real :

local structure ts
rigid
ideal flexible chain
very
:

{ lengthss
o
9
rigidiey percistent
.

,
4
,

Guiniez Law @
Debye
qRgccl

i
1 .

2 ,
dilute : no inter -

chain
tinerference
3 .

isotropic : ∵ 有外部⼒場 …

,
剪应⼒会造成有⽅向性
4 .
扣除 solvent
( background )
Derivation of Guinier '
s Law

Eiqi |
+
Er Ʃ
iε )t …
ei idi
= -

ε
(
J
…

A( ) =
∞ ()
q
∵ e
-

iqi =
| -

( iqt ) +
(i ε )>
t … …
A<
q)
=
fo (i ) di
2

)
= - ( iq ) ÷ (ε z
|
-
-

ifCqid
∴
ACq) S =
∞ ) dr-

瓜
iSO ( )qrdr
1
-
iJOC d
rj' ) (ε
-

S
→ ( )(ε) '
dr

=δ0 l -( ε)80
fpt sdlordrSdr
'
V

近 ) → ) dr= =
00 V

=
00 V Vrwss
-EVw > :
) → Sεrδ (t) dr ∵ 950 () dr 0

>+
=

Icq )
== V ' ( 1

-<w

∴ Sε☆di= 0
C 1 [ qxx ^+ qy￥=+ E ^+ 28 xyX *
=β=
=
-

drLEEOCE
) di
C
) Jqt)☆(r ) dr =

SOC
SP )
(t ) dr = )
E ' 00 V
aug .
^
s

Sp ( ) xYdr
where EP
r

GyY E Z )
lqtx
X =
- +
:
-

xy =

sodr { ∞( r) xYdr X
= P 0
V

S (ε+ ) E: 2話 E qXZ )
E

qyY + qzE )=δ qy ￥

x

q 特X
2

> C) dr 。V& 2E
[

=δ U ( qxx +
。
+ + ^+ 2 * + +
×

} (ε t )☆( ) dr =

0U W ,
 Aq) f0 C ) dr - iSPC ) qrdr J )ε
rjdr =

-
0
√ w
=δ V 。
-

W =∴ V (1 -

Ʃ )
SLD
average

+
'

it" ( 1 -
=

I( V (1 W)
^

)
=

Acq ) = W > ∴ I( 0
=
)
-

q q 。

w
Guiner 時 ,
ε→ 0 1
W <

{ average
inter
partide interactions in dilute
ignore
conc .

over a n assumble of nanoparticdes

I(
q
) == V [
= <W > J
=② V = [ 1 -< ( x'+ qy ￥=+ ]
q

☆ : 2+ 2
q ×库 XY
+ 2Z + 2 程XE
for (
isotropic sys .
x ) LY
∵<
)( z ) 5
=

Rg *>+< y >←< Z ] =<

Rg)
< xY ) =< YZ >=< XE >= 0
-

∵ uncorrelation
…
…
∴<ω ) ≈③< Rg ) ( 我 +
y +
程 ) =③< Rg) q “

bepti i isisifphimi msail

- kg
…
( ^ Rg )≈δ Vexpt
-

Icq ) =δ= V = ( ) ' ?

!

!
*
qRccl
.
∵ : -

x =
e
Guimier Lam
{ q
>

”
sample
以上是⼤⼩⼀的均 GGuiniez -

law

for
isotropic , identical( monodisperse )
nanopartide
③ samples containing particles with size distribution

(- & =δ NNjvi (
1
∴ I( )
=
V = Rg
q ) 1E

=<ƩNjVj ^( 1 ⻔海,
“

-
三

=β^ TNjvj - 孩 NiljRgi ] =

NiliRgyi ]
T

" NjUj =
-
起孩
“
Ʃ
NjVj
Ʃ Nivi

NjUj 1 -☆
Nj ε
( )
2
=
0 .

