Derivation

‫أقسام الكالم‬ :Parts of speech in English are

1- Nouns (‫)اسم‬
2- Adjectives (‫)صفة‬
3- verbs
4- Adverbs

Nouns

Positions of nouns are:

1. At the beginning of a sentence as a subject.

‫في بداية الجملة كمبتدأ‬

 English is difficult to learn.

 (Derive - Derivations – Derivative) are too hard to understand. (we choose
"derivations" ‫ ال يمكن للجملة اإلنجليزية أن تبدأ بفعل بعكس السؤال‬،‫)ألننا بحاجة لمبتدأ‬

2. After adjectives )‫بعد الصفات (خاصة عند عدم اكتمال املعنى بدون االسم‬
 She is a pretty (student – study).
 You can find exotic (object – objective – objected) in the shop around the corner.
._____________ ‫ إذا الجواب هو‬،‫ الحظ أن المعنى ال يكمل دون اسم‬.‫يمكنك إيجاد _____ غريبة في المتجر عند الزاوية‬ 

3. After quantifiers: many, much, more, some, few, little, several ….

.I have some (reservations – reserve – reserved) on his behavior at school

:‫مالحظة‬
many, few, several :‫بعض الكلمات تتبعها اسماء جمع فقط مثل‬ 
much & little :‫بعض الكلمات تتبعها أسماء غيرمعدودة مثل‬ 
some :‫البعض يتبعه كلمات جمع أو غير معدودة مثل‬ 

indefinite articles: a/an ‫ األسماء المفردة تأتي بعد‬،‫ال يمكن استخدام أسماء مفردة مع ما ذكر سابقا‬

4. After enough: uncountable

 Do you have enough sugar for the cake?

indefinite articles: a/an ‫ فاألسماء المفردة تأتي بعد‬،enough ‫ال يمكن استخدام أسماء مفردة بعد كلمة‬
 5. After the articles a, an, the:
singular

 I had an apple for breakfast.

 The translation you did yesterday was incomplete.
a/an ‫تأتي أسماء مفردة فقط قبل كل من‬ 
the ‫يمكن لجميع األسماء أن تأتي بعد‬ 

6. After possessive adjectives (my, his, her, their, its, our)

 His failure is known to everyone.
 Her application form for the new job was rejected.

:‫ ولكن ال يمكن ألي اسم أن يتبع ضمائر الملكية وهي‬،‫يجب أن يتبع كل صفات الملكية أسماء‬

).mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours and theirs(

7. After prepositions:
 I demanded access to a telephone.
 We have problems of varying complexity.
.‫ يأتي اسما بعد حرف الجر‬،‫تماما كما في اللغة العربي‬
8. After a transitive verb as an object:‫تأتي أسماء كمفعول به بعد األفعال المتعدية‬
 Ali bought a cake yesterday.
 They called Ali last night.

9. After demonstrative (this, that, these, those)

Would you please give me that device?

Suffixes with nouns indicating 10. After numbers: both cardinals (one, two, three, etc &
:action state or quality ordinals (first, second, third…etc.)
-tion : reduction The first award is $1000.
-sion : explosion
-ness : darkness ‫ ولكن لألسف ال‬،‫يوجد بعض النهايات? التي قد نضيفها? لتحويل الكلمة إلى اسم‬
-ity : density, ability
.‫يوجد قانون عام لحفظه‬
-dom : freedom
-ship : friendship
-ance : importance
-ism : nationalism
-y : delivery
-ment : employment
 Adjectives
Adjectives are used to describe nouns. They ONLY have two places:

1. Immediately before a noun: ‫قبل االسم مباشرة‬ Adjectives Suffixes

 She told me an interesting story.
 Margot wore a beautiful hat to the pie-eating contest. -ary : legendary
 Furry dogs may overheat in the summertime. -ly : kindly, lovely
 You were my best friend. -y : dirty, sunny
-ful : careful, hopeful
-less : careless
2. After linking verbs: ‫بعد األفعال التالية‬ -ous : famous
-al : musical
We use one of a special set of verbs called linking verbs: -ic : tragic, scientific
be, seem, become, smell, sound, taste, remain, stay, -ical : economical
turn, appear, fall, feel, look -able : respectable
- ible : sensible, visible
 Coffee tastes good.
-ive : effective
 The flowers smell sweet.
-some : tiresome
 Ali feels bad about his test.
-en : woolen, wooden
 Sami will be happy when he hears the news.
-ing : amusing
 He fell asleep at the table.
 Tom looked sad when I saw him.

