GABRIELLE C.

ALETA BSMT 1-2

MATTER PURE SUBSTANCES

STATES OF MATTER
SOLID - are rigid and have a definite
shape and volume.
LIQUID - take the shape of their
container, but they do have their own
volume.
- Fixed composition
- Cannot be separated into simpler
substances
- By physical methods (physical
changes)
- Can only be changed in identity and
- Properties by chemical methods
- Properties do not vary

GAS - take the shape and volume of their

container and can be compressed.

A) Solid b) liquid c) gas

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER ELEMENTS

TYPES OF MATTER Classification of Matter according to

1. PURE SUBSTANCES
- ONE TYPE OF SUBSTANCE
- FIXED COMPOSITION
- CANNOT SEPERAT E BY PHYSICAL
PROCESSES
TWO TYPES:
ELEMENTS – CANNOT SEPARATE
INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES BY
CHEMICAL MEANS ex: copper,
aluminum
COMPOUNDS – CAN SEPARATE
INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES BY
CHEMICAL MEANS ex: salt (NaCl),
Water (H2O)
2. MIXTURES
- TWO OR MORE TYPES OF SUBSTANCES
- VARIABLE COMPOSITION
- CAN SEPARATE BY PHYSICAL PROCESSES
TWO TYPES:
composition
If a pure substance cannot be decomposed
into something else, then the substance is
an element.
- There are 114 elements known.
- Each element is given a unique
chemical symbol (one or two
letters).
- Elements are building blocks of
matter.
- The earth’s crust consists of 5
main elements.
- The human body consists mostly of
3 main elements.
- Chemical symbols with one letter
have that letter capitalized (e.g., H,
B, C, N, etc.)
- Chemical symbols with two letters
have only the first letter
capitalized (e.g., He, Be).
- Pure substances that contains
atoms of only one type. Copper,
Cu, Lead, Pb, Aluminum, Al

HOMOGENOUS – UNIFORM
COMPOSITION

Ex: Salt Water (NaCl, H2O)

Brass (Cu, Zn)

HETEROGENOUS – NONUNIFORM
COMPOSITION

Ex: Pizza, Water & Sand

GABRIELLE C. ALETA BSMT 1-2
METAL & NON-METAL
Metal – ductile, malleable, metallic luster,
high melting pt. high density, good
conductor of heat and electricity, base-
forming.
Non- metal – non-ductile, brittle, dull in
appearance, low density, poor conductor
of heat and electricity, acid –forming.
Ductile- maybe drawn into a wire, ex: Cu
Malleable – maybe hammered or rolled
into shape. ex. Aluminum
Base – forming – atoms can lose electrons
and form ( + ) ion, ex. Na+1
Acid – forming – atoms can gain electrons
and forms ( -) ion, ex . Cl ̄
Metalloids – are elements which exhibit
both metallic and non-metallic properties.
COMPOUNDS
- Contain two or more elements in a
definite ratio.
EX: Salt (NaCl), Table sugar
(C12H22O11), Water (H2O)
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS
Inorganic CompoundS
a) Acid – H+ on the first part of the
compound. Ex HCl, H2SO4 , HNO3
b) Bases – OH- on the second part of the
compound. Ex: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2
etc.
c) Salt - contain (+) and (-) ions except
positive hydrogen and negative hydroxide
ex. CaCl2, NaCl, KCl
d) Oxide – binary compound, second part
is negative oxygen. ex. CaO , Na2O, MgO.
Characteristic of acid and base
1. Acid
- sour taste
- Corrosive
- blue litmus paper turn to red
- phenolphthalein + acid = colorless
2. Bases
- bitter taste
- able to burn living tissue
- Red litmus paper turns to blue.
- phenolphthalein + base = violet
MIXTURES
- May be separated into pure
substances by physical methods,
like filtration, evaporation,
magnetic separation, decantation,
distillation.
- Variable composition
- Mixtures of different compositions
may have widely different
properties.
TYPES OF MIXTURE
1. HOMOGENOUS MIXTURE
- Look the same throughout but can
be separated by physical means
(dissolution, centrifuge,
gravimetric filtering, etc.).
- The composition is uniform
throughout.
- The different parts of the mixture
are not visible.
- Examples: milk, yogurt , salt
solution, sugar solution , air in a
scuba tank, vinegar seawater,
brass ( alloy of Cu and Zn ),
Bronze ( alloy of Cu and Sn)
TYPE OF HOMOGENOUS
SOLUTION
- Do not scatter light.
- Created when something is
completely dissolved in pure
water.
- Easily separated by distillation or
evaporation. Ex: alcohol + water
2. HETEROGENOUS
MIXTURE
- The composition of substances is
not uniform.
- The composition varies from one
part of the mixture to another.
- The different parts of the mixture
are visible.
GABRIELLE C. ALETA BSMT 1-2