N jvj
G <V不 b {
Rg资

I( ) P V > % (
<

Rg
=δ∵< V> . expt -
< P 9>
)
→
)
%
=

-
1

q &

我
Ʃ N5
of
>

(V以 = =
*
aug .
v

<
Rg ) :
=Ʃ
NjVj Nivi =

Zavg .
of
Rg
 Pair Distribution function
4 1 (r ) (cases with
single species )
:

g a atomic
-

A(
q)
=
eiqrjA
b
系 。
j k
-

d pairs

: " eiqi whereK

"
ICE ) =

ACqAq =
b
rjaA 。
=

beiE A
…
= bN
0 + A 。

j跟⾃⼰ j #k

⾃⼰跟它⼈
” ”

"drtfcneEidr
(. ti
'

eiEn fnenei dr =
" '
. ε fit
" . n. )-en )
f

⼜ l

S ( glr eiqrjldr tf ansfiq F "

dr
.

=< n > ) -

) '

→ I(
q
)
=
Nb ' + bN [ f(ger n> )- )
fiqikdrtanfeiqid
=
Nb =+ Nb [ n <g( eiqtidr] +
>f r) - )

b
)
' NM 38 E
∵ 測量不到 q = o

Null
scattering ⼆稱 Null
_

scattering
exp
()
_

gcr ) =
U
, 可以忽略
U (r )
≡∞ ( hardsphere )
Packingpartidel
ffeceof Dense =
hardsphere

A ij
ε

A( ) . q ei
q
=
(
)

ICq)
=
( A( )
q ACE ] =

" IAiPeiEtjewhererjk = re
-k

) factor
xNinter partiale
-

struceure

[i εtiu) =
第
ε ti
=
I .
( )
ε
< [
. (
q
)[ N +ƩƩ ei
5 ]
⼼
=
1 ktj

Intesference effect

pain distribution
particdeformfactor)
intra -

( q |↑ + ( ] PGSE
→ I( =
[ N
et =

q) .

spatial distribution pairs molecules

世
I

atomslectrons
of of
{
推導上⾯公式
jn ) EiEie = ( ) eiEtfik dr :
NJMe
ε

N
)
流 ei x Mettsx ) E
前 * of
density
r → =

Nf [ n . [r ) -

<n
] eiq
"d
5
+
Nfcn ) eiqfrdr

) ansn
.lr
an eiqidr q
) - )
=
Nans tNEn > 8

mull
scattering
=

N <n> [ [ g( ) r
-

1 ] eiqi
"
dr
 nC
Define , - 1
=

glr ) 1 pair distribution

- func .

|H R

I g (r eiqti
.

[ +< n> [ [g)- ei " dr ] (

ε
I N I Cq ) dr
→ I( ) ( ) ) +
N
,
Ncn > [[ )- .
.

q
=
=
]

q
)

. q

' form factor SqsSeracture factor

for :
isotropic sys .

Icq ) =
[ . ( )
q
N [1 +<n >
。π r = [
g
(r
)

]
-
sindr }
) r 4
expt distances
)

g
(r) =

of
interaction
Kr
func separate ) = energy as a , of

1TR 巨观 → KT 微观
4 - ∞

har
{
r ≤ 2R >→∞
(r (v ) (r ) 1 1
g
0
g
=
=
-

-
4
,
.

here
卯 r R ψ( ) ) 1 ] 1
g( g[
> 2
r → 0
,
v =
r -

=
0 >
, ,

观 r

I( 1 。 sin ]
)

)
=
I q N [ +< n > d π rr [gev )

- dr
q .
)
修正 Gaussian chain
{ ( sin
了
3 2
ER ERcos 2 ER )
2
NI 8 < u) V
-

=
< > 1 -

.
E C ER]
3

其中⼀個假設 (phantom chain )

…
2

I
Alume hard sphere
→

density of 代入
arg .
《 a
sphere pairdistribation
f
0
spheres