remain, v. to be, seem, become, feel ,‫ يتبع األفعال التالية صفات دائما وهي‬:‫مالحظة‬
v. to be or seem ‫ أي إذا استطعت وضع محلها‬، "‫بينما األفعال التالية تتبعها صفات إذا كان معناها "يبدو‬
Suffixes with nouns
indicating action state or
:quality
Examples:
: reduction tion-
 She is beautiful.
: explosion sion-
 I am happy to be here today.
: darkness ness-
 Everything seems expensive these days.
: density, ability ity-
 This idea sounds/is / seems good.
: freedom dom-
 She appears (‫)تبدو‬/ is sick.
: friendship ship-
ance-(‫)ظهر‬suddenly and mysteriously.
 He appeared
: importance
: nationalism ism-
: delivery y-
: employment ment-
Present Participles as Adjectives

We can form some adjectives by adding -ing to the verb when the noun it modifies performs
or is responsible for an action. It is called the present participle.
.)‫ للفعل لتوضيح أن االسم هو من يقوم بالعمل (يسمى باللغة العربية اسم فاعل‬ing- ‫يمكن تكوين صفات بإضافة‬

 The flying saucer was seen over the lake. (The saucer is flying).
 The fighting parties agreed on ceasefire. (The parties are fighting).
 He spent two hours fixing this printing machine.
 The crying baby woke Mr. Ali.

Past Participle as Adjectives

Past participle is used as an adjective when the noun it modifies is the receiver of the action.

.)‫ (اسم مفعول‬،‫تستخدم الحالة الثالثة للفعل كصفة عندما يقع الفعل على االسم‬

 The imprisoned men were unhappy with their living conditions. (‫)الرجل املسجون‬
 The broken glass spread. (‫)الزجاج املكسور‬

A. Fill in the blanks with present participle or past participle.

1. A ______________________ (swing) gate kept me awake all night.
2. This job is______________________ (tire). It isn’t well paid for such effort.
3. At the end of the day I feel so _____________________ (tire) I have to go to bed early.
4. I didn’t like the film. It was ______________________ (bore). I almost fell asleep.
5. If the children are ___________________ (bore). Why don’t you take them to the park?
6. He was so ______________________ (shock) after the accident he couldn’t speak.
7. everybody was ______________________ (excite) preparing the things for the trip.

B. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of words as adjectives or nouns.
1. Teaching is my ___________________. (professionally)
2. He is a ___________________tennis player. (professionally).
3. He is a ___________________man. (strong)
4. A man with a great physical ___________________. (strong)
5. ___________________ dogs are not always dangerous. (bark)
6. Don’t be ___________________. My dog doesn’t bite. (frighten)
 7. Some residents couldn't understand the ___________________ of the situation.
(seriously)
8. Unemployment is one of the ___________________ problems a society suffers from.
(seriously)
9. Parents should be more ___________________. (flexibility)
10. The ___________________of our plan, depends on all of us. (succeed)

Verbs
Verbs end in the following suffixes ‫تنتهي األفعال بشكل عام بالنهايات التالية‬
1- en e.g. strengthen, shorten
2- ize / ise e.g. realize, recognize
3- ify / e.g. simplify, purify
4- ate / appreciate
5- ed

Positions of verbs are: ‫األفعال‬ ‫مواقع‬

1- The verb follows the subject.
 Ali (drivers – drives – driving) too fast. ‫الجواب هو الفعل ألنه يأتي بعد املبتدأ‬
 Some people (evade, evasion, evasive) paying taxes.

2- After modal verbs (will/ would/ can/ could/ shall/ should/ may/ might/ must)

modal verbs ‫يجب أن تكون األفعال مجردة بعد‬

 Some emigrants couldn’t (adapt, adaption, adapted) to life in Britain so they left.
،‫ ألنه فعل‬adapt ‫االختيار األنسب هو‬

3- After (to) ‫بمعنى أن‬

:‫عادة ما تأتي أن بعد أفعال معينة مثل‬
.want, plan, intend, decided, used to, choose, expect, agree, etc

to ‫يجب أن تكون األفعال مجردة بعد‬ 

 New techniques have been developed to (reduce, reduction, reducing) noise inside
flats.
 ‫ ألنه فعل‬reduce ‫االختيار األنسب هو‬

:‫ هنا تعني (إلى) مثل المصطلحات التالية‬to ‫؟ لماذا؟؟؟ ألن‬to ‫ أو اسم بعد‬ing ‫ يأتي‬،‫في بعض المصطلحات‬
Looking forward to, be used to, be committed to + ing

4- After (verb to do) {do, does, did} in negative statements or questions.

