=

xcasxl
: ' . 'xosinx
-

Vi EAcq iwherex
9 ) E

R φ ,
q 能鋒往左移

“ 搗以⿊咖緣綠⼼

Tniahhh
µ “ n 65

“
R =→
袋

V
R
9
,

—
: … …

ε .

R3 R2
∴ R .
E .Rfk ,

VR
→ qR 兆答
=
Imin
3
= O
> >

<
min 以及 Imax → qR Kπ= 它
^ if polydisperse 鋒食加總
.

[R ,
+R > tR 3 )
nomolicaticn
monodisperse ⼤家都⼀樣 fringes 会 smear 掉

.U total of particde
:

scattering length
I(
q
) =
=Ʃ IILE ) NIP
感
GIp ( q ) Form factar

For disperse system

∞

S ICER) PCR) dR I( Λ
ICE 7 ?
)
.
q
< =

SP ( R> dR

— -deviction
MM
emsesmble ≈
sire distribution function
average < (R>

,monodispersemare

denotdirthibatin 寬
,

Plz:
exp [區 >
是 4 ,
more
polydispe
q
I( 9Di'
sin
V' (

ER -
ERCOSER ) ':
xosi x - xcosx
where
q
) =

( qR )
6 90 V
5
X =
ER

summery
:

5
=

总
qR 765 5 … →
=
: 2

ICq
' ^

{ aR
3
2 .
)
αµ V 0
a ∵ V =

6
∴ I ( )
α R
q

3 .
R φ ,
能鋒往在移
寬
4 .

Polydispersiey effect : sizedistribution exists , ∴

. Peaks broaden

应⽤ :
If the sphere is immersed in an infinite mediumof SLD =
的
球浸沒在無限的介質中

A( 。( t ) 4 a'
EusinGrdr
",
→ () = 品 ) =

q
{

S ErsinErd
Ersinrdr S8 ( 4
> R
PCt 4 ar
r

=
) t) ar
. ' .

A7
<
partide ( B) solven{ coutribution

sinx xcosx
迫) D U
-

→
0

S 4puresokent
4

omS .

ararsinErd + arErsinErdon
.
 pareide solvemt
对七度
( )
/

的电⼦云 density
IE
Pcantrast baclkground

eide
。 sdhtiar

ACq ) =

S
tarsinord
drtmS .
80Pm ) 4ar
' si

solvemt
-

pure
扣除 bacdkgroumd
扣除 solvemt
.

A =80- 3 " 4 ar
'

sir dr Ii

Iputichakti uirflaheoptr
→ q )
m
( δ

ace
…

T ER )- 了
80 ) 级 ERcosCEMV
3 (
=

psin
"
sinxixcsx
I(
q)
=

IAcq ' 5 8 ) U'

.
x 6

For dilute solution containingNs monodispere sphere

= q ( sinxxcasxx
Icq) =
Ns 80Pm > V
X
6

Otest

Aea 10
a) thin
rod
,
- _
-

…
… t "

V -
L .

a Cac < L)
"
Paf " eirvcoodr =
8
o
a [ Eco0 Eiqrcos] 1 炎
.

⼀个 rcd ,

Aqifoc ) e
"
Eidr " fiqrsodi
=?
固定防向
Coriemtation)
=
80 G [
=
P .
a
oUEcososin ( 些 coso
Ecososin ( cost ) =

→
Icq =β^ V ( Lcos θ↑sin = (
) cos θ )
𠃍
⼀个 rod ,
隨机⽔⽅向 random ovientation of the rod

全部的⽅向
all of the rods
Average over orientation

= i " (ELcoso =( ) θ dθ
V

I( )
=
i' ) sin cos θ sin
q 9

-
瓷 [ Si (ε L - ]
)
=
。U
.

x
sind
where Sil : )
"
du 不考推導
f

ewwmbll
回
theta solventi polymer solvent 的作⽤間⼒相近 α= 2

good solvent : polymer 并 sclvent ⽞間有很強的吸引⼒ , 有各是的作⽤ α= 17

Pooz solventipolymer 世 soluemt 六間有很強的⼒有的作⽤排斥压縮 α :