TYPE OF HETEROGENOUS CHARACTERISTICS OF

SUSPENSION – the particles settle
on time after prolong standing. Ex:
sand + water, lemon slice, ice
cream
COLLOIDS
- Solutions
- Substance trapped inside another
substance
- Scattering of light (tyndall effect)
Ex: clouds, fog, milk, oil paint,
hand cream, aerosol spray,
mayonnaise
INTENSIVE & EXTNSIVE
PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL CHANGES
- Reaction with acids, bases
(alkalis), oxygen (combustion),
ability to act as oxidizing agent,
reducing agent, corrosion
PHYSICAL CHANGE
(PROCESS)
Melting – solid – liquid (ice-water)
Sublimation- solid – gas
(naphthalene balls gone in the
cabinet)
Deposition – gas-solid (dry ice)
(CO2 (G) – CO2 (s))

INTENSIVE (Intrinsic) LAW OF CONSERVATION OF

- Density, color, and boiling point
freezing point, melting point.
- Can be used to identify substances
- Do not depend on the size of the
sample
EXTENSIVE (Extrinsic)
- Mass, volume, temp., width, area,
thickness, length
- Depend on the quantity or amount
of the sample.
MASS
Law of Definite Composition
- Chemical compound always
composed of specific elements in
the same proportion by mass.
- Ex: Water from different sources,
each sample of water have same
ratio by mass of hydrogen and
oxygen

PHYSICAL LAW OF MULTIPLE

CHANGE/PROPERTIES PROPORTIONS BY MASS
- The substance/appearance changes - Whenever two elements form more
state but not the chemical than one compound, the different
composition masses of one that combine with
- Ex: water freezing into ice, cutting the same mass of the other are the
a piece of wood ratio of small whole number.
- Same melting point, boiling point, - Ex: hydrogen forms two
chemical composition compound with oxygen , H2O and
H2 O2
CHARACTERISTICS OF
PHYSICAL CHANGES

- Melting point, Boiling point,

Vapor pressure, Color, State of
matter, Density, Electrical
conductivity, Solubility,
Adsorption to a surface, Hardness

CHEMICAL
CHANGE/PROPERTIES
- Describe the way a substance
change or react to form other/new
substances
- To determine, alkali metal + water
- Due to heating, chemical reaction
- Signs (bubbles forming, mass
changed, etc.)

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- Combustibility, stability,
fermentation
GABRIELLE C. ALETA BSMT 1-2

MEASUREMENT UNITS OF LENGTH

U E U E
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES 1km 1000m 1mi 1.609km
- Described by both a number and a 0.6214 mi 1,609 m
unit of definite size. 5,280ft
- Can be measured in many diff. 1m 1000mm 1 yd 0.9144m
units 100cm 91.44cm
- System of standard units 39.37 in 3 ft
“Systeme’ Internationale d’Unites 1cm 0.01m 1 ft 12in
or International System of Units 10mm 30.48
(SI) 0.3937 in 1 in 2.54cm

International System of Units (SI) VOLUME

- Preferred in scientific research
- An object is the space it occupies.
- Derived quantity
- Can defined in terms of base
quantity length