 Recycling paper doesn’t (pollute, pollution, pollutant) the atmosphere.

:‫ يأتي الفعل في الصيغة المناسبة حسب الفعل المساعد كما يلي‬:‫مالحظة‬

1. do/does / did + infinitive
2. modals + infinitive
3. have / has / had + past participle
4. be + ing (in active voice)
5. be + past participle (in passive voice)

ADVERB )‫(الظروف واألحوال‬

Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs (They answer the question How….?)

:‫ ولذلك فهي ُتقسم إلى خمسة أقسام‬،‫األحوال تصف األفعال و الصفات? واألحوال األخرى‬
1. Adverbs of manner

An adverb of manner tells us how something is done or happens. Most adverbs of manner end
in –ly such as badly, happily, sadly, slowly, quickly, but there are exceptions such as
well, hard, fast, etc.

."‫ و ُتجيب عن السؤال "كيف تقوم بالعمل‬،‫أحوال السلوك (الطريقة) هي تصف األفعال فقط‬ .1

How does he drive?

He drives quickly.

How does he speak?

He speaks fluently.
An adverb is formed by adding (-ly) to the adjective.
.‫ للصفة‬ly ‫يتكون الحال بشكل عام بإضافة‬
 slow slowly
 quick quickly
 fluent fluently

 It was raining heavily. ( ‫)"تصف الفعل "كانت تمطر‬

 He didn't do his job properly.
 The man was seriously injured. (an adverb before a past principle)
 He speaks German very well.
 Speak quietly; please.
 They had to act  fast  to save the others floating in the water.
 At the advanced age of 88, she still sang very  well.

ً‫مالحظة مهمة جدا‬

lovely, friendly, homely ‫ = صفة‬ly + ‫اسم‬ 
slowly, quickly, logically ‫ = حال‬ly + ‫صفة‬ 

Adverbs of manner can come at the beginning of a sentence & before a comma (,)
.‫قد تأتي الظروف في بداية الجملة بشرط أن تتبعها فاصلة ثم الجملة‬
 Tragically, three people were killed in the accident.
 Traditionally, people get married at the weekends.
 Luckily, he was able to pass the test.

2. Adverbs of degree

An adverb of degree tells us the level or extent that something is done or happens. 

Adverbs of degree are almost, much, nearly, quite, really, so, too, very, etc. They come
before an adjective or another adverb.
.‫ وتأتي عادة قبل الصفات أو األحوال األخرى‬،‫أحوال الدرجات تصف الدرجة التي تصل إليها الصفة أو األحوال األخرى‬

Examples:
o It was  too  dark for us to find our way out of the cave. (Before  adjective)
ً
.‫تبين كلمة جدا أن الظالم كان دامسا‬
o The referee had to stop the match when it began to rain  very  heavily. (Before  adverb)
.‫كلمة جداً توضح أن املطر هطل كثيفا جدا‬
 o She is really nice. ( ‫)"تصف الصفة "لطيفة‬
o Tom drives unbelievably fast. ( ‫)"تصف الحال "سريع‬
o Her daughter is  quite  fat for her age.
o After all these years, she is still feeling  very  sad about her father’s death.

3. Adverb of frequency
An adverb of frequency tells us how often something is done or happens. Words used
as adverbs of frequency include almost, always,  ever, frequently, generally, hardly
ever, nearly always, never, occasionally, often, rarely,  seldom, sometimes, twice, usually,
and weekly.
‫ إلخ‬،‫ أحيانا‬،‫ مثل دائما‬،‫ كم مرة يحصل الشيء‬:‫أحوال التكرار توضح لنا تكرار الحدث‬
:‫تأتي كلمات التكرار‬
)‫ قبل الفعل الرئيسي (المضارع البسيط والماضي البسيط‬-‫أ‬
)v. to be( ‫بعد‬ -‫ب‬
‫بين الفعلين‬ -‫ت‬
‫في بداية أو نهاية الجملة‬ -‫ث‬

Examples:
1. They always come early.
2. They are always early.
3. They have always come early.
4. We only write to each other very  occasionally.
5. Sometimes  he stays late in the office to complete his work.

