分⼦級原⼦級

SAX → WAX 測数 mmm 数百 mm

< 50 < x (Ca) :

8 04 keV
.

if 無机 or ⾦材料 40 ~
900 Ka (M ) 0
= 17 44 KeU
.

q rQsin θθ ,
在 o

x 正 →λ E =Ʃ mu
rays 受
source is
KT h
-

plot I (強度 ) 0 Q 瓦]
= =
:
-
s .

12400
λ[ )= ⾶
source is
Plank VCeU )
neutrons T

Js 6 626 1034
→ 入
= ×
.

⽤於 mkeV 較換成入
Bolez E =
imw
100 keU (
103 = →
V 1 5 GeV 1 5
K
ex

1 . 381 ×
= ×

u
=
.

=
,
.

1. × 109 e
≈
=
5

nkg
m. = 1 675 × 102 λ=
(
245 × 10
a 8 . 27 × ( 00 ) ② E =
m = h
≤ ☆☆ 台→ x 品 u

ev = 1 . 6022 × 1019 ex .
τ= 25 K

23 ÷
381 δ

clouddensiey (
) 1

]
2 ×
1 25
ms
× ×

U . 42 × 1 ②
.

=
6
測electron
n

6 2415 x 10 (海原⼦序有關 )
2
1 .695
1 J
,
× 1 δ
=

' me
=Ʃ×
x
E 1 675 ×<δ^ 642
( 5 ÷ . 45 × O 3 × . 2415 x 10 <mely
( OeU
1 6

E
.

MeVR>δ
= 2 . 153
3

6 626 *
1034
×

m ×100 = 162
(

点
.

λ= 2 =
6 . 162 × σ
"
6
商
. 675 ( ×
δ × 642

測 nadei ( ramdom ,
由
exp { .
測得 )
ex .

lighe element : H .
D ,
Li
 J =| A |= AA
*

real
reciprocal space

δ( x
yz T 同向性

( Icq
In the
scateering
isotropic
,

neutron )
" anisotropic 異向性
I ⼯ dƩ n (x
Differential section y 2 )
(
qx qy ε )
scattering
,
=
.

cross z
50 dr
,
,

② In the X :

ray scattering
-

Intensity 哥 =
I

☆
-sindsin ) θ= zπ s
→
打q
.
Jcs ) " :
IE
^I

ample sphrical
sec ouglehea)
II areniecidanghisolid
plane wave → →
wave

beam
incident

I晶
idid
of partides
]
A of
amount
cmergy

Mot amounecfenergyneais了
partickareaisecs amgkice ,
orslid angleses

In neutron
:
scattering
total cross section dr =
sin θ d θ d重
scattering

%
. *

Eereal =ais
fd dr % sinododl = are
2

"

"
 外

inter -
molecular interactions ntra -

particde interference
Structure fator Partide form factor Expt .

curve
=

→
⼀

→
⼀

→
^ ^
I S PI

~ +
~
它
ㄋ 了

q
correlarion Lemgth q
inter -

molecular distance

⼲涉入作⽤⼒⼜求 n =
borb

cmodnmot

[
Auplieede
. the absolute value
x +
yi
A (x t ) =
Acos [ 2 π ( 2 t * )] -

¢ tirsind
,

4
rcos
七
》“
=

=
Acos xC 2 π rt ⼀ ) = r ( cosd tisind )
d
介 ☆ W = 2π L =
r ei
Ψ

Acos (ω t
¢=≤ xAcx
τ)
=
-

4)
紹
,

shife due of
phase travding
④
: the distance
I 号)
to x
=
2π (2 t -

=
wt -

( ot ⼀
eit ei
2a

A (x t ) ,
=
AA =

=
A ( cosltisin Ʃ )
=
Acos (ut ¢ ) -

+ Aisin (ωt -

¢)
risipathdiftere
⼆ .
QP OR ris- -

= -
plane
⼀
wave
Q P spherical wave
」

A
-S
2 T =
2

<¢= ☆ 8
=
2 -S )
XrCS =
IF (
S

)
= - -

2 FTS -
q .

r
source r

SA 。

Celastic 15 1 ( s |= 1 )
☆☆ =☆ sin
:
scattering sin
:

÷> 有 s
.

