this context,
resistance and impedance can be treated equally.

Ohm's Law describes the relationship between current, voltage, and

resistance. This asserts that, given the temperature is constant, the current flowing
in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and inversely proportional
to the circuit resistance.

Current (I) = Voltage (V) / Resistance, according to Ohm's Law (R)

A circuit's voltage must be raised or its resistance must be lowered to increase the
current flowing through it.

The electrical circuit's power supply produces electrical pressure (voltage),

which is analogous to the pump's creation of water pressure in the pipe, while the
light bulb produces resistance, which is analogous to the restriction in the water
system. The voltmeter monitors the difference in electrical pressure on each side of
the restriction in the water system, and the ammeter is the equivalent of the flow
metre. Due to the energy expended in pushing the current through the light bulb,
which has a higher resistance than the wire in the circuit, there will be a drop in
voltage.

2) From the relationship of the theoretical values for resistance, voltage and current
intensity, it is possible to recognize a mathematical relationship. Describe this
relationship both in mathematical and written form.

This relationship between current and voltage is expressed mathematically as,

V = IR

The proportionality constant R, denoted by the symbol in the equation, is also

known as resistance and is expressed in ohms.

The same equation can be rewritten as follows to determine the current and
resistance, respectively:

I = V/R
R = V/I

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 The supplied temperature and the other physical variables must remain constant in
order for Ohm's law to apply. Increasing the current causes certain components'
temperatures to rise. A good illustration of this is how a light bulb's filament heats up
as the current is raised. Ohm's law is inapplicable not this situation. Ohm's Law is
broken by the lightbulb filament.

3) By using excel, plot a graph of Voltage, V [V] vs. Current intensity, I [mA] both for
experimental and theoretical results.

4) Using your diagram, determine the values for current intensity at a voltage of 2, 5 and
7.2 V.

2V 5V 7.2V
V=IR V=IR V=IR
I=V/R I=V/R I=V/R
=2/100 =5/100 =7.2/100
=0.02 =0.05 =0.072
=20mA =50mA =72mA

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5) Calculate the following using the formula of Ohm’s Law you have worked out:
a. What is the resistance value of a lamp with 4 V / 0.04 A printed on it?

V=IR
I=V/R

=
.
=100Ω

b. What voltage is applied to a 1 kΩ resistor when a current of 18 mA flows

through it?

V=IR
I=V/R
=1.8𝑚𝐴 × 1𝑘
=(18 × 10 )(1 × 10 )
=18V

c. How high is the current intensity flowing through a resistance wire of 200 Ω
when a voltage of 8 V is applied?

I=V/R

I=
I=0.04A

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DISCUSSION

In the lab session, we configure the value for current intensity using the falstad
website. Recording to the procedures given, an input voltage were set to the circuit which
is 3 Volt, then rise the value to 12 Volt. All the value of current intensity was recorded in
each procedure.

The movement of electrons or irons that produce electric fields is what generates
the electrical current, which is a physical event. Conventionally, a flux of positive charges is
what is thought of as current. The amount of charge that flows through a conductor per unit
of time determines the current's intensity. In this experiment, current intensity were record
by setting the input voltage and resistance values.

In part A, the students measure a current intensity by set the circuit RX as 100ohm.
Set an input voltage to 3V. Then, run the circuit to record the value of the current intensity
from the Ammeter. After that, student need to rise the value of the input voltage from 3V to
12V and changes the resistance values as in table given. The current intensity recorded in
the lab sheet.

For part B, the students make a new circuit and set X is resistance. Set the nput
voltage of 12V then close switch to measure the current intensity. As the students were
measure current intensity as same as the procedure in part A, repeat the procedure as part
A to find the resistance value. The value were recorded in the lab sheet. Students be able
to understand how to measure the current intensity by following the procedures and
answering the questions given in the lab sheet.

7. CONCLUSIONS

State your conclusion of the experiment.

The purpose of this lab is about how to investigate the relationship between voltage,
current intensity and resistance. The ammeter can introduce a small influence. It functions
by inserting a small resistance in series with the load. The meter then indicates the voltage
drop across that shunt resistor. If the circuit is quit low voltage, this small drop across the
shunt resistor may be significant. Each branch of a parallel circuit has its own current, so the
branch where you insert the ammeter will show a different result. But for a branch with many
components in series, the ammeter can replace anywhere in that branch without affecting
the result because the current in a series circuit is the same everywhere. The intensity of the
current is directly propotional to the voltage, if a battery provides a higher voltage, the current
intensity increase. Other than that, during this lab we learnt about how to determine the
resistance of unknown resistor arrangement. In a series circuit the total resistance is equal
to the sum of all resistance. The same current passes through each resistor. For example, a
series circuit has 3 resistor with 100Ω. The total resistance of the circuit is
100Ω+100Ω+100Ω=300Ω.

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