4.Adverb of time
An adverb of time tells us when something is done or happens. We use it at the beginning
or at the end of a sentence. We use it as a form of emphasis when we place it at the
beginning. Adverbs of time include afterwards, already, always, immediately, last
month, now, soon, then, and yesterday.

‫تأتي ظروف الزمان في نهاية الجملة وقد تأتي في البداية بهدف التركيز على املعلومة‬
Examples:

o He collapsed and died  yesterday.

o His factory was burned down  a few months ago.
o Last week, we were stuck in the lift for an hour.

5. Adverb of place
 An adverb of place tells us where something is done or happens. We use it after the
verb, object or at the end of a sentence.  Adverbs of place include words such
as above, below, here, outside, over there, there, under, upstairs.
.‫ المفعول به أو في نهاية الجملة‬،‫تأتي ظروف المكان بعد الفعل‬
Examples:

o We can stop  here  for lunch.

o The schoolboy was knocked  over  by a school bus.
o They rushed for their lives when fire broke out in the floor  below.

Positions of adverbs in general are:

1- At the beginning of a sentence & before a comma.

(Happily, Happy, Happiness), she opened the presents.

2- Before an adjective/ another adverb.

I have to work (extreme, extremely, extremity) hard.

3- after the main verb

He behaved (innocent, innocently, innocence), but they misunderstood him.

4- Between the helping verb and the main verb.

They will (internationalism, international, internationally) consider the award.

5- Before a verb (in present and past simple).

He (quick, quickly, quicken) sent the reply.

6- At the end of a sentence

The storm hit the village (violence, violent, violently).

Fill in the blanks with the right form of the words. Write why??

1. It was your _____________________ to leave the house. (decide)

2. She has _____________________ to go to London for her holidays. (decide)

3. “I am not going to do it," said Rana _____________________. (decide)

4. I don’t _____________________ where to go. (know)

5. This actor is much _____________________ for his kindness. (know)

6. Many students don’t have much _____________________ about Jordanian history. (know)
7. It was just _____________________ that he phoned exactly as our guests were arriving.

(fortune)

8. _____________________, I didn’t remember to tell her about the party. (fortune)

9. Can’t we _____________________ someone as an assistant to help with all this work?

(employ)

10. Government must encourage agriculture _____________________ in Jordan. (employ)

11. I am the _____________________ of this company; I own it. (employ)

12. He has ten _____________________ in his company. (employ)

13. The drive _____________________ takes 15-20 minutes. (usual)

14. What a _____________________ to find you here? (surprise)

15. His strange question _____________________ her. (surprise)

16. We were greatly _____________________ by the news. (surprise)

17. She told me a _____________________ story. (surprise)

18. The exam was _____________________ easy. (surprise)

19. I wouldn’t have the _____________________ to sit sewing all day long. (patience)

20.Louise was very _____________________ with me. (patience)

21. He waited _____________________ for the doctor to come. (patience)

22.In the future, the public will have a wider ______________________ of television

programs. (choose)

23.Looking after the health of 700 children is a big ______________________. (responsible)

24.Are we going to be saved ______________________ by our oil supplies? (economy)

25.Are you going to ______________________ (selection) a new one?

26.There’s a ______________________ contrast between what he does and what he says.

(strike)

27.The party turned out to be a huge ______________________. (disappoint)

28.He was fined and ________________________ for reckless driving (qualify).

29.Many people are interested in job ______________________ more than in earning large

amount of money (satisfy).

30.I hadn’t made a ______________________, so I just got on the first flight available.

(reserve)

31. It is ______________________ to fasten your seat-belts before take-off (advice)

32.It is very ______________________ (importance) to study each day.

33.You can basically wear what you want but there is an ______________________ law that

says you must not wear jeans. (write)

34.The police searched the house ______________________. (system)

35.He is a ______________________ -paid senior executive. (high)

36.Experts have tried to find a ______________________ to the personnel problems. (solve)

37.She’s a specialist in psychology and human ______________________. (behave)

38.Majed is a good teacher because he can ______________________ well with children in

the class. (interaction)

39.After gaining experience, he became very ______________________ at making pottery.

(skill)

40.The programme aims at improving the ______________________ of the workers.

(efficient)