θ
—

卡
θ e ☆

A
入slsim θ= ⽂
、

=
2 sim θ= S
.
In spherical wave

i 2π ( 七- 卡 )
A . < x
, t
)
= Aobei =
Aobe
E,
length
~

scattering Ψ= 2π (2 t λ) =ω t ¢
↳ amplitude
- -

of the incident radiation

A -2 π .
phasedifferencebetween
.

eiod A.
=

A
&

A >
(x t ,
) =
.
(x t ) ,

π {o 比}
Aobeirxicd
i 2π ( z 53
A bei
-

= =

。
x
②

Aobeittiteext
) H Ar Aobexpli (
e
][ texpti π 5
=

2
= .
+ = 2 π ot -

t ) ]

A*cx ) A beiaiteid )
otae
-
, t
.

Ab= ( 1 + ei
<d

J (5 ) =

Acxt ) * ( x, t
) = ) ( 1 +
fic )

eiQ
&
∵ Q 在相乘時消失了
* ei
∴ 將 Acx ,
t ) & A ( x
, t ) 的 部分消失
 *

新 σ A <x t )
,
&A (x ,
t)
⼀

Acx A (5) Aob ( 1 tei

*
) =
Aob p( -
Hex i 2π r 5 ] S →
X
ray
=
t ) =
-
.

A A b ( 1 +θ
icx
)
q
[ x t >= , 。

→
neatron
J (5) … 5 ~
2θ

angle
↳ scatteringscattering
→

vector

.
there are Nindividual " scatters in " the
says .

A (5) Aob ex
1
p(
2π r 5 ]
{
+ i
女⼠消失 ⾃
-

one : =
⾃
.

,
∵ vs

N : A ( 5) =
Aob ※ expFi 2 * ⑤ .
Sumof scatters

if the ts considered continuols medium

sys .
as a

A 5=
AobfneelexpEiatsjdrdensig
sraingnithintsam
isdrxot

or the wolame elemeomt

uolumeit
scattering
b

samplkesize beam
line
V
ple
FTAC 5 )
:
sam siz {

③ sample sice ) 的 eam lime n (r ) ,

beam
V :
sice x
sample thickmess
[ < 5 Css seacticn }

Aobfnc
( , dtAbSn
A
q 2 5
π expli 2π r - f )
)
=

=
tlexpEit q ( .

) dr
X 散射 ( : 撞擊电⼦) spherical
vay
-

wave

品
1

Ez Eoz =
_

區⼝
2θ
E… :
E 。 os
E>
< E==
) <
0
0
E
< )
+< 0 } E
〈 0 π =< 0 z
E
)

E
}
=Ʃ<
〈 E } =< E < +< E 〉
^
)

=
Ej
< 0 器 器= “
+
(
E瓦品 ≈ (P

冷(
() 巡以
( FT
"
) C 1 steradian :
r

" area = M :4 π

nmitiir
ilitlhmsntront
total solid
angle
'

r n 4π R → M 4a 5

okul = e
=

'
=

" )
'
'
area 4π R 起

= = (R
selid
angle π

[emergyareas了 torcte

srisein :
tca ) ⾶
J ( 區] (
reidauciad
JR Je =
=

[emergylidaugle了s im

radios ot tlc deotin ( 2 , 818 O '

( cos )
=
' +

Je Jo =
e
Differential (neutron ) total
scattering
cross Cross section
scattering section

"

f.
"
d
品 甾 J = =

。
=
re =
(

tcos b
=
scattering leugl
)

就 e
=

te
=

fddr dr =

。
& sinododd
描述交互作⽤加強弱

= %[(
火
be ( cs) ) sin θ dodd
+ *
→
re =

SAXS
2 O→ , O→ 1 : be e 品 818 1015 些 %in θ+ Osinθ] dθ
∵
0
cos 2 =
.
= 2 .
×
m = 2π cos 2
c

π =
8ba 品
m

=
re 6 . 665 × 109 x 1 ②
8 =

= 0 .
665 barn

from
Scattering an

comeinuous
atom
containing
E
[atomi < ※)
electrons

A (5) =

Aobeizas e
medium , Ac 5 = )

Aobfincseizarsdr
Define :
atomic form factor f (5 )
=

Abefntteinsidr
dr rdθ dd

f.%crser
rsim θ
rs
isin θ drdodd
*

f ( 5) =

r s rScos θ
f.
!

eiatssinode " dr
( . =

[ ncr r '
2π
)
=