3

像 “ 很粕糙的球
3)
Independent scattering
from a
polymerchain
beads and l
polymer consistofNt 1 N bonds each bond
length
=
a
,

"
( ☆ Nl ) exp ( ∴e ) dr
3
W ( N t ) dr
-

for ideal
=

,
ωX ]
chain
,

☆
描述 pdymercoil ,
以 firstbead 為基準 ,
巡

在距離⼦的地⽅ 出現 Ntlbead 的机率 ,

52 =< z >>= Nli

volume of each bead =
Vu
令 σ= ⼀代 ≥<>
Nl
2

volume ofthe chain =

[ N + 1 ) Vu :

SLD of bead PVu

)"kexpl
=

W (K v)
,
=

(π
Alq ) =
8 .
Va 為
Eiqri

ddr =
as
)
" ( =o
beads
( . exp ∴ . ) 2 r ( =
0
)
(

IE ACqAE0 . ' a 'eit

wherKF
= "
的 =

52 ?
γ
酰之盟
ax

I(
Pteiqidileo
V

→ ) 。
=
'f
q 2

.
 P( r )
=

忘P ( k) W ( k, )
7 * of bonds

0
bonds )
* (
of
xNt

seperated (
&

pair N bonds : I

pair of bonds seperated )

2 ( * *

: bonds t + 近 ☆ & ☆ Ntl

pair of bonds seperated 入 bondsi 2 ( 《

)
( & ※ RI 1

2 正 ☆ 1
逐产已 ☆ NL +
1

kbond of pairs of
A

wthikbeads bonds
P ( k) =
(N + 1 -

k) × 2

(N exp ( Jeiqjiedi
+

I( ) ☆V
意
1
-H ) [ ☆σ .)
p
N
q {
"
→
P ( v) =
( k )w ( k r ) = 2
… + r - ) wck
H) %i… expldrdk
k

=☆ ' 2( 品影
,

" i N+ 1- "

I( fPireiEidilon herical symmetrylisotropic

'

→ 0 公 )
f( ] kexp (☆ )
[a
=

1
q : ∵ r )
=

eiEid 芯)
)

vi F [ (
=
π=σ== )
v'
' Wckir cNtr - ) ( s)
=

exp
2 =

cxp
x
-
-

:
k

[ 4π☆ h
29" exp ( x ☆ ) dk
ae exp
=

k t(i ( ) dr k)
…
cq>= (1 + 1 -

va 2 ' (t - )"
。

f
)3 u =

芯 Ndk
K Ndu = =

Va ' k. zakl exp 3∴ k sinE

] -

rvivizaifda
O
D. ' ' dr
)

cruletxn '
(

= 4π 2忘 ( N l- " I =
4

8
+

( 品r
1

l ( ex+
∵
f (r ) = (
kexp [ )wherer
☆) = "{ = '0
)
i
2 x -
cq
0

xx

expl xykl =
ε Nl
Fess =

6
- expt - w herex , u

=
'

"

Iq π☆ 'la 29 ( exptx ☆ )
^

=
4
N+ 1 -

k) dk
。
 '

∴ I
(q
1
= 4πδ. ta 2
NP ( -

u ) exptxa) du
∴

Final form I = " D <x )

。

)
q
( 0

*
(e 1
-

2 x-
Dex )
+
=

x
)
Debye func .

Nl '
x =

ε= q

'< Rg) for ideal chain ( GGaussian chain )

应⽤ :

D
q → 0

☆+Ʃ☆ 3
*

∵ e ≡| -

+ …

)
e*
-)
+

和 ③=
- 1
iE<Rg ⼩ expl (
(

=☆
x &
z)
Dx
Guiniertan
∴ ) =
2 (

≈ 1 -

1 -

>=

② q →∞

"
"

= (e
"

+x *1 ) 2 "

Dx) q
-

= = ≈
x x

Rg Rg
=

3
(
-

∵λ= q

= pg
) ∴ =
I(
q
)
^

q=<
α
q
q<