VOLME OF DIFFERENT
REGULARLY SHAPED
CONTAINERS
VOLUME OF A CUBE = length x
width x height (cube has all its sides
MEASUREMENT OF
equal in length)
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Volume of a rectangle = length x
MASS width x height
- Measure of the amount of matter
in an object. Volume of a cylinder = πr 2 h where r
- Amount of matter (mass) in an = radius ; h = height
object does not depend on location
but the weight of an object Volume of a sphere = 4πr ^3/3
depends on location. The volume of an irregular solid can
WEIGHT be measured by water displacement
- Measure of the gravitational force method.
that the earth, moon, or other
large body exerts on the object. U E U E
Units of Mass 1 m^3 1000L 1 gal 3.785 L
UNI EQV UNI EQV 1L 1000mL 4 qt
TS TS 1000cm^3 1qt 946.4mL
1 1000 g 1 lb 16 oz 1 dL 100 mL 1 floz 29.57mL
kg 2.205lb 454g 0.1 L
1g 1000mg 0.454kg 1mL 1 cm^3
0.001kg 1 oz 28.35kg
1mg 0.001g 1 ton 2000lb
1000 μg 907.03kg TEMPERATURE
1 μg 0.001mg
- Use to describe the hotness or
0.000001g
coldness of an object.
LENGTH CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURE:
- Describes how far an object
extends into space K ° C + 273
- Distance between two points °C K - 273
- Can be determined by the used of °C 5/9 (° F 32 ) or
meter stick, ruler, etc. ° C = (°F - 32)/ 1.8
- Meter (SI) °F 9/5 °C + 32 or
- Centimeters and millimeters for ° F = 1.8 ° C + 32
shorter length
GABRIELLE C. ALETA BSMT 1-2

ATOMIC STRUCTURE FORMULAS FROM IONIC CHARGES

IONIC COMPOUNDS

- Consist of positive and negative ions.

- have attractions called ionic bonds

between positively and negatively charged
ions.

- have high melting and boiling points

- Solid at room temperature.

- ex: sodium chloride or ‘table salt’

IONIC FORMULA

- NEUTRAL
EXAMPLES:
- POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
CHARGED IONS

- HAS CHARGE BALANCE (TOTAL

POSITIVE CHARGE = TOTAL
NEGATIVE CHARGE

EXAMPLE:

NaCl
POLYATOMIC IONS
- Na atom loses its valence electrons
- IS A GROUP OF ATOMS
-Cl atom gains an electron
- HAS AN OVERALL IONIC CHARGE

SOME EXAMPLES OF POLYATOMIC

IONS ARE

NH+ ammonium OH- hydroxide

MgCl2
NO3- nitrate NO2- nitrite
- Mg atom loses two valence electrons
CO3^2- carbonate PO4^3- phosphate
- Two Cl atoms each gain one electron
HCO3- hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)
- Subscripts indicate the number of ions
needed to give charge balance. NAMES OF POLYATOMIC IONS
GABRIELLE C. ALETA BSMT 1-2
POSITIVE IONS
- First name followed by the name
of polyatomic ion
WRITING FORMULAS W/
POLYATOMIC IONS
- Charge balance that equals zero
(0)
Ex: Na+ and NO-3 (NaNO3)
- Two or more. Have parentheses.
EX: Mg2+ and 2NO-3 (Mg(NO3)2
- Subscript 2 for charge balance
OCTET RULE
- 8 valence electrons
- Associated with the stability of the
noble gas.
- Stable with 2 valence electron
(duet)
ATOMS FORM OCTETS
- To become more stable
- By losing, gaining, or sharing
valence electron
- By forming ionic bonds or covalent
bonds.
METALS FORM POSITIVE
IONS
- By loss of their valence electrons
- With the electron configuration of
the nearest noble gas.
- Have fewer electrons than protons.
- Group 1a metals – ion 1+
- Group 2a metals – ion2+
- Group 3a metals – ion 3+
GABRIELLE C. ALETA BSMT 1-2

CHARGE OF SODIUM ION, Na+

MULTIPLE BONDS
NEGATICE IONS Nitrogen molecule, N2
NONMETALS - Each n atom shares 3 electrons
- Achieve on octet arrangement - Each N attains an octet
- Gain electrons - Multiple bond called a triple bond
- Form negatively charged ions with - Name is the same as the element
3-, 2-, or 1- charges.

NAMING COVALENT
COMPOUNDS
IONIC CHARGE FROM GROUP 1. Name the first nonmetal as an
NUMBERS element.
- Charge of a positive ion is equal to 2. Name the 2nd nonmetal with an ide
its Group number ending
- Group 1A(1) = 1+ 3. Use prefixes to indicate the
- Group 2A(2)= 2+ number of atoms (subscript) of
- Group 3A(3)= 3+ each element.
- Charge of a negative ion is
obtained by subtracting 8 or 18
from its Group number.
- Group 6A(16) = 6-8= -2
Or 16 – 18 = 2-

EXAMPLE
COVALENT BONDS
- When atoms share electrons to
complete octets.
- Between two nonmetal atoms.
- From Groups 4A(14), 5A(15),
6A(16), 7A(17).
HYDROGEN MOLECULE
- Stable w/ 2 electrons (helium)
- Has a shared pair of electrons.

FORMING OCTETS IN MOLECULES

- Shares one electron
- Attains an octet
GABRIELLE C. ALETA BSMT 1-2

WRITING FORMULAS
1. Write the symbols in the order of
the elements in the name.
2. Write any prefixes as subscripts.

ELECTRONS ARE IMPORTANT

BECAUSE ELEMENTS HAVE
DIFFERENT ELECTRON
CONFIGURATIONS DIFFERENT
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
MEANS DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
BONDING.

COVALENT VS IONIC
COMPOUND
Covalent involves the sharing of
electrons between two or more atoms.
Ionic bonds form when two or more
ions come together and are held
together differences.

ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURES

ATOM - Symbols of atoms w/ dots to
represent the valence-shell
- Smallest unit of matter
electrons.
(indivisible)
ELECTRON SHELLS
a. Atomic number = number of
electrons
b. Electrons vary in the amount of
energy they possess, and they
occur at certain energy levels or
electron shells. IONS WITH POSITIVE CHARGES
c. Electron shells determine how an (CATIONS)
atom behaves when it encounters
other atoms
The first shell can hold up to 2
electrons, and each shell can hold up
to 8 electrons.
GABRIELLE C. ALETA BSMT 1-2

METALLIC BOND - is an unequal sharing of electrons

- Bond found in metals/hold metal - has a moderate electronegativity
atoms together very strongly. difference (0.5 to 1.7)
- Formed between atoms of metallic
elements EX:
- Electron cloud around atoms
- Good conductors at all states,
lustrous, very high melting points
- Examples: Na, Fe, Al, Au, Co
METALS FORM ALLOYS
- Metals do not combine with
COMPARING NONPOLAR AND
metals.
POLAR COVALENT BONDS
- They form alloys (solution of a
metal in a metal)
- Steel, brass, bronze and pewter.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
- Electronegativity value
- Indicates the attraction of an atom
for shared electrons
- Increases from left to right going
across a period on the periodic
table.
- High for nonmetals, fluorine as the
highest. IONIC BONDS
- Low for metals - occurs between metal & nonmetal ions
- result of electron transfer
- large electronegativity difference (1.8 or
more)

NONPOLAR COVALENT BONDS

- occurs between nonmetals
- is an equal or almost equal sharing
of electrons
ISOTOPES AND ATOMIC MASSES
- has almost no electronegativity
difference (0.0 to 0.4) Isotopes

EX: - atoms of an element that have the same

number of protons and the same number
of electron but different neutron
TWO ISTOPES OF SODIUM

POLAR COVALENT BOND

- occurs when nonmetal atoms
GABRIELLE C. ALETA BSMT 1-2

PROTONS + NEUTRONS = MASS

NUMBER
ATOMIC MASSES
- elements occur in nature as mixture of
isotopes.
- calculated average mass for the isotopes
of an element expressed on a scale where
serves as the reference point.
EXAMPLE:
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
- summary of where the electrons are
around a nucleus.

PERIODIC LAW
- elements are arranged in order of
increasing atomic number
- elements with similar chemical
properties occur at periodic (regularly
recurring) intervals.
PERIODIC TABLE
- tabular arrangements
- increasing atomic number
- elements having similar chemical
properties are positioned in vertical
columns.
ORBITAL DIAGRAMS
- notation that shows how many electrons
an atom has in each of its occupied
electron